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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging

Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1

WAI CHAN - SPECIALISED IMAGING LTD Unit 32, Silk Mill Industrial Estate, Brook Street, Tring, Herts HP23 5EF England Tel +44 (0) 1442 827728

www.specialised-imaging.com History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1

Basics

What Our Eyes See

Just RightMotion Blur


Early Years

In 1873 Eadweard Muybridge proved that all 4 hooves were in the air at once when a horse was galloping using high speed imaging


Early Images

What Our Eyes See

Just RightMotion Blur

In 1853 Thomas Skaife was taking photographs of Cannonball in flight at Woolwich Arsenal, London

In 1888 Ernst Mach photographed shockwave from a bullet travelling faster than the speed of sound, using schlieren photography.


Intermittent Motion Camera Hand-cranked, maximum framing

speed 240 frames/second

Exposure is set by exchanging shutter plates

Speed of shutter rotation is synchronised to the speed of the film

High Speed Debrie model F from 1928


Rotating Prism F J Tuttles rotating prism concept.

Rotating prism shifts the image in the same direction as the film so that the film does not have to be stopped during the exposures

Basic arrangement of a rotating prism camera prism rotation must be synchronised to the sprocket drive Eastman Kodak model 3 rotating prism

16mm film camera - 3000 frames per second.

Film motion

Prism Rotation

Image motion

Prism Rotation

Feed spool

Take-up spool

Sprocket drive

Sprocket drive


Rotating Prism

Hadland Hyspeed


Rotating Mirror

Rotating Mirror camera schematic


Rotating Mirror Marley Camera

Images were formed on the film by an array of camera lenses each with a slightly different viewpoint.

The Marley camera was used during the Manhatten project and was used to photograph the actual trinity test in 1945. Capable of 100,000 frames per second


The Rapatronic Camera Capable of exposure as

short as 10ns

Used a Kerr Cell Shutter

Single Shot

Developed by Harold Edgerton in the 1940s

Nuclear explosion less than 1 millisecond after detonation


Rotating PrismHarold Edgerton is generally credited with pioneering the use of the stroboscope to freeze fast motion. He was professor of Electrical Engineering at MIT and developed the electronic flash which used inert gas to enhance the brightness of an electrical spark. A water droplet

rebounding, captured with a fast electronic flash.

Harold Edgertons famous milk drop picture


Streak and Strip CamerasUnlike normal cameras that make photographs that have two spatial dimensions, these strip or streak cameras always display time as one of their dimensions and one subject spatial dimension as their other dimension.

Schematic of a rotating mirror streak camera


Streak CamerasCordin Drum Streak Camera.

Redlake 35mm High Speed HYTAX

rocket in flight made with synchroballistic photo c. 1990


Streak CamerasTypical Electrostatic streak tube - consists of a photocathode which generates electrons directly from the incident light, then a focusing and accelerating system guides the electron beam through deflection plates to a phosphor screen where the electrons are converted back into light.

Schematic layout of typical streak tube.


Streak CamerasHadland Imacon675


Framing CameraHadland 790 Framing and streak camera


ICCD Cameras 40mm gated image

intensifier allowed sub-microsecond exposures

CCD Camera developed by Polaroid, with 1134x488 pixel resolution

Single Image

The Hadland SVRII ballistic Range camera


Ballistic Range CamerasA typical single-shot ballistic range camera image showing Sabot separation from a 40mm APFSDS round


Ballistic Range Cameras 40mm gated image

intensifier allowing minimum exposure of 20ns

Cooled CCD Head with resolution of 3000 x 4000 @ 12bits

Double Images using interline transfer on the CCD

The Specialised Imaging SIRII ballistic range camera.


Ballistic Range Cameras

Typical result from the SIRII camera this image pair taken in available light (no flash lamps) of a 120mm projectile travelling at approximately 1500m/s with 500ns exposures

Image courtesy QinetiQ, Shoeburyness


Video Systems

NAC HSV1000 camera 1000 fps 1990 Used Modified Video Tape recorder

Kodak Ektapro HS4540 4500 fps to 40,500 (partial frames)


ICCD Framing Cameras

In the early 1990s, CCD and intensifier technology was finally applied to the framing camera with the launch of the Hadland Imacon468

468 optical beamsplitter used a pyramid mirror to divide the incoming light into eight separate paths.



DRS Hadland Imacon200 Imacon200 brochure image


ICCD Framing CamerasSIM Beamsplitter


ICCD Framing CamerasAn innovation in the optical design of this camera is the unique auxiliary optical port. This allows an additional instrument such as a high-speed video, streak camera or time resolved spectrometer to be coupled to the framing camera, allowing even more information to be gathered about the event being studied

Specialised Imaging SIM Framing camera



Supersonic ejecta and shockwaves image courtesy E2V Technologies, Lincoln


Projectile/Flight Followers

Concept pioneered by UK and USA defense research establishments

Consists of a computer controlled rotating mirror in front of a high-speed Video camera.

Mirror programmed to rotate at the correct speed such that the camera will follow the projectile as it passes

Motion blur removed from projectile so longer exposures possible to get better images

Disadvantages small mirror low sensitivity unwieldy system repeatability/accuracy?


Trajectory TrackerThe SIT has been developed to provide consistent and accurate tracking of projectiles in flight using a scanning mirror and high-speed video camera. This equipment allows observations to be made of the behaviour of projectiles in flight for over a hundred metres. The SIT system consists of a rugged mirror and control unit housing, a 3-axis mount, and laptop computer.

Courtesy: ISL


Results

Click to see the video in action


Ultra High Speed Video By 2005 Shimadzu had

developed a 1,000,000 fps video camera (HPV-1)

Capable of 312x260 pixel at all speeds

Custom CCD sensor with 100 frames of storage on chip

Recently this was supersede by the HPV-2


Ultra High Speed Video

Images from 10,000 frames per second video sequence of concrete sample test. Courtesy Shimadzu corporation, Japan.


In 2012 Specialised Imaging launched the Kirana Camera

Capable of up to 5,000,000 fps

924x768 resolution

10 bits dynamic range

180 frames of on pixel storage

Hybrid Sensor combining both CMOS and CCD technology



In 2012 Shimadzu launched the HPV-X

Capable of up to 10,000,000 fps (HP mode)/5,000,000 60fps (FP mode)

50,000 pixels (HP mode)/100,000 pixels (400x250) ( FP mode)

10 bits dynamic range

256 frames (HP)/128 frames (FP)

FTCMOS image sensor



Results


Keith Taylor Specialised Imaging, Ltd.

Jo Honour Specialised Imaging, Ltd

David Bowley Specialised Imaging, Ltd

Wayne Smethurst Specialised Imaging, Ltd

Richard Briggs Specialised Imaging, Ltd.

Frank Kosel Specialised Imaging, Inc.

Peter Berkenberg Specialised Imaging, GmbH

Acknowledgement


Thank You

QUESTIONS?

Specialised Imaging, Unit 32, Silk Mill Industrial Estate, Brook Street, Tring, Herts HP23 5EF England

Tel +44 (0) 1442 827728

www.specialised-imaging.com

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