i

CONTENTS

Chapter Page No's

List of Tables ii-ix

List of Figures x-xii

Acknowledgements xiii-xiv

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-21

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 22-47

Chapter 3 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM OF

MGNREGA

48-61

Chapter 4 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 62-192

4.1 Socio-economic profile of beneficiaries & non

beneficiaries.

62-83

4.2 Impact of MGNREGA 84-168

4.3 Impact of MGNREGA on women. 169-174

4.4 MGNREGA & Financial Inclusion. 175-178

4.5 Constraints/ Problems. 179-192

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Suggestions 193-205

5.1 Summary/Conclusions 193-200

5.2 Suggestions/ Recommendations 201-205

Bibliography 206-218

List of Appendices 219-229

1. Annexure A 219-227

2. Annexure B 228

3. Annexure C 229

Publications

ii

LIST OF TABLES

S.No. Table No. Title Page No's

1 1.1 Time-Line of MGNREGA programme 3

2 1.2 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA at

National level

6

3 1.3 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in

J&K

8

4 1.4 Profile of District Rajouri 10

5 1.5 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in

district Rajouri

11

6 1.6 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in

Block Sundarbani

13

7 1.7 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in

Block Doongi

14

8 3.1 Distribution of sample respondents in context of

knowledge on basic entitlements of Act.

55

9 3.2 Distribution of sample workers according to literacy

level

55

10 3.3 Response of sample beneficiaries in respect of main

sources of MGNREGA information.

57

11 3.4 Distribution of respondents according to the entries

on their job cards.

58

12 3.5 No. of respondents who demanded & got

employment in the study area.

59

13 4.1 Block-wise distribution of respondents. 63

14 4.2 Distribution of sample respondent’s sex wise 64

15 4.3 Distribution of respondents age group wise 65

16 4.4 Distribution of sample respondent’s religion wise 66

iii

17 4.5 Distribution of BPL card holder & non-holder

respondents

67

18 4.6 Distribution of sample respondents according to

literacy level

68

19 4.7 Distribution of sample household’s social group wise 69

20 4.8 Distribution of respondents according to type of

house

70

21 4.9 Distribution of respondents according to Family-size 71

22 4.10 Distribution of respondents according to children

going to school

72

23 4.11 Distribution of respondent’s according to presence of

disabled persons

73

24 4.12 Distribution of sampled respondent’s migration-wise 74

25 4.13 Distribution of sample respondents according to

occupation

75

26 4.14 Distribution of respondents according to size of land

holding

76

27 4.15 Distribution of respondent’s according to annual

Income

77

28 4.16 Distribution of non-beneficiaries sex wise 78

29 4.17 Distribution of non-beneficiaries according to literacy

level

79

30 4.18 Distribution of BPL card holder & non-holder

respondents

80

31 4.19 Distribution of non-beneficiary respondents into their

size of land holding

81

32 4.20 Distribution of non-beneficiaries according to their

occupation

82

33 4.21 Distribution of non-beneficiaries according to their 83

iv

annual income

34 4.22 Showing respondent beneficiaries in Sundarbani &

Doongi block.

84

35 4.23 Mandays generated from MGNREGA in the study

area

85

36 4.24 Number of days the workers employed in different

works under MGNREGA

87

37 4.25 Proportion of additional employment from

MGNREGA to the total employment of the worker

by land holding category

89

38 4.26 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

91

39 4.27 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

92

40 4.28 Distribution of average mandays & income per

worker from MGNREGA by income groups

92

41 4.29 No. of respondents who demanded & got

employment in the study area

93

42 4.30 Gender-wise employment provided in the study

blocks

94

43 4.31 Distribution of sample workers according to their age

in the study area

95

44 4.32 Age-wise results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA

in block Sundarbani

96

45 4.33 Age-wise results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA

in block Doongi

96

46 4.34 Employment generation by respondents according to

their educational level

97

47 4.35 Education-wise results of t-Test before & after

MGNREGA in block Sundarbani

98

v

48 4.36 Education-wise results of t-Test before & after

MGNREGA in block Doongi

98

49 4.37 Caste/Community-wise employment in the study area 99

50 4.38 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

100

51 4.39 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

100

52 4.40 Days-wise employment provided in the study area 101

53 4.41 Employment generation by BPL card holders in the

study area

103

54 4.42 Category-wise (land holding) proportion of additional

income from MGNREGA sources to total income of

the respondents

105

55 4.43 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

107

56 4.44 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

107

57 4.45 Proportion of additional income from MGNREGA

sources to total income of the worker households on

the basis of categorization by income groups

108

58 4.46 Income generated under different works in the study

area

109

59 4.47 Gender-wise income of MGNREGA workers in the

study area

110

60 4.48 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

111

61 4.49 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

112

62 4.50 Age-wise income of MGNREGA workers in the 112

vi

study area

63 4.51 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

113

64 4.52 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

114

65 4.53 Income generated by the workers according to their

education level

114

66 4.54 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

115

67 4.55 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

116

68 4.56 Income generated by BPL card holders in the study

area

116

69 4.57 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

118

70 4.58 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

118

71 4.59 Community wise income of the beneficiaries in the

study area

119

72 4.60 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Sundarbani

120

73 4.61 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block

Doongi

120

74 4.62 Income generated by women workers in the study

area

121

75 4.63 Comparison of income before and after MGNREGA

in block Sundarbani

121

76 4.64 Results of ANOVA 122

77 4.65 Comparison of income before and after MGNREGA

in block Doongi

122

vii

78 4.66 Results of ANOVA 123

79 4.67 Proportion of employment generated at current

period to the employment of non job card holders by

income groups

127

80 4.68 Proportion of income from sources other than

MGNREGA to the total income 140 of non job card

holders by income groups

129

81 4.69 Employment & Income generated by beneficiaries

(MGNREGA) & non- beneficiaries (other than

MGNREGA) household by income groups in

Sundarbani & Doongi block

131

82 4.70 Source-wise annual household expenditure before

and after MGNREGA in block Sundarbani & Doongi

134

83 4.71 Expenditure on food and other consumption items in

Block Sundarbani

135

84 4.72 Expenditure on food and other consumption items in

Block Doongi

136

85 4.73 Expenditure on clothing in Block Sundarbani 137

86 4.74 Expenditure on Clothing in Block Doongi 138

87 4.75 Expenditure on Health in Block Sundarbani 139

88 4.76 Expenditure on Health in Block Doongi 140

89 4.77 Expenditure on cooking fuel in Block Sundarbani 141

90 4.78 Expenditure on cooking fuel in Block Doongi 142

91 4.79 Expenditure on Education in Block Sundarbani 143

92 4.80 Expenditure on Education in Block Doongi 144

93 4.81 Expenditure on Transport in Block Sundarbani 145

94 4.82 Expenditure on Transport in Block Doongi 146

95 4.83 Expenditure on Social/ religious function in Block 147

viii

Sundarbani

96 4.84 Expenditure on Social/ religious function in Block

Doongi

148

97 4.85 Expenditure on Alcohol in Block Sundarbani 149

98 4.86 Expenditure on Alcohol in Block Doongi 150

99 4.87 Expenditure on Loan repayment in Block Sundarbani 151

100 4.88 Expenditure on Loan repayment in Block Doongi 152

101 4.89 Expenditure on Electricity bill in Block Sundarbani 153

102 4.90 Expenditure on Electricity bill in Block Doongi 154

103 4.91 Expenditure on Phone bill in Block Sundarbani 155

104 4.92 Expenditure on Phone bill in Block Doongi 156

105 4.93 Expenditure on Agricultural equipments & seeds in

Block Sundarbani

157

106 4.94 Expenditure on Agricultural equipments and seeds in

Block Doongi

158

107 4.95 Expenditure on Household assets in Block

Sundarbani

159

108 4.96 Expenditure on Household assets in Block Doongi 160

109 4.97 Expenditure on Recreation in Block Sundarbani 161

110 4.98 Expenditure on Recreation in Block Doongi 162

111 4.99 Expenditure on Maintenance of House in Block

Sundarbani

163

112 4.100 Expenditure on Maintenance of House in Block

Doongi

164

113 4.101 Showing expenditure of income for which results are

significant in both Sundarbani & Doongi blocks

166

114 4.102 Showing the priority of works in the study blocks 167

ix

115 4.103 Wage rates of MGNREGA since inception in Jammu

& Kashmir state

167

116 4.104 Share of Women in Employment (%age) at National

Level

170

117 4.105 Employment provided to women respondents in the

study area

171

118 4.106 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in the

study blocks

172

119 4.107 Income generated by women respondents in study

area

172

120 4.108 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in the

study blocks

173

121 4.109 Block-wise number of respondents having bank

accounts under MGNREGA in the study area

177

122 4.110 Constraint Index of Beneficiaries 180

123 4.111 Constraint Index of women beneficiaries 185

x

LIST OF FIGURES

S.No. Figure No. Title Page No's

1 1.1

Map of District Rajouri showing study area

Sundarbani & Doongi blocks

10

2 3.1 Implementation structure of MGNREGA 49

3 3.2 Distribution of sample households social group wise 56

4 4.1 Block wise share of respondent households 63

5 4.2 Graphic representation of respondents sex wise

respondents

64

6 4.3 Graphic representation of respondent’s age group 65

7 4.4 Graphic representation of respondent’s religion wise 66

8 4.5 Graphic representation of BPL card holder & non

holder respondent’s

67

9 4.6 Graphic representation of literacy rate of respondents 68

10 4.7 Graphic representation of social groups of

respondents

69

11 4.8 Graphic representation of type of house of

respondents

70

12 4.9 Graphic representation of family size of respondents 71

13 4.10 Graphic representation of the respondent’s children

going to school

72

14 4.11 Graphic representation of respondents with disabled

persons

73

15 4.12 Graphic representation of migration pattern of

respondent’s

74

16 4.13 Graphic representation of occupation of respondent’s 75

17 4.14 Graphic representation of respondent’s land holding 76

xi

18 4.15 Graphic representation of respondent’s annual

income

77

19 4.16 Showing gender of non-beneficiaries 78

20 4.17 Graphic representation of literacy level of non

beneficiaries

79

21 4.18 Graphic poverty line of non-beneficiaries 80

22 4.19 Graphic representation of land holdings of non-

beneficiaries

81

23 4.20 Graphic representation of occupation of non-

beneficiaries

82

24 4.21 Graphic representation of annual income of non-

beneficiaries

83

25 4.22 Graphic representation of respondents in Sundarbani

& Doongi block

84

26 4.23 Graphic representation of respondents covered &

Provided with employment in block

Sundarbani & Doongi

86

27 4.24 Graphic representation of percentage of respondents

in different works in Block Sundarbani & Doongi

87

28 4.25 Graphic representation of respondents who demanded

employment & provided with employment

93

29 4.26 Graphic representation of respondents worked for

different number of days in block Sundarbani &

Doongi

102

30 4.27 Graphic representation of employment generated by

BPL card Holders in study blocks

103

31 4.28 Graphic representation of BPL respondents &

Income

117

32 4.29 Income levels Before & After MGNREGA in Block 124

xii

Sundarbani

33 4.30 Income levels Before & After MGNREGA in Block

Doongi

124

34 4.31 Lorenz Curve Before and After MGNREGA 125

35 4.32 Graphic representation of Share of women

respondents in study area

171

36 4.33 Graphic representation of Bank accounts and saving

status

177

37 4.34 Graphic representation of constraint index of

beneficiaries

181

38 4.35 Graphical representation of constraint index of

women beneficiaries

186