illinois state university exercise and body composition relationships of total and regional body...

Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University

Exercise and Body Exercise and Body CompositionComposition

Relationships of Total and Relationships of Total and Regional Body Composition Regional Body Composition to Morbidity and Mortalityto Morbidity and Mortality


Relationships of Total and Relationships of Total and Regional Body Composition to Regional Body Composition to

Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality High BMIHigh BMI

– (overweight)(overweight) High waist/hip ratio High waist/hip ratio

– (abdominal fatness)(abdominal fatness) Important health risk factors for Important health risk factors for

some severe and disabling some severe and disabling conditions.conditions.


BMIBMI

BMI and fitness must be BMI and fitness must be considered together.considered together.

Those with higher BMI and higher Those with higher BMI and higher CV fitness are at lower risk than CV fitness are at lower risk than those with lower BMI and lower CV those with lower BMI and lower CV fitness fitness – (Blair, 1999)(Blair, 1999)

Fit and FatFit and Fat


Relationships of Total and Relationships of Total and Regional Body Composition to Regional Body Composition to

Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality

Remember:Remember: high BMI and high waist/hip ratio high BMI and high waist/hip ratio

may reflect underlying genetic, may reflect underlying genetic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that may substantially factors that may substantially affect their health implications.affect their health implications.


Factors That May Factors That May Impact Relationship Impact Relationship

Socio-cultural and demographic Socio-cultural and demographic factorsfactors– age (menopause)age (menopause)– sexsex– race (ethnicity)race (ethnicity)– income and educationincome and education– socioeconomic conditions and socioeconomic conditions and

hygienehygiene


Factors That May Factors That May Impact Relationship Impact Relationship

Lifestyle Factors:Lifestyle Factors:– smoking habits (including past smoking habits (including past

smoking habits)smoking habits)– dietary intake (e.g., amount and type dietary intake (e.g., amount and type

of fat, antioxidants)of fat, antioxidants)– alcohol consumptionalcohol consumption– physical activityphysical activity


Factors That May Factors That May Impact RelationshipImpact Relationship

Health-related factorsHealth-related factors– background prevalence of diseasebackground prevalence of disease– genetic predisposition to diseasesgenetic predisposition to diseases– presence of diseasespresence of diseases– presence of other risk factorspresence of other risk factors


Factors That May Factors That May Impact RelationshipImpact Relationship

Biometric factorsBiometric factors– stature (including history of stunting stature (including history of stunting

and wasting)and wasting)– fat distributionfat distribution– body proportions (leg length/sitting body proportions (leg length/sitting

height)height)– history of large fluctuations in weighthistory of large fluctuations in weight


Body Composition and Body Composition and MorbidityMorbidity

There has been established a There has been established a continuous increase of the risk of continuous increase of the risk of coronary heart disease with increasing coronary heart disease with increasing BMI values.BMI values.

BMI has also been recognized as an BMI has also been recognized as an important risk factor for non-insulin important risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).


Body Composition and Body Composition and MorbidityMorbidity

Other life threatening diseases Other life threatening diseases include:include:– osteoporosisosteoporosis– breast cancerbreast cancer– osteoarthritisosteoarthritis


BC and Respiratory BC and Respiratory FunctionFunction

Hypoventilation syndromeHypoventilation syndrome Sleep breathing disordersSleep breathing disorders


BC and Mortality RatesBC and Mortality Rates

The increased mortality at the The increased mortality at the higher end of the range of BMI higher end of the range of BMI values can be readily explained by values can be readily explained by an increased risk of dying from an increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, NIDDM, cardiovascular disease, NIDDM, and cancers of the breast, and cancers of the breast, endometrium, and prostate.endometrium, and prostate.


RiskRisk

A waist to hip ratio <0.72 is A waist to hip ratio <0.72 is considered healthy.considered healthy.

>0.88 increases one’s risk 3.25 >0.88 increases one’s risk 3.25 times.times.


Waist to Hip RatioWaist to Hip Ratio

If your gut If your gut is bigger is bigger than your than your butt, butt, you’re at you’re at greater greater risk!risk!


RiskRisk

BMI (kg/mBMI (kg/m22)) Men Men << 102 cm ( 102 cm (<< 40 40 in)in)

Women Women << 88 cm ( 88 cm (<< 35 in)35 in)

>102 cm (> 40 >102 cm (> 40 in)in)

> 88 cm (35 in)> 88 cm (35 in)

25-29.925-29.9 IncreasedIncreased HighHigh

30-34.930-34.9 HighHigh Very HighVery High

35-39.935-39.9 Very HighVery High Very HighVery High

>> 40 40 Extremely HighExtremely High Extremely Extremely HighHigh

Grundy et al, MSSE, Grundy et al, MSSE, 19991999

Waist Waist CircumferenceCircumference


Waist CircumferenceWaist Circumference

If you spend more If you spend more time working on time working on your 12 pack….your 12 pack….


Waist CircumferenceWaist Circumference

……and less time and less time working on working on developing a 6 developing a 6 pack, you’re at pack, you’re at greater risk!greater risk!


SummarySummary

Weight loss seems to have at least Weight loss seems to have at least short -term beneficial results for all short -term beneficial results for all who tend to suffer from conditions who tend to suffer from conditions such as coronary heart disease, such as coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, NIDDM, hyperlipidemia, NIDDM, hypertension, or mechanical hypertension, or mechanical problems of overweight.problems of overweight.


SummarySummary

Because therapy for the Because therapy for the attainment of “attainment of “optimaloptimal” weights ” weights are commonly unsuccessful, the are commonly unsuccessful, the concept of “concept of “reasonablereasonable” weight ” weight and weight loss goals should be and weight loss goals should be further developed.further developed.


SummarySummary

From a public health viewpoint, it From a public health viewpoint, it is desirable that emphasis be is desirable that emphasis be placed on the placed on the prevention of prevention of overweightoverweight, but preventive , but preventive strategies are mainly theoretical.strategies are mainly theoretical.

None has been proven to be None has been proven to be successful.successful.


SummarySummary

Genes account for 20-40% of the Genes account for 20-40% of the risk for being overweight.risk for being overweight.


SummarySummary

However, there can be no change However, there can be no change in the gene pool in one decade.in the gene pool in one decade.

In any case, you can’t change your In any case, you can’t change your genes, but you can control and genes, but you can control and adjust your behavior.adjust your behavior.

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