illinois; prairie species garden - peoria garden club

8/3/2019 Illinois; Prairie Species Garden - Peoria Garden Club

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Wildlife Prairie State Park

wishes to thank the

PPEORIAEORIAGGARDENARDEN CCLUBLUB

For sponsoring this garden.

And thank you to the countlesshours of devotion provided bythe Wildlife Prairie State Park

volunteers.

Your donation towards the cost of

publication is greatly appreciated.

Oxeye SunflowerHeliopis helianthoides

WelcomeWelcomeWelcometo theto theto the

Prairie Species GardenPrairie Species GardenPrairie Species Garden

3826 N. Taylor Rd. Hanna City, IL 61536

309.676.0998 www.wildlifeprairiestatepark.org

Drawingsby:Ed Levene


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Uses: Long ago it was believed that wearing

a garland of violets could treat a headache.Omaha children usedviolets in many oftheir games.

Some violets varietieswere used to treat diar-rhea and as a source ofVitamin C.

Arrowleaf VioletArrowleaf VioletArrowleaf Violet

Viola sagittata

Sandy prairies andmoist habitats

Apr.-June

Violet

Lessthan6

Uses: This plant was once used to treat skindisorders. Native

Americans steepedthe leaves into atea that was used asa stimulant and a diu-retic. The roots were usedalso in tea as a cure forcolds. Modern testing hasfound that this plant con-tains antibodies effective intreating certain types of

infection.

Black Eyed SusanBlack Eyed SusanBlack Eyed Susan

Rudbeckia hirta

Dry prairie soils

June-Sept.

Yellow

2-3We hope the information provided in this brochure will helpfurther your knowledge of native species . Following the IDsection, we have included helpful information in the eventyou decide to plant a native species garden of your own!

Information contained is not for use as a medical guide andis not meant to instruct or encourage use or consumption ofthe plants in this manner. You should always consult an ex-pert before using any plant for food, medicinal or homeo-

pathic reasons.


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Notes:

a.k.a.: When not in bloom, this member of

the iris family is commonly mistakenfor a grass.Uses: A tea for stomach cramps has been made

from this species and a strongtea was used to treat hay fever.The Menomini mixed this grasswith oats to make horses fat and vi-cious. The horses bite was then sup-posed to be poisonous, yet it would notbite its owner. Also, medicine men would

use this plant on the horse bites.

Blue Eyed GrassBlue Eyed GrassBlue Eyed Grass

Sisyrinchium albidum

Prairies and sandysoils of open areas

May-June

Blue

18

a.k.a.: barrel gentian, blind gentian,closed gentian, cloistered gentian

Uses: The Meskwaki and the Potawatomi used thisplant to treat snakebite. The women of some

tribes ate a piece of root as atreatment for caked breasts.The Catawba boiled roots in wa-ter and used the liquid to treatbackache. Pioneers used the root topromote appetite. Following a bout withMalaria or infectious diseases, theybrewed a tea from the foliage to aid

digestion.

Bottled GentianBottled GentianBottled Gentian

Gentiania andrewsii

Wet to mesic prairiesand woodland edges

Late Aug.-past frost

Deepblue

1-2


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a.k.a.: nodding wild rye, rye grass,

Canada lyme grass

Uses: Native Americansused the seeds for foodbut regarded the effort aslow yield. Because the seedsremain throughout the win-ter, it is an important wildlife foodsource.

Canada Wild RyeCanada Wild RyeCanada Wild Rye

Elymus canadensis

Dry, sandy, rockysoils in tall grassprairies

July-Aug.

Straw

4-5

a.k.a.: Illinois state flowerUses: Leaves from this vio-

let are high in vitamins Aand C and can be eaten insalads. Used throughouthistory as a medicinal plant, ithas been used as a painkiller,an antiseptic and supposedly to curbthe pain and growth of tumors. A teafrom the leaves has been used as agargle for headaches. Cough, insom-nia and nervousness were treated

with a tea made from violet leaves.

Common Blue VioletCommon Blue VioletCommon Blue Violet

Viola papilionacea

Meadows and moistwoods

Mar.-June

Blue towhite

3-8

sential, as many seeds need plenty of water for germination.DO NOT OVERWATER! Over watering may retard germination.

PatienceOnce the seeds have been planted. The waiting game begins.

The garden will not grow overnight, so be patient. Watching agarden grow has been likened to watching paint dry, a very

slow process, with spectacular results. Hand weeding is a sup-plemental task in the prairie garden, and may enhance its ap-pearance, but is not necessary unless the weeds are hinderingthe growth of the planted species. City ordinances may prohibityou from burning your new prairie garden so check your local

ordinances first. If possible your prairie should be burnedevery year for the first five years after establishment (to assistin weed control), and every two to three years after that. The

best time to burn is in the spring, on a dry day, with little wind.With a small, open plot as suggested, burning should be aneasy task to undertake. Many perennials (ones that come back

year after year) take several years to mature, and may notflower in the first growing season. Dont panic.

Follow UpOnce the prairie garden has been established, it should exhibitmany different plants flowering at different times of the year.Some new gardeners have been known to plant some of the

seeds in pots separate from the garden plot, to watch the ac-tual growth of the plant. This also assists in identification ofprairie species, useful in deciding whether a plant is a non-native weed, or something actually planted. By taking periodicmeasures such as weeding, watering, and burning, you can

ensure the health of your prairie garden for years to come.

NurseriesWhen shopping for seed, check the prices among several dif-ferent nurseries or stores, you may potentially save hundredsof dollars. To find a nursery near you, simply type Native Illi-nois Plant Nurseries into a search engine on the Internet.


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nial roots. Follow-up measures include encouraging weedseeds to germinate by frequent light watering (up to 3

weeks). Once the weeds begin to grow, treatthem with a short-term herbicide such as Round

Up. This procedure may be repeated more thanonce depending on existing weed conditions. Af-ter the last herbicide treatment has been applied,allow the garden plot to sit at least ten days be-

fore leveling the soil. Once the soil is leveled, itis ready to be planted.

Species SelectionChoosing the right plants for your prairie garden is sometimesoverwhelming. There are so many types to choose from, in so

many different colors and sizes. M a n ynurseries sell mixed bags of s e e d ssuited for particular soil types. This will

help to eliminate the confusion of choos-

ing the select few that make it into thegarden.

Cost wise, gardens are best started from seed rather than fromtransplants, although the results are much quicker withthe transplants. Transplanting living plants from other

native prairie gardens to yours, is illegal, so if transplant-ing is your preferred method of planting, please acquire the

necessary plants form nurseries or other plant producers. If youdecide to mix the seed yourself, be sure to pick seeds that bloom

at different times of the year, and at different heights. Usually thedesired ratio of wildflowers to grasses highly favors the wildflow-ers; its entirely your choice of what to plant at what ratio.

Once seed has been acquired, it should spreadevenly over the plat. If the plat is laid out tohave a core and a periphery, plant the core

seeds first, lightly spreading the seeds over thesoil, then gently working them under. Then

follow up by planting the periphery in the same way. Some prefer

to mix their seeds in with a bit of top soil, and spread the entiremix over the designated area, but no fertilizer needs to be addedto enhance the growth potential.

Watering the garden frequently for the first growing season is es-

Uses:Native American tribes used the root

to provide temporary sterility, and also toexpel worms in an hour. This plant was also usedas food in soups, and tomake jelly and preserves.

During WWII, the milky sapwas tried as a rubber substi-tute and the plumes weretried in life preservers.

Common MilkweedCommon MilkweedCommon Milkweed

Asclepias syriaca

Fields, pastures, roadsides, thickets, andwoods

June-Sept.

Pink

2-3

a.k.a.: basil, mountain thyme,Virginia mountain mint, pennyroyal

Uses: The Meskwaki usedthis plant for baiting minktraps. The Potawatomi used amountain mint tonic to treata run down condition. Earlysettlers served a tea as a generaltonic to care for mild indigestion andfor the chills and fever of ague. Theymade a poultice to treat dog andother animal bites as a rabies

preventative.

Common Mountain MintCommon Mountain MintCommon Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum virginianum

Wet to dry prairiesand open spaces

July-Sept.

White

1-3


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a.k.a.: rosin weed, turpentine plant

Uses: As a tonic, this planttreatedmany ailments such as dry cough,chronic rheumatism, arthritis, glandu-lar enlargement, and intermittent fe-vers. Roots were used in a medicinaldrink to induce vomiting. This plant was usedto increase urine flow and increase milk flowin new mothers. A strong tea was used as alaxative. This plant was also used to worm

horses. It was an important in the bisonsdiet and is now eaten by cattle and deer.

Canada Wild RyeCanada Wild RyeCanada Wild Rye

Elymus canadensis

a.k.a.: tall speedwell, blackroot, Bowmansroot

Uses: Settlers made an infusionfrom the dried root and used it cau-tiously for a sluggish liver. The freshroot was a drastic purge and abortivant,but its action was uncertain and severe. Itsbeen used to treat many ailments, includingdyspepsia, debilitated conditions of the diges-tive tract, typhoid, and diarrhea. The Mesk-waki used the root to treat constipation, dis-solve kidney stones, and to treat women who

were weak from labor.

Culvers RootCulvers Root

Veronicastrum virginicum

Rich, moist prairiesoils

June

White

2-3

Compass PlantCompass PlantCompass Plant

Silphium laciniatum

Wet or dry prairies

July-Aug.

Yellow

5-10

Native Prairie Gardening is a

beautiful way to enhancenatural landscape withoutthe complications of hard togrow exotics. Restoring a

site to its original prairie state may be done in several different

ways to represent many types of wildflowers and grasses. Thisbooklet will present popular and trusted ways of starting yourown prairie species garden that hope-fully will be an asset to your property.

When starting a prairie species garden,a few things must be taken into ac-count before planting begins: Location,

Soil Preparation, Species Selection, andPatience.

LocationLocation is one of the most importantsteps in creating a successful prairie garden. An open areaaway from trees or buildings with as much sun as possible is

ideal for planting your new garden. Size is also an importantfactor. Starting small is the easiest way to go (usually about 10ft across), and an easy layout to follow is usually circular. A

circular layout is popular because it can be easily added to inthe future. Most circular layouts consist initially of a core and aperiphery. The core houses the taller wildflowers and grasses,while the periphery houses the shorter wildflowers and

grasses. Both areas are intensively planted to ensure at least

satisfactory growth.

Preparation of SoilIn order to prevent weed overgrowth, theprairie garden site must be properly pre-pared. Once a good location has been se-

lected, the soil must be dug up or tilled torid the soil of unwanted plants andgrasses. Fall is usually the best time to do

this, so that frost kills many of the peren-

Prairie SpeciesGardening


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Aka: hairy

ruellia

Uses: Even thoughit is a fairly commonsight on the prairie,this perennial wasprobably not used medicinallyby Native Americans. Able towithstand a variety of grow-ing conditions, including

drought, this hardy plant willrarely even drop a leaf.

Wild PetuniaWild PetuniaWild Petunia

Ruellia humilis

Open woodlands, andmoist to sand prairies

June Aug.

Pink

3-2

a.k.a.: AmericanFeverfew

Uses: The leaves of thisplant were made into tea totreat fevers. The Catawbaalso used the leaves to treatburns. In WWI, the plantshealing properties caused abrief commercial trade. Theplant may help to stimulate

the immune system.

Wild QuinineWild QuinineWild Quinine

Parthenium integrifolium

Dry prairies andopen woodlands

May - Sept.

White

1-5

a.k.a.: hairy sunflower, ashy sunflower

Uses: The seeds of wildsunflowers are smallerand hard to shell, but tasteas good as the domesticatedvarieties. They can be eatenraw, boiled or roasted and manytimes were ground up and used as atype of flour. The flowers were usedto make yellow dye. This a highly

nutritious and palatable grazing plant.

Downy SunflowerDowny SunflowerDowny Sunflower

Helianthus mollis

Wet or dry prairiesand open woods

Sept.

Yellow

2-4

a.k.a.: yellow coneflower, prairie cone-flower

Uses: The Meskwaki usedthe root of this plant tocure toothaches. Leaves andflower cones were utilizedin making a tea.Livestock often feed on theyoung plants. When the centerdisk is crushed, it releases ananise scent.

Drooping ConeflowerDrooping Coneflower

Ratibida pinnata

Tallgrass prairies andalong roadsides

June

Yellow

2-4


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a.k.a.: tree primrose

Uses: The commonevening primrose is abiennial herb that growsfrom a tap root. It wasused for medicinalpurposes as a poultice, forwhooping cough, hiccoughs, andasthma. The Mohave ate theseeds. The roots and young

shoots were also used for salads.

Evening PrimroseEvening PrimroseEvening Primrose

Oenothera biennis

Dry open areas, prai-ries, roadsides, oldfields and waste areas

July-Sept.

Yellow

3-6

a.k.a.: yucca-leaf eryngoUses: Early European

settlers used this plantto treat syphilis, as adiaphoretic and to healwounds. Native Americansused it to reduce fever and head-aches.Note: The basal (lowest) leaves areheart-shaped. This distinguishesheart-leaf alexanders from goldenalexanders, which have divided

basal leaves.

Golden AlexanderGolden AlexanderGolden Alexander

Zizia aptera

Moist soils andopen areas

Apr.-June

Yellow

1-3

Uses: Used to treat those with lung trouble,

also to alleviate a diffi-cult labor.

Misc: Goldenrods areattractive prairie androadside plants. They arebest known because of the falsebelief they cause hay fever. How-ever, hay fever is caused by windblownpollen, while goldenrods are primarilyinsect pollinated. Ragweed, the culprit

with its less than impressive flowers,blooms at the same time.

Showy GoldenrodShowy GoldenrodShowy Goldenrod

Solidago speciosa

Open woods, prai-ries, and thickets

Aug.-Sept.

Yellow

2-6

Uses: Flowers are edible and said to be sweetand delightful. The root is chewed or made

into a weak tea to treatdiarrhea and stomach aches.The tea is also used foruterine bleeding. The seed isrubbed into the scalp to rid thehair of lice. An infusion can bemade from the seed and used to treatheadache and fever. The crushed seedis crushed and used as a perfume, asits pleasant odor endures. Boiled, the

plant is used as a hair wash.

Wild ColumbineWild ColumbineWild Columbine

Aquilegia canadensis

Rocky or sandywoods and ledges, oralong roadsides

May - July

Scarlet

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Uses: A hummingbird favorite.

Misc: With its sticky stems and shortstalked flowers, thisplant catches small in-sects, hence the commonname catchfly.

ENDANGERED in Illinois.Endangered or threatenedin several states.

Royal CatchflyRoyal CatchflyRoyal Catchfly

Silene regia

Dry woods andprairies

May Aug.

Scarlet

2-4

a.k.a.: Northern Sea Oats, Wild Oats,Spangle Grass

Uses: The flowersare small and lack pet-

als. It is planted as an

ornamental grass and

collected for dried

bouquets. Common in thesouthern of the state.

Formerly Uniola latifolia

it is no longer included in

the Uniola species.

Sea OatsSea OatsSea Oats

Chasmanthium latifolium

Moist soils

July-Oct.

Green

Upto3

a.k.a.: woolly verbena,

mullein-leaved verbena

Uses: Native Americansgathered and roasted theseeds that they then groundinto flour or meal. The Omahaprepared a tea from the leaves.The Teton Dakota used the teaas an upset stomach remedy.

Hoary VervainHoary VervainHoary Vervain

Verbena stricta

Prairies, roadsidesand open areas

June-Sept.

Blue-violet

2-4

a.k.a.: prairie Indian plantain,tuberous Indian plantain, pale Indian plan-

tain

Uses: Unknownthough it is believedthat this plant may havebeen used for food.Freely self-seeds in opti-mum growing conditions.Naturalizes well in wet

woodland areas.

Indian PlantainIndian PlantainIndian Plantain

Cacalia atriplicifolia

Wet prairies andwoodlands, marshes

June-Aug.

White

2-6


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Uses: When June grass isgreen it is a good place fordeer, elk and livestock toforage. Though it can beused for ornamental pur-poses, it is believed to causehay fever in the summer, sothis should be consideredbefore planting.

June GrassJune GrassJune Grass

Koeleria cristata

Throughout prairies

June

Green

1-2

a.k.a.: wild teaUses: American Indians smoked the dried

leaves and used them for tea for pinworms, a washto treat eczema and a moxawash was prepared forrheumatism and neuralgia.The Omaha and Ponca called itbuffalo bellow plant mostlikely because it blooms dur-ing the bison rut which is late Mayto August. A highly nutritiousgrazing plant.

LeadplantLeadplant

Amorpha canescens

Dry, sandy soils intallgrass prairies androcky, open woodlands

May-Aug.

Purple

Upto3

a.k.a.: stiff goldenrod

Uses: The genusname, Solidago is from theGreek meaning to makewhole. The name wasgiven because goldenrodswere used as astringents,and were supposed to cause plantsto heal rapidly. This plant was onceused on swollen throats and bee

stings were treated with a lotionmade from the blooms.

Rigid GoldenrodRigid GoldenrodRigid Goldenrod

Solidago rigida

Dry soils of prairies,open woods, road-sides and disturbedareas

June-Sept.

Green

2-6

a.k.a.: lacerate, tall orprairie blazing star

Uses: This attractive plant at-tracts butterflies and humming-birds. While good for them, forhumans the leaves have been usedto make an infusion to inducevomiting. A decoction made fromthis plant is said to cure gonor-rhea.

Rough Blazing StarRough Blazing StarRough Blazing Star

Liatris aspera

Purple

2-4

Dry, sandy soilsof prairies andsavannahs

Aug. -Sept.


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Aka: thimbleweed, red-

tassel flower

Uses: This plant is tasty,nutritious and commonly grazed.The Pawnee chewed the rootsfor the pleasant taste. Althoughthis plant tastes good, tea madefrom the leaves can cause con-stipation. Bruised, steepedleaves were applied to open

wounds. Native Americans madebrooms from the elastic stems.

Purple Prairie CloverPurple Prairie CloverPurple Prairie Clover

Petalostemum purpureum

Sand, hill, &gravel hill prairies

June-Sept.

Violet

Upto3

a.k.a.: yucca-leaf eryngo

Uses: The root of this plant has been used forvarious medicinal purposes, such as diaphoretic,

expectorant and emetic. Itwas used to treat liver trou-ble and muscle pains. Another of itsearly uses was to treat exhaustionfrom sexual depletion. The Mask-waki used it as a diuretic, as a medi-cine for bladder problems and forpoisons other than rattlesnake

venom.

Rattlesnake MasterRattlesnake MasterRattlesnake Master

Eryngium yuccifolium

Wet or dry prairies

June-Sept.

Green

2-6

a.k.a.: Aster is Greek for star, describ-

ing the petal pattern

Uses: The Native Americans believed thesmoke from burningan aster plant wouldawaken a person whohad fainted, and othersdrank this flowers teafor headaches. Freshleaves ere eaten as

greens.

New England AsterNew England AsterNew England Aster

Aster novae-angliae

Marsh, woodlands andprairies

Aug.-Oct.

Lavender- deeppurple

4

a.k.a.: wild pepper, redpepper

Uses: Because of the Englishtea tax, New Jersey Tea wasconsidered the best tea substi-tute, even though it contains nocaffeine. This plant has many me-dicinal purposes, including the treatmentof bowels and high blood pressure. It wasalso used to tan hides and dye wool. TheCherokee used it to make a lather to wash

infected areas.

New Jersey TeaNew Jersey Tea

Ceanothus americanus

Dry open woodlands,rocky slopes andprairie borders

July

White

2-3


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a.k.a.: widow tears, cow slobbersUses: The common name of spiderwort refersto it once being thought to cure spider bites.

Flowers of some ofthe plants change colorwhen exposed to nuclearor radioactive radiation,so the spiderwort has beenused by several environmentalgroups as an indicator of radia-tion in areas around nuclearplants.

Ohio SpiderwortOhio SpiderwortOhio Spiderwort

Tradescantia ohiensis

Tall grass prairies

April-May

Blue-purple

2-3

a.k.a.: obedience plant, false dragonhead

Uses: Attracts butter-flies, hummingbirds, and theoccasional deer.Misc: If you move the tubu-lar flower, it will temporar-ily stay where you put it,hence the common name. Thisplant is sometimes subject tospreading.

Obedient PlantObedient PlantObedient Plant

Physostegia virginiana

Damp thickets,swamps and prairies

June-Sept.

Whiteor

Pink

1-4

a.k.a.: stiff sun-flower

Uses: The Latin name,Helianthus comesfrom the Greek heliosmeaning sun and anthos

meaning flower because theflower heads turn with the suneach day. Also, eaten bygrazing animals, rodents, song

birds, and game birds.

Prairie SunflowerPrairie SunflowerPrairie Sunflower

Helianthus rigidus

Sand, hill, &gravel hill prairies

June-Sept.

Red orpurple

1-3

a.k.a.: mugwort, sagebrush,

sagewort

Uses:This is an important medici-nal and ceremonial plant in the Na-tive American culture. Burning thesage removes evil spirits and drivesaway mosquitoes and other insects.

It is used to treat stomach and genitaltroubles, tonsillitis and sore throat, and as

a poultice for chronic sores.

Prairie SagePrairie SagePrairie Sage

Artemisia ludoviciana

Rocky, sandy, grav-elly, soils of prairies,and roadsides

Aug.-Sept.

Green

40


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a.k.a.: yucca-leaf eryngo, Sullivants milkweedUses: During WWII, the silk from these plants

was used to make life pre-servers since it is morebuoyant than cork. Only a fewpounds of the silk is needed tosupport a 150 pound person.They bloom June-July, yet it is in theearly spring when the sprouts firstemerge from the ground that theycan be harvested and eaten like as-paragus. A favorite food of various

Native American tribes.

Prairie MilkweedPrairie MilkweedPrairie Milkweed

Asclepias sullivanti

Moist prairies

June-July

Pink -

purple

2-4

a.k.a.: stiff coreopsis,

stiff tickseed

Uses: The deep yellowflower is used to dye wooland wood.

The Meskwaki boiled theseeds and drank the result-ing brew. Some tribes usedthis plant in a poultice for

rheumatism.

Prairie CoreopsisPrairie CoreopsisPrairie Coreopsis

Coreopsis palmata

Dry open prairiesand open wood-

June-July

Yellow

Upto3

a.k.a.: false sunflower

Uses: A grazed

plant. Was made into atea to treat a widerange of lung troubles.Oxeyes are consideredone of the best hardyplants for a wildflowergarden, especially in drylocations.

Oxeye SunflowerOxeye SunflowerOxeye Sunflower

Heliopis helianthoides

Tall grass prairies,open spaces, drywoodlands

June-Oct.

Yellow

2-3 H3-4 W

a.k.a. White or Foxglove beardtongue

Uses: Native Americans used this plant totreat chills andfever andchewed theroot to aid withtoothaches. Theroot was usedto speed deliv-ery of

afterbirth.

Pale BeardtonguePale BeardtonguePale Beardtongue

Penstemon digitalis

Tall grass prairie,Dry soils, open wood-lands, roadsides anddisturbed fields

May-July

White,purpletinged

1-3


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a.k.a.: golden cassia,

wild sensitive plant

Uses: White-tailed deer oftenbrowse on the leaves of thisplant, though they are toxic tolivestock. The seeds provide foodfor several different species ofbirdsand is a good honey plantfor bees.

Partridge PeaPartridge PeaPartridge Pea

Chamaecrista fasciculate

Dry or sandy soils of tallgrass prairies, woodlandedges, roadsides anddisturbed areas

July-Sept.

Yellow

2+

Uses: A juice was

made and then bathed into give relief from pain. AllEchinacea species havebeen used for medicine totreat many different alimentssuch as head and toothaches,snakebites, bee stings and bloodpoisoning.This plant is important for grazingas it contributes toward roughage

in livestock diet.

Pale Purple ConeflowerPale Purple ConeflowerPale Purple Coneflower

Echinacea pallida

Bluffs and roadsidesof dry prairie

May-July

Pinkish

2-3

a.k.a.: alum root

Uses: A powder madefrom the root was usedas an astringent to closewounds and also to treatsore throat and diarrhea.Boiling the roots pro-duced a medicinal tea. Amilder form of the teawas used cold as an eye-

wash.

Prairie AlumPrairie AlumPrairie Alum

Heuchera richardsonii

Throughout prairies,mostly sandy, driersoils, dry and slopingwoods

April-June

White,pale green

1-3

a.k.a.: gay feather,button snakeroot

Uses: Used in gardens as an Or-namental. The roots supposedlytaste like carrots. Related spe-cies of Prairie Blazing Starwere used extensively by NativeAmericans to treat diarrhea,urinary trouble and uterine dis-eases.

Prairie Blazing StarPrairie Blazing StarPrairie Blazing Star

Liatris pycnostrachya

Tall grass prairies

July-Sept.

Violet

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illinois; prairie species garden - peoria garden club

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