I'm a little intellectualSome one who knows it allI could be your summer specialYou could be my New York doll - my dollI'm a little ...Smarter than youSmarter than youSmarter than youCan't you see I'mSmarter ...I met you we talk a littleFind you fascinating by five past tenI kiss you and call you laterCos I want to see you again - you againSmarter ...Can't you see I'm smart

The

Undertones

“I’m

Smarter

Than You”

What makes us intelligentOr

Not so intelligent

:inherited mental capacity?

:an achieved level of intellectual performance?

:an ascribed quality, that like beauty, is in the

eye of the beholder?

The ability to learn

from experience, solve

problems, and use

knowledge to adapt to

a new situation

Is socially constructed thus…

Can be culturally specific.

According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

Fluid versus Crystallized Intelligence

To find out scientists use FACTOR

ANALYSIS:

A statistical procedure that identifies

clusters of related items on a test

Charles Spearman used FA to

discover his g or (general

intelligence).

He saw using FA that doing well in

one area of a test predicted that you

will do well in another

Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing, shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the country (and he is good looking). Is there anything he cannot do?

Howard Gardner (1943- ) disagreed with

Spearman’s g and instead came up with the

concept of multiple intelligences

He came up with the idea by

studying savants A condition

where a person

has limited

mental abilities

but is

exceptional in

one area

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Often measured on IQ tests

with reading

comprehension and

vocabulary tests

Naturalistic

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Linguistic

Logical-MathematicalOften measured on IQ tests

with analogies, math

problems and logic

problems

Logical-Mathematical

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Visual-Spatial

Linguistic

Ability to form mental

images of objects and think

about their relationships in

space (Geometry, reading a

map)

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Musical

Linguistic

Ability to perceive and

create patterns of rhythms

and pitches

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Linguistic

Ability for controlled

movement and

coordination (balance,

strength, endurance)

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Interpersonal

Linguistic

Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions (listening, cooperation, sensitivity to others)

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Naturalistic

Intrapersonal

Linguistic

Ability to know oneself and

to develop a sense of

identity

Logical-Mathematical

Visual-Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal Appreciate nature, ability

to work with nature and

animalsNaturalistic

Linguistic

Robert Sternberg (1949- )

Analytical (academic, problem

solving, analyzing, comparing,

evaluating, IQ tests)

Creative (generating novel ideas,

inventing, designing)

Practical (required for everyday

tasks where multiple solutions

exist, street smarts)

1. Expertise

2. Imaginative thinking skills

3. Venturesome personality

4. Intrinsic motivation

5. Creative environment

Complete Remote Associates Test

The ability to

perceive, express,

understand, and

regulate emotions

Some studies show

EQ to be a greater

predictor for future

success than IQ.EQ test

Play “Pros and Cons of Intelligence

Tests” (6:29) Segment #17 from

Psychology: The Human Experience.

Intelligence Testa method of assessing an individual’s

mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

Developer of the first test to classify

children’s abilities using the concept of

mental age

Mental age

The chronological age that

corresponds to the difficulty of the

questions a child can answer

Child who does as well as the

average 8-year-old is said to have

a mental age of 8

Lewis Terman (1877-1956)

Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United

States as the Stanford-Binet intelligence

test

The test reported intelligence as a

calculated IQ score.

Side note: Terman promoted use of

intelligence testing to encourage or

discourage people from reproducing

Intelligence Quotient –IQ

IQ = MACA × 100

On contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Works great for children, but not for adults

A 50 yr old does as well as a 25 yr old would

have an IQ of 50?

Technically there is no longer an intelligence quotient, but we still use the term IQ.

Achievement Tests

A test designed to

assess what a person

has learned

Classroom test at the

end of a unit

Aptitude Tests

A test designed to

predict a person’s

future

performance

Aptitude is the

capacity to learnoACT and SAT

David Wechsler (1896-1981)

Wechsler intelligence scales

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

(WAIS)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for

Children (WISC)

WAIS (most widely used today)

Includes 11 subtests

Gives overall intelligence score, but

also separate verbal and performance

(nonverbal) scores

Tests must be:

Standardized

Reliable

Valid

Standardization

Test must be pre-tested to a

representative sample of

people

Form a normal distribution

Normal Curve (Normal distribution/Bell Curve)

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that

describes the distribution of many physical and

psychological attributes

Most scores fall near the average, and fewer

and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Performance on IQ scores has steadily

increased over generations

Known as the Flynn Effect

Environmental factors?

Reduction in

malnutrition

Access to

schooling

Technological

advances

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent

results over time

Assessed by consistency of scores on:

Two halves of the test (split-half)

Alternate forms of a test

Retesting

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts

what it is supposed to

Content Validity

The extent to which a test samples the

behavior of interest

Driving test that samples driving tasks

Criterion

Behavior (such as college grades) that a

test (such as the SAT) is designed to

predict

The measure used in defining whether the

test has predictive validity

Predictive Validity

Success with which a test predicts the

behavior it is designed to predict

Assessed by computing the correlation

between test scores and the criterion

behavior

Also called criterion-related validity

Small +.15 correlation

between head size and

intelligence scores (relative to

body size).

Using an MRI we found +.44

correlation with brain size and

IQ score.

Higher performing

brains are less active

than lower

performing brains

(use less glucose).

Neurological speed

is also a bit quicker.

•By age 3, a child’s IQ

can predict adolescent

IQ scores.

•Depends on the type of

intelligence, crystallized

or fluid.

(fluid = flexibility)(crystallized = concrete)

Akrit JaswalEmmerick

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her

sister's opinion, she effectively controls

her own anger and responds with empathy

to her sister's frustration regarding their

dispute. Her behavior best illustrates:

1. factor analysis.

2. analytic intelligence.

3. predictive validity.

4. emotional intelligence.

Superior performance on the WAIS

is most likely to be indicative of:

1. Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence.

2. Gardner's concept of athletic intelligence.

3. Cantor and Kihlstrom's concept of social

intelligence.

4. Salovey and Mayer's concept of emotional

intelligence.

A test designed to assess whether

aspiring physicians should be

granted the legal right to practice

medicine would most likely be

considered a(n) ________ test.

1. g-factor

2. aptitude

3. reliability

4. achievement

College grades are the criterion

for the ________ of the SAT.

1. heritability

2. reliability

3. standardization

4. predictive validity

The heritability of intelligence scores

among children of less-educated parents

tends to be relatively ________ due to the

relatively ________ variability among

their family environments.

1. low; low

2. high; high

3. low; high

4. high; low

Stereotype threat is most likely to

depress female students' performance

on a difficult ________ test and to

depress male students' performance on

a difficult ________ test.

1. math problem solving; verbal fluency

2. verbal fluency; math problem solving

3. spatial abilities; athletic abilities

4. athletic abilities; spatial abilities

Critical Thinking

Questions

Some people appear to be self-aware,

manage conflicts well, and generally

seem to be well equipped to handle most

social and emotional situations very well.

What type of intelligence does this seem

to reflect?

1. Creative intelligence

2. Practical intelligence

3. Emotional intelligence

4. This is not considered a type of intelligence

Creativity is often seen as a valuable skill

that seems to be related to intelligence.

Which of the following is NOT

considered a component of creativity?

1. Expertise

2. Intrinsic motivation

3. Venturesome personality

4. High score on IQ tests

You are applying for a job as a

salesperson for a large cell phone

company. You are given a battery of

tests. Which of the following might be

the best for determining your ability to

succeed in this job?

1. A test of emotional intelligence

2. A test of creativity

3. A traditional IQ test

4. A polygraph test