Imagine…• If YOU wanted to unite Canada, U.S.A., and Mexico to be one Mega Country….

– What would be the benefits?

– What would be the obstacles faced?

– What would you need to do?

Reasons to Unify:

• 1. Cultural & Racial preservation

• 2. Spread of NATIONALISM.

• 3. Congress of Vienna- made other countries bigger. Becomes threatening.

• 4. Fear - Scared of war with other industrialized countries.

Nationalism unified because of their shared sense of cultural identity… what do these states have in common?

Language

History

Religion

Unification of Italy1830 - 1870

Pg 338-342 in the textbook

You will learn about THREE men and

what THEY did to unify many different states

to become the country of ITALY.

1810 Padre Hidalgo issues Grito de Dolores, calling for Mexican independence.

1830 Greece gains independence.

1848 Liberal revolutions shake Europe.

1861 Russia frees peasants.

1804 Haiti wins freedom from France.

1870 Italy unites.

1871 Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser of united Germany.

1789 1900

Major political events in 1800s

• Throughout the early 1800’s Europeans, including Italians, revolted against the governments established by the Congress of Vienna

Italian Unification

1848

Revolts against the Old Order

1821 1830• Greece rebels against

Ottoman Turks.

• Liberals revolt in the German states.

• Hungarians call for self-government

• Czechs demand independence for Bohemia.

• French demand democratic government.

• Italians try to unite.

• Belgians declare independence from the Dutch.

• Poles rebel against Russia.• French throw out Charles X.

• Between 1830 and 1848, Italians tried several times to overthrow foreign monarchs who controlled parts of their country, but they were unsuccessful.

• Italy was eventually successfully unified in 1870 through two efforts, one in the north and one in the south.

• The motivation for Italian unification was increasing nationalism

Italian Unification

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country, and its language, culture and history

Italian Unification•The Italian kingdoms were divided into 9 separate states by the Congress of Vienna

•The three main states were Sardinia, Sicily and the Papal States

• Giuseppe Mazzini– The “heart” of Italian reunification– Starting in 1831, he wrote many articles and gave

speeches in favor of Italian reunification– Founded “Young Italy,” a secret society that wanted a

free nation

• The unification of Italy would take more than just words, however. It occurred through efforts in both northern Italy and southern Italy.

• Mazzini said- “Ideas grow quickly, when watered by the blood of martyrs.”

The beginnings of Italian Unification

Mazzini

• Count Camilo Benso di Cavour– The “brain” of Italian unification– Prime Minister of Sardinia– Worked to improve economy– Used money to strengthen Sardinia’s army– From 1852 - 1859, he gradually took over the northern

states of Italy– Smart guy…

• Allies with Britain & France against Russia• Cons the French to help him beat the Austrians and expand

land.

Northern Unification

Count Cavour

• Giuseppe Garibaldi– The “sword” of Italian

unification– His army was

nicknamed the “Red Shirts”

– Led his army to victory over French forces in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1860 - 1861

– Gave the territory to the King of Sardinia

Southern Unification

Garibaldi

Led the “Red Shirt” army

Southern Unification

• 1861 – Northern and Southern Italy are united

• 1866 – the northern province of Venetia is added

• 1870 – Papal States are the last area added to Italy– Rome is made the nation’s capital

• Italy was unified and King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia was declared its king.

Italian Unification

Italian unification was accomplished over several decades

For Italy in the 1800s, nationalism had positive effects.

But just like if we had “mega country (Canada/US/Mexico) not everything would

be great! In class we will discuss the challenges that the new country faced.