immigrants in the gilded age
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Immigrants in the Gilded Age. Why Immigrants Came. 15. Work - factories, mines, railroads, farms Free Land - Homestead Act Education – free public schools Freedom - democracy, no forced military service, religious tolerance. How Many Came. 16. Between 1865 and 1920 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Immigrantsin the
Gilded Age
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Why Immigrants Came
• Work - factories, mines, railroads, farms
• Free Land - Homestead Act• Education – free public schools• Freedom - democracy, no
forced military service, religious tolerance
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How Many Came
• Between 1865 and 1920• Estimated 30 million• Nearly doubled the U.S.
population
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Where They Came From
1865 - 189010 million
• Germans (2.8)
• English (1.8)• Irish (1.4)
1890 – 192010 million
• Italians (3.8)• Russian Jews
(3.0)• Slavs• Greeks• Armenians
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Russian-Jewish Immigrants 1911
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Chinese Immigrants 1900
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Hungarian Immigrants 1920
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Violent massacres of Jews in Russia in the late 1880’s
Pogroms
1818
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How They Came
•Steam powered ships•Crossed the Atlantic in 2 – 3
weeks•The poor traveled in
steerage
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A typical steamship from 1900
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Steerage
• Large open area beneath a ship’s deck near the steering mechanism
• Cheap tickets• Limited toilet facilities• No privacy• Poor food
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1875 Steerage Rates
from England to New York
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Typical Steerage Accommodations
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What happened when they arrived
•Most Europeans came in through the port of New York – Ellis Island
•Subjected to physical exams and quarantined or sent back if found to be diseased.
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Ellis Island
•Huge reception area in New York harbor near the Statue of Liberty
•Opened by federal government in 1892 for steerage passengers entering the country
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Ellis Island, New York
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Ellis Island Registry Room, 1905
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Where They Settled
• Asians settled on the west coast.
• Many worked on RR’s • Others in mining, fishing,
farming, laundry and factory work
• Willing to work for extremely low wages.
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Chinese immigrants working on the Central
Pacific Railroad
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Where They Settled continued
• Mexicans settled largely in the Southwest because of the irrigated land there.
• Agricultural jobs• Built RR’s in the South• Willing to accept hard jobs for low
wages.• Because of immigration restrictions
on Asians, many jobs open for Mexican immigrants.
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Where They Settled continued
• Europeans settled mainly in cities in which they arrived, or headed west to mining towns.
• Usually settled with the same ethnic groups in ghettos.
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Ghettos
Ethnic communities within a city
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How Americans Responded
•Nativism•Restrictive Covenants•Chinese Exclusion Act•Movement to Suburbs
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Nativism
•An attitude favoring native-born Americans over immigrants
•Nativists demanded the teaching of only the English language and American culture in schools
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Restrictive Covenants
•Agreements among homeowners not to sell real estate to certain ethnic groups or nationalities
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Chinese Exclusion Act
• 1882 - Law passed that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the U.S.
• Labor unions claimed that American wages were dropping because Asian immigrants accepted such low pay.
• Law was in effect until 1943
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Suburbs•Residential communities
that began to develop on outskirts of major cities
•Public rail carriages were used for transportation to and from the city by those who could afford it.
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Horse Drawn Trolley
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How Immigran
ts Affected American
Cities
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Urbanization
The growth of cities (urban areas)
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New York City
c. 1900
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Philadelphia Street
Scene c.1890
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Tenements
•Low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as an owner could pack into them.
•Generally associated with slums.
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New York Tenement,
c.1890
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Tenement living
c.1890
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Urban Living Conditions
• Pollution - soot made the air dark and foul
• Poor sanitation - open sewers, rats and other vermin
• Contaminated drinking water• Diseases spread rapidly - TB,
malaria, typhoid• Fire danger - 18,000 buildings
burned in Chicago and 250 died in 1871 fire
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Great Chicago Fire 1871
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Urban Politics
• Political Divisions - as cities grew, so did public pressures for sanitation, taxes, transportation, etc. Many people looked to the city gov’t to take care of the problem.
• Graft—people using office for personal gain
• Political machines develop
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Political Machines
•Corrupt city gov’t, used immigrants for votes
•Usually run by a “boss” who either held office himself or hand-picked an individual to hold office
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Tammany Hall
•A club that ran the NY Democratic Party
•Controlled by “Boss” Tweed in the 1850’s -1870’s
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“Boss” William Tweed
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Caption reads:
“As long as I count the
votes, what are you
going to do about it?”
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Social Reform
•Efforts to improve society by–Aiding and educating the poor– Eliminating evil or destructive
elements
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Jacob Riis
• Immigrant from Denmark 1870•Lived in NYC tenements•Became a newspaper reporter•Wrote, How the Other Half
Lives, exposing terrible conditions in tenement slums
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Prohibition
•Movement to legally abolish alcohol in the U.S.
•Supporters blamed immigrants for a large portion of the alcohol-related problems in the nation.
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Social Gospel Movement
•Churches sought to address problems like drinking and gambling by applying Jesus’s teachings to society.
•Sought labor reforms and improved living conditions for workers
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Education
•Schools aimed at assimilating immigrants into society.
• Immigrants sought literacy and civic skills needed to gain citizenship.
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Settlement Movement
• Reformers who believed that hand-outs did not help the poor
• They would settle among the needy to witness their plight first-hand and offer social services through “settlement houses.”
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Hull House
• A “settlement house” in Chicago• Opened by Jane Addams and Ellen
Gates Starr in 1889• Provided child-care, playgrounds,
clubs and children’s summer camps, legal offices and a health clinic
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Jane Addamsc. 1896
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Hull House
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Hull House
Museum in
Chicago today
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Purity Crusaders
• Sought to end the vices (immoral behavior) such as alcohol, drugs, prostitution and gambling
• Formed societies that supported candidates for office and sought legislation to end vice and corrupt political machines
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