iiiiii smp, periodic table notes 20141 the periodic table- topic 5 click for song bellwork: using...
TRANSCRIPT
I II IIISMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 1
The Periodic Table- Topic 5
Click for song
Bellwork: Using your RB (pgs 78-83), define the following words in your notebook: family, group, periodic law, period, metal, metalloid, nonmetal
Searching For an Organizing Principle
Chlorine, bromine, and iodine have very similar chemical properties.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (1869) How did Mendeleev organize his periodic table? The Abbreviated History of the Periodic Table for
Regents Chemistry
6.1
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 3
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 4
A. Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian) Organized elements by
increasing ATOMIC MASS.
Elements with similar chemical properties were grouped together.
There were some discrepancies.
I. HISTORY
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 5
B. Henry Moseley
ORGANIZED ELEMENTS BY INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.
Resolved discrepancies in Mendeleev’s arrangement.
The Periodic LawIn the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
6.1
Mendeleev’s original table was according to mass. This was changed when Moseley discovered atomic number.
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 6
When elements are arranged in order of INCREASING ATOMIC #, elements with similar chemical properties appear at regular intervals.
The properties of the elements within a period change as you move across a period from left to right.
The pattern of properties within a period repeats as you move from one period to the next.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20Atomic Number
Ato
mic
Ra
diu
s (
pm
)
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 7
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 8
1. Horizontal rowsCalled PERIODSAll elements in the same period have the same number of ENERGY LEVELS in their atomic structure
A. Arrangement of Table
II. ORGANIZATION OF THE ELEMENTS
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 9
2. Vertical Columns
a) Called GROUPS OR FAMILIESb) All elements in the same group have the
same number of VALENCE ELECTRONS, therefore lose or gain the SAME number of electrons, form similar CHEMICAL FORMULAS and have similar CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ex. XCl2 Group 2:
Be +2 Cl -1 = BeCl 2
Mg +2 Cl -1 = MgCl2
When writing
formulas, use the
criss-cross rule to
cancel out
oxidation states
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 10
Elements can be classified by their properties and located on the Periodic Table as metals, nonmetals, metalloids or semimetals
Metals on the left
Nonmetals on the rightMetalloids or semimetals
III. Comparing Metals, Nonmetals & Metalloids
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014
Elements on the Periodic Table are divided into three subgroups called METALS, NONMETALS and METALLOIDS
(semimetals).
Decrease metallic properties
Decrease metallic propertiesIncrease Increase
metallic metallic
propertiespropertiesIncrease Increase
nonmetallic nonmetallic
propertiesproperties
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 12
METALS: located on the LEFT SIDE of the periodic table (except H); MORE THAN 2/3 of all elements
1. Chemical properties tend to LOSE ELECTRONS EASILY (form + ions
with smaller radii) have LOW IONIZATION ENERGY (energy
needed to remove electrons) Metallic character INCREASES as ionization
energy decreases. have LOW ELECTRON AFFINITY (attraction for
electrons) form POSITIVE IONS when combining with
other atoms FRANCIUM most reactive metal: See Table J
http://castlelearning.com/review/reference/chem%20table%20j.htm
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 13
2. Metals Physical Properties
good conductors of heat and electricity due to their mobile valence electrons
LUSTROUS - reflect light, shine when they are polished
MALLEABLE - can be rolled or hammered into sheets
DUCTILE - can be drawn into wires are SOLIDS at room temperature
except for MERCURY (liquid)
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 14
B. NONMETALS- located on the right side of the periodic table (except for Noble gases)
1. Chemical properties tend to GAIN electrons to form
negative IONS with radii larger than their atoms
have high electron affinities (electronegativity)
produce COVALENT bonds by SHARING electrons with other nonmetals
FLUORINE most reactive nonmetal: see Table J
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 15
2. Nonmetals Physical Properties exist as gases, molecular solids, or
network solids at room temperature except BROMINE (liquid)
BRITTLE - (shatters when struck) DULL - does not reflect light even when
polished POOR CONDUCTORS of heat and
electricity Allotropes: Different SHAPE & PROPERTIES
forms from the same element.CARBON: coal; diamond, graphite OXYGEN: O2; O3 (OZONE)
Know the definition & examples
C. METALLOIDS (semi-metals)
Found lying on the jagged line between metals and nonmetals flatly touching the line (except Al and Po).
B,Si,Ge,As, Sb, & Te Exhibit properties of both
metals and nonmetals Behave as nonmetals but
their conductivity is like metals
SEMICONDUCTORS – Si and GeSMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 16
Class/Home work - Trends
Complete pg 7 of guide by reading pgs 85-87 in RB (preferably in pencil)
Complete guide pgs 8-9 On pg 8, only collect trend data for
groups 1 and 7, and periods 2 and 4
Quiz Friday
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 17
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 18
Trends in the Periodic TableMany properties of the elements change in a predictable way as you move through the periodic table – these systematic trends are called periodic trends. (use reference Table S for data comparison)
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 19
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
INCREASES
DECREASES
Definition: AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED TO REMOVE AN e- FROM AN ATOM.
TRENDs in a PERIOD as you move across left to right, values generally INCREASES Why?: AS THE #PROTONS (AKA: NUCLEAR CHARGE) INCREASES,
THERE IS A GREATER PULL ON THE E’S REQUIRING MORE NRG TO REMOVE THEM
TRENDs in a group: IE generally DECREASES from move top to bottom? Why?: Atom size increases making the outermost electron
farther away from the nucleus therefore making it easier to remove; Nuclear Shielding increases
1.IONIZATION ENERGY (IE)
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 20
© 1998 LOGAL
2. Atomic Radii
DEFINITION: ½ THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN 2
ADJACENT NUCLEI
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 21
TRENDs in a PERIOD as you move
across left to right, values
generally DECREASES
Why? THE GREATER THE
#PROTONS (NUCLEAR CHARGE),
THE STRONGER THE PULL ON THE
e’S BRINGING THEM CLOSER INTO
THE NUCLEUS (SHIELDING)
TRENDs in a group: AR generally
INCREASES from the top of the to
the bottom of the table.
Why? AS EACH ELEMENT GOES
DOWN A GROUP, YOU ADD
ANOTHER NRG LEVEL INCREASING
THE SHIELDING
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 22
3. ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)
DEFINITION: MEASURE OF AN ATOM’S ABILITY TO ATTRACT ELECTRONS
Atoms with a HIGH Electronegativity have a STRONGER attraction for bonded electrons
Atoms with a LOW Electronegativity have a WEAKER attraction for bonded electrons
Based on a scale of 4, Fluorine has the greatest EN
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 23
EN TRENDs in a PERIOD as you move across left to right, values generally INCREASES Why?: THERE ARE MORE PROTONS (INCREASED
ATOMIC NUMBER) WHICH INCREASES THE ELECTRONS ATTRACTION
EN TRENDs in a group: EN generally DECREASES from the top of the to the bottom of the table. Why?: AS YOU GO DOWN A GROUP THERE ARE MORE
ELECTRONS AND MORE NRG LEVELS SO THE ATTRACTION GETS WEAKER
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2013 24
IONIC RADIUS
Definition: A LOSS OR GAIN
IN ELECTRONS BY AN ATOM WILL
CHANGE THE SIZE OF THE
RESULTING ION
Ionic Radii
Metals Nonmetals
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2013 25
METALS:
LOSE electrons and form CATIONS (and get smaller)
ACROSS A PERIOD Explanation: METALS LOSE
ELECTRONS FROM THEIR valence SHELL
Trend: ionic size DECREASES
DOWN A GROUP Explanation: AS YOU MOVE
DOWN A GROUP, YOU ADD ANOTHER ENERGY LEVEL THEREBY INCREASING THE SIZE DUE TO THE INCREASED # OF ELECTRONS
Trend: ionic size INCREASES
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2013 26
NONMETALS: tend to GAIN electrons and form
ANIONS (and get larger).
ACROSS A PERIOD Explanation: NONMETALS GAIN
ELECTRONS WHICH ARE ATTRACTED TO THE PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS
Trend: ionic size decreases.
GOING DOWN A GROUP Explanation: YOU ADD
ANOTHER ENERGY LEVEL THEREBY INCREASING THE SIZE DUE TO THE INCREASED # OF ELECTRONS
Trend: ionic size INCREASES© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 27
Periodic Trends Summary(use reference Table S for data comparison)
Trend Across a Across a period period
Down a Down a groupgroup
Ionization energy
increasesincreases decreasesdecreases
Electronegativity
increasesincreases decreasesdecreases
Atomic radii decreasesdecreases increasesincreases
Metallic properties
decreasesdecreases increasesincreases
Click on for video clip
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 28
IV. Classification
Alkali MetalsAlkaline Earth MetalsTransition MetalsHalogensNoble Gases
Click for
song
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 29
Group 1: Alkali Metals
extremely reactive (not found free in nature) -form stable ionic compounds
react with water to form a basereact with air to form oxidesreact with acids to form salts
Click on for video clip (2:56 min)
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 30
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
reactive (not found free in nature) - form stable ionic compounds
react with water to form a basereact with air to form oxides react with acids to form salts
Click on for video clip
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 31
Groups 3-11: Transition Metals
multiple positive oxidation statesLose electrons from two outermost
energy levelsIons form colored solutions
Ex. CuSO4 (due to the Cu 2+ ion)
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 32
Group 15 – unique features
Members range from typical nonmetals (nitrogen and phosphorus) through metalloids (arsenic and antimony) to metals (bismuth)
NitrogenForms stable diatomic molecules with a triple
bondComponent of proteinForms some unstable compounds that are used as
explosives
PhosphorusComponent of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)More reactive than nitrogen at room temperature
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 33
Group 16 – unique Features
Members range from typical nonmetals (oxygen and sulfur) through metalloids (selenium and tellurium) to metals (polonium)
Solids except oxygen Oxygen can exist as O2 and O3 (it is an allotrope)
Polonium is radioactive
SMP, Periodic Table Notes 2014 34
Group 17: Halogens
very reactive nonmetals - high electronegativity
not found free in natureform diatomic molecules when
freereact with metals to form salts
(halides)Found in all three phases (s, l,
g) due to differences in Van der Waals forces (these are weak)