ILLNESSES AND DISEASES

HEALTH CARE Medical care of any type in our country is free of charge, although there are now many private

doctors. We do not pay for prescriptions or for some medicines. But for other medicines, especially for those from abroad, we must pay.

For a long time the state has been looking after each of its citizens - even before birth - under the scheme called Mother and Child Care. There are medical checkups before the child is born and maternity ward services.

As to financial help after giving birth, mothers get benefits for three years after the birth of a child. For the first 26 weeks she gets 90 per cent of her pay and for the rest of her maternity leave she gets fewer benefits.

Then comes medical and social care during the pre-school and school age, up to old age. The term "free medical care" includes any type of medical treatment - from seeing your doctor because of a common cold to the most complicated operation. The Health insurance system is undergoing some changes at present.

Employers pay health insurance for their employees but everybody can pay extra money for his/her health insurance. Private people must buy their health insurance themselves.

If we fall ill or if we have an accident, we go to the Health Centre, Policlinic, Hospital or to some Private Doctor. Many factories and offices have their own doctors. To improve the situation and promote the competition we can choose our doctors now.

There are various types of medical treatment for our different types of troubles. Doctors may ask you to strip to the waist before he/she examines your chest and throat. They check our blood pressure, feel the pulse or put our blood or urine through lab-tests to take for example a blood-count. Sometimes they may X-ray our lungs or bones. We must go through many types of vaccination during our lives. Dentists may check our teeth and sometimes pull out one of them or drill and fill them. For older people they sometimes fit bridges on their teeth or make dentures. Doctors usually prescribe some medicines to us - pills, antibiotics, gargling, eye-wash, sleeping pills, ointments or they tell us to go on a diet. After operations, scars remain on our bodies.

There are various types of physicians who treat various diseases and disorders. They are e.g. GP (general practitioners), dentists, surgeons, interns, oculists, paediatricians, gynaecologists, psychiatrists, dermatologists, ear and throat specialists, orthopaedic specialists etc.

Each person should undergo a regular check-up at least once a year. However we usually go to see our doctor when we do not feel well or have a temperature.

We can suffer from various illnesses beginning with common children diseases such as: measles, chicken pox, mumps, scarlet-fever, otitis. Usually we suffer from common infections such as cold, flu, angina, indigestion, diarrhoea or constipation. In such cases we stay in bed, drink herbal teas, take pills, drops or vitamins and after a week or two we feel well again.

However the situation may sometimes be more serious and needs special treatment in the hospital, e. g. heart attack, appendicitis, breaking an arm or leg, animal or snake bite, severe bleeding, poisoning, unconsciousness or in the case of some real dangerous disease such as tuberculosis, anaemia, pneumonia, leukaemia, diabetes, hepatitis etc. The doctors' care must be very attentive because human life is in danger. It is the same situation with all possible operations and surgeon interferences. It is enough to say that there are still diseases which cannot be cured such as cancer or AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

There are also many other problems which do not help avoid or prevent health problems (e.g. extreme poverty of many people all around the world, large sums of money put toward armament instead of health insurance, the human environment is spoilt, we do not live in balance with nature).

It is true that prevention is better than a cure. In other words, the best way to cure yourself of a disease is not to catch it. We should try to live a healthy way of life, which means we should have a good proportion of work to leisure time, between our sleep and up time, to keep our mental state in order. We should practise sports, at least swim or go for walks, we should eat healthy food with lots of vitamins, we should not smoke, drink too much alcohol, become drug addicts or change our intimate friends too often. Generally speaking we should lead such a way of life to keep our mind and body in a perfect state and balance.

The World Health Organization, which is a specialized agency of the UN dealing with health and living conditions, and came into existence on 7th April 1948 (the annual World Health Day), has defined health as a state of physical and social prosperity and not only the absence of disease.

In Britain, the National Health Service (NHS) provides free health care to all people in the country. Everybody is free to choose a general practitioner (GP) in his own home area and be registered on his list. In towns it is usual for three or four GPs to join together in partnership and thus share the cost of expensive medical technology.

If you need special treatment, the doctor will send you to see a specialist at the local hospital. In an emergency, you can call an ambulance by dialling 999 from any telephone. In England, the companies also pay insurance for their employees and the government for other people.

In the United States, there are two different types of health insurance. Most people have private health insurance. If you have a fractured arm, a heart attack, or even a blister, it is possible to choose your doctor and have treatment. You pay the doctor, and then send the bill for the treatment to your insurance company. They will then send you the money. The problem is that private health insurance is expensive, especially for treatment that needs specialists, such as treatment for heart attacks. If one is poor, the government will pay the doctor for treatment. Many people, however, are not poor, but do not have the money to pay for private health insurance because it is very expensive. If they fall ill, they must pay for it themselves. This is a big problem now in the USA, because a hospital must take care of people, if they fall very ill, even if they do not have the money, and this is difficult for many hospitals.

VOCABULARY

ILLNESES nemoc illness (ilnis) choroba, nemoc disease (di,zi:z) porucha, potíže disorder (dis'o:dc) mysl a tělo mind and body (maind Fnd bodi) nehoda, neštěstí accident ('Fksidcnt) prevence prevention (pri'venšcn) prohlídka check-up (čekap) zdravý způsob života healthy way of life (hel2i wei cv laif) AIDS, syndrom imunitní nedostatečnosti Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom angína tonsillitis (tonsi'laitis) bezvědomí unconsciousness (an'konšcsnis) cukrovka diabetes (,daic'bi:ti:z) dětská obrna polio (pculicu) ekzém tetter (tetc) chřipka flu, influenza (flu:, ,influ'enzc) chudokrevnost anaemia (c'ni:mic) infekce infection (in'fekšcn) ischias sciatica (sai’Ftikc) jizva scar (ska:) kýla hernia (hc:nic) ledvinové kameny kidney stones (kidni stcunz) leukémie leukaemia (lu:'ki:mic) mrtvice stroke (strouk), apoplexy ('Fpcpleksi) nespavost insomnia (in’somnic) nevolnost indigestion (indi’džesčcn) operace operation (,opc'reišcn) otrava krve blood poisoning (blad poizcniõ;) otřes mozku concussion (kcn'kašn) plané neštovice chicken-pox (čikin-poks) ploténky slipped discs (slipt disks) pohlavní nemoci V.D.; Venereal diseases (vi,nicricl) potrat abortion (c’bo:šn) prostata prostate (prcsteit) průjem diarrhoea (daic'ric) příušnice mumps (mamps) rakovina cancer (kFnsc) senná rýma hay fever (hei fi:vc) spála scarlet fever (ska:lct fi:vc) spalničky measles (mi:zlz) srdeční mrtvice heart failure (ha:t feiljc) srdeční záchvat heart attack (ha:t c’tFk) tuberkulóza TB, tuberculosis (tju,bc:kju’lcusis) tyfus typhoid (taifoid) úžeh sunstroke (sanstrcuk) vřed ulcer (alsc) vyrážka rash (rFš) vysoký krevní tlak high blood-presure (hai blad prešc) zácpa constipation (,konsti'peišn) zápal mozkových blan encephalitis (ensefc'laitis) zánět průdušek bronchitis (bron'kaitis)

zánět středniho ucha inflammation of the middle ear, otitis (,inflc'meišn), (ou'taitis) zánět jater hepatitis (hepctaitis) zápal plic pneumonia (nju'mcunjc) zápal slepého střeva appendicitis (cpendi'saitis) záškrt diphtheria (dif2icric) zhoubný nádor malignant tumor (mc'ligncnt tju:mc) zlomenina fracture (frFkčc) žloutenka jaundice (džo:ndis) žlučníkový záchvat bilious attack (biljcs c'tFk) žlučové kameny gall stones (go:l stcunz)

TYPES OF PHYSICIANS medical treatment, cure ('medikl 'tri:tmcnt) léčba dentist (dentist) zubař, zubní lékař dermatologist (,dc:ma'tolcdžist) dermatolog, kožní lékař ear and throat specialist (icr Fnd 2rout ... ) ušní a krční lékař general practitioner (džencrcl prFk'tišcnc), G.P. praktický lékař, obvodní lékař (G.P.) gynaecologist (,gaini'kolcdžist) gynekolog oculist (okjulist) oftalmolog, oční lékař orthopaedist (o:*cu'pi:dist) ortopéd internist (in'tc:nist) internista, lékař pro choroby vnitřní paediatrician (,pi:dic'trišcn) pediatr, dětsky lékař psychiatrist (sai'kaictrist) psychiatr surgeon (sc:džcn) chirurg

SOCIAL CARE benefit ('benifit) dávka, podpora - injury benefit (indžcri) - úrazové pojištění, dávky - maternity benefit (mc'tc:niti) - mateřský příspěvek - sickness benefit (siknis) - nemocenské dávky - unemployment benefit ('anim'ploimcnt) - podpora v nezaměstnanosti - widow benefit (widou) - vdovský důchod family allowances ('fFmili 'claucnsiz) rodinné přídavky maternity leave (mc'tc:niti li:v) mateřská dovolená insurance (in'šucrns) pojištění - buy insurance (bai in'šucrns) platit si pojištění invalidity pension (,invclidcti penšcn) invalidní důchod retirement pension (ri’taicmcnt penšcn) starobní důchod

VERBS check (ček) kontrolovat, prohlížet deal (di:l) zabývat se něčím drill (dril) vrtat zub (i vrtačka, vrták) examine (ig'zFmin) vyšetřit, prohlédnout pacienta feel the pulse (fi:l *c pals) nahmatat, změřit tep fill (fil) zaplombovat zub keep (ki:p) udržovat prevent (pri'vent) chránit, předcházet put through lab-tests dát na rozbor pull out (pul aut) vytáhnout zub strip (strip) svléknout se, svléknout suffer from (safc frcm) trpět čím undergo (andc'gcu) podstoupit, podrobit se x-ray (eksrei) rentgenovat (taky paprsek)

PICTURE DICTIONARY

HUMAN BODY 1

* 1 head 2 face 3 moustache 4 beard 5 back 6 arm 7 hand 8 leg 9 foot, feet ** 10 neck 11 throat 12 shoulder 13 chest, breast 14 stomach 15 bottom 16 knee *** 17 armpit 18 elbow 19 waist 20 hip 21 thigh 22 calf 23 genitals HAND 24 finger 25 thumb 26 wrist 27 fingernail, nail 28 palm FOOT 29 toe 30 toenail, nail 31 ankle 32 heel 33 sole 34 instep

HUMAN BODY 2

* 1 hair 2 eye 3 nose 4 ear 5 mouth 6 tooth, teeth 7 lip 8 tongue 9 chin ** 10 cheek 11 forehead *** 12 eyebrow 13 eyelashes 14 temple 15 jaw INSIDES 16 brain 17 heart 18 lung 19 liver 20 kidney 21 vein 22 muscle 23 stomach 24 windpipe 25 intestines 26 bladder 27 artery 28 appendix SKELETON 29 rib 30 skull 31 collarbone 32 shoulder blade 33 breastbone 34 spine

MEDICAL SERVICE

HOSPITAL 1 nurse, male nurse 2 doctor, general practitioner, G.P. 3 patient 4 bed, hospital bed 5 ambulance 6 bell-push 7 X-ray 8 get well card 9 stethoscope 10 operating table 11 surgeon 12 wheelchair 13 crutch 14 sling 15 bandage 16 plaster, adhesive bandage 17 plaster, plaster of paris bandage MEDICAL EQUIPMENT 18 thermometer 19 pills, tablets 20 capsule 21 medicine 22 ointment 23 instrument trolley 24 syringe 25 dropper 26 spatula 27 scalpel 28 tweezers 29 scope 30 blood pressure gauge DENTIST 31 dentist 32 dentist’s nurse 33 dentist’s chair 34 drill 35 operating lamp 36 cotton wool roll 37 mirror

PHRASES

AT THE DOCTOR’S Jak se dnes cítíš? How are you feeling today? - Necítím se moc dobře. - I am not feeling too well. - Nejsem ve své kůži. - I am not of sorts. - Necítím se dobře. - I feel off colours. i FEEL UNWELL. - Cítím se špatně. - I am feeling ill. - Cítím se pod psa. - I feel under the weather. - Cítím se dobře. - I feel fine. - Nic mi není. - I am all right. Co je s tebou? What’s the matter with you? Co se ti stalo? What happened to you? Není ti dobře? Are you not feeling well? Co tě trápí? What is troubling you? Nevypadáš dobře. You don’t look well. Jsi trochu bledý. You are a bit pale. - Bolí mě hlava. - I have a headache. - Bolí mě břicho. - I have a stomachache. - Bolí mě v krku. - I have a sore throat. - Bolí mě ucho. - I have an earache. - Bolí mě zub. - I have a toothache. - Bolí mě v zádech. - I have a backache. I have a pain in my back. My back aches / hurts. - Bolí mě u srdce. - I have a pain in my heart. - Bolí mě žlučník. - I have pain in my gall-bladder. - Mám potíže s … - I have trouble with my … - Mám bolavou nohu. - I have a sore leg. - Mám rýmu. - I have a cold. - Mám silnou rýmu. - I have a bad cold. - Kašlu. - I have a cough. - Mám rýmu. - I have got a runny nose. - Je mi mdlo. - I feel faint. - Točí se mi hlava. - I feel dizzy. My head is spinning. - Chce se mi zvracet. - I feel sick. - I feel like vomiting. - Bodla mě vosa. - I was stung by a wasp. - Mám zvýšenou teplotu. - I have a raised temperature. - Mám horečku. - I have a fever. - Silně se potím. - I perspire a lot. - Upadl jsem. - I fell down. I have fallen over. - Odřel jsem se. - I have bruised myself. - Zlomil jsem si nohu. - I have broken my leg. - Vymknul jsem si kotník. - I’ve sprained my ankle. - Uhodil jsem se do nohy. - I hit my leg. - Popálil jsem si ruku. - I have burned my hand. - Spadlo mi něco do oka. - Something has fallen into my eye. - Spálil jsem se na slunci. - I have got sunburn. - Špatně spím. - I am sleeping badly. - Nemohu usnout. - I cannot get to sleep. - Nemám chuť k jídlu. - I have no appetite. - Mám průjem. - I have diarrhoea. - Mám zácpu. - I have constipation. - Nemohu se nadechnout. - I can’t catch my breath. - Hrozně krvácím. - I am bleeding awfully. - Nemám chuť k jídlu - I have lost my appetite.

- Mám vysoký tlak. - I suffer from high blood pressure. - Je na to lék? - Is there a cure for it? Zavolejte lékaře. Call for a doctor. Zavolejte mi, prosím, lékaře. Call me a doctor, please. Kdy ordinuje lékař? When is the doctor in attendance? Musím se objednat? Do I have to make an appointment? Můžete mě objednat na zítra ráno? Can I make an appointment for tomorrow morning? Jsem objednán u... I have got an appointment with... Posaďte se v čekárně. Take a seat in the waiting room, please. Další! Next, please! Musím jít na (preventivní) prohlídku. I must go for a (general) check-up. Musím si změřit teplotu. I must take my temperature. Kde vás bolí? Where do you feel the pain? Musíte ležet deset dní. You have to stay in bed for ten days. Musíte držet přísnou dietu. You will have to keep a strict diet. Předepíšu vám nějaké tablety. I will prescribe you some tablets. Změřím vám teplotu. I’ll take your temperature. Uděláme krevní test. We’ll do a blood test. Za týden přijďte na kontrolu. Come for a check-up in a week.

AT THE CHEMIST’S lékařský předpis medical prescription (medikl pris'kripšn) Kde prodáváte léky na předpis? Where do you sell drugs on prescription? - bez receptu? - without prescription? Prosil bych něco proti bolestem. I would like something for pains. I would like some pain-killers. Dejte mi …. Can you give me ……. ? - něco na nespavost. - something for insomnia. - prášky pro spaní. - sleeping pills. ('sli:piõ pils) - něco na bolení zubů. - something for toothache. - nějaké pilulky na … - some pills for … (pils) - nějaké tablety na … - some tablets for … ('tFblits) - nějaké mazání. - some lotion. ('loušn) - něco na menstruační bolesti. - something for menstrual pains. - kapky do nosu. - nasal drops. - oční kapky. - eye drops. - borovou vodu. - boric acid. (borik Fsid) - široký obvaz. - wide compress. (waid 'kompres) - leukoplast. - elastoplast (i'lFstoplFst) - dámské vložky. - sanitary towels. ('sFnitri tauclz) - tampóny. - tampons. (tFmpcnz) - vatu. - cotton-wool. ('kotn 'wul) - jednu destilovanou vodu. - one bottle of distilled water. - bylinkový čaj. - herbal tea. ('hc:bcl ti:) - heřmánkový čaj. - camomile tea. ('kFmcmail ti:) - lípový čaj. - lime tea. (laim ti:) - mátový čaj. - peppermint tea. ('pepcmint ti:) - ovocný čaj. - fruit tea. (fru:t ti:) - kloktadlo. - gargling. (’ga:gliõ) - nějakou mast na …. - some ointment for … (ointment) - něco na pocení. - something to increase perspiration. Jak mám ty léky užívat? How should I use the drugs? - Berte tři tablety denně na lačný žaludek. - Take three tablets a day on an empty stomach. - Berte dvě tablety třikrát denně - Take two tablets three times a day before meals. před jídlem. - Polkněte je celé. - Swallow the tablets whole.

- Cucejte je. - Suck them. - Tato vodička je jen pro vnější použití. - This lotion is for external use only. - Pět kapek na cukr po jídle. - Five drops on sugar after meal. - Deset kapek do lžíce s vodou. - Ten drops into a spoon of water.

HEALTHY WAY OF LIFE

I’m so healthy... I’m very fit. Jsem velmi fit. I exercise a lot. Hodně cvičím. I’ve got healthy eating habits. Zdravě jím. I eat a balanced diet. Jím vyváženou stravu. I avoid red meat. Vyhýbám se červenému masu. I haven’t got a sweet tooth. Nejsem na sladké. I get plenty of fresh air. Jsem hodně na čestvém vzduchu. I never have to go to the doctor’s. Nikdy nemusím chodit k lékaři. I’m so unhealthy... I can’t stand exercise. Nesnáším cvičení. I am a little overweight. Mám trošku nadváhu. I need to change my lifestyle. Musím změnit životní styl. I’ve got a few bad habits. Mám několik zlozvyků. I don’t watch what I eat. Nehlídám, co jím. I eat too many snacks. Příliš často mlsám. I use too much salt / sugar. Moc solím / sladím. I smoke 20 cigarettes a day. Kouřím 20 cigaret denně. I need to give up smoking. Musím přestat kouřit. Diets and me I am on a diet. Držím (redukční) dietu. I need to go on a diet. Musím začít držet dietu. I need to lose weight. Musím zhubnout. I need to put on weight. Potřebuji přibrat na váze.

HOW TO ADDRESS DOCTORS

• Lékaře / Lékařku oslovujeme v angličtině většinou pouze “Doctor!”. • Můžeme užít i příjmení: “Doctor Thomas!”. • Výrazy Mr a Mrs (srovn. české “pane doktore”) se v osloveních neužívají. • Slovo doctor jako titul se vždy píše s velkým písmenem: Dear Doctor Thomas...