EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES

Bishoff, L. & William, A. (2000). Metadata, cataloging, digitization, and retrieval –

Who’s doing what to whom: The Colorado Digitization Project Experience.

Retrieved on July 25, 2011 from

http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED454873 .

Summary: This paper describes the experiences of the Colorado Digitization Project (CDP) related to accessing a diverse set of primary resources held by many different cultural heritage institutions. Issues that arise from different cataloging and metadata standards and diverse user populations and needs are addressed. Topics covered include: (1) a description of the project, including activities, funding, and goals; (2) the environment for standards application in a cross-cultural heritage institution group; (3) the CDP and standards; (4) the CDP metadata core elements; (5) issues with Dublin Core; (6) cataloging the original versus the digital object; (7) subject terminology; and (8) what needs to be addressed in the shared cultural heritage environment, including shared development, standards, interoperability, resource discovery services, cataloging issues, and authority control.

Boock, M. (2008). Organizing for digitization at Oregon State University: A case study

and comparison with ARL Libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship,

34(5), 445-451.

Summary: This article presents a case study of how Oregon State University Libraries (OSUL) organized to accomplish digitization activities. Digitization activities are broken down into six major categories: management, copyright, digital imaging, metadata, hardware/software/web design, and selection. The OSUL experience of incorporating digitization responsibilities within the existing organizational structure is compared with the results of a previously conducted survey of ARL libraries.

Chaffin N., Legg K., & Oehlerts B. (2010). Abstract: Two librarians, an archivist, and

13,000 images: Collaborating to build a digital collection. The Library Quarterly,

80(1), 81-103. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/648464. doi:

10.1086/648464

Summary: Colorado State University Libraries has been creating digitized collections, primarily from its Archives and Special Collections unit since 2000. These projects involved collaboration among archives, cataloging, and digitization. The most recent and ambitious project, digitizing 13,000 historical images of the university dating from the 1880s into the 1930s, required closer collaboration than any previous project. The three authors, each with a distinctive role in the project, use this case study to illustrate and discuss in detail the different professional and technical skills and perspectives that each brought to the project and how they learned from each other. The authors present lessons learned in how to effectively build successful internal partnerships to further digitization projects.

Chapman, S. (2004). Chapter 3: Levels of Service for image digitization. Library

Technology Reports, 40(5).

Summary: This article goes really in depth into the digitization of artifacts to integrate into a digital library. The author describes want needs to go into creating suitable digital surrogate images from how they should look, what products should be used, and what methods might be best. Near the end of the article, he describes what criteria should be followed for different levels of effort. This chapter describes the program components necessary to produce discoverable, sustainable, and usable collections of surrogate digital still images for legacy collections of photographs, prints, and other pictorial works.

Chowdhury, G. G., & Chowdhury, S.(2000).The seven levels of identification: An

overview of the current state of identifying objects within digital libraries.

Program: electronic library and information systems, 34(4), 341-373. doi:

10.1108/EUM0000000006935

Summary: This paper looks into this question by reviewing the information retrieval features of 20 digital libraries chosen from around the globe. The first part of the paper briefly describes the features of the chosen digital libraries in terms of their nature and content. The second part looks into the information retrieval features of each digital library. Unique features of some digital libraries have been indicated. Major areas of research that would improve the information retrieval features of the future digital libraries have been indicated.

Colati, G., & Colati, J. (2011). Road tripping down the digital preservation highway, part

II: Road signs, billboards and rest stops along the way. Journal of Electronic

Resources Librarianship, 23(2), 165-173. Retrieved from

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full10.1080/1941126X.2011.576969#tabModule,

doi: 10.1080/1941126X2011.576969Library

Summary: One of the librarian's main problems in Part I of this series is figuring out how and where the repository fit into the overall structure of the library and the University. At a loss for an easy answer, he decided to try to find out what other institutions were doing to see whether there was any clear, concise model to follow. As he began his research, he found many models out there. The authors describe a brief history of digital libraries which gave the librarian a good idea of where digital libraries and repositories had come from and the basic requirements of digital preservation. With the resources that he had already discovered supporting him, he could make a good case for a digital repository program at Bellaluna University.

Falk, H. (2003). Developing digital libraries. Electronic Library, 21(3), 258-261.

Summary: Looks at long-term implications of library digitization and refers to experiences in academic libraries, offering wider access to rare and special collections and move to achieving more universal access in international repositories.

Gorny, M., Catlow, J., & Lewandiwski. (2010). The state of development of digital

libraries in Poland. Program and Electric Library and Information Systems,

44(3), 207-214. doi: 10.1108/00330331011064221

Summary: Gorny and Catlow’s article describes the creation of the Wielkopolska Digital Library in Poland. It gives a good overview of what they did to create a successful digital library. For example, the article describes why the library chose DC and explains the process for searchable vocabulary, the process for scanning, and gives a chart on hardware details for each server they own.

Horava, T. (2010). Challenges and possibilities for collection management in a digital

age. Library Resources and Technical Services, 54(3), 142-152.

Summary: This paper considers some of the major issues concerning collection management in academic libraries in a rapidly changing environment. It focuses on core values, scholarly communication issues, access and delivery issues and innovation. It outlines ideas for a sustainable, forward-looking approach to collection management.

Iwhiwhu, B., & Eyekpegha, E. (2009). Digitization of Nigerian university libraries: From

technology challenge to effective information delivery. The Electric Library,

27(3), 529-536. doi: 10.1108/02640470910966943

Summary: The article describes how Nigeria is dealing with the current information explosion and how they would like to focus on enhancing their digital resources, including OPACS and digital libraries. The problem is that Nigeria has a lack of technical infrastructure, inadequate training for librarians in digital services, and lack of funding. The article cites more problems occurring in the Nigerian academic library system, but also lists ways such problems can be corrected.

Kowal, K., & Rhatigan, J. (2010). Rare map Materials made digital: Scanning and

metadata archiving and access. International Cataloguing and Bibliographic

Control, 39(3), 57-62.

Summary: Creating access to cartographic images via digitization, and maintaining the integrity and authenticity of the digital objects and associated metadata, is a current preoccupation of map curators. Format-specific information about the complete digitization process can aid in planning for scanning projects to ensure reliable access, active management and long-term preservation. The recent experience of the British Library with a small project to scan maps held within rare books can contribute to this literature. Using a variety of skills and systems throughout the institution, a methodology was developed to manage each aspect of the process, from image capture and metadata creation to providing access and preserving material via digital archiving. The outcome is a unique application of existing library standards and systems, and illustrates an alternative to project-specific software programs or web pages for managing and providing access to digitized collection materials.

Londhe, N., Desale, S., & Suresh P. (2011). Development of a digital library of

manuscripts: A case study at the University of Pune, India. Program and Electric

Library and Information Systems, 45(2), 135-148.

doi:10.1108/00330331111129697

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to focus on the technical know-how required for digitization of manuscripts. Digitization of manuscripts is a difficult process because of the fragility and discoloration (yellowishness) of manuscripts. Creation of metadata and especially subject headings for manuscripts is difficult and time consuming. The paper explains the different steps of the digitization process as well as explaining the process for creating metadata fields for easy

retrieval of manuscripts and evaluates the digitization software. QuickScan software is good for image capturing and DSpace is good for providing access to digital contents.

Mix, L., & Cameron, K. (2011). From Hahnemann's hand to your computer screen:

Building a digital homeopathy collection. Journal of the Medical Library

Association, 99(1), 51-6.

Summary: Digitizing Hahnemann's manuscript and determining the best method of presentation on the web posed several challenges. Lessons learned in the course of this project will inform future digital projects. This article discusses the historical significance of the sixth edition of Hahnemann's Organon, its context in UCSF's homeopathy collections, and the specifics of developing the online homeopathy collection.

Monson, J. (2011). What to expect when you're digitizing: A primer for the solo digital

librarian. Computers in Libraries, (31)1, 16-20.

Summary: A basic overview of some of the issues and problems that arise when beginning a digitization project and how to prepare for them.

Mugridge, R. L. (2006). Managing Digitization Activities. Washington D.C.: Association

of Research Libraries.

Summary: The Association of Research Libraries publishes special issues documents. This one deals with library digitization and has results from academic libraries nationwide concerning the most pressing issues in digitization and their responses.

Ng, K. B., & Kucsma, J. (2010). Digitization in the real world: Lessons learned from

small and medium-sized digitization projects. New York, NY: Metropolitan New

York Library Council.

Summary: Kucsma and Ng offer more than 30 case studies by practitioners on their successful digitization projects at repositories including public libraries of all sizes, universities, and other institutions holding special collections. The contributors also address potential barriers to these projects, including time lines, staffing, training, equipment, content management, and optimized handling of nonprint materials. Ultimately, the message is that the time and effort required to

preserve historic materials are more than worthwhile for the benefit of the safe storage and dissemination of the information

Novara, E. (2010). Digitization and researcher demand: Digital imaging workflows at the

University of Maryland Libraries. OCLC Systems & Services, 26(3) 166-176. doi:

10.1108/10650751011073616

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to address the challenges that special collection repositories face when creating digital surrogates driven by researcher demand, to link these digitization issues with archival practice, and to provide recommendations for improvement. This paper offers a case study approach for an institutional digital repository influenced heavily by researcher demand, in contrast to a digital repository constructed with a more structured plan.

Research and markets: The survey of library & museum digitization projects - 2010 –

16.05% of organizations surveyed license or rent any aspect of their digital

collection to any party. (2010). M2 Presswire.

Summary: The nearly 200 page report looks closely at how academic, public, and special libraries and museums are digitizing special and other collections. The study is based on detailed data on costs, equipment use, staffing, cataloging, marketing, licensing revenue and other facets of digitization projects from nearly 100 libraries and museums in the United States, the UK, continental Europe, Canada, and Australia.

Sywetz, B. (2002). Central New York Library Resources Council CLRC regional

digitization plan: Final report for the preparing Central New York history for the

future LSTA Project. Central New York Library Resources Council, 39.

Summary: The CLRC Digitization Plan provides a framework for the support of digitization activities that yield benefits to the public and relates this framework to other CLRC initiatives. The plan describes how CLRC will work with libraries and other cultural heritage organizations to develop digital collections using scalable techniques of providing access that can grow as collections are added.

Teper, J. H., & Shaw, E. F. (2011). Planning for preservation during mass digitization

projects. Portal Libraries and the Academy, 11(2), 717-739.

Summary: In anticipation of current and future mass digitization projects in which the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Library will participate, the Library's Conservation Unit began to gather data on the "scannability" of our general book collections to anticipate potential effects on conservation and preservation work flows. The findings from this project will be valuable to other libraries involved, or contemplating participation, in a mass digitization project by outlining the steps necessary to evaluate materials for digitization based on condition, as well as offering some selection guidelines used by the University of Illinois that could be applied in other institutions.

Vrana, R. (2010). Public libraries in Croatia and the digitization challenge. Library

Review, 59(5), 325-340. doi:10.1108/00242531011047028

Summary: This article compiles the results of a survey sent out by the author to find out what is currently happening in Croatian public libraries when dealing with digitization and the overall development of digital collections.

Walsh, M. P. (2011). Repurposing MARC metadata for an institutional repository:

Working with special collections and University Press monographs. Library

Resources & Technical Services, 55(1), 33-44.

Summary: This paper describes the processes and workflows that transform MARC records found in Ohio States University's library catalog into DC records for digital resources batch loaded into the Knowledge Bank, Ohio State University's institutional repository. Two projects are described to illustrate the processes and workflows: the open-access monographs of the Ohio State University Press and the oral history collections of the Ohio State University Byrd Polar Research Center Archival Program.

Wang, F. (2011). Building an open source institutional repository at a small law school

library: Is it realistic or unattainable? Information Technology & Libraries, 30(2).

Summary: Excerpt from article: In this article, the author describes the process of building the digital repository from scratch including hardware and software, customization, collection development, marketing and outreach, and future projects. Although the development of the repository is ongoing; it is valuable to share the experience with other institutions who wish to set up an institutional repository of their own and also add to the knowledgebase of IR development.

Witten, I. (2003). Examples of practical digital libraries: Collections built internationally

using Greenstone. D-Lib Magazine, 9(3). Retrieved from

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march03/witten/03witten.html .

Summary: Greenstone is a suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. Ian Witten has written many articles on Digital Libraries. This one shows examples of many academic libraries' digital collections; archives homepages with display of unique materials and documents. (some urls not accessible)

Witten, I., Bainbridge, D., & Nichols, D. (2010). How to build a digital library.

Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc.

Summary: "How to Build a Digital Library is the only book that offers all the knowledge and tools needed to construct and maintain a digital library, regardless of the size or purpose. It is the perfectly self-contained resource for individuals, agencies, and institutions wishing to put this powerful tool to work in their burgeoning information treasuries. The Second Edition reflects new developments in the field as well as in the Greenstone Digital Library open source software" (Amazon). It has lots of screenshots and a chapter on user groups.

MANAGEMENT

Arora, J. (2001). Building digital libraries: an overview. DESIDOC Bulletin of

Information Technology, 21(6). Retrieved from Wilson Web database [full-text].

Summary:This article describes key technological and cultural advances, as well as content enrichment that sparked a revolution in the growth and development of digital libraries.

Bainbridge, D., McPherson, J., Edgar, K., & Whitten, I. (2003, June 1). Managing change

in a digital library system. ECDL 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2011[full-text] from

www.ecdl2003.org/presentations/papers/session8a/Bainbridge/translator_v6.pdf

and available from

www.ecdl2003.org/presentations/papers/session8a/Bainbridge/translator_v6.pdf

Summary:Managing the organizational and software complexity of a comprehensive open source digital library system presents a significant challenge. The challenge becomes even more imposing when the interface is available in different languages, for enhancements to the software and changes to the interface must be faithfully reflected in each language version. This paper describes the solution adopted by Greenstone, a multilingual digital library system distributed by UNESCO in a trilingual European version (English, French, Spanish), complete with all documentation, and whose interface is available in many further languages.

Bülow, A. E., Ahmon, J., & Spencer, R. (2011). Preparing collections for digitization.

London, UK: Facet Publishing [book].

Summary:This practical guide offers advice for every step of digitizing collections, covering such topics as selecting records, choosing equipment, dealing with damaged documents, and wider issues like the use of surrogates for preservations and the long term sustainability of digital access. This book is essential reading for anyone beginning or currently managing a digitization project.

Cervone, H. (2005). Influencing: a critical skill for managing digital library project

teams. OCLC Systems & Services, 21(2), 105-9. Retrieved from Emerald [full-text].

doi: 10.1108/10650750510598693

Summary:This article outlines a methodology for practicing effective influencing in a project team environment.

Huwe, T. K. (2011). Involving the community in digitization. Computers in Libraries,

31(1), 21-23. Retrieved from Wilson Web database [full-text].

Summary:At research universities it is much easier to discover natural-born collaborators because both the faculty members and enterprising students devote much of their energy to research and discovery. But the patron-as-collaborator can take other forms: alumnae, community activists, historians, and photographers, just to name a few. These motivated individuals can ignite excitement and advance digitization projects in unique ways.

Isfandyari-Moghaddam, A. (2011). Business Planning for Digital Libraries: International

Approaches. ONLINE INFORMATION REVIEW, 35(2), 316-317. Retrieved from

ISI Web of Knowledge [book review]. doi: 10.1108/14684521111128078

Summary:This is a review of a book that focuses on the business and budget aspects of planning a digital library.

Kirkwood, P. (2011). Shaping the curriculum: The power of a library's digital resources.

Computers in Libraries, 31(4). Retrieved from DIALOG [abstract only]. doi:

EJ926261

Summary:Making it easier for students to locate quality information is one of the most important parts of this author's job. To do this she works with fellow librarians to select materials students need and develop web navigation tools to lead students to those resources. In this article, the author presents the steps she uses to integrate digital library resources into the curriculum.

Kucsma, J., Reiss, K., & Sidman, A. (2010). Using Omeka to build digital collections:

The METRO case study. D-Lib Magazine, 16 (3/4). Retrieved from

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march10/kucsma/03kucsma.html [full-text].

Summary:This paper addresses Omeka's strengths and weaknesses as a software platform for creating and managing digital collections on the web. The analysis includes an examination of original record creation and the extensibility of the system through the use of plug-ins.

Kuzma, J. (2010). European digital libraries: web security vulnerabilities. Library Hi

Tech, 28(3), 402-413. Retrieved from Emerald Management Xtra [full-text]. doi:

10.1108/07378831011076657

Summary:The paper serves as a current discussion on data security issues at Western European municipal library web sites. It serves as a useful summary regarding technical and managerial measures librarians can take to mitigate inadequacies in their security implementation.

Lampert, C. & Vaughan, J. (2009). Success factors and strategic planning: rebuilding an

academic library digitization program. Information Technology and Libraries, 28(3)

116-21. Retrieved from Gale Group Magazine [full-text].

Summary:This paper discusses a dual approach (the use of a case study and research survey) in investigating the complex factors in sustaining academic library digitization programs. The case study involves the background of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Libraries’ digitization program and elaborates on the authors’ efforts to gain staff support for this program. Results from the survey, combined with the authors' local experience, point to several potential success factors including staff skill sets, funding, and strategic planning.

Liu, Z. & Luo, L. (2011). A Comparative Study of Digital Library Use: Factors,

Perceived Influences, and Satisfaction. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 37 (3),

230-236. ERIC / ELSEVIER [abstract only]. doi: EJ924093

Summary:

This study explores the extent to which undergraduate and graduate students in China differ in their digital library use. Unlike the factors promoting digital library use non-use factors, perceived influences, and degrees of satisfaction are quite different between undergraduate and graduate students due to their differing emphasis and expectations for information retrieval. The implications for digital library services are also discussed.

Middleton, K. (2005). Collaborative digitization programs: a multifaceted approach to

sustainability. Library Hi Tech, 23(2), 145-150. Emerald Management Xtra [full-

text].

Summary:Readers gain a quick overview of some of the key issues that digitization programs face. In addition to business planning, efforts to build collaborative networks, empower content providers, and engage end-users are central to developing sustainable programs.

Mix, L. & Cameron, K. (2011). From Hahnemann's hand to your computer screen:

building a digital homeopathy collection. Journal of the Medical Library

Association, 99(1), 51-60. Library Lit & Inf Full Text database [full-text].

Summary:This article discusses the historical significance of the sixth edition of Hahnemann's Organon, its context in UCSF's homeopathy collections, and the specifics of developing the online homeopathy collection.

Schwartz, C. (2000). Digital libraries: an overview. The Journal of Academic

Librarianship, 26(6), 385-393. Retrieved from Wilson Web [full-text]. doi:

10.1016/S0099-1333(00)00159-2

Summary:An overview of the components of digital library work that examines some of the challenges and potentials of the digital library is presented. Although they can stretch institutional resources and capabilities, digital libraries offer unparalleled opportunities for new and improved user services.

Werts, C. (2010). Conserving for the future by archiving our past: A story about

technology and digitization informed by a Vintage paperback book collection.

Education Libraries, 33(2), 47-62. Retrieved from Wilson Web [full-text].

Summary:The books, photographs, letters and other ephemera of our past are for the first time becoming completely transformed into the digital bits and bytes of our computer-generated present. What happens to these products as they shift from the corporeal to the technological world? This extended article explores questions using a collection of vintage magazines and paperback books, which provide a lighthearted timbre to a somewhat esoteric subject.

HARDWARE

DeRidder, J. (2011). Overhead scanners: Reports from the field. Library Hi Tech, 29(1),

9-33. doi: 10.1108/07378831111116877

Summary: Results of the survey will provide potential purchasers of overhead scanners with information that will assist them in making informed decisions and avoid expensive mistakes.

Nicholson, S., Peiffer, R., & Shaw, J. (2011). Hardware in libraries: Making informed

choices . Library Hi Tech, 29(1) 73-82. doi: 10.1108/07378831111116912

Summary: This paper provides librarians with a basis on which to assess potential adoption decisions for a large-format scanner and to learn from the experiences of others.

Wentzel, L. (2006). Scanning for digitization projects. Library Hi Tech News, 23(4), 11-

13.

Summary: This article gives a concise and thorough overview of scanning hardware, software, and standards for good scanning quality that should be in place before a digitization project begins.

SOFTWARE

Allinson, J., & Harbord, E. (2009). SHERPA to YODL-ing: Digital mountaineering at

York. Ariadne (Online). Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary:The article gives the process of how the University of York’s library created an open source digital library infrastructure. York decided upon Fedora Commons. The best information can be found in the section titled “YODL: Architecting the System”. The section gives more detail to why York decided to use Fedora and what challenges they faced. Basically the article is a case study on how York University library created its library interface and infrastructure. It also has a list of references where we can find more information on the software mentioned in the article. A follow up article was published in the next issue of Ariadne, which has been added to the Survey Monkey also.

Arch, X. (2011). Ultimate debate 2010: open source software—free beer or free puppy?

A report of the LITA internet resources & services interest group program,

American Library Association annual conference, Washington, DC, June 2010.

Technical Services Quarterly, 28(2), 186-8. doi: 10.1080/07317131.2011.546260

Summary: From A Report of the LITA Internet Resources & Services Interest Group Program, American Library Association Annual Conference, Washington, DC, June 2010, this ultimate debate featured three speakers discussing the pros and cons of open source software in libraries.

Biswas, G. & Dibyendu, P. (2010) An evaluative study on the open source digital library

softwares for institutional repository: Special reference to Dspace and greenstone

digital library. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 2(1),

001-010.

Summary: The Dspace and Greenstone Digital Library Software have helped spread the practical impact of digital library technology throughout the world, with particular

emphasis on developing countries. As Dspace and Greenstone enters its second decade, this article takes a retrospective look at its development, the challenges that have been faced, and the lessons that have been learned in developing and deploying a comprehensive open-source system for the construction of digital libraries internationally. Open source digital library packages are gaining popularity nowadays. To build a digital library under economic conditions open source software is preferable. This paper tries to identify the extent of adoption of open source digital library software packages in various organizations through an online survey. In this paper an on line survey has been done to find out the usability of these open source digital library software. It lays down the findings from the survey. In this paper also try to compare with the features of this popular OSS digital library software.

Ioannidis, Y., Manghi, P., & Pagano, P. (2009). Second workshop on very large digital

libraries 2009, held in conjunction with the European conference on digital

libraries Corfu, Greece, 2nd of October 2009. D-Lib Magazine, 15(11/12). doi:

10.1045/november2009-manghi

Summary:This article describes a workshop that occurred in late 2009. The workshop was about digital libraries in Europe and mentioned Europeana. The article doesn’t have much information, but the reference section gives links to software toolkits that may be helpful when writing the software section.

Koenig, J. & Mikeal, A. (2010) Creating complex repository collections, such as journals,

with manakin. Electronic Library and Information Systems, 44(4), 393-402. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00330331011083266

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to report on a devised method of collection organization within a DSpace repository using a Manakin theme and descriptive metadata. Design/methodology/approach: Using a Manakin theme, a user interface for a repository collection containing the contents of a serial was created to divide the collection into individual issues and serve the user a table of contents. Findings: The Manakin theme delivered the desired result of a browse interface that allowed the user to select and view subsets of items within a collection. Practical implications: For complex collections that might require subdivisions, DSpace's rigid data model of communities and collections is not ideal. This new interface allows for the inclusion and proper display of such complex collections. Originality/value: The paper should resonate with repository

managers frustrated with the inflexibility of the default organizational structure of DSpace and its unsuitability for many different types of collections.

Krishnamurthy, M. (2008). Open access, open source and digital libraries: A current

trend in university libraries around the world. Program, 42(1), 48-55. doi:

10.1108/00330330810851582

Summary: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the open access and open source movement in the digital library world. Design/methodology/approach: A review of key developments in the open access and open source movement is provided. Findings: Open source software and open access to research findings are of great use to scholars in developing nations. Originality/value: This paper provides useful information about software for institutions introducing digital library concepts.

Skibinski, P., & Swacha, J. (2009). The efficient storage of text documents in digital

libraries. Information Technology and Libraries, 28(3), 143-53. Retrieved from

Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary: Abstract (provided with record): In this paper we investigate the possibility of improving the efficiency of data compression, and thus reducing storage requirements, for seven widely used text document formats. We propose an open-source text compression software library, featuring an advanced word-substitution scheme with static and semidynamic word dictionaries. The empirical results show an average storage space reduction as high as 78 percent compared to uncompressed documents, and as high as 30 percent compared to documents compressed with the free compression software gzip.

Stracchino, P., & Feng, Y. (2009). Learning to YODL: building York’s digital library.

Ariadne (Online). Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary:This is the follow up article to one written by Allinson and Harboard about the same topic. Stracchino and Feng are much more clear on what open access software were used at York and the problems that arose with using Muradora for the digital library’s interface. I like this article much better because it explains everything in an easy to read language. Also, the authors go through the processes and problems of a few of the open access software they used step by step. It also has a great workflow

chart for adding items to the digital library. This was one of the few articles I found that might actually be helpful to an institution deciding what software to use to create their digital library.

Wang, F. (2011). Building an open source institutional repository at a small law school

library: is it realistic or unattainable? Information Technology and Libraries, 30(2),

81-4. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary:Wang explains his methods and process of created a digital repository at a law library in Texas. He shares exactly what hardware (as in scanner) and software he uses. What is really great about the article is it summarizes both proprietary and open source management systems are available with their strengths and weaknesses. He ultimately chose an open source management system, DSpace, and gives a rundown of is experience with it. From the article: In this article, the author describes the process of building the digital repository from scratch including hardware and software, customization, collection development, marketing and outreach, and future projects. Although the development of the repository is ongoing; it is valuable to share the experience with other institutions who wish to set up an institutional repository of their own and also add to the knowledgebase of IR development.

Witten, I. & Bainbridge, D. (2005) Creating digital library collections with Greenstone.

Library Hi Tech, 23(4), 541-560. doi: 10.1108/07378830510636337

Summary: The Greenstone digital library software is a comprehensive system for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a way of organizing information based on metadata and publishing it on the Internet or on removable media such as CD-ROM/DVD.

USABILITY OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES

Bruun, S. (2011). User involvement in digital library projects: Making the global local.

Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly, 44(2). Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf

Full Text database

Summary:

In an ever-increasing digital world, what is the position of the libraries in relation to digital projects and user participation in these? Has involving the users in digital projects required a transformation in the libraries and which measures has this resulted in? To learn more, Special Advisor Sophie Bruun from the Danish Agency for Libraries and Media, met up with Library Consultant Stine Staunsager Larsen from Roskilde Libraries. Over the past few years, Stine has been responsible for several digital projects involving users, such as Brugbrugerne.dk and Udafboksen.dk.

Yang, C., Yang, C-K. & Yuan, H-C. (2007). Improving the search process through

ontology-based adaptive semantic search. The Electronic Library, 25(2), 234-248.

doi: 10.1108/02640470710741359

Summary: This paper shows how it is possible to improve the precision rate of items retrieved after a search and thus avoid information overload.

M'kadem, A. & Nieuwenhuysen, P. (2010). Digital access to cultural heritage material:

case of the Moroccan manuscripts. Collection Building, 29(4), 137-141. doi:

10.1108/01604951011088862

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to study the readiness of academic researchers in history in Moroccan universities to change their habits and ways of accessing old manuscript collections from direct access to on/offline access to digitized versions of the same documents. The survey is unique in the sense that it is the first one. The manuscripts have been studied previously at several levels except a user needs perspective.

Hatfield, A., & Kelley, S. (2007). Case study: lessons learned through digitizing the

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and

Behavioral Research Collection. Journal of the Medical Library Association,

95(3), 267-70. doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.95.3.267

Summary: To enhance discoverability of BEDL materials, content will be linked to citation records in the Kennedy Institute of Ethics National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature ETHX on the Web database [2] as well as other appropriate digital repositories, creating a network of bioethics resources with multiple access

points. CONCLUSION The National Commission digitization project provided a proof of concept opportunity in several areas: (1) the team confirmed the DSpace platform provides the necessary functionality for a digital library; (2) the team was able to successfully borrow and digitize a complete special collection; and (3) the team was able to develop process and workflow methodologies that met high-quality standards while maintaining productivity expectations.

Li, A. (2009). Digitizing Chinese Books: A Case Study of the SuperStar DuXiu Scholar

Search Engine. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 25(3), 277-281, doi:

10.1016/j.acalib.2009.03.012

Summary: A review of the DuXiu Scholar Search Engine from the SuperStar Digital Library Group is provided. The DuXiu Scholar Search Engine has considerably enhanced users' access the world's largest Chinese digitized book collection, enabling them to retrieve information from a variety of sources without the need to negotiate a complex interface.

Michel, P. (2005). Digitizing special collections: to boldly go where we've been before.

Library Hi Tech, 23(3), 379-395.

Summary: This article discusses concerns with digitizing special collections and its effects on the information seeking behavior of researchers and scholars.

Ali Shiri, A. & Chase-Kruszewski, S. (2009). Knowledge organisation systems in North

American digital library collections. Program: Electronic Library and

Information Systems, 43(2), 121-139. doi: 10.1108/00330330910954352

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to report an investigation into the types of knowledge organisation systems (KOSs) utilised in North American digital library collections. This research contributes to the areas of digital libraries and to the application of KOSs and services for subject representation and access.

Eden, P. (1997). Concern for the future: Preservation management in libraries and

archives. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 29, 121-129. doi:

10.1177/096100069702900302

Summary:Survey of 25 librarians discussing issues of preservation, selection, resources available, external funding, increasing use of archival collections and digital technology.

Digital Imaging Tutorial - Management. (n.d.). Home | Cornell University Library.

Retrieved from

http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/management/management-

03.html

Summary: The tutorial outlines the digitization project, including most aspects of the digital imaging project. Multi-language.

Boock, M., Jeppesen, B., & Barrow, W. (2005). Getting digitization projects done in a

medium-sized academic library: a collaborative effort between technical

services, systems, special collections, and collection development.

ScholarsArchive at Oregon State University. Retrieved from

http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/499

Summary: The University is engaged in large-scale efforts to digitize and make accessible online collections of unique Cleveland-related materials. The Cleveland State University Library Special Collections digitization and cataloging efforts use staff from several different library organizational units. The collaboration of staff with specific expertise in long-standing library functions-special collections, cataloging, systems, archives, selection-to create two Web databases is described. The collaborative effort has proven effective in getting resources processed, archived, digitized, described, promoted, and made accessible in a highly efficient and effective manner. The responsibilities of the different library units involved in the digitization project are described.

Smith, C. (2006). Digitization of special collections: Impact and issues: A literature

review. Info 663 - Tech Processes in Libraries, U. of Central Missouri, 221-243.

Summary: The literature on digitization of special collections reveals a broad range of issues and significant difference of opinion. This is to be expected of a technology that is still evolving rapidly and is transforming the landscape of special collections librarianship that is undergoing dramatic transformation.

Ziemba, L., Cornejo, C. & Beck, H. (2011).A water conservation digital library using

ontologies. The Electronic Library, 29(2), 200-211. doi:

10.1108/02640471111125168

Summary: The paper presents a real-world-verified application of ontology to a digital library. It may be of potential interest for anyone who needs to effectively manage a collection of digital resources.

Sreekumar, M. & Sunitha, T. (2005). Seamless aggregation and integration of diverse

datastreams: Essential strategies for building practical digital libraries and

electronic information systems. International Information & Library Review,

37(4), 383-393. doi: 10.1016/j.iilr.2005.10.003

Summary: This article points out the need for a more holistic, component building method of growing a digital library. It points out where some have failed and indicates where other methods would have been more effective. It talks about content aggregation and the content integration strategies adopted for designing a scholarship Web portal and developing a digital library using the ‘Greenstone’ open source digital library software. The paper also highlights the role of libraries in promoting open access by setting up scholarly institutional repositories (IR).

Lampert, C., & Vaughan, J. (2009). Success factors and strategic planning: Rebuilding an

academic library digitization program. Information Technology and Libraries,

28(3), 116-36. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary: This paper discusses a dual approach of case study and research survey to investigate the complex factors in sustaining academic library digitization programs. The case study involves the background of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Libraries' digitization program and elaborates on the authors' efforts to gain staff support for this program. A related survey was administered to all Association of Research Libraries (ARL) members, seeking to collect baseline data on their digital collections, understand their respective administrative frameworks, and to gather feedback on both negative obstacles and positive inputs affecting their success. Results from the survey, combined with the authors' local experience, point to several potential success factors including staff skill sets, funding, and strategic planning.

Harvey, R. (2010). Digital curation: a how-to-do-it manual (2nd ed.). New York: Neal-

Schuman.

Summary: This book is a comprehensive, clearly written guide to digital curation, including scholarly discussion of the nature of digital curation, but also guides to project scope, software requirements, preservation planning, metadata and more.

White, M., Mourkoussis, N., Darcy, J., Petridis, P., Liarokapis, F., Lister, P., . . .

Walczak, K. (2004). ARCO: An architecture for digitization, management and

presentation of virtual exhibitions. CGI '04 Proceedings of the Computer

Graphics International, 622-625. Retrieved from

http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1009660

Summary: A complete tool chain starting with stereo photogrammetry based digitization of artefacts, their refinement, collection and management with other multimedia data, and visualization using virtual and augmented reality is presented. Our system provides a one-stop-solution for museums to create, manage and present both content and context for virtual exhibitions. Interoperability and standards are also key features of our system allowing both small and large museums to build a bespoke system suited to their needs.

Meagher, E. & Brown, C. (2010). Turned loose in the OPAC: URL selection, addition,

and management process. Library Hi Tech, 28(3), 360-376. doi:

10.1108/07378831011076620

Summary: The paper aims to cover the institutional decision-making processes behind the decision to add machine-readable cataloging records to the library catalog that link to hundreds of thousands of URLs with freely available web content, the management processes making this possible, as well as other more philosophical concerns. The paper addresses URL maintenance issues, staffing solutions, and error rates not addressed elsewhere in the literature.

Conner, T., Middleton, K. & Feltner-Reichert, M. (2009). Volunteer Voices: Tennessee's

collaborative digitization project. Collaborative Librarianship 1(4), 122-132.

Summary: The authors present what worked, what did not and why, and what they would have done differently with their 3-year digitization historical collection project.

Cronin, C. (2008). Metadata provisions and standards development at the Collaborative

Digitization Program (CDP): A history. First Monday, 13(5). Retrieved from

http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2085/1987

Summary: One of the oldest, continuously operating collaborative repositories of cultural heritage metadata in the country. The article provides a history of the organization and management provisions for it digitization projects.

Boock, M. (2008). Organizing for digitization at Oregon State University: A case study

and comparison with ARL libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 34(5),

445-451. doi: 10.1016/j.acalib.2008.07.001

Summary:This article presents a case study of how Oregon State University Libraries (OSUL) organized to accomplish digitization activities. Digitization activities are broken down into six major categories: management, copyright, digital imaging, metadata, hardware/software/web design, and selection.

Colati, G. & Colati, J. (2011).Road Tripping Down the Digital Preservation Highway,

Part I: Hitting the Road. Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship, 23(1),

60-67. doi: 10.1080/1941126X2011.551096

Summary: Talks about the journey of a librarian who is charged with managing a university library's digital content. As head of access services he is responsible for managing digital content created by faculty and the library's special collections and content purchased by the library in the form of back files of digital journals and art images used by the Visual Arts Center (VAC). The article describes bumps in the road, rerouting and repairs, each time learning more about the road of digital libraries.

Smith, A. (2001). Strategies for building digitized collections. Washington, D.C.: Digital

Library Federation, Council on Library and Information Resources.

Summary: This report synthesizes nearly 10 years' experience that libraries have had digitizing items from their rare, special, and general collections, and making them available online. The report demonstrates that digitization programs work best where their role within a library's collection development strategy is clearly understood, and identifies several roles that such programs can play. The report opens with points to consider in developing a sustainable strategy. The second section addresses identification, evaluation and selection, discussing polices, guidelines and best practices, and rationales for digitization. The third section focuses on institutional impacts and discusses treatment and disposition of source materials, scalability, intellectual control and data management, coordinated collection development, funding, preservation, and support of users. A final section addresses challenges in evaluating costs and benefits, and offers recommendations.

Lee, C. (2011). A framework for contextual information in digital collections. Journal of

Documentation, 67(1), 95-143. doi: 10.1108/00220411111105470

Summary: This paper is based on an extensive review and analysis of both the scholarly literature from many disciplines about the concept of context and the professional literature (including standards) related to the description of information artifacts. The paper provides an analysis of context, distinguishing three main ways in which that term has been used within the scholarly literature. It then discusses contextual information within digital collections, and presents a framework for contextual information. It goes on to discuss existing standards and guidance documents for encoding information related to the nine classes of contextual entities, concluding with a discussion of potential implications for descriptive practices through the lifecycle of digital objects. This paper synthesizes and extends a previously diffuse literature, in order to clarify and articulate core concepts in the management of digital collections.

Allinson, J. (2008). Describing scholarly works with Dublin Core: A functional approach.

Library Trends, 57(1), 221-243. doi: 10.1353/lib.0.0034

Summary: This article describes the development of the Scholarly Works Application Profile (SWAP) - A Dublin Core application profile for describing scholarly text. It has great visuals and data mapping terms.

DeRidder, J. (2011). Leveraging EAD for low-cost access to digitized content at the

University of Alabama Libraries. Journal of Library Innovation, 2.1, 45(16).

Retrieved from Gale database

Summary: Institutions seek the most cost-effective method of digitization, online delivery, and long-term access. One method of reducing costs is to leverage existing Encoded Archival Description (EAD) finding aids for search and retrieval, rather than creating item-level descriptions for digitized content. This provides Web access to manuscript materials while still providing context to the user.

Malizia, A., Bottoni, P., & Levialdi, S. (2010). Generating collaborative systems for

digital libraries: A model-driven approach. Information Technology and

Libraries, 29(4), 171-86. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary: The design and development of a digital library involves different stakeholders, such as: information architects, librarians, and domain experts, who need to agree on a common language to describe, discuss, and negotiate the services the library has to offer. To this end, high-level, language-neutral models have to be devised. Metamodeling techniques favor the definition of domain-specific visual languages through which stakeholders can share their views and directly manipulate representations of the domain entities. This paper describes CRADLE (Cooperative-Relational Approach to Digital Library Environments), a metamodel-based framework and visual language for the definition of notions and services related to the development of digital libraries. A collection of tools allows the automatic generation of several services, defined with the CRADLE visual language, and of the graphical user interfaces providing access to them for the final user. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by presenting digital libraries generated with CRADLE, while the CRADLE environment has been evaluated by using the cognitive dimensions framework. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

Anuradha, K., Sivakaminathan, R., & Kumar, P. (2011). Open-source tools for enhancing

full-text searching of OPACs: Use of Koha, Greenstone and Fedora. Program:

Electronic Library and Information Systems, 45(2), 231-239. doi:

10.1108/00330331111129750

Summary: This is the first implementation enabling the full-text search feature in a library automation software by integrating it into digital library software.

Bhatnagar, A. (2006). Digitization in academic libraries. Information Studies, 12(1), 35-54.Summary: The article talks about usability in digitizing collections in an academic setting, the pros and the cons. It discusses the increased access in digitizing the collection and the preservation of resources and the cost-effectiveness.

Rossman, J., & Weintraub, J. (2003). Digitization of book art ephemera in the arts of the

book collection, Yale University Library. Art Documentation, 22(2), 16-19.

Retrieved from Wilson Web database

Summary: The authors note that their pilot project was a valuable learning experience. Protocols for setting up the system, scanning, and processing of metadata were developed. Questions of data entry and copyright were explored. They feel the system is particularly well suited for small collections of graphically interesting material that is out of copyright. It may also aid in the preservation of those items if access through the Web could supplant on-site usage. The knowledge gained from this project could be applied to many other collections at Yale. The ultimate value of this digital collection remains to be seen. It is available on the Web at http://www.library.yale.edu/aob/ephemera/. The authors welcome all comments and questions and will reevaluate the benefits in light of the expense of adding images to determine if this resource should continue to be supported.

METADATA

Al-Digeil, M., Burk, A., Forest, D., & Whitney, J. (2007). New possibilities for metadata

creation in an institutional repository context. OCLC Systems & Services, 23(4),

403-10. doi: 10.1108/10650750710831547

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to develop automated methods for creating metadata for documents in an institutional repository. Two methods are examined for automatically building metadata in an institutional repository context. Text mining techniques are employed to discover relationships among documents with similar content, from which are inferred possible values for missing or incomplete metadata elements. Machine learning techniques are used to identify and extract specific metadata element values from document content. This paper focuses on the use of automated metadata extraction techniques to assist metadata creation, lessening the time and effort required to add documents to institutional repositories.

Coburn, E., Lanzi, E., O'Keefe, E., Stein, R., & Whiteside, A. (2010). The cataloging

cultural objects experience: Codifying practice for the cultural heritage community.

IFLA Journal, 36(1), 16-29. doi: 10.1177/0340035209359561

Summary:Cataloging Cultural Objects (COO) is a metadata guideline that KMA might want to think about using for their art, rugs, and other cultural objects found in the Pritsak collection. The article gives a nice overview of COO and its history, with in depth information on CDWA which may be a good standard to use when cataloging the cultural artifacts of the collection. The section titled Applying CCO in a MARC/AACR world may be the most relevant for this question because it pertains to a more traditional library environment. It also describes how COO records can be integrated into the current OPAC by translating the fields into a MARC record.

Dragon, P. (2009). Name authority control in local digitization projects and the eastern

North Carolina postcard collection. Library Resources & Technical Services,

53(3), 185-96. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary:This article talks about using authority control to create consistent metadata in digitization projects. By creating authority control, related items are brought together and the objects are easier to search, making the collection easier to browse. Dragon gives a literature review of the subject with references to COO (which the KMA might want to use for the art objects), but also a thorough explanation of how Eastern Carolina University handled its postcard collection. It focuses on the authority control challenges they faced and how such challenges were overcome.

Jin, X., Jiang, J., & Min, G. (2010). A software agent and web service based system for

digital preservation. First Monday, 15(10).

http://frodo.lib.uic.edu/newjournals/index.php/fm/article/view/3069/2629

Summary:

Digital objects have extensively existed in daily work and life. Some of them often need to be kept accessible and usable for a relatively long period of time. Therefore, digital preservation has emerged as a pressing demand for the communities of archives, libraries, and publishers, and even for ordinary computer users. However, compared to traditional papery and magnetic preservation, digital preservation poses novel challenges to these communities. In this paper, we briefly introduce how the challenges are addressed in the PROTAGE system developed by integrating the widely adopted software agent and Web service technologies.

Jones, K., & Farrington, P. (2011). WordPress as library CMS. American Libraries,

42(5/6), 34. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary: Free and open source technology to enhance your library's web presence. WordPress helps engage with library users on the web, which is no longer

restricted to simply putting a static HTML file on a server and calling it a successful website. Yet without technical assistance and forethought, content management can be an actively complex and frustrating process. A content management system like Word-Press lets you manage your website more efficiently by separating the tasks of design and maintenance from the job of adding content. Administrative users can configure, customize, and add features to the site, while editors or contributors can add, edit, and manage their own contributions without worrying about the more technical aspects.

Kowal, K., & Martyn, C. (2009). Descriptive metadata for digitization of maps in books:

A British library project. Library Resources & Technical Services, 53(2), 108-20.

Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary: The scope of the British Library project was to digitize maps and rare books. This article discusses the descriptive metadata used to identify each item and its source, documenting copy-specific attributes and making the record accessible. The British Library used the Aleph 500 integrated Library System (produced by Ex Libris). The article is useful in addressing the "hidden" nature of rare documents. The article outlines features to look for when selecting standards for creating metadata and reasons for choosing MARC 21/AACR2.

Kowal, K., & Rhatigan, J. (2010). Rare map materials made digital: Scanning and

metadata archiving and access. International Cataloguing and Bibliographic

Control, 39(3), 57-62. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full Text database

Summary:This article discusses the British Library's project digitizing rare maps within books.The project was completed for security purposes, but the article gives a good overview of their workflow, specific software and technologies used and why, and their metadata process. The metadata section seems like it would be very helpful in giving a successful example of how the KMU might handle the metadata creation for their digitization process because it describes how the different types of metadata were entered.

Lopatin, L. (2010). Metadata practices in academic and non-academic libraries for digital

projects: A survey. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 48(8), 716-42. doi:

10.1080/01639374.2010.509029

Summary: This article presents the results of a survey examining and comparing the metadata practices of academic and non-academic libraries regarding digital projects. It explores the types of metadata and vocabularies utilized issues of interoperability, end-user-created metadata, and staffing for metadata planning and creation. Participants from 87 academic libraries and 40 non-academic libraries responded to the survey. The survey found that, despite their different environments, academic and non-academic libraries engage in similar metadata practices. The majority of the participating libraries have metadata librarians, who are the primary staff members responsible for all metadata activities. Academic libraries tend to use more metadata schemes, plan for metadata interoperability more frequently, and are more likely to have created new positions responsible for metadata for digital projects.

Liu, Y. (2004) Best practices, standards and techniques for digitizing library materials: A

snapshot of library digitization in the USA. Online Information Review, 28 (5),

338-345. http://search.proquest.com/docview/194500613?accountid=27147

Summary: The author points out that while standards are optimal, at this point, library digitization has more guidelines than standards. He talks about hardware and software and different types of metadata standards - TEI, BAD, MARC. He also talks about copyright law.

Park, J., & Tosaka, Y. (2010). Metadata creation practices in digital repositories and

collections: Schemata, selection criteria, and interoperability. Information

Technology and Libraries, 29(3), 104-16. Retrieved from Library Lit & Inf Full

Text database

Summary: This study explores the current state of metadata-creation practices across digital repositories and collections by using data collected from a nationwide survey of mostly cataloging and metadata professionals. Results show that MARC, AACR2, and LCSH are the most widely used metadata schema, content standard, and subject-controlled vocabulary, respectively. Dublin Core (DC) is the second most widely used metadata schema, followed by EAD, MODS, VRA, and TEL Qualified DCs wider use vis-à-vis Unqualified DC (40.6 percent versus 25.4 percent) is noteworthy. The leading criteria in selecting metadata and controlled-vocabulary schemata are collection-specific considerations, such as the types of resources, nature of the collection, and needs of primary users and communities. Existing technological infrastructure and staff expertise also are significant factors contributing to the current use of metadata schemata and controlled vocabularies for subject access across distributed digital repositories and collections. Metadata interoperability remains a major challenge. There is a lack of exposure of locally created metadata and metadata guidelines beyond the local environments. Homegrown locally added metadata elements may also hinder metadata interoperability across digital repositories and collections when there is a lack of sharable mechanisms for locally defined extensions and variants.

SuKantarat, W. (2008). Digital initiatives and metadata use in Thailand. Program, 42(2),

150-62. doi: 10.1108/00330330810867701

Summary: Purpose: This paper aims to provide information about various digital initiatives in libraries in Thailand and especially use of Dublin Core metadata in cataloguing digitized objects in academic and government digital databases. Design/methodology/approach: The author began researching metadata use in Thailand in 2003 and 2004 while on sabbatical from the University of Vermont. A small number of government libraries were in the process of building up their digital databases. These were identified from a survey conducted by the author at that time. The author continues to monitor the development of digital initiatives and has identified several new digital initiatives created by academic institutions since then. The digital initiatives operated by Thai government agencies and academic institutions that existed in 2007 are presented, along with one example of a metadata record randomly selected from each of these projects. These examples illustrate Dublin Core metadata use and cataloguing practice employed in these digital databases. The author's current research on the development of digital initiatives is included. Findings: This paper presents what the author feels are some significant technical and legal issues facing Thai digital initiatives. A

major copyright issue in Thailand, the ineffective enforcement of intellectual property laws relating to access rights, is presented. Also discussed is the significant obstacle to record retrieval created by the structure and complexity of the Thai language. Originality/value: This paper identifies important issues and problems related to Thai digital initiatives and offers suggestions and comments aimed at enhancing the development and progress of digital initiatives both in the Thai library community and internationally.

Wagger, S., Park, R., & Bedford, D. (2010). Lessons learned in content architecture

harmonization and metadata models. Aslib Proceedings, 62(4/5), 387-405. doi:

10.1108/00012531011074645

Summary: Abstract (as provided with record): Abstract: Purpose - This paper aims to review key content, architecture, and metadata model decisions and strategies in creation of a publication portal (on DVD to start), based on a 30+ year series of flagship reports from the World Bank. Design/methodology/approach - The paper describes and analyzes key considerations and aspects of the project, including content architecture, content analysis, DTD selection, retrospective conversion, vendor management, design of metadata architectures, use of automated profiling methods, user-information behavior, and search architectures supporting complex content architectures. It includes the challenges of applying an institutionally based taxonomy required to express subject-matter responsibilities and relationships within the World Bank. Findings - The team learned that the metadata behavior and architecture (inheritance, relationships, variations) are more complex than simple links between parent and child objects. The project also reinforced the importance of comprehensive and dynamic topic taxonomy for classifying content that is both historical and current. The approach to defining classes for each full report (parent) will be likely to change, given what has been learned. The team would recommend that parts be classified and the sum of the part classes be assigned to the whole report. As a result of this exploratory work, the Bank's approach to classification and indexing of report series is changing from a top-down to a bottom-up inheritance. Originality/value - The study provides insights into both general and World Bank-specific challenges in creating a publication portal and derives some best practices for content architecture, metadata architecture, and use of automated profiling methods.

Zeng, M. L., Lee, J. & Hayes, A. F.(2009) Metadata decisions for digital libraries: a

survey report. Journal of Library Metadata, 9 (3-4), 173-193.

Summary: A survey on metadata conducted at the end of 2007 received over 400 answers from 49 countries all over the world. It helped the authors to identify major issues and concerns regarding metadata that should be addressed in the IFLA Guidelines for Digital Libraries. The questionnaire included a question of the roles respondents may have, and five questions of the major concerns in any project that relates to metadata, regarding design and planning of digital projects, element set standards, data contents in a record, authority files and controlled vocabularies, and metadata encoding. Findings from the survey are reported and a workflow chart is included in this paper.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Choi, Y., & Rasmussen, E. (2006).What is needed to educate future digital librarians: A

study of current practices and staffing practices in academic and research

libraries. D-Lib Magazine, 12(9).

Dahlstrom, M., & Doracic, A. (2009). Digitization education: Courses taken and lessons

learned. D-Lib Magazine, 15.

Summary: During a cultural heritage digitization project, various problematic issues and challenges arose. This article describes the aims and nature of the particular CH digitization education at the university with a brief overview of Nordic CH digitization education efforts. Ten particular challenges when launching and managing the course are highlighted. By identifying such challenges and discussing possible ways to tackle them, the authors hope to encourage discussions that can serve future education planning.

DeRidder, J. (2011). Benign neglect: Developing life rafts for digital content. Information

Technology & Libraries, 30(2) 71-74.

Summary: However, the amount of content that needs to be deposited into archives and the expanding variety of formats and genres that are unsupported, are overwhelming the ability of depositors to prepare content for preservation. Andrea Goethals of Harvard proposed that we revisit assumptions of producer ability to prepare content for deposit in accordance with the current best practices.8 For those producers of content who are not able to meet the requirements of ingest, or who do not have access to an OAIS archive provider, what are the options? With the recent downturn in the economy, the availability of staff and the funding for the support of digital libraries has no doubt left many collections at risk of abandonment. Is there a method for preparation of content for long-term storage that is within the reach of existing staff with few technical skills? If the content cannot get to the safe harbor of a trusted digital library, is it consigned to extinction? Or are there steps we can take to mitigate the potential loss?

Hakala, J. (2006). The seven levels of identification: An overview of the current state of

identifying objects within digital libraries. Program: electronic library and

information systems, 40(4) , 361-371. doi: 10.1108/00330330610707935

Summary: This article aims to describe the state of the art of bibliographic identifiers used in digital libraries. Findings – Based on an analysis of the identifiers a conclusion is drawn that many new identifiers must be developed in order to cater to the growing needs of libraries and other organizations involved with creation and dissemination of publications. Also, traditional identifiers must be modified in order to make them more suitable to the needs of electronic publishing.

Holz, D. (2006). Technologically enhanced archival collections: Using the buddy system.

Journal of Archival Organization, 4, 29-44. Retrieved from

http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&id=doi:10.1300/J201v0

4n01_03

Summary: Based in the context of challenges faced by archives when managing digital projects, this article explores options of looking outside the existing expertise of archives staff to find collaborative partners. In teaming up with other departments and organizations, the potential scope of traditional archival digitization projects is expanded beyond the limits of a single institution. A case study of this principle is the collaboration between the Mark Twain Papers, the California Digital Library, and the University of California Press to develop TEI-encoded versions of elaborately annotated manuscript and published materials. Though not an example of a conventional archival digitization project, the Mark Twain Digital Project serves as a model of how to solicit and incorporate external experts into the design and execution of digitizing archival materials.

Jones, R. (2005). Empowerment for digitization: lessons learned from the Making of

Modern Michigan. Library Hi Tech, 23(2), 205-219.

doi:10.1108/07378830510605160

Summary: Jones’ article is basically a case study of how Michigan libraries created their first digitization project with a focus on copyright training, creating and managing the digital library website, and metadata creation. The article gives information and instructions on how to create filenames, what programs and language they used to create their own search interface, and how they created a template for entering DC metadata.

Maroso, A. (2005). Educating future digitizers: The Illinois Digitization Institute's Basics

and Beyond digitization training program. Library Hi Tech, 23(2), 187-204

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the Illinois Digitization Institute's Basics and Beyond digitization training program and to describe how successful the project's different training approaches have been. This is the first time asynchronous but instructor-led web-based courses have been used for digitization training, and findings indicate that it has been successful. The outcomes of this training can be useful for institutions interested in how well participants respond to this unique style of training.

Perry, C. (2005). Education for digitization: How do we prepare? Journal of Academic

Librarianship, 31(6), 523-32.

Summary: Discusses the benefits and challenges associated with the development of digitized library resources and the need for greater attention to professional development for those working in digitization.

Russell, A. (2007). Training professionals to preserve digital heritage: The school for

scanning. Library Trends, 56(1), 288-97.

Summary: Digitization is difficult, expensive, and requires an ongoing institutional commitment. Training is needed for building, managing, and preserving digital collections.

Smith, A. (2001). Strategies for Building Digitized Collections. Digital Library

Federation: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1-44.

FUNDING

(2002) Emory University awarded NEH grant to digitize Victorian novels in joint project

with Indiana University. Georgia Library Quarterly, 39 (2)22.

Summary: The Emory Women Writers Resource Project (EWWRP) and Victorian Women Writers Project (VWWP) were awarded $314,000 from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) to digitize and create an online database of 330 novels. This is a two year project to cover 130,000 pages. This article provided an idea of the scope, time and money involved in digitizing a collection.

Bird, G. (2011) Small-scale digitization goes big time: Implementation of a scholarly

digitization fund. College & Research Libraries News, 72(3), 149-52. doi:

2.01106E+14

Summary: Over the past year, the library at Simon Fraser University (SFU) has pioneered a small-scale scholarly digitization fund that has proven to be an effective and inexpensive tool for expanding their scholarly communication program into new disciplines and recruiting new content to their institutional repository (IR).

Birrell, D., Dobreva, M., Dunsire, G., Griffiths, J., Hartley, R., & Menzies, K. (2011).

The DiSCmap project: Digitisation of special collections: mapping, assessment,

prioritisation. New Library World, 112(1/2), 19-44. doi:

10.1108/03074801111100436

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to present the outcomes of digitisation of special collections: mapping, assessment, prioritisation (DiSCmap), a JISC and RIN-funded project which studied users' priorities for the digitisation of special collections within the context of UK Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).

Burk, A., Al-Digeil, M., Forest, D., Whitney, J. (2007) New possibilities for metadata

creation in an institutional repository context. OCLC Systems & Services, 23

(4).

Summary: The purpose of this paper is to develop automated methods for creating metadata for documents in an institutional repository.

Eden, B. (2001). Getting started with library digitization projects: funding your first (and

subsequent) digital projects. The Bottom Line, 14(2), 53-5. doi:

10.1108/08880450110392128

Summary: The brief article examines how to prepare for, apply for funds and grants and begin first digitization project and how to approach continued funding on digitization projects.

Hooland, S., Vandooren, F., & Rodríguez, E. (2011). Opportunities and risks for libraries

in applying for European funding. The Electronic Library, 29(1), 90-104. doi:

10.1108/02640471111111451

Summary: This paper seeks to analyse the opportunities and potential risks for libraries applying for European support to fund projects regarding digitisation or availability of their already digitised content. The European Commission has a range of specific funding programs devoted to access, use and preservation of digital cultural heritage, so libraries and other “cultural institutions” holding European heritage are the natural applicants for this kind of calls. Sometimes, however, they do not know how to apply and fully understand the advantages and commitments involved. This paper aims to help libraries to understand European funding programs.

Johnson, J., Mandity, E. (2011) From Real Challenges to Virtual Reality: Realizing

Your Collection through Digital Partnership. Computers in Libraries, 30(9), 18-22

retrieved from: http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/nov10/index.shtml

Summary: Abstract (as provided with record): In fall 2008, a collaborative partnership was formed between the libraries of two Indiana universities--Marian College's (now Marian University) Mother Theresa Hackelmeier Memorial Library, and the University Library at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). The authors discuss the digital nature of this collaboration, which benefits both institutions and results

in making a complex digital collection come to fruition. They describe lessons learned from interinstitutional collaboration and conclude that interinstitutional digital collaboration has proven a win-win situation that ensures productive and realized outcomes.

Kowal, K., Marlyn, C. (2009)Descriptive Metadata for Digitization of Maps in

Books: A British Library Project. Library Resource Technology Services, 53(2),

108-120.

Summary: The Alfred P. Sloan foundation awarded the Library of Congress a $2 million grant to digitize public domain works, particularly "brittle books." The "Digitizing of American Imprints" project plans to capture high-level metadata (tables of contents, chapters or sections, and indexes). The project is a demo on how to handle and scan delicate materials. The article is useful to our project in that it gives an idea of the kind of grant that can be received, the amount of money needed, and the scope of a digitization project.

Robinson, L., & Bawden, D. (2001). Libraries and open society; Popper,

Soros and digital information. Aslib Proceedings, 53(5), 167-78. doi:

10.1108/EUM0000000007051

Summary: This paper examines the role of libraries and information services, in promoting the ‘open society’ espoused by Karl Popper and George Soros. After a brief discussion of the nature of an ‘open society ’, the paper covers the role played by provision of knowledge and information, of new technology, particularly the Internet, and of critical thinking and digital literacy in the development of this form of society. Conclusions are drawn for the role of libraries and librarians, with seven general principles suggested.