Welcome to AV 321: Computer Networks

B. S. Manoj, Ph.D Avionics, IIST

bsmanoj@iist.ac.in Lecture-2

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Today’s plan

• General updates – Course website – IEEE Student membership

• Early Innovators behind the Internet

• Internet of Things

• Issues with Grown up Internet

• Introduction to the Internet

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Signup for Course website • Visit the Course website

– https://172.20.14.51

– Register yourselves

– Key: WhoAmI?

• IEEE (Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) – www.ieee.org

– Visit www.ieee.org/join

– Student full year membership: $27.00 (Payable in rupees)

– Instructions will be provided in the next class 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 3

Claude Shannon • In 1948 with the publication of A Mathematical Theory of

Communication, Shannon characterized a channel by a single parameter; the channel capacity.

• His paper established fundamental limits on the efficiency of communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of finding families of codes that achieve capacity.

• It has taken fifty years for coding theorists to discover codes that come close to these fundamental limits on telephone line channels.

• Created the idea that all information could be represented using 1s and 0s. Called these fundamental units BITS.

• Created the concept data transmission in BITS per second.

• Widely credited as the Father of Information Theory.

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Source: http://www.research.att.com/~njas/doc/ces5.html and the Internet Society

Leonard Kleinrock • Kleinrock published his first paper Information Flow in Large

Communication Nets in July, 1961.

• He developed his ideas further in his 1963 Ph.D. thesis, and then published a comprehensive analytical treatment of digital networks in his book Communication Nets in 1964.

• In 1966, Larry Roberts, a program manager with ARPA, was mandated to develop the ARPANET, and used Kleinrock's Communication Nets to help convince his colleagues that a wide area digital communication network was possible.

• In October, 1968, Roberts gave a contract to Kleinrock's team as the ideal group to develop ARPANET and conduct performance measurement.

• On a historical day in early September, 1969, a team at Kleinrock's group connected one of their SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor, thereby becoming the first node on the ARPANET, and the first computer ever on the Internet. 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 5

Source: Dr. Kleinrock’s Homepage and the Internet Society

LO! Behold!

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L O G

First successfully sent message over the Internet: LO LO! and Behold (means: look! - behold! ) Used especially to announce things that are considered startling or important. Separately used in Bible Genesis 15:3 (King James version,) Used together first in 1808 on an English Royal letter in the Correspondence 1787–1870.

Paul Baran • In 1959 Paul Baran joined RAND and started working on survivable, wide

area communications networks so they could reorganize and respond after a

nuclear attack, diminishing the attractiveness of a first nuclear strike option

by the Soviet Union.

• The results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of

1961 as briefing B-265, then as a series of eleven comprehensive papers

titled On Distributed Communications in 1964.

• Baran's study describes a remarkably detailed architecture for a distributed,

survivable, packet switched communications network. The network is

designed to withstand almost any degree of destruction to individual

components without loss of end-to-end communications.

• Baran's architecture was well designed to provide reliability and helped to

convince the US Military that wide area digital computer networks were a

promising technology. 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 7

Source: Livinginternet.com and the Internet Society

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn • In 1972, Vinton Cerf was a DARPA scientist at

Stanford University and he joined Robert Kahn as

Principal Investigator on a project to design the

next generation networking protocol for the

ARPANET.

• Cerf and Kahn drafted a paper describing their

network design, titled "A Protocol for Packet

Network Interconnection", in 1973 and then

finalized and published in the IEEE Transactions of

Communications Technology, in May, 1974.

• Cerf, Kahn, and Stanford graduate students Yogen

Dalal and Carl Sunshine published the first

technical specification of TCP/IP as an as RFC

675, in December, 1974.

• TCP was split into TCP and IP in 1978. 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 8

Source: LivingInternet.com

Tim Berners-Lee

• The inventor of HTML. Graduate of Oxford

University, England, Tim is now with the Laboratory

for Computer Science (LCS) at the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (MIT).

• In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an

internet-based hypermedia initiative for global

information sharing, while working at CERN, the

European Particle Physics Laboratory.

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Source: w3c.org and The Internet Society.

Mark Andreesen

• Marc Andreesen, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, identified that most browsers were designed for UNIX machines and were available only for academics.

• In 1992, Andreesen and Eric Bina, developed new browser Mosaic that let

– Images and text to appear on the same page

– A graphical interface with clickable buttons that let users navigate easily

– The hyper-link. In earlier browsers hypertext links had reference numbers that the user typed in to navigate to the linked document. Hyper-links allowed the user to simply click on a link to retrieve a document.

• In mid-1994, Mosaic Communications Corp. was officially incorporated in Mountain View, California where he led the development of Netscape, the leading Internet browser for another decade.

1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 10 Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers

and the Internet Society.

Innovations soon followed

• Yahoo.com; the web indexing service • Hotmail.com; first web-based email service • Google.com; transformed search service as one of the

most important activity on the net • Akamai.net; content distribution service as one of the

key elements in the internet • Peer-to-peer networks came to be as a novel alternative

communication approach • Wireless Internet; Internet over wireless • MySpace/Facebook: Social Networking tools • PlanetLab:a large scale world-wide network testbed • NSF-GENI (GENI.NET) Global Environment for Network

Innovations/ Software Defined Network

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Summary

• Early Innovators behind the Internet

• Register for the course website

• Take a look at www.ieee.org

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