Imagine an integrated compendium of SIXTEEN Encyclopedias (EOLSS)

Human society and economy in interaction with nature: The EOLSS body of knowledge has its focus on this

interaction, understanding of which is essential in the context of sustainable development

This is the world’s largest online publication, at www.eolss.net, dedicated to the health, maintenance, and future of the web of life on planet Earth, focusing on the complex connections among all the myriad aspects from natural and social sciences through water, energy, land, food, agriculture, environment, biodiversity, health, education, culture, engineering and technology, management, development, and environmental security, carrying knowledge for our times.

“EOLSS has the goal to provide a firm knowledge base for future activities to prolong the lifetime of the human race in a hospitable environment” - Richard R. Ernst, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.

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The sciences in support of sustainable development: Sustainability Science is the study of sustainable development from a multiple-scale perspective, in that it is necessary to consider issues at a micro-level as well as at a macro-level. It is the study of dynamic interactions between nature and human society.

(A life support system is any natural or human engineered (constructed) system that furthers the life of the biosphere in a sustainable fashion. The fundamental attribute of life support systems is that together they provide all of the sustainable needs required for continuance of life.)

Contents

About the EOLSS 2

The EOLSS - an integrated compendium of SIXTEEN Encyclopedias 6

Outlines of the Component Encyclopedias 7

EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 7

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 9

BIOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES 10

SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 12

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 14

CHEMICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 16

WATER SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 17

ENERGY SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 19

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 21

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

RESOURCES 23

HUMAN RESOURCES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 25

NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT 26

DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES 27

INSTITUTIONAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL RESOURCES 29

TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 30

REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEWS 32

FIVE volumes in print introducing and capturing the perspectives of the EOLSS 33EOLSS International Editorial Council (IEC) 34

UNESCO-EOLSS Joint Committee 40

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About the EOLSS

The EOLSS body of knowledge is an integrated compendium of sixteen encyclopedias. It attempts to forge pathways between disciplines in order to show their interdependence and helps foster the transdisciplinary aspects of the relationship between nature and human society. It deals in detail with interdisciplinary subjects, but it is also disciplinary as each major core subject is covered in great depth, by world experts. Best efforts are being made to make the EOLSS widely accessible to the global public and this effort is widely admired for espousing education for sustainable development.It is a virtual dynamic library with contributions from thousands of scholars from over 100 countries and edited by hundreds of subject experts - designed to be a guide and reference for a wide range of users: pre-university/university students, professional practitioners, informed specialists, researchers, policy analysts, managers, and decision makers. This archive is now available at http://www.eolss.net and is updated and augmented fortnightly.

In an era when many mainstream publications have a business-as-usual attitude, the EOLSS is an encyclopedia with a difference. It attempts to forge pathways between disciplines in order to show their interdependence and helps foster the transdisciplinary aspects of the relationship between nature and human society. It is a place where traditional disciplines are at their best and at the same time shake hands with other disciplines for meaningful answers to some of the most complex questions facing us today. For example, there is a lot of mathematics on its own and at the same time there are its applications to important sustainability issues. While investigating many subjects in great detail, it also attempts to provide a wide perspective and a holistic understanding of issues. It inspires thinking in which the natural environment joins humans at the center stage in an integrated fashion.

The EOLSS is made available free of charge to universities in the UN list of least developed countries and disadvantaged individuals worldwide. Universities from developing countries also receive an appropriate discount. It is available to others at nominal subscription rates.

The EOLSS is the result of an unprecedented global effort and a decade of planning. Never before has a publication of this kind attempted to present integrated knowledge. The EOLSS is unique in that it comprehensively examines from their origins, the threats facing all the systems that support life on Earth—from the climate, the world’s oceans, forests, water cycle, and atmosphere to social systems. It is becoming increasingly apparent that our complex industrial systems, both organizational and technological, need to be drivers of world sustainability and never become driving forces of global environmental destruction or major threats to the long-term survival of humanity. To build a sustainable society for our children and future generations—the great challenge of our time—we need to fundamentally redesign many of our technologies and social institutions. This means that organizations need to undergo fundamental changes, both in order to adapt to the new business environment and to become ecologically sustainable.

The contributions in the EOLSS offer step-by-step explanations on how to apply the abstract or the pure sciences such as mathematics, to assess environmental pollution or to predict food consumption patterns. However, technical solutions alone won’t resolve the current ecological crisis. EOLSS therefore covers a diverse range of social issues—from human rights and poverty to psychology and anthropology.

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The leading experts who have contributed to this state-of-the-art publication come from diverse fields such as: the natural sciences (e.g. chemistry and biology), social sciences (e.g. history, economics, law, psychology, etc.), humanities, engineering, and technology. EOLSS also deals with interdisciplinary subjects, like earth and atmospheric sciences, environmental economics and the most effective approaches for managing natural resources like renewable and non-renewable energy, biodiversity, and agriculture. This approach is critical for managing life on Earth.

In view of the above the EOLSS body of knowledge is inspired by a vision that includes the following paradigm: the sciences should be at the service of humanity as a whole, and should contribute to providing everyone with a deeper understanding of nature and society, a better quality of life and a sustainable and healthy environment for present and future generations.

The Encyclopedia is designed to be a guide and reference for a wide range of users: from natural and social scientists to engineers, economists, educators, university students and professors, conservationists, entrepreneurs, law and policy-makers. The aim is not merely to provide raw information but to serve as a kind of expert advisor. The various chapters are divided into different levels of specialization to cater to a diverse readership. General readers might turn to the EOLSS for summaries on energy, for example, while university students may focus more on the explanations of the theoretical principles of energy, and policy makers turn to the future perspectives and related recommendations.

The EOLSS project is coordinated by the UNESCO-EOLSS Joint Committee and sponsored by Eolss Publishers, which is based in Oxford, United Kingdom. Through many and diverse consultation meetings around the world, the EOLSS has benefited immensely from the academic, intellectual, and scholarly advice of each and every member of the nearly 1000-strong International Editorial Council, which includes Nobel and UN Kalinga Laureates, World Food Prize Laureates, and several fellows of academies of science and engineering of countries throughout the world.

“The EOLSS is not only appropriate, but it is imaginative and, to my knowledge, unique. Much of what we can write about science, about energy, about our far-ranging knowledge base, can indeed be found in major encyclopedias, but as I understand your vision, never as a central theme; the theme of humanity, embedded in nature and constrained to find ways of maintaining a relationship with nature based upon understanding and respect.” Leon M. Lederman, Nobel Laureate in Physics

“Pursuit of knowledge and truth supersedes present considerations of what nature, life or the world are or should be, for our own vision can only be a narrow one. Ethical evaluation and rules of justice have changed and will change over time and will have to adapt. Law is made for man, not man for law. If it does not fit any more, change it…. Some think that it is being arrogant to try to modify nature; arrogance is to claim that we are perfect as we are! With all the caution that must be exercised and despite the risks that will be encountered, carefully pondering each step, mankind must and will continue along its path, for we have no right to switch off the lights of the future…. We have to walk the path from the tree of knowledge to the control of destiny.” Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry

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From 1996 thousands of scientists, engineers and policy-makers began meeting just to define the scope of the project, before discussing the details of the contributions. Regional workshops were held in Washington DC, Tokyo, Moscow, Mexico City, Beijing, Panama, Abu Sultan (Egypt), and Kuala Lumpur, to develop a list of possible subjects and debate analytical approaches for treating them.

The EOLSS can be used for a variety of purposes, thanks to its size, completeness, authoritative character, and the excellent search capabilities provided. Thus it can be used, for example, to prepare definitive reports on a variety of subjects or to establish a body of knowledge relative to some particular subject from this massive body of knowledge.

“Ecotechnology involving appropriate blends of traditional technologies and the ecological prudence of the past with frontier technologies such as biotechnology, information technology, space technology, new materials, renewable energy technology and management technology, can help us to promote global sustainable development involving harmony between humankind and nature on the one hand and tolerance and love of diversity and pluralism in human societies on the other. We need shifts in technology and public policy. This is a challenging task to which the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems should address itself.” M.S. Swaminathan, first World Food Prize winner

“The population of our planet and its development over the ages sets the scene for considering all global problems and it is reasonable to begin their discussion with population growth. … Thus we are dealing with an interdisciplinary problem in an attempt to describe the total human experience, right from its very beginning. But without this perspective of time it is not possible to objectively assess what is happening today and provide an objective view of the present state of development, the challenge now facing humanity.” S.P. Kapitza, UNESCO Kalinga Prize Winner

“EOLSS is concerned with the Life Support Systems… Each of these systems is a very complex one. …we have to think of all these “systems” as closely related “subsystems” of the Planet Earth System. …Rational decisions will be more and more possible to envision if one will be able to couple the physical modeling to economic and financial models and to human factors…” J.L. Lions, Japan Prize winner in Applied Mathematics

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The presentations in the EOLSS are devoid of rhetoric, make serious appeal to our logical thinking and provide support to our decision-making processes. Thanks to the advances in technology, this vast body of well-organized knowledge is now accessible from anywhere in the world with the touch of a button. The scope of the coverage that has been completed to date is outlined in Outlines of the Component Encyclopedias that follows in terms of the themes under each of the sixteen encyclopedias. Within these sixteen on-line encyclopedias, there are about 200 Themes, each of which has been complied under the editorial supervision of a recognized world expert. Each of these 'Honorary Theme Editors' was responsible for selection and appointment of authors to produce the material specified by EOLSS. On average each Theme contains about thirty chapters. It deals in detail with interdisciplinary subjects, but it is also disciplinary, as each major core subject is covered in great depth by world experts. The virtual library is augmented and updated fortnightly (augmenting refers to addition of new material and updating is the process of revising existing material to bring it up to date).

“In the coming decades, the need for working together, across countries, is essential. We need to bring 3 billion poor into society and make it possible for them to lead healthy lives, to get thehealth interventions that we all take as something as self-evident. It can be done. It is within reach. We need to invest in the future. We need to invest in the health of all people worldwide.” Gro Harlem Brundtland, Director General, WHO, in an interview with Patricia Morales

“We must learn to live at one with nature. Nature does not bear grudges, but it must not be brought to the point where it can no longer sustain human society and the continuance of humankind on Earth. I believe that one of the most important things is the shaping of a new value system, because nature can live without us, but we cannot live without nature. Instead of a hedonic approach, we should promote an approach that reasonably limits consumerism and which promotes the virtue of enoughness. If we insist on consumerism as the new utopia, nature will reject such a system, as surely as cultural diversity rejected the totalitarian system. Our generation has to face a difficult challenge, but as recent history has proven, walls of difficulty, like the Berlin Wall, can fall.” Mikhail Gorbachev, Nobel Laureate in Peace, in an interview with Patricia Morales

“We live in an increasingly interdependent world. As a result, we must cooperate together across all boundaries of nation, culture, faith, and race, and at all levels—locally, nationally, regionally, and globally— if we are to achieve our basic environmental, economic and social goals. Furthermore, if we are to make wise choices and to cooperate together effectively, we urgently need a shared vision of fundamental ethical values to guide us. In other words, the development of global ethics is essential. Our very survival as a species is in doubt if we cannot clarify our ethics and develop common values around such basic issues as environmental protection, justice, human rights, cultural diversity, economic equity, eradication of poverty, and peace.” Steven C. Rockefeller, Earth Charter Commissioner, in an interview with Patricia Morales

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The EOLSS - an integrated compendium of SIXTEEN Encyclopedias

The above figure illuminates the interconnectedness of the sixteen component encyclopedias of EOLSS. In the real world, the various knowledge domains do not exist in isolation from each other. They form an integrated whole, with links in all directions. It is well known that all forms of human knowledge are inter-connected and inter-related. EOLSS recognizes this complexity, the inter-connectedness of the various subject categories facilitating navigation automatically through the vast landscape of EOLSS knowledge. This provides the user with an effective and efficient tool to search, navigate and browse through each of the component encyclopedias, through any combination of the sixteen, or through the whole of EOLSS.

This rich resource may be explored atwww.eolss.net.

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Outlines of the Component Encyclopedias

The bulleted items in the following pages represent Theme titles. The size of a Theme may vary from about 10 Chapters to about 240 Chapters. The size of an entry (Chapter) may vary from about 5000 words to about 30000 words.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Environmental Structure and Function: Earth SystemEditor: Nikita Glazovsky, Institute of Geography, RAS, Russia

Environmental Structure and Function: Climate System Editor: George Vadimovich Gruza, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, RAS, Russia

GeographyEditor: Maria Sala, University of Barcelona, Spain

GeologyEditors: Benedetto De Vivo, Universita di Napoli "Federico II", Italy Bernhard Grasemann, University of Vienna, Austria Kurt Stüwe, Universitaet Graz, Austria

Geophysics and Geochemistry Editor: Jan Lastovicka, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

Geology: The Earth is the home of innumerable plants, creatures and human beings, which are connected by an intricate web of mutual relations and feedback. Such Earth Sciences as geology, geophysics, geochemistry, oceanography, and atmospheric sciences provide us with an understanding of the Earth the only known to home to life in the universe. Through these sciences, we know of the hazards associated with the dynamic phenomena of the Earth, and this knowledge enables us to take steps to minimize the losses to our lives and to our life support systems. There are a number of major questions of importance relative to the earth sciences and sustainability. Are there threshold levels in this system, which we should not transgress? Indeed are we not transgressing them at this very time, and what are the consequences? In the light of these two questions, should humans build mechanisms to regulate social practices that are heavily impacting on the Earth System? If so, how should these be managed for the benefit of present and future World generations?

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OceanographyEditors: Jacques C.J. Nihoul, University of Liege, Belgium Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan

Advanced Geographic Information Systems Editor: Claudia Maria Bauzer Medeiros, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil

Natural DisastersEditor: Vladimir M. Kotlyakov, Institute of Geography, RAS, Russia

GeoinformaticsEditor: Peter M. Atkinson, University of Southampton, UK

International space research: Space research would not only help us in understanding the cosmic systems but would also enable us to look at the earth in unity devoid of political, religious, and ethnic boundaries. The view of the earth from space should inspire a desire for unity and equity among all the inhabitants of the only known home to life as we understand today.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

Mathematics: History, Concepts, and Foundations Editor: Huzihiro Araki, Kyoto University, Japan

Mathematical Models of Life Support SystemsEditors: Valeri I. Agoshkov, Institute of Numerical Mathematics, RAS, Russia Jean-Pierre Puel, Universitetde Versailles St. Quentin, France

Computational Methods and AlgorithmsEditors: Vladimir V. Shaidurov, Institute of Computational Modeling of the RAS, Russia

Olivier Pironneau, Universite de Paris 6, France Optimization and Operations Research

Editor: Ulrich Derigs, University of Cologne, Germany Probability and Statistics

Editor: Reinhard Viertl, Technische Universität Wien, Austria Mathematical Models

Editors: Jerzy A. Filar, University of South Australia, AustraliaJacek B. Krawczyk, Victoria University of Wellington, NewZealand

BiometricsEditors: Susan R. Wilson, Australian National University, Australia Conrad Burden, The Australian National University, Australia

EnvironmetricsEditors: Abdel H. El-Shaarawi, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada

Jana Jureckova, Charles University Sokolovska, Czech Republic Systems Science and Cybernetics

Editor: Francisco Parra-Luna, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain

Mathematics in action to reveal hidden patterns: If mathematics helps produce better models that make better predictions, then the policy makers should use those models. Properly used, mathematical models can be very valuable supports for policy analysis and associated decision making.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES

Biological Systematics Editors: Alessandro Minelli, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy Giancarlo Contrafatto, University of Natal, South Africa

BiotechnologyEditor: Horst W. Doelle, MIRCEN-Biotechnology, Australia

Extremophiles (Life under extreme environmental conditions) Editors: Charles Gerday, University of Liege, Belgium

Nicolas Glansdorff, Vrjie Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Fundamentals of Life (Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Bioenergetics, Microbiology, Biophysics)

Editors: Ralph Kirby, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan T.G.Downing, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Physiology and Maintenance Editors: Osmo Otto Päiviö Hänninen and Mustafa Atalay, University of Kuopio, Finland

Fundamentals of Biological Science: An Evolutionary Approach Editor: Rem V. Petrov, Presidium of the RAS, Russia

Genetics and Molecular Biology Editor: Kohji Hasunuma, Yokohama City University, Japan

BiophysicsEditor, Bernat Soria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain

Global Perspectives in HealthEditor: Boutros Pierre Mansourian, World Health Organization(WHO), Switzerland

Immunology and ImmunopathologyEditor: Lindsay Dent, University of Adelaide, Australia

Water and HealthEditor: W.O.K. Grabow, University of Pretoria, South Africa

EthnopharmacologyEditors: Elaine Elisabetsky, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Nina L. Etkin, University of Hawaii, USA

Medical sciences in support of life: The biological sciences provide us with a greater understanding of life on earth. Medical sciences enable us to deal with diseases and disorders in humans and animals. These two closely connected fields are presently going through a major transition that may be regarded as a scientific revolution. The strongly protective and possessive attitude towards intellectual property rights is not in harmony with the traditional notion of free exchange of scientific ideas, data, and research materials. This is bound to be to the detriment of those parts of the world which have greatest need for health care research and development.

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PharmacologyEditor: Harry Majewski, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia

Medical SciencesInternational Commission:President: B.P.Mansourian, WHO (ret.) SwitzerlandVice President: A. Wojtczak, Institute for International Medical Education, NY, USAVice President: B. McA. Sayers, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London UKMembersA. A. Arata, USAID, Alexandria, Virginia, USAA. P.R. Aluwihare, Department of Surgery, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri LankaG. W. Brauer, Health Information Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaA. M. Davies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, IsraelS. Mahfouz, Dept. of Pathology,Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, EgyptM. R.G. Manciaux, Public Health, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, FranceN. P. Napalkov, Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, RussiaJ. Szczerban, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandY. L. G. Verhasselt, Geografisch Instituut, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Management

Editor: Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, USA Education for Sustainability

Editors: Robert V. Farrell, Florida International University (FIU), USA George Papagiannis (deceased), Florida State University, USA

Psychology Editor: Stefano Carta, University of Cagliari, Italy

Archaeology Editor: Donald L. Hardesty, University of Nevada, Reno, USA

World System History Editors: George Modelski, University of Washington, USA Robert A. Denemark, University of Delaware, USA Linguistics

Editors: Vesna Muhvic-Dimanovski, University of Zagreb Lelija Socanac, Department of Language Research of the Croatian Academy of Sciences

Linguistic AnthropologyEditor: Anita Sujoldzic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Physical (Biological) AnthropologyEditor: P. Rudan, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Fundamental Economics Editor: Mukul Majumdar, Cornell University, USA

World CivilizationsEditor: Robert Holton, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland

Historical Developments and Theoretical Approaches in SociologyEditor: Charles Crothers, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Cultural AnthropologyEditor: Michael E. Harkin, University of Wyoming, USA

EthnobiologyEditor: John R. Stepp, University of Florida, USA

The Meaning and Role of History in Human Development Editor: William Richard Nasson, University of Cape Town, South Africa

LawEditors: Aaron Schwabach, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, USA

Arthur J. Cockfield, Queen's University, Canada Environmental Laws and Their Enforcement

Editor: A. Dan Tarlock, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA Culture, Civilization and Human Society

Editors: Herbert Arlt, Research Institute for Austrian and International Literature and Cultural Studies

(INST), Austria, Donald G. Daviau University of California, Riverside CA, USA Philosophy and World Problems

Editor: John McMurtry, University of Guelph, Canada Government and Politics

Editor: Masashi Sekiguchi, Kyushu University, Japan

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Journalism and Mass CommunicationEditor: Rashmi Luthra, University of Michigan, USA

Literature and the Fine ArtsEditors: Herbert Arlt, Research Institute for Austrian and International Literature and Cultural

Studies (INST), AustriaDonald G. Daviau, University of California, USA

Peace, Literature, and ArtEditor: Ada Aharoni, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

Comparative LiteratureInternational Commission:President: Tania Franco Carvalhal, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BrazilVice Presidents: Lisa Block de Behar , University of Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay

Paola Mildonian, Universita Ca Foscari di Venezia, Venezia, ItalyJean-Michel Djian, University of Paris 8, FranceDjelal Kadir , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USADavid Johnson , Buffalo University, USA

Unity of Knowledge (in Transdisciplinary Research for Sustainability) Editor: Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn, Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich Zentrum, Switzerland

Nonviolent Alternatives for Social Change Editor: Ralph V. Summy, The University of Queensland, Australia

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

History and Philosophy of Science and TechnologyEditors: Carlos D. Galles, FCEIA-UNR, Departamento de Física, Pelligrino 250, Rosario 2000, ARGENTINA

Pablo Lorenzano, National University of Quilmes, Argentina Development of Physics

Editor: Gyo Takeda, University of Tokyo and Tohoku University, Japan Fundamentals of Physics

Editor: José Luis Morán López, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Mexico Civil Engineering

Editors: Kiyoshi Horikawa, Musashi Institute of Technology, JapanQizhong Guo, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA

Mechanical Engineering Editors: Konstantin V. Frolov Y. I. Bobrovnitskii and N. N. Krashnoschokov, Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, RAS, Russia

Electrical EngineeringEditor: Kit Po Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Physics in action – running tests in a vacuum chamber: Physical sciences are essential knowledge resources in our increasingly technical world. Much of modern technology is the result of physics research, including the transistor, and integrated circuits, which are at the heart of modern computers and electronics.

New technology to convert sunlight energy into electricity which then splits water into hydrogen fuel for combustion engines: Clean energy is the key to future development and sustainability.

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Control Systems, Robotics, and AutomationEditor: Heinz Unbehauen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany

Physical Methods, Instruments and Measurements Editor: Yuri Mikhailovitsh Tsipenyuk, P.L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, RAS (RAS), Russia

Materials Science and Engineering Editor: Rees D. Rawlings, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK

Transportation Engineering and Planning Editor: Tschangho John Kim, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Editors: Y.Lawrence Yao, Columbia University, New York, USA

A. Berman Kayis, The University of New South Wales, Australia Telecommunication Systems and Technologies

Editor: Paolo Bellavista, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy

Mining and construction for development of built capital: Engineering and technology should be also ‘appropriate’ with a range of options and criteria for choice with respect to a specific place or situation with due regard to sustainability.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

Fundamentals of Chemistry Editor: Sergio Carra, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Main Branches of ChemistryEditor: Oleg M. Nefedov, N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Russia

Chemical Engineering and Chemical Process TechnologyEditors: Ryzhard Pohorecki, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

John Bridgwater, University of Cambridge, UKM. Molzahn, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen,

Chemical EducationEditor: J. J. Lagowski, University of Texas, Austin, USA

Biogeochemistry Editor: Rolf O. Hallberg, Stockholm University, Sweden

Environmental and Ecological Chemistry Editor: Aleksandar Sabljic, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Croatia

Chemical Ecology Editor: Jorg D. Hardege, University of Hull, UK

Organic and Bio-molecular ChemistryEditor: Francesco Nicotra, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy

Teaching the chemistry of life:Chemical sciences should play a very positive role in sustainable development, contributing to improvement in quality of life for present and future generations. But, without control, human made chemicals have the potential to create enormous negative impacts. We need further development of chemical sciences; but we also need enlightened management of the science to ensure that the effects are beneficial to humanity.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WATER SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

Hydrological Cycle Editor: Igor Alekseevich Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute (SHI), Russia

Water Resources ManagementEditors: Hubert H.G. Savenije, International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental

Engineering (IHE - Delft), The NetherlandsArjen Y. Hoekstra, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE-DELFT), The Netherlands

GroundwaterEditors: Luis Silveira and Eduardo J. Usunoff, Uruguay Instituto de Hidrologia de Llanuras, Argentina

Education, Training and Transfer of Technology for Water ResourcesEditor: Andre van der Beken, Vrije Universitiet Brussel (VUB), Belgium

Fresh Surface Water Editor: James C.I. Dooge, University College Dublin, Ireland

Future Challenges of Providing High-Quality Water Editors: Jo-Ansie van Wyk, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa Richard Meissner, University of Pretoria, South Africa Hannatjie Jacobs, Independent Research Consultant, South Africa

Types and Properties of WatersEditor: Martin Gaikovich Khublaryan, Water Problems Institute, RAS: IWP RAS, Russia

Water Interactions with Energy, Environment, Food and AgricultureEditor: Maria Concepcion Donoso, Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean

(CATHALAC), Panama Water and Development

Editor: Catherine M. Marquette, Christian Michelsen Institute, Development Studies and Human Rights,

The global water cycle: Many countries are currently facing moderate to high water stress. Most of those that risk moving into even higher stress categories by 2025 are lower income countries.

Investment in water resources development is an ethical issue which humanity must address. A small proportion of the well over $480 billion spent on advertising globally, or of the well over $800 billion spent on military armament, could be wisely used to transform the lives of the most deprived half of humanity, while also takingpositive steps towards the long-term goal of sustainable water supplies for everyone.

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Norway Water Hazards Caused by Naturally Occurring Hydrologic Extremes

Editor: Norio Okada, Kyoto University, Japan Hydraulic Structures, Equipment and Water Data Acquisition Systems

Editors: Jan Malan Jordaan, University of Pretoria, South Alexander Bell, Bell & Associates, South Africa Wastewater Recycle, Reuse, and Reclamation

Editors: Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Water and Wastewater TreatmentEditors: N. A. Plate, Institute of Chemical Machinery Industry "NIICHIMMASH", Russia

Eduard G. Novitsky, Institute of Chemical Machinery Industry "NIICHIMMASH", Russia Nikolai A. Sivov, Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis,RAS,, Russia

Water Storage, Transport, and Distribution Editor: Yutaka Takahasi, University of Tokyo, Japan

Water Quality and Standards Editor: Shoji Kubota, Kyushyu University, Japan

Environmental and Health Aspects of water treatment and Supply Editors: Shoji Kubota, Kyushyu University, Japan Yasumoto Magara, Hokkaido University, Japan

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

Oil and Natural Gas Editor: Richard Sinding-Larsen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway

Exergy, Energy System Analysis, and OptimizationEditor: Christos A. Frangopoulos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Efficient Use and Conservation of EnergyEditors: Clark W. Gellings, Technology Initiatives Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA Kornelis Blok, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Renewable Energy Sources Charged with Energy from the Sun and Originated from Earth-Moon Interaction Editor: Evald Emilievich Shpilrain, IVTAN Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, Russia

Coal, Oil Shale, Natural Bitumen, Heavy Oil and Peat Editor: Gao Jinsheng, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), China

Energy Policy Editor: Anthony David Owen, School of Economics, The University of New South Wales, Australia

Sunlight harvesting by photosynthesis: The world of plants

act as a major collector of solar energy.

Renewable energy: Sustainable energy supply is an essential factor in enhancing the quality of life for present and future generations. Sustainable development requires that this be accomplished while minimizing the burden on the environment. Sustainable development implies use of renewable energy resources, while minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources. Governments must adopt energy policies and support research and development for clean energy technologies.

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Thermal to Mechanical Energy Conversion: Engines and Requirements Editor: Oleg N. Favorsky, Department of Physical and Technical Problems of Energetics, RAS, Russia

Thermal Power Plants Editor: Robin A. Chaplin, University of New Brunswick, Canada

Air Conditioning - Energy Consumption and Environmental QualityEditor: Matheos Santamouris, University of Athens, Greece

Chemical Energy PlantsEditor: G.Q. Max Lu, University of Queensland, Australia

Energy Carriers and Conversion Systems Editor: Tokio Ohta, Yokohama National University and Chairman of Frontier Information and Learning Organization (FILO), Japan

Energy Transportation Editor: Sunggyu Lee, University of Missouri - Columbia, USA

Renewable Energy Systems: Direct Solar Energy Editors: Sribas C. Bhattacharya, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand S. Kumar, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Nuclear Energy Materials and Reactors Editors: Yassin A. Hassan, Texas A&M University, USA Robin A. Chaplin University of New Brunswick, Canada

Electrical Energy Systems Editor: Yanoush B. Danilevich, Department of Physical and Technical Problems of Energetics, RAS, Russia

Energy Storage Systems Editor: Yalsin Gogus, Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey

Solar Energy Conversion and Photoenergy SystemsEditors: Julian Blanco Gálvez and Sixto Malato Rodríguez, Plataforma Solar deAlmería, Spain

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

Biodiversity: Structure and FunctionEditors: Wilhelm Barthlott, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany K. Eduard Linsenmair, Universität Würzburg, Germany Stefan Porembski, Universität Rostock, Germany

Ecology Editors: Antonio Bodini, University of Parma, Italy Stefan Klotz, Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle Ltd., Germany

Marine Ecology Editors: Carlos M. Duarte, Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados, CSIC-Univ. Illes Balears, Spain

Antonio Lot, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México Environmental Toxicology and Human Health

Editor: Tetsuo Satoh, Biomedical Research Institute and Chiba University, Japan Environmental Systems

Editor: Achim Sydow, GMD FIRST, Forschungsinstitut für Rechnerarchitektur und Softwaretechnik, Berlin,

Germany Coastal Zones and Estuaries

Editors: Federico Ignacio Isla, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina

Mapping the ecosystems: Understanding the value of biological diversity and ecosystem health enhances our true wealth in terms of products and services provided by the ecosystems around us

Solar radiation and the ozone layer: The ozone layer around the earth filters the harmful ultraviolet part of solar radiation and lets in that part which is critical to support life on our planet.

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Oscar Iribarne, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina Anthropogenic Causes of Global Environmental Change

Editor: Wei-Chyung Wang, State University of New York, Albany, USA Interactions: Energy/Environment

Editor: Jose' Goldemberg, The University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Point Sources of Pollution: Local Effects and It's Control

Editor: Qian Yi, Tsinghua University, China Large-Scale Pollution: Global Effects and Processes

Editor: Yuri A. Izrael, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and RAS Environmental Monitoring

Editors: Hilary I. Inyang and John L. Daniels,University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA Engineering Geology, Environmental Geology and Mineral Economics

Editors: Syed E. Hasan and M.N. Qureshy, University of Missouri, USA Hazardous Waste Management

Editors: Domenico Grasso, Timothy M. Vogel and Barth Smets, Smith College, USA Waste Management and Minimization

Editors: Stephen R. Smith, Chris Cheeseman, and Nick Blakey, Imperial College, UK. Environmental Regulations and Standard Setting

Editor: Bhaskar Nath, European Centre for Pollution Research, UK Pollution Control Technologies

Editors: Georgi Stefanov Cholakov, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Bulgaria Bhaskar Nath, European Centre for Pollution Research, UK

Environmental Education and Awareness Editor: Bhaskar Nath, European Centre for Pollution Research, UK

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES

Agricultural SciencesEditor: Rattan Lal, The Ohio State University, USA

The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human NutritionEditor: Victor R. Squires, Dry Land Management Consultant, Australia

Food Quality and Standards Editor: Radomir Lasztity, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary

Terrestrial Animals: Mammals, Birds and InvertebratesEditor: Richard Kenith Baydack, University of Manitoba, Canada

Forests and Forest PlantsEditors: John N. Owens, University of Victoria, Canada H. Gyde Lund, Forest Information Services, USA

The Management of Natural Resources in Satisfying the Need for Human Life Editor: Ryuichi Ishii, Nihon University, Japan

Natural Resources and Food and AgricultureEditor: Richard Kenith Baydack, University of Manitoba, Canada

Cultivated Plants, Primarily as Food Sources Editor: Gyorgy Fuleky, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hungary

The ‘living soil’: Only by recognizing the fundamental importance of soils can we foster an incentive for their conservation or improvement, for the benefit of present and future generations.

Winter wheat – one of the three main sources of our energy and food: Advances in biotechnology applied to agriculture have enormous potential to greatly improve this situation. However, the priorities and agenda of the biotechnology lobby are regarded with increasing suspicion.

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Fisheries and Aquaculture Editor: Patrick Safran, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le

Développement (CIRAD), Paris, France Systems Analysis and Modeling in Food and Agriculture

Editors: K. C. Ting, The Ohio State University, USA David H. Fleisher, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, USA Luis F. Rodriguez, NRC NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA

Interdisciplinary and Sustainability Issues in Food and AgricultureEditor: Olaf Christen, Martin-Luther-University, Germany

Impacts of Agriculture on Human Health and Nutrition Editors: Ismail Cakmak, Sabanci University, Turkey Ross M. Welch, Cornell University, USA

Public Policy in Food and Agriculture Editor: Azzeddine Azzam, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA

Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and ReclamationEditor: Boris Stepanovich Maslov, Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Russia

Agricultural Mechanization & Automation Editors: Paul McNulty, University College Dublin, Ireland Patrick M. Grace, University College Dublin, Ireland

Food Engineering Editor: Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas, Washington State University, USA

Management of Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Enterprises Editor: Robert J. Hudson, University of Alberta, Canada

Interactions: Food and Agriculture/ Environment Editor: G.Lysenko, Division of Economics and Landscape Relationships, RAS, Moscow, Russia

EntomologyEditor: Mark Fellowes, University of Reading, UK

Food Packaging Technology Editor: Kit Keith L. Yam, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA

Soil – A critical life support system: Humans try to accelerate the natural cycles in the soil by adding such plant nutrients as nitrate, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer to boost the crop

yields. Yields then fall and the soil deteriorates further.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN RESOURCES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT

Sustainable Human Development Editor: Ismail Sirageldin, The Johns Hopkins University, USA

Social and Cultural Development of Human Resources Editor: Tomoko Hamada, College of William and Mary, USA

Quality of Human Resources: Education Editor: Natalia Pavlovna Tarasova, D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Russia

Human Resources Management Editor: Michael J. Marquardt, The George Washington University, USA

Quality of Human Resources: Disadvantaged People Editor: Eleonora Barbieri-Masini, Gregorian University, Italy

Quality of Human Resources: Poverty Editors: Paul Nchoji Nkwi, Pan African Association of Anthropologists (PAAA), Cameroun Abubakar Momoh, C/O Centre for Democracy and Development, Lagos Owen Sichone, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Population and Development: Challenges and Opportunities Editor: Anatoly G. Vishnevsky, Institute for Economic Forecasting, RAS, Russia

Human resources or human capital: Human Development was seen as the process of enlarging peoples’ choices in three areas: (a) the opportunity to lead long and healthy lives, (b) the opportunity to acquire knowledge, and (c) the opportunity to have access to resources necessary in order to have a "decent" standard of living. Sustainable human development is quite strongly associated with, and is ultimately a means of developing, sustainable human capital as an important component of the wealth of a nation.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT

Natural Resources of the WorldEditor: Joselito M. Arocena, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada

Oceans and Aquatic Ecosystems Editor: Eric Wolanski, FTSE, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia

Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management Editors: Francesca Gherardi, Universita di Firenze, Italy Claudia Corti, University of Florence, Italy Manuela Gualtieri, Universita di Firenze, Italy

Climate Change, Human Systems and Policy Editor: Antoaneta Yotova, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgaria

Earth System: History and Natural Variability Editor: Vaclav Cilek, Geological Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

Land Use and Land Cover Editor: Willy H. Verheye, University of Gent, Belgium

Natural and Human Induced HazardsEditor: Chen Yong, China Seismological Bureau, China

Formation and extraction of oil –fuel for much of the industrial world: Conventional oil supplies could run dry within forty years at present rates of production. Natural gas should continue a little longer and oil from tar sands will still be available into the twenty-second century, but at a very high environmental cost. Likewise, the Earth’s supply of coal is still very large but the environmental cost of coal combustion is much higher than that of gas and oil. Will the crude oil taps open further to drive the price down and outstrip the competition, leading to an aggravation of global warming and a desperate scrabble for energy before the end of the century? Or will taxation and subsidy be used to arrange an orderly transition? The energy supply debate is at the heart of devising sustainable development policies and strategies.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES

Introduction to Sustainable Development Editors: David V. J. Bell, York University, Canada Yuk-kuen Annie Cheung, The University of Toronto, York University - Joint Centre for Asia Pacific

Studies, Canada Economics of Peace and Security

Editors: James K. Galbraith, The University of Texas at Austin, USA Jurgen Brauer, Augusta State University, USA Lucy L. Webster, Economists Allied for Arms Reduction (ECAAR), USA

Economics Interactions with Other Disciplines Editor: John M. Gowdy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA

Principles of Sustainable Development Editor: Giancarlo Barbiroli, University of Bologna, Italy

Welfare Economics and Sustainable Development Editors: Yew-Kwang Ng and Ian Wills, Monash University, Australia

Dimensions of Sustainable Development Editors: Kamaljit S. Bawa, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA Reinmar Seidler, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA

International Economics, Finance and Trade Editor: Pasquale Michael Sgro, Deakin University, Australia

Sustainable development with reference to different forms of capital: Sustainable development cannot be achieved with the support of just financial capital alone. We need different forms of capital. Sustainable human development is quite strongly associated with, and is ultimately a means of developing, sustainable human capital as an important component of the wealth of a nation.

Capitals – natural, social and built: The total true wealth – not

just money

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Environment and Development Editors: Teng Teng and Ding Yifan, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China

Global Transformations and World Futures Editor: Sohail Tahir Inayatullah, Tamkang University, Taiwan; and Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Socioeconomic Development Editor: Salustiano del Campo, Universidad Complutense, Spain

International Development Law Editor: A. F. Munir Maniruzzaman, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK

Global financial resources: Money moves around the world incredibly fast. Does this benefit the world on the whole and provide

sustainable development?

Local and global markets: True wealth comprises assets that include a variety of forms

of capital. Expanding the notions of wealth implies including these different types of wealth

in the system of national accounts.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INSTITUTIONAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL RESOURCES

Equity: Equity within generations and across generations is an important requirement for sustainable development

Human Settlement Development Editor: Saskia Sassen, The University of Chicago, USA

Institutional Issues Involving Ethics and Justice Editor: Robert Charles Elliot, Sunshine Coast University, Australia

International Relations Editors: Jarrod Wiener, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK Robert A. Schrire, University of Cape Town, South Africa

International Law and Institutions Editors: Aaron Schwabach, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, USA Arthur John Cockfield, Queen's University, Canada

Democratic Global Governance Editor: Irene Lyons Murphy, Consultant, USA

Conflict Resolution Editor: Keith William Hipel, University of Waterloo, Canada

Conventions, Treaties and other Responses to Global Issues Editor: Gabriela Maria Kutting, University of Aberdeen, UK

National, Regional Institutions and Infrastructures Editor: Neil Edward Harrison, University of Wyoming, USA

Public Administration and Public Policy Editor: Krishna K. Tummala, Kansas State University, USA

International Security, Peace, Development, and EnvironmentEditor: Ursula Oswald Spring, National Autonomous University of Mexico-UNAM/CRIM,

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION, AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT RESOURCES

Systems Engineering and Management for Sustainable Development Editor: Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, USA

Sustainable Built Environment Editors: Fariborz Haghighat, Concordia University, Canada Jong-Jin Kim, The University of Michigan, USA

Science and Technology Policy Editor: Rigas Arvanitis, Zhongshan (Sun Yasten) University, Guangzhou

Knowledge Management, Organizational Intelligence and Learning, and Complexity Editor: L. Douglas Kiel, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Globalization of Technology Editor: Prasada Reddy, Lund University, Sweden

Integrated Global Models of Sustainable Development Editor: Akira Onishi, Centre for Global Modeling, Japan

Systems Analysis and Modeling of Integrated World Systems Editors: Veniamin N. Livchits, Institute for Systems Analysis, RAS, Russia Vladislav V. Tokarev, Moscow State University, Russia

System Dynamics Editor: Yaman Barlas, Bogazici University, Turkey

Industrial Ecology and Green Design Editors: Valentin A. Zaitsev, RAS, Department of Oceanology, Atmosphere and Geography, Russia Raymond P. Cote, Dalhousie University, Canada

Information and communication systems: Regional and international networks for research and training, partnerships involving communities of developed and developing countries, and specific programs for the exchange and transfer scientific knowledge and skills, have proved to be important mechanisms and should be fostered and implemented more widely.

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Computer Science and Engineering Editors: Zainalabedin Navabi, University of Tehran, Iran David R. Kaeli, Northeastern University, USA

Artificial IntelligenceEditor: Joost Nico Kok, Leiden University, The Netherlands

Information Technology and Communications Resources for Sustainable Development Editor: Ashok Jhunjhunwala, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India

Hierarchy and Complexity and Agent Based ModelingEditor: David Geoffrey Green, Charles Sturt University, Australia

A product of technological resources: 1999 the World Conference on Science held in Budapest declared a new commitment for Science for the 21st Century and laid down a framework for action that is based on the broad principle: ‘Science for knowledge and knowledge for progress, peace, and development’. The effect of this declaration is clearly intended to direct technology resources towards sustainable development fostered and implemented more widely.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEWS

Regional Sustainable Development Review: Africa Editor: Emmanuel Kwesi Boon, Free University Brussels, Belgium

Regional Sustainable Development Review: Brazil Editor: Luis Enrique Sanchez, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Regional Sustainable Development Review: Canada and USA Editors: Lawrence C. Nkemdirim, University of Calgary, Canada

Regional Sustainable Development Review: China Editor: Sun Honglie, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Regional Sustainable Development Review: EuropeEditors: Alexander Mather and John Bryden, University of Aberdeen, UK

Regional Sustainable Development Review: JapanEditor: Yukio Himiyama, Hokkaido University of Education, Japan

Regional Sustainable Development Review: RussiaEditor: Nicolay Pavlovich Laverov, RAS, Russia

Peace on earth: A culture of Peace with positive peace, not just a state in which wars, conflicts, and violence are prevented by pressures, is key to sustainable

development.

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FIVE volumes in print introducing and capturing the perspectives of the EOLSS

OUR FRAGILE WORLD (OFW): Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development, Volumes I and II, 2001, ISBN: 0 9534944-7-0, 2263pp.

KNOWLEDGE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (KSD): An Insight into the Encyclopedia of Life support Systems, Volumes I, II and III, 2002, ISBN: 0 9542989-0-X, 3490pp.

Further details may be obtained from

www.eolss.net

©UNESCO-EOLSS 34

EOLSS INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL COUNCIL (IEC)

The EOLSS International Editorial Council is a union of: UNESCO-EOLSS Joint Committee, Board of General Advisors (BGA), Honorary Editorial Advisory Board (HEAB), International Commissions, and Honorary Academic Editorial Board (HAEB) as a large editorial advisory body with several hundreds of expert members chosen to advise on the development of the Encyclopedia. The Configuration Control Board is a high-level body with membership chosen from the International Editorial Council (IEC). Several individuals contributed to the development of the EOLSS Body of Knowledge through meetings, discussions and communications. The list is given below with apologies for any inadvertent omissions.

The Board of General Advisors (BGA): Laureates: Nobel Prize, Japan Prize, Kalinga Prize, and World Food Prize

Basov, N.G. (Deceased) RussiaBeachell, H. M. USAChandler, R. Jr. USACharpak, G. SwitzerlandCrutzen, P.J. GermanyErnst, R.R. SwitzerlandFukui, K. JapanHerren, H. KenyaKapitza, S. RussiaKlein, L.R. USAKnipling, E.F. USAKurien, V. IndiaLederberg, J. USA

Lederman, L.M. USALee, Y.T. ChinaLehn, J.-M. FranceLions, J. (Deceased) FranceNiederhauser, J. USAPrigogine, I. BelgiumRamsey, N.F. USARichter, B. USAScrimshaw, N. USAShull, C.G. USASwaminathan, M.S. IndiaYang Chen Ning USAZadeh, L.A. USA

Other IEC members including members of the UNECO-EOLSS Joint Committee, CCB, HEAB, International Commissions and HAEB:

Agoshkov, V.I. RussiaAguirre, L.M. ChileAharoni, A. IsraelAidarov. I.P. RussiaAlbou, L. FranceAl Gobaisi, D. UAEAl-Radif, A. CanadaAnas, S.M. IndiaAngelini, M. ItalyAraki, H. JapanArima, A. JapanArlt, H. AustriaArocena, J. CanadaArvanitis, R. FranceAssaad, K.A. Lebanon

Atalay, M. FinlandAtherton, D.P. UKAtkinson, P. UKAttiga, A.A. JordanAubin, J.-P. FranceAyres, R.U. FranceAzzam, A. USABadran, A. JordanBarbieri-Masini, E. ItalyBarbiroli, G. ItalyBarbosa-Canovas, G. USABarlas, Y. TurkeyBarritt, E.R. USABarron, E.J. USABarthlott, W. Germany

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Bates, D.G. USABauzer Medeiros, C.M. BrazilBawa, K.S. USABaydack, R.K. CanadaBell, A. South AfricaBell, D.V.J. CanadaBellavista, P. ItalyBergles, A.E. USABhattacharya, S.C. ThailandBlakey, N. UKBlanco Galvez, J. SpainBlock de Behar, L. UruguayBlok, K. The NetherlandsBobrovnitskii, Y.I. RussiaBodini, A. ItalyBoon, E.K. BelgiumBrauer, J. USABridgwater, J. UKBruk, S. FranceCakmak, I. TurkeyCapilla, A.V. SpainCaporaso, J.A. USACarabias, J. MexicoCarpenter, A. New ZealandCarra, S. ItalyCarroll, R.G. USACarta, S. ItalyCarvalhal, T. BrazilCatanzaro, E. USACeballos, G. MexicoChaplin, R. CanadaChapman, D. IrelandCheeseman, C. UKChen Han Fu ChinaChen Jiaer ChinaChen, C.T.A. TaiwanChesters, G. (Deceased) USA Choucri, N. USAChristen, O. GermanyCilek, V. Czech RepublicCockfield, A.J. CanadaColombo, U. ItalyContrafatto, G. South AfricaCordani, U. BrazilCorti, C. ItalyCostes, A. FranceCote, R.P. CanadaCowling, R.M. South AfricaCumo, M. Italy

Dai Ruwei ChinaDaniels, J.L. USADanilevich, Y.B. RussiaDe Vivo, B. Italydel Campo, S. SpainDempsey, J. UKDent, L. AustrliaDerigs, U. GermanyDickinson, R. USADing, Y. ChinaDixon, G.R. UKDjian, J-M. FranceDoelle, H.W. AustraliaDolphin, D.W. USADonarag, T.Y. MalaysiaDonoso, M.C. PanamaDooge, J.C.I. IrelandDuarte, C.M. SpainDudley, W. USAEide, A.R. USAEl Ashry, M. USAEl Kassas, M. EgyptEl-Kholy, O.A. EgyptElliot, R.C. AustraliaEl-Shaarawi, A.H. CanadaEl Tayeb, M. FranceFarrell, R.V. USAFavorsky, O.N. RussiaFilar, J.A. AustraliaFilippov, G. RussiaFisher, G.W. USAFleisher, D.H. USAFliedner, T. GermanyFortes, M. MexicoFortes, M.D. PhilippinesFrancis, J.F. USAFrangopoulos, C. GreeceFrolov, K.V. RussiaFujii, T. JapanFukuoka, K. JapanFukushima, Y. JapanFuleky, G. HungaryFunabashi, M. JapanGalbraith, J.K. USAGallart, F. SpainGalles, Carlos D. ArgentinaGao Congjie ChinaGates, W. L. USAGeeraerts, G. Belgium

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Gellings, C. USAGerday, C. BelgiumGherardi, F. ItalyGiegrich, J. GermanyGlansdorff, N. BelgiumGlazovsky, N. RussiaGogus, Y. TurkeyGoldberg, E.H. USAGoldemberg, J. BrazilGoldstein, R. USAGolitsyn, G.S. RussiaGolley, F. USAGonzalez Osorio, L.M. MexicoGonzalez-Casanova, P. MexicoGorshkov, V.G. RussiaGoulet, Denis USAGowdy, J.M. USAGrabow, W.O.K. South AfricaGrace, P.M. IrelandGrasemann, B. AustriaGrasso, D. USAGreen, D.G. AustraliaGros, F. FranceGruza, G.V. RussiaGualtieri, M. ItalyGuruswamy, L.D. USAGyftopoulos, E. USAHafez, S. EgyptHaghighat, F. CanadaHallberg, R.O. SwedenHamada, T. USAHammond, A. USAHanninen, O.O.P. FinlandHardege, J.D. UKHardesty, D.L. USAHarkin, M.E. USAHarl, N.H. USAHarrison, N.E. USAHasan, S.E. USAHashmi, M.U. PakistanHassan, P. PakistanHassan, S.Q. USAHassan, Y.A. USAHasunuma, K. JapanHatfield, J.L. USAHeden, C.-G. SwedenHerrera, I. MexicoHeurlin, B. DenmarkHimiyama, Y. Japan

Hipel, K.W. CanadaHirsch Hadorn, G. SwitzerlandHoekstra, A.Y. The NetherlandsHoldgate, M. UKHolton, J.R. USAHonglie, S. ChinaHorikawa, K. JapanHornby, R. J. UKHtun Nay MyanmarHu Ying ChinaHuang, C.H. TaiwanHudson, R.J. CanadaHusain, A. IndiaHussain, M. IndiaImura, H. JapanInayatullah, S.T. AustraliaInyang, H.I. USAIribarne, O. ArgentinaIshida, M. JapanIshii, R. JapanIsla, F. I. ArgentinaIzrael, Y.A. RussiaJackson, M. UKJacobson, H.K. USAJain, A. IndiaJakeman, A.J. AustraliaJeyaratnam, J. SingaporeJhunjhunwala, A. IndiaJimeno, M. ColombiaJinsheng, G. ChinaJohns, A.T. UKJohnson, D. USAJordaan, J.M. South AfricaJureckova, J. Czech RepublicKadir, D. USAKaeli, D.R. USAKakihana, H. JapanKanwar, R.S. USAKao, D.T. USAKapitza, S. RussiaKawabe, T. JapanKayis, A.B. AustraliaKerekes, J. HungaryKhosla, A. IndiaKhublaryan, M.G. RussiaKiel, L.D. USAKim, J.J. USAKim, T.J. USAKirby, R. South Africa

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Klir, G. USAKlotz, S. GermanyKok, J.N. The NetherlandsKolmer, L. USAKondo, J. JapanKondratyev, K.Ya. RussiaKotchetkov, V. FranceKotlyakov, V.M. RussiaKrashnoschokov, N.N. RussiaKubota, S. JapanKumar, S. ThailandKupitz, J. AustriaKurzhanski, A.B. RussiaKutting, G.M. UKLagowski, J.J. USALal, R. USALara, F. MexicoLast, J. CanadaLastovicka, J. Czech RepublicLasztity, R. HungaryLaverov, N.P. RussiaLee, Han Bee Republic of KoreaLee, S. USALeemans, R. NetherlandsLefevre, J.M. FranceLefevre, T. ThailandLeff, E. MexicoLevashov, V.K. RussiaLevine, A.D. USALichnerovicz, A. FranceLiebowitz, H. USALin, Qun ChinaLinsenmair, K. Eduard GermanyLiss, P. UKLiu, Bao ChinaLivchits, V.N. RussiaLlorens, P. SpainLomnitz, C. MexicoLoyo, C. MexicoLozano, F. MexicoLozano, M. MexicoLu, G.Q.M. AustraliaLund, H.G. USALundberg, H.D. SwedenLuthra, R. USALysenko, E.G. RussiaMack, A. AustraliaMackey, B.G. AustraliaMagara, Y. Japan

Mageed, Y.A. SudanMajewski, H. AustraliaMajumdar, M. USAMakkawi, B. SudanMalato, R. S SpainManiruzzaman, A.F.M. UKMansourian, B.P. SwitzerlandMarchuk, G.I. Russia Markandya, A. UKMarquardt, M.J. USAMarquette, C.M. NorwayMaslov, B.S. RussiaMather, A. UKMcCarthy, O.J. New ZealandMcDowell, D. SwitzerlandMcMichael, A.J. UKMcMullan, J.T. UKMcMurtry, J. CanadaMcNulty, P. IrelandMedina, E. VenezuelaMeissner, R. South AfricaMeller, F. USAMenaut, J.C. FranceMendes, C. BrazilMesarovic, M.D. USAMildonian, P. ItalyMinelli, A. ItalyMitchell, C.M. USAMitsumori, S. JapanMolzahn, M. GermanyMomoh A. LagosMoore, B. III USAMoran-Lopez, J.L. MexicoMuelbert, M. BrazilMuhammed, A. PakistanMuhvic-Dimanovski, V. CroatiaMuller, P. GermanyMunasinghe, M. Sri LankaMurphy, I.L. USANabi, M. IndiaNaito, M. JapanNasson, W.R. South AfricaNath, B. UKNatori, K. JapanNavabi, Z. IranNefedov, O.M. RussiaNg, Y.K. AustraliaNicotra, F. ItalyNihoul, J.C.J. Belgium

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Nishizawa, J. JapanNishizuka, Y. JapanNkemdirim, L.C. CanadaNkwi, P.N. CamerounObasi, G.O.P. SwitzerlandOdhiambo, T. KenyaOhta, T. JapanOjo, S.O. NigeriaOkada, N. JapanOki, T. JapanOlden, K. USAOlembo, R. KenyaOnishi, A. JapanOsipov, Yu.S. RussiaOswald, U. MexicoOteiza, E. ArgentinaOwen, A.D. AustraliaOwens, J.N. CanadaOyebande, L. NigeriaPachauri, R.K. IndiaParra-Luna, F. SpainPaterno, L. ItalyPayne, W.A. USAPetrov, R.V. RussiaPironneau, O. FrancePlate, N.A. RussiaPohorecki, R. PolandPorembski, S. GermanyPrinn, R.G. USAPuel, J.P. FranceQi, L. ChinaQian, Y. ChinaQureshy, M.N. USARajeswar, J. IndiaRamallo, L.I. SpainRao, C.N.R. IndiaRao, C.R. USARao, G.M. IndiaRao, G.P. IndiaRao, S.S. IndiaRapport, D.J. Canada.Rasool, I. FranceRaumolin, J. FinlandRawlings, R.D. UKReddy, K.V. IndiaReddy, P. SwedenReza, F. CanadaRodriguez, L.F. USARodríguez, S.M. Spain

Rudan, P. CroatiaRudan, P. CroatiaRydzynski, K.J. PolandSabljic, A. CroatiaSabouni, R. Syria Safran, P. PhilippinesSage, A.P. USA Sala, M. SpainSajeev, V. IndiaSala, O. ArgentinaSaldaña J.J. MexicoSalim, E. IndonesiaSanchez, L.E. BrazilSantamouris, M. GreeceSassen, S. USASasson, A. FranceSatoh, T. JapanSavenije, H.H.G. The NetherlandsSayers, B. McA. UKSchrire, R.A. South AfricaSchwabach, A. USASeidler, R. USASekiguchi, M. JapanSen, G. IndiaSerageldine, I. USASgro, P.M. AustraliaShaib, B. NigeriaShaidurov, V.V. RussiaShidong, Z. ChinaShiklomanov, I.A. RussiaShpilrain, E.E. RussiaShuttleworth, W.J. USAShyy, W. USASichone O. South AfricaSilveira, L. UruguaySinding-Larsen, R. NorwaySingh, H. New ZealandSingh, M.G. UKSirageldin, I. USASiva Sivapalan, M. AustraliaSkogseid, H. NorwaySmeers, Y. BelgiumSmets, B. USASmith, S. UKSocanac L. CroatiaSollars, C.J. UKSonntag, H. VenezuelaSouthwood, R. UKSquires, V.R. Australia

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Stepp, J.R. USAStuewe, K. AustriaSujoldzic CroatiaSullivan, L. AustraliaSummy, R. AustraliaSun Honglie ChinaSusheela, A.K. IndiaSydow, A. GermanySzollosi-Nagy, A. FranceTakahasi, Y. JapanTakeda, G. JapanTakle, G.S. USATalal Y. FranceTarasova, N.P. RussiaTarlock, A.D. USATeller, E. USATeng, T. ChinaTing, K.C. USATitli, A. FranceTolba, M.K. EgyptToschenko, J.T. RussiaTsipenyuk, Y.M. RussiaUl Haq, M. PakistanUnbehauen, H.D. GermanyValero-Capilla, A. Spainvan der Beken, A. Belgiumvan Wyk, J.A. South AfricaVazquez, C. MexicoViertl, R. AustriaVigneswaran, S. AustraliaVishnevsky, A.G. RussiaVolgy, T.J. USA

Wall, G. SwedenWang, Mingxing ChinaWang, W.C. USAWang, Xingyu ChinaWatt, H.M. USAWebster, L. USAWeder, R. MexicoWeffort, F. BrazilWei, Zhou HungaryWeiss, T.G. USAWeizsacker, E.U. von GermanyWelch, R.M. USAWiener, J. UKWills, I. AustraliaWilson, S.R. AustraliaWohnlich, S. GermanyWojtczak, A. USAWolanski, E. AustraliaWoldai, A. EritreaWong, K.P. AustraliaYagodin, G.A. RussiaYam, K.K.L. USAYan, S. ChinaYao, Y.L. USAYatim, B. MalaysiaYong, C. ChinaYotova, A. BulgariaYoung Binglin ChinaYuan Weikang ChinaZaitsev, V.A. RussiaZhang Xinshi China

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UNESCO-EOLSS JOINT COMMITTEE

A UNESCO-EOLSS Joint Committee was established with the objectives of (a) seeking, selecting, inviting and appointing Honorary Theme Editors (HTEs)/International Commissions for the Themes, (b) providing assistance to them, (c) obtaining appropriate contributions for the different levels of the Encyclopedia, and (d) monitoring the text development. The membership of the Committee is as follows:

Badran, A. Former Deputy Director General of UNESCO, (Co-Chairman) Al Gobaisi, D. EOLSS Editor-in-Chief (Co-Chairman)El Tayeb, M. Director Division of Science Analysis and policies, UNESCO,

(Secretary)Tolba, M.K. Former Director of UNEP, President International Center for

Environment and Development Sage, A.P. George Mason University, USA (Chairman, EOLSS

Configuration Control Board) Marchuk, G.I. Russian Academy of Sciences Szollosi-Nagy, A. Deputy Assistant Director General, UNESCO Chesters, Gordon (Deceased) University of Wisconsin, USA Johns, A.T. University of Bath, UKLundberg, H.D. SwedenTalal Younes, International Union of Biological Sciences, FranceDempsey, Jack UKWatt, H.M. USARao, Ganti Prasada IndiaSabouni, Raja Syria Makkawi, B. SudanWoldai, A. EritreaAgoshkov, V.I. RussiaHornby, R. J. UKWall, Goran SwedenKotchetkov, V. UNESCOAl-Radif, A. CanadaSasson, A. Former Assistant Director General of UNESCOBruk, S. Consultant UNESCO

SecretariatHuynh, H. Programme Specialist SC/AP, UNESCOBarbash Ali Systems Manager

The four dimensions of sustainable development (natural, social, institutional, and built). These also represent different capitals. The economic dimension represents the built capital. The problem of sustainable development is

multi-dimensional as it involves a range of issues concerning society and nature, multi-disciplinary as it encompasses a wide spectrum of disciplines from natural to social sciences, multi-temporal as it spans a time horizon covering short to

long periods of planning, and multi-geographic as it spans across all regions of the world.

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