Immigration & Education

Janet Davis, Katelyn Deininger,

DeNeale Elrod, Kimberly Garmon

& Brandi Gore

Past Immigration Laws1790 1795 1798

The Naturalization Act of

1790, the country's first

naturalization statute, says

that unindentured white

males must live in the U.S.

for two years before

becoming citizens.

The Naturalization Act of

1790 is amended and

extends the residency

requirement to five years.

With xenophobia on the rise,

the residency requirement in

the Naturalization Act of

1790 is lengthened again, to

14 years.

1802

The residency

requirement for

citizenship is reduced

to five years.

188218751870 1891

The Naturalization

Act of 1870 allows

"aliens of African

nativity" and

"persons of African

descent" to become

U.S. citizens.

The Page Act

becomes law. It's the

country's first

exclusionary act,

banning criminals,

prostitutes, and

Chinese contract

laborers from entering

the country.

1892

Congress

passes the

Immigration Act.

The Chinese

Exclusion Act of

1882.

Immigration

Act of 1891

creates the

Bureau of

Immigration

The Geary Act strengthens the

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

by requiring Chinese laborers to

carry a resident permit at all

times. Failure to do so could

result in deportation or a

sentence to hard labor. It also

extends for another 10 years the

ban on Chinese becoming

citizens.

Past Immigration Laws1906

19071917

The Naturalization Act of

1906 creates the Bureau of

Immigration and

Naturalization. Immigrants

must learn English to

become citizens.

The Immigration Act of

1907 - bans

physically/mentally

disabled, & children without

parents.

Expatriation Act of 1907-

women who marry

foreigners lose their

citizenship.

Immigration Act of 1917 -

bans homosexuals, “feeble-

minded,” “idiots,” “insane

persons,” alcoholics, etc.

1921

The Emergency

Quota Law of 1921

limits the number of

immigrants entering

the U.S. each year to

350,000.

192919241922 1943/1946 1948-1950

Married

Women's Act

of 1922

(repeals the

Expatriation Act

of 1907).

The National Origins

Act lowers the limit of

immigrants entering

the U.S. each year to

165,000.

The U.S. Border

Patrol is created.

The National

Origins Act

changes the annual

cap on the number

of immigrants

allowed to enter the

U.S., this time to

150,000.

The Chinese Exclusion

Repeal Act - in 1943

allows Chinese, and in

1946 includes Filipinos &

Indians. The Immigration

Act of 1917 is revoked.

The Displaced

Persons Act - allows

refugees from war to

enter U.S.

Internal Security Act

- deportation of those

in the Communist

Party.

Past Immigration Laws

1965 1966

1975

The Immigration Act of

1965

Cuban Adjustment Act

Indochina Migration and

Refugee Assistance Act of

1975

1978

The immigration caps

outlined in the 1965

Immigration Act are

replaced with an

overall annual limit of

290,000.

19861980 1943/1946 1948-1950

The Refugee Act defines

refugees as a person who flees

his or her country “on account of

race, religion, nationality, or

political opinion.” Refugees are

considered a different category

than immigrants

The Immigration Reform

and Control Act of 1986

(IRCA) Offered legal status to

immigrants who came to the

U.S. before 1982.

(About 3 million immigrants

gained legal status through

IRCA.)

The Chinese Exclusion

Repeal Act - in 1943

allows Chinese, and in

1946 includes Filipinos &

Indians. The Immigration

Act of 1917 is revoked.

The Displaced

Persons Act - allows

refugees from war to

enter U.S.

Internal Security Act

- deportation of those

in the Communist

Party.

Present Immigration Laws

The Immigration Act of 1990

sets an annual ceiling of

700,000 immigrants for three

years, and 675,000 thereafter.

1990

The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act:

immigrants could be deported for a wider range of crimes

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act:

drastically cut legal permanent residents’ eligibility for many public-

assistance benefits, including food stamps, Supplemental Security

Income (SSI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and

Medicaid.

1996

The REAL ID Act of 2005 requires states to

verify a person’s immigration status or

citizenship before issuing licenses, expands

restrictions on refugees requesting asylum, and

limits the habeas corpus rights of immigrants.

2005

Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act

● Provided for more Border Patrol agents.

● Requires that schools report foreign students

attending classes.

● Stipulates that foreign nationals in the US will be

required to carry IDs with biometric technology

2002

Immigration Reform: In the ProcessSAFE Act -

● Moves for stronger enforcement.

● Gives more immigration enforcement authority to

states and localities,

● Criminalizes unauthorized status,

● Significantly increases mandatory detention of

immigrants

SKILLS Visa Act -

● Increases immigrant and non-immigrant employment-

based visas for skilled immigrants, entrepreneurs, and

STEM graduates.

● Decreases family-based immigration and eliminating

the diversity visa program.

Agricultural Guest Worker Act

● simplifies and expands the worker visa

program for agricultural employers

● reduces worker wages and protections

● H-2C visa is temporary, would not lead to

permanent residence, and would exclude

workers’ family members.

Legal Workforce Act

● establishes a national employment eligibility

verification system that all employers would be

required to use within two years of enactment to verify

the employment eligibility of new hires and employees

with expiring work authorization

Border Security Results Act

● requires control of the southwestern border

within 5 years and emphasizes measurable

metrics and verification

Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and

Immigration Modernization Act● A comprehensive reform bill,

● addresses border security, a path to citizenship for the

undocumented, paths to citizenship for undocumented

childhood arrivals and agricultural workers

[More] Immigration Laws: In the Process

American Families United Act

Comprehensive Immigration Reform for America’s Security and Prosperity of 2013

Military Enlistment Opportunity Act of 2013

Startup Act 3.0

ENLIST Act

American Entrepreneurship and Investment Act of 2014

Border Enforcement Accountability, Oversight, and Community Engagement Act of 2014

Impact on Children & Families● Georgia is one of six states that has passed immigration laws that require “verification of lawful presence” to obtain

benefits such as healthcare (White,Yeager, Menachemi, Scarinci, 2014).

● “The term “unauthorized” refers to a person who resides in the United States, but who is not a U.S. citizen, has not been

admitted for permanent residence, and does not hold authorized temporary status permitting long-term residence and

work (Passel, 2007)” (Chavez, Lopez, Englebrecht, Viramontez Anguiano, 2012) .

● According to Chavez, Lopez, Engelbrecht, and Viramontez Anguiano 4 million children are born to undocumented families.

This causes stress in the household because there is constant fear that parents, grandparents, or other relatives could be

deported and the children would not be.

● One parent who is illegal stated during this case study “[My oldest child] was born here. The two younger ones were born

in Mexico. [My wife] has a brother who is a citizen and said that he could apply for our residency when he is old enough.

So with time, maybe. But, we only care about the children. Whatever happens to us doesn’t matter” (Chavez, Lopez,

Englebrecht, Viramontez Anguiano, 2012) .

● Children born in families of undocumented status are more likely to grow up in poverty and with a low paying job.

● Another impact on children in the lack of healthcare coverage. Many times they may go without treatment due to the

families lack of identification.

Impact on Teachers & Schools

● The topic of immigration is not always in the curriculum (Bersh, 2013).

● Teachers are not always equipped with enough resources for multicultural teaching

(Bersh, 2013).

● Having a more diverse classroom and limited resources makes differentiation more

difficult (Bersh, 2013).

● Teachers have a difficult time communicating with the students and parents because

many of them do not speak English when they come to the United States (Bersh, 2013).

● A growing population of immigrants in the classroom shows a need for more bilingual

teachers (Eng, 2013).

Links to lessons: The link below includes a lesson plan can be used to teach students about

immigration.

http://www.discoveryeducation.com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/immigration-to-the-united-states.cfm

Immigration:Positive & Negative Impacts on Education

Positive

● The influx of culturally diverse

persons into the U.S. provides

Americans with more exposure to the

global community.

● Culturally diverse schools prepare

youth for the 21st century world.

● Child immigrants are given ample

opportunity to get an appropriate

education leading to a successful

future.

Negative

● Many immigrant families have high

educational aspirations for their

children. Due to the lack of

documentation and new laws they are

frequently prevented from achieving

higher levels of education. (Chavez,

Lopez, Englebrecht, Viramontez Anguiano,

2012)

● Immigration laws are breaking families

apart. This makes learning a greater

challenge for immigrant children who are

struggling with familial issues.

● The increase in students leads to more

cost.

Teaching Practices● Positive teacher dispositions

● A range of teaching styles that meet the needs of individual students (e.g., individualized

teaching, collaborative learning activities, technology based activities with language and audio

options, and peer mentoring)

● A language-rich environment where language is taught and practiced across the curriculum

(reading, writing, listening, and speaking)

● A curriculum that relates to students’ lives

(Davies, 2008)

Teaching Practices Cont.● An after-school tutoring program run by teachers, volunteers, and student mentors

● Strong school–parent partnership and interpreters to facilitate communication

● Access to counseling, including trauma counseling, to facilitate student adjustment for

immigrants and refugees who had to move suddenly and or leave family members

● Time set aside to collaboratively solve personal problems with peers and teachers

● Enriching activities and fieldtrips or other opportunities to participate in creative out-of-school

programs

(Davies, 2008)

ReferencesAmerican Immigration Council. (March, 26, 2014). What’s on the menu? Immigration bills pending in the House of

Representatives in 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/what%E2%80%99s-menu-

immigration-bills-pending-house-representatives-2014

Bersh, L. (2013). The curricular value of teaching about immigration through picture book thematic text sets. Social

studies, 104(2), 47-56.Davies, A. Z. (2008). Characteristics of adolescent Sierra Leonean refugees in public schools in New York City. Education and

Urban Society, 40, 361–376.

Chavez, J. M., Lopez, A., Englebrecht, C. M., & Viramontez Anguiano, R. P. (2012). Sufren Los Niños: Exploring the

Impact of Unauthorized Immigration Status on Children's Well-Being Sufren Los Niños: Exploring the Impact of

Unauthorized Immigration Status on Children's Well-Being. Family Court Review, 50(4), 638-649. doi:10.1111/j.1744-

1617.2012.01482.x

Eng, N. (2013). The impact of demographics on 21st century education. Society, 50(3), 272-282.

Rowen, B. (2007). Immigration Legislation A detailed look at immigration legislation from the Colonial Period to the

present assed in the U.S.: History and Timeline | Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/us/immigration/legislation-

timeline.html#ixzz3Dc5K5rOD. Retrieved September 15, 2014, from

http://www.infoplease.com/us/immigration/legislation-timeline.html

ReferencesWhite, K., Yeager, V. A., Menachemi, N., & Scarinci, I. C. (2014). Impact of Alabama's Immigration Law on Access to

Health Care Among Latina Immigrants and Children: Implications for National Reform. American Journal Of Public

Health, 104(3), 397-405.

List of United States immigration laws. (2014, April 23). Retrieved from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_immigration_laws September 16, 2014.