AD 1 A 4I1AI NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA F/A 17/5

TARGLT ACQUISITION MODULE FOR THE STAR COMAINED ARMS COMBAT S--ETCU)APR 82 J K HARTMAN MIPR-CD-2-82

UNCLASSIFIED NPS55-62-OI4 NLflflfflflfflflfflflfEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEIIEIIIEEEEEEEEEEEEIEEEEEEEEEIIEEEIIIEIIIIEIIEEELNNNNNNNNNEEEEI

NPS55-82-014

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California

A TARGET ACQUISITION MODULE ,__

FOR THE S611

STAR COMBINED ARMS COMBAT SIMULATION -

VOLUME IIWOTECHNICAL MANUAL

James K. Hartman

April 1982

t0Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Prepared for:US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, VA 23651

82 08 20 046

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMONTEREY, CALIFORNIA

Rear Admiral J. J. Ekelund D.A. Schrady

Superintendent Acting Provost

This work was supported with funds provided by the US ArmyTraining and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651

I As K. Hartmanepartment of Operations Research

Reviewed by:

16tneale T. Marshall, ca yiii IV7 Iiam M. To)lles "-

Department of Operations Res -rch Dean of Research

it

UnclassifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wen )014 Entered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTK'CTIONSREPORT__ DOCUMENTATIONPAGE_ BEFORE COMPLETING FORM1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3.. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

NPS55-82-014 /4. TITLE (and Subttf) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

A Target Acquisition Module for the STARCombined Arms Combat Simulation, Volume II,Technical Manual 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(S) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(*)

James K. Hartman

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK

Naval Postgraduate School AREA A WORK UNIT NUMBERSMonterey, California 93940 MIPR# CD 2-82

11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

US Army Training and Doctrine Command April 1982Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651 Is. NUMBER OF PAGES

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(II dIfferent from Controlling Olfice) 1S. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

U

ISs. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20. if differen, from Report)

1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Is. KEY WORDS (Continu, on reveree *Ode i n.c. ssary 'd identify by bl ck numb.e)

Target Acquisition, Detection, Search, STAR, Combat Models, Simulation, NVL,Elect roopt ics

2NJABSTRACT (Continue an revere* side It neceemy ind Identify by block number)

This report provides technical documentation for the Target Acquisition Moduleof the STAR Combined Arms Combat Simulation Model. Details of data structures,simulation events, and supporting routines are provided.

II

DD , JAN,, 1473 EDITION OF I NOV s OBSOLETE UnclassifiedS/N 0102-0146601 1 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)

-. J

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION. ............................. 1

11. STAR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NYL DETECTION MODEL.................. 3

A. SCOPE OF THE NVL MODEL - INPUT PARAMETERSA ND OUTPUT......................... seo--see-e 3

B. ROUTINE NVL.DET.. ...... o.... ........ 3

C. SUPPORTING ROUTINES.o..... o.....o........... o................11

1. LOS.GEOM.o........ o......................11--

2. TGT.SIGNATURE ...................... 11

3. ATTENUTATION ............. .......................... 16

4o RESOLUTION ..... o....................... .............. 19

5. JOHNSON.CRITERION................................ ..... 27

6. PR.INFINITY ............................ ..........o...29

7. SCH.RATE... ............ ..os--......... 31

D. SUPPORTING DATA ARRAYS ... ..o...... .o.o ... oo...... 34

lo SNSR.PARS ........................ 34

2. MRCMRT..... ...............e--o---eee34

3. OI.MRC.......................... oe 36

FAccession

For

DTIc TA13

Ju~tift'j lt lon -.. - -

071c Distributonu!

j Dist , ;pc pl

L -LAL

PAGE

8. ATMOS.ATTEN ........................................... 38

9. N5OTABLE ......................................... ..... 38

10. RES.SCH ROUTINE........................ ........ 40

E. LIME OF SIGHT BACKGROUND COMPUTATIONS ................. 44

1. DEFINITION OF BACKGROUND CODES...... .......... 44

2. LOS.BKGNO.ROUTINE.................................... 45

Il1. DEFINING AND MANIPULATING THE DETECTED LIST................. 53

A. THE DETECTED LIST..-.................................. 53

B. ROUTINE LIS.ADD ...... ... ................. 55

C. ROUTINE LIS.CHECK. ... ... .... ......... .. 58

D. ROUTINE LIS.DELETE ..... ..... . . ..... ......... ....... 61

E. ROUTINE LIS. PURGE ............. . .................. 64

F. ROUTINE LIS.RELEASE ............. ............ ... 67

G6 ROUTINE LIS.LEVEL.PURGE ........... ........ 69

H. INCORPORATING THE 2-D LIST INTO STAR ................... 72

IV. ASSOCIATING SENSORS AND SEARCH TACTICSWITH SIMULATED COMBATANTS................................. 76

A. THE SCH.TYPE ATTRIBUTE ...... o........ . ......... ... 76

B. THE SCH.DATA ARRAY ............ . .......... . .... 77

V. THE SEARCH EVENT .... ....... ... ................... 79

A. DISCUSSION .... ...... .... ........ o.... o...... o... . .. .... 79

B. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION- SEARCH .......................... 79

ii

PAGE

VI. SEARCH TACTICS - ROUTINES....................... 82

A. THE CONCEPT OF A SEARCH TACTIC .... o............. 82

B. CURRENT SEARCH TACTIC/NEW SEARCH TACTICS.o.... ...o.........84

C. STKI - DYNTACS VISUAL TARGET ACQUISITION. .... o......o.........85

D. STK2 - NYL SINGLE SZNSOR TARGET ACQUISITIONo......... .. 86

VII. CONCLUSIONS........ . .. ....... .oo... ... .. 109

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBER PAGE NUMBER

11-1 ROUTINE NVL.DET 9-10

11-2 ROUTINE LOS.GEOM 13

11-3 ROUTINE TGT.SIGNATURE 15

11-4 ROUTINE ATTENUATION 18

11-5 ROUTINE RESOLUTION 23-26

11-6 ROUTINE JOHNSON.CRITERION 28

11-7 ROUTINE PR.INFINITY 30

11-8 ROUTINE SCH.RATE 33

11-9 ROU'TINE RES.SCH 40-43

11-10 ROUTINE LOS.BKGND 46a

11-11 THREE SITUATIONS WHEN SS =S2 49

11-12 TWO CASES WHEN SS = 51 50

11-13 THREE SITUATIONS AT HILLTOP 51

11-14 ROUTINE LOS.TRE.BKG 52

111-1 ROUTINE LIS.ADD 57

111-2 ROUTINE LIS.CHECK 60

111-3 ROUTINE LIS.DELETE 63

111-4 ROUTINE LIS.PURGE 66

111-5 ROUTINE LIS.RELEV7 68

111-6 ROUTINE LIS.LEVEL.PURGE 71

iv

V-l EVENT SEARCH 81

VI-l ROUTINE STK1 87

VI-2 ROUTINE VIS.DET.DYNTACS 88-89

VI-3 ROUTINE STK2 95-97

VI-4 ROUTINE NVL.1.PHASE 101-102

VI-5 ROUTINE POT.TGT 105

VI-6 ROUTINE EMPTY.PO.TGT 107

... .V

I. INTROOUCTION

The STAR Target Acquisiton Module has been developed to enable the STAR

(Simulation of Tactical Alternative Responses) combat simulation model to

simulate various ways of using modern sensor devices for battlefield target

acquisition. Major features of the target acquisition module are:

1. A wide variety of electro-optical and thermal imaging sensor

devices can be modelled using the Night Vision Laboratory (NVL) methodology.

(DYNTACS/ASARS visual detection models are also available.)

2. Each combat vehicle may have several ohservers.

3. Each observer may use multiple sensors.

4. There is no model-imposed limit on the number of different

vehicle - observer - sensor assignments.

5. Several flexible "search tactics" are defined to model the

detailed employment of the sensor devices by each observer.

6. The model includes degradation of target acquisition due to

smoke, weather, and nightime conditions.

7. Various levels of acquisition are modelled, with the potential

for investigating effects of limited information on target selection and weapon

employment tactics.

A summary of the target acquisition module is given in Volume I of this

report (Reference 1). It is assumed that the reader has completed Volume I

before attempting to read this report. Most of the descriptive matter of the

summary volume will not be repeated here.

1,

The current document (Volume II) concentrates on details of data

structures, events, and routines which implement the target acquisition module

in SIMSCRIPT 11.5 code. Chapter II presents the STAR implementation of the

U.S. Army Night Vision and Electro-Optical Laboratory (NVL) sensor device

models for target acquisition. Chapter III details the modified STAR target

list structure which incorporates acquisition level information for each

target. Chapter IV presents the data structures which are used to associate

sensor devices and search tactics with individual simulated observers. In

Chapter V we analyze the SEARCH event and its interaction with other STAR

combat functions. Chapter VI presents details of the search tactics routines

currently implemented in STAR.

2

II. STAR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NVL DETECTION MODEL

A. SCOPE OF THE NVL MODEL - INPUT PARAMETERS AND OUTPUT

Chapter III of Volume I of this report (Reference 1) presents a

summary of the NVL target detection methodology. The NVL model assumes that we

have identified an observer and a potential target, that we have selected a

sensor device and the mode in which it will be used, that we have described the

observer's field of search, and that we know the level of acquisition which the

ohserver is attemptinq to attain. Given these input parameters, the NVL mdoel

computes (as described in Volume I, Chapter III) whether an acquisition is

possible, and, if so, a stochastic time to acquire the target.

Determination of the above listed input parameters is outside the

scope of the NVL methodology and mist be handled by the rest of the STAR tarqet

acquisition module (in particular the search tactics routines). Similarly the

use of the resulting time to acquire is extraneous to the NVL model. In this

chapter we will consider only the NVL Model, leaving for later chapters its

interaction with the rest of the target acquisition module.

B. ROUTINE NVL.DET

All NVL acquisition time computations in STAR are performed by a call

to the routine NVL.DET with input parameters:

A - Pointer to observer

B - Pointer to potential target

SENSOR - Sensor to be used

MODE - Code for Sensor Mode of use, (Typically wide or narrowfield of view)

3

LO.ACQ.LFV - Lowest acceptable acquisition level

H.ACQ.LEV - 4ighest acquisition level to try for

HFOS - Observer horizontal field of search

VFOS - Observer vertical field of search

MAXTIME - Max time to spend trying to acquire target

and yielding:

TIME - Time to acquire tarqet (or RINF.C if acquisition doesnot occur)

ACQ.LEV - Acquisition level achieved

The SIMSCRIPT code for routine NVL.DET is given in Figures 1I-I. The following

comments in conjunction with the description in Volume I, Chapter III should

make its operation clear. NVL.DET is a driver routine which calls a number of

supporting routines. These supporting routines will he documented in Section C

of this Chapter. Data arrays used will be discussed in Section D.

There are two possible exits from routine NVL.DET. The normal exit at

Line 23 (See Figure Il) returns a computed time-to-acquire, while the "QUIT"

exit (Lines 76-80) is used whenever acquisition is impossible and returns

TIME=RINF.C and ACQ.LEV=O.

The routine has two phases. In the first, optimistic assumptions are made

to avoid LOS, background, and smoke computations. If target acquisition under

these conditions does not occur, then the routine returns. Otherwise, the

second phase computes LOS, target background, and smoke attenuation for a more

accurate target acquisition assessment.

4

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to observer entity

B INTEGER Pointer to target entity

SENSOR INTEGER Sensor Code

MODE INTEGER Sensor Mode of use code

LO.ACQ.LEV INTEGER Lowest acceptable acquisition level

HI.ACQ.LEV INTEGER Hiqhest acquisition level to try for

HFOS REAL Angle of observer's horizontal field ofsearch

VFOS REAL Angle of observer's vertical field ofsearch

MAXTIME REAL MAX time to spend trying to acquiretarget

YIELDING ARGUMENTS

TIME REAL Computed time to acquire target

ACQ.LEV INTEGER Acquisition level achieved (or zeroif no acquisition occurs)

LOCAL VARIABLES

DEV INTEGER NVL device code

RANGE REAL Observer to target range

PCT.VIS REAL Fraction of target vertical heightvisible to observer

BACKGRND INTEGER Target background code

SPECTRUM INTEGER Wavelength band code

SIGNATURE REAL Target Signature

SM.ATTEN REAL Attenuation factor due to smoke clouds

5

SENSR.INPUT REAL Attenuated target signature

SPATIAL.FREQ REAL Spatial frequency, F

CYCS REAL Resolution cycles on target image

N50 REAL NVL Johnson Criterion n50

CYCLE.RATIO REAL N/n50 Ratio

PROB.INF REAL P,

DISTOBKG REAL Rough estimate of distance tobackground

RN REAL Uniform (0,I) Random Number

RATE REAL Search Rate I/T,

GLOBAL VARIABLES (See Section D for Further Explanation)

SENSR.PARS REAL 3-D Sensor device parameters

TARDIM REAL 3-D Combat entity dimensions

RINF.C DOUBLE System defined infinity

MX.SIG REAL 3-D Largest that tgt signature can be

CRITICAL.VALUE REAL Threshold on PCT.VIS below which noacquisition can occur

N.SMK.SET INTEGER Number of smoke clouds currently onbattlefield

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

SYS.TYPE INTEGER System type of target

WPN.TYPE INTEGER Weapon type of target

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

DIST

ATTENUATION

6

!INIFORM.F

RESOLUTION

JOHNSON.CRITERION

PR.INFINITY

LOS.GEOM

SMK.ATTEN

TGT.SIGNATIJRE

SCH.RATE

LOG.E.F

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

SEE FIGURE 1I-I

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY (NVL.DET)

Lines 1 - 19 Give the routine declaration and variable definitions.

Lines 20 - 23 Screen out targets which are outside the sensor device's maximumrange.

Lines 24 - 27 Make optimistic assumptions about target signature andattenuation (to avoid LOS, Background, and Smokecomputations).

Lines 28 - 43 Compute acquisition under the optimistic Phase I assumptions.For more detail see the discussion of Phase 2 below. Ifacquisition is possible at any of the allowed levels, we goto Phase 2, otherwise QUIT.

Lines 44 - 47 Begin the Phase 2 computations.

Lines 48 - 51 Call Routine LOS.GEOM to determine whether line of sight to thetarget exists. If so, the percent of the target's verticalheight which is visible is computed along with the targetbackground code.

7

Lines 52 - 54 Call SMK.ATTEN to compute the target signature attenuationfactor due to smoke clouds between observer and target.

Line 55 Calls routine TGT.SIGNATURE to get the target signature.

Lines 56 - 59 Call routine ATTENUATION to attenuate the target signatureto account for atmospheric effects and smoke between theobserver and the target. If the resulting input to thesensor is less than the sensor minimum sensitivity thresholdgo to "QUIT".

Line 60 Calls routine RESOLUTION to compute the MRT (MRC) functionfor the sensor.

Lines 63 - 75 Loop through each allowable acquisition level. Acquisitionis tested for each level, the highest possible level beingreturned at Line 73. For each level, the followingcomputations are performed:

Lines 64 - 65 Call Routine JOHNSON.CRITERION to look up the cycle thresholdn50 for this detection situation and then compute the cycleratio N/n50.

Line 66 Calls Routine PR.INFINITY to compute the Po value using thetarget transform probability function.

Lines 70 - 73 Call Routine SCH.RATE to compute the search rate and use italong with RN to compute the final acquisition time forreturn to the calling program.

Lines 76 - 79 Are branched to whenever acquisition becomes impossible,returning an infinite time to the calling program.

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10

C. SUPPORTING ROUTINES

This section documents routines which are called by NVL.OET to perform

parts of the NVL methodology.

1. Routine LOS.GEOM. Routine LOS.GEOM is responsible for two

functions. First it computes geometric line of sight between the observer and

the target taking into account the STAR terrain and forest features. If

geometric line of sight exists, it then computes the target background as seen

by the observer.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to observer entity

R INTEGER Pointer to target entity

SPECTRUM INTEGER Sensor wavelength band code

MAXDIST PEAL Distance beyond target to check forbackground.

YIELDING ARGUMENTS

PCT.VIS REAL Fraction of target height visible toobserver.

BACKGRND INTEGER Target background type code

DISTOBKG REAL Rough estimate of distance from target tobackground

LOCAL VARIABLES

NONE

GLOBAL VARIABLES

FWD.LOOK INTEGER-) Inputs to control LOS routine

BWD.LOOK INTEGER

INTEGE11

VISFRB.LS REAL Perrent Visible output from LOS routine

MX3KGND INTEGER Number of hackground codes allowed for intarget signature data base

N.SMK.SET INTEGER Number of smoke clouds on the battlefield

CPITICAL.VALUE REAL Threshold for PCT.VIS below which

acquisitions are not allowed.

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

MONE

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

SIGHT

LOS.BKGND

SMK.NEAR.BKGND

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11-2

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY (LOS.GEOM)

Lines 1 - 5 Give routine DECLARATION and VARIABLE definitions.

Lines 6 - 9 Call STAR Routine SIGHT to do the geometric line ofsight computations.

Lines 11 - 17 Compute the target background code as seen by the observer.If only one background is allowed for in the target signaturedata base, then the computations are skipped.

lote that routine SIGHT is a standard STAR routine, LOS.RKGND is documented in

Section E of this Chapter, and routine SMK.NEAR.BKGND is documented in the STARSmoke Model Report (Reference 2).

See Section E of this Chapter for the definition of the background codes usedby the STAR model.

12

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2. Routine TGTSIGNATURE. The TGT.SIGNATJRE routine looks up optical

contrast or temperature difference depending on the sensor used. The current

routine is a simple table lookup.

GIVEN ARUGMENTS

B INTEGER Pointer to target entity

BACKGRND INTEGER Target background type code

SPECTRUM INTFGER Sensor wavelength band code

YIELDING ARGUMENT

SIGNATURE REAL The target signature

LOCAL VARIABLES

SYS INTEGER System type of target

WPN INTEGER Weapon type of target

GLOBAL VARIABLES

TAR.SIG REAL 4-D Target signature data array

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

SYS.TYPE INTEGER System type of target

WPN.TYPE INTEGER Weapon type of target

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

NONE

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11-3

COMMENTARY (TGTSIGNATURE)

The Routine is Self-Explanatory.

14

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15

3. Routine ATTENUATION. The ATTENUATION routine modifies the target

signature to account for transmission through the atmosphere and through

battlefield smoke clouds along the path from target to sensor.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

SIGNATURE REAL Target signature prior to attenuation

SPECTRUM INTEGER Sensor wavelength band code

RANGE REAL Observer/Target distance

SMK.ATTEN REAL Attenuation factor due to smoke clouds

YIELDING ARGUMENT

SENSR.INPUT REAL Attenuated target signature at sensor

LOCAL VARIABLES

SIG.ATMOS REAL Attenuation coefficient in open air

ATTEN.FACT REAL Atenuation factor due to smoke andatmosphere

GLOBAL VARIABLES

ATMOS.ATTEN REAL I-D Attenuation coefficients

SKY.GROUND REAL Sky/Ground brightness ratio for opticalsystems

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

NONE

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

EXP.F

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11-4.

16

,.J

COMMENTARY (ATTENUATION)

This routine is largely self-explanatory.

Lines 17 - 20 Preventnumeric overflow in extreme cases where theattenuation factor is very large.

Line 21 Distinguishes between optical devices (SPECTRUM = 1)

and thermal devices (SPECTRUM greater than 1).

Lines 22 - 24 Implement the appropriate equation.

17

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18

4. Routine RESOLUTION. The RESOLUTION routine uses sensor minimum

resolvable temperature (MRT) or minimum resolvable contrast (MRC) curves to

convert the attenuated target signature SENSR.INPUT to a resolvable spatial

frequency. The routine involves several special areas depending on the

parameters which influence the MRC/MRT for each device.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

SENSOR INTEGER Sensor code

MODE INTEGER Sensor mode of use code

INP REAL Attenuated target signature sensor input

YIELDING ARGUMENTS

SPATIAL.FREQ REAL Spatial frequency F

LOCAL VARIABLES

DEV INTEGER NVL device class code

NLL INTEGER Numbers of light levels in data array

LL INTEGER Light Level code

ID INTEGER Array index for device

IM INTEGER Array index for mode

I,J,N INTEGER Miscellaneous loop indices

AL REAL Ambient Light level in foot candles

Cl REAL

C? REALCoefficients for MRC/MRT curves

C3 REAL

C4 RFALJ

19

GLOBAL VARIABLES

SNSR.PARS PEAL 3-D Sensor Parameters

LIGHT.LEVEL REAL Ambient Light Level

OPTIC.MRC REAL 3-D MRC definitions for DEV = 1,2,16

IL INTEGER Indices of light levels bracketingl-D actual light level

SPF REAL 1-D Spatial frequencies at light levelsin array IL.

II.MRC REAL 3-D MRC definitions for DEV = 3,4,5

VIDI.MRC REAL 3-P MRC definition for device 15

MRC.MRT REAL 4-D MRC definitions for devices 6,7,8,9,10,1112,14,17,18

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

NONE

ROUTINE AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

NONE

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

*See Figure 11-5

COMMENTARY

The RESOLUTION routine consists of four distinct computational procedures

* for different NVL device classes. The four procedures are different primarily

because different parameters affect the MRC/MRT curves for different device

classes. For example, ambient light level is vitally important for optical

devices, but of no consequence for thermal devices. The line commentary for

20

j

each of the four procedures will be introduced by a short description of the

factors which influence the MRC/MRT for devices in that category.

Lines I - 12 Declare the routine and its variables.

Lines 13 - 22 Check for valid input conditions and branch to one ofthe four procedure sections by NVL device code.

The first procedure block, covering devices 1, 2, and 16 handles optical

MRC's. A single MRC covers all three device classes, but the MRC is a function

of the light level. The data tables contain MRC coefficients for a number of

discrete light levels. The MRC for the actual light level is linearly

interpolated between those in the tables.

Lines 29 - 43 Find the tabled discrete light levels which bracket theactual light level.

Lines 44 - 67 Compute the spatial frequency at each of the 2 bracketing lightlevels. For a given light level, the MRC curve may be givenin several segments for different ranges of sensor input.

Lines 68 - 71 Interplate the spatial frequncy between the two bracketing values.

The second procedure block, covering devices 3,4, and 5, handles image

intensifier MRC's. Each device has it's own MRC which varies by light level

and has only a single segment for each level. Interpolation on light levels is

again used.

Lines 78 - 89 Select the appropriate bracketing light levels.

Lines 90 - 101 Compute the MRC for each bracketing light level.

Lines 102 - 104 Interpolate to yield the final spatial frequency.

The third procedure block covers only NVL device 15. The MRC is again given

for several discrete light level bands, but no interpolation is done. Each MRC

may have several segments.

21

Lines 108 - 119 Select the appropriate light level range.

Lines 120 - 127 Select the appropriate MRC segment and compute spatialfrequency.

The fourth procedure block, encompassing device codes 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,

14,17,18 includes all devices whose MRC/MRT is given only as a function of the

sensor input (perhaps in several ranges). Provision is also made for entering

a different MRC/MRT curve by sensor mode although usually a single MRC/MRT will

be used with only the FOV and magnification varying by mode.

Lines 136 - 156 Do preliminary checks for some devices and select the propermode index.

Lines 157 - 167 Select the proper input range segment and compute thespatial frequency.

Finally, all four procedure blocks rejoin to account for the system

magnification factor in lines 173 -175.

22

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26

5. Routine JOHNSON.CRITERION. This routine looks iip the Johnson n5O

criterion to be used in the NVL model. The routine is a simple table lookup as

a function of device, acquisition level, and whether the target is stationary

or moving.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

DEVICE INTEGER NVL device code

ACQ.LEV INTEGER Required acquisition level code

TGT INTEGER Pointer to tarqet entity

YIELDING ARGUMENT

N50 REAL Number of cyclps for 0% orobahility

LOCAL VARIABLES

NONE

GLOBAL VARIABLES

N5OTABLE REAL 3-D Array of n50 values

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

SPD REAL Target speed

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

NONE

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11-6.

COMMENTARY (JOHNSON.CRITERION)

Code is Self-Explanatory

27

01.40

041

04 E4 :b4 H4r44

0 u

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28

6. Routine PR.INFINITY. The PR.INFINITY routine computes the

infinite-time probability of acquisition, P. , by applying the target transform

probability function to the N/n50 ratio.

GIVEN ARGUMENT

CYCLE.RATIO REAL N/n50 RATIO

YIELDING ARGUMENT

PROB.INF REAL P. PROBABILITY OF ACQUISITION

LOCAL VARIABLES

CR REAL CYCLE.RATIO SCALED

GLOBAL VARIABLES

NONE

ENTITY ARRTIBUTES

NONE

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

NONE

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11-7.

COMMENTARY (PR.INFINITY

The PR.INFINITY Routine approximates a cumulative normal probability

function.

29

"o U

ONO

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v)H 04 W4 co H

44 C J t2Z0 " -:4 C~s4 a 2n

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% & in H O04Cf4404 Iw04 10

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OHH h-4

0-0 4-,H '

30

7. Routine SCH.RATE. The SCH.RATE routine applies the Lawson Model to

compute the search rate I/T for the NVL methodology.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

SENSOR INTEGER SENSOR Code

MODE INTEGER SENSOR Mode of use code

NBYN50 REAL N/n50 cycle ratio

HFOS REAL Angle of observer's horizontal field ofsearch

YIELDING ARGUMENT

RATE REAL l/Ti Search rate

LOCAL VARIABLES

TO REAL Time to search one sensor device screen

HFOV REAL Angle of device horizontal field of view

VFOV REAL Angle of device vertical field of view

TS REAL Time to search entire field of search

PS REAL Conditional detection probability for oneFOV

GLOBAL VARIABLES

SNSR.PARS REAL 3-D NVL SENSOR Device Parameters

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

NONE

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

EXP.F

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE

31

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11-8.

COMMENTARY (SCH.RATE)

See VOLUME 1, CHAPTER III, SECTION A for discussion of the LAWSON SEARCH

MODEL EQUATIONS.

32

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c c 0 .

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cn*E- W2 0 E4 E4 i :

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=5 u. 14H - E- 4

0- wwwPOWN012

33

D. SUPPORTING DATA ARRAYS

The STAR implementation of the NVL methodology uses several global data

arrays. These have been listed under the various routines in the preceeding

sections and will be discussed in detail here. All of these arrays are

initialized by Routine RES.SCH which is included as Figure 11-9.

1. SNSR.PARS (SENSOR, MODE, J). The SNSR.PARS array is a 3-dimensional

real array indexed by

SENSOR - SENSOR CODE

MODE - SENSOR MODE of use Code

- (Third Index)

For a given SENSOR and MODE, the array contains the following sensor

parameters:

J = I Sensor maximum acquisition range

J = 2 Minimum sensor input threshold

J = 3 Wavelength spectrum code

J = 4 Horizontal field of view

a = 5 Vertical field of view

J = 6 Magnification level

J = 7 Optical gain

J = 8 Range behind TGT within which to checkbackground type

J = 9 NVL device code

2. MRC.MRT (SENSOR, MODE, SEG, J). The MRC.MRT is a 4-dimensional real

array which contains coefficients defining the sensor MRC and MRT curves for

most of the NVL devices. The array is indexed by

34

DEV - NVL Device Code

MODE - SENSOR Mode of use Code

SEG - Segment number - each curve can be dividedinto as many segments as the user wishes touse.

J - (Fourth Index)

For a given SENSOR, MODE, and SEG the MRC.MRT array contains the following

parameters:

J = 1 Lower bound on SENSOR input for this segment

J = 2 Upper bound on SENSOR input for this segment

J = 3 Coefficient C1

J = 4 Coefficient C2

J = 5 Coefficient C3

J = 6 Coefficient C4

Within each segment the MRC/MRT curve is defined as the linear fractional

function

f= C1 + C2 * X

were X is the sensor input. C3 + C4 * X

In addition to the MRC.MRT array, three other arrays contain device MRC/MRT

curve parameters:

3. OPTIC.MRC ( LL, SEG, K). The OPTIC.MRC array is a 3-dimensional

real array containing optical device MRC's indexed by:

LL - Light Level Code

SEG - Segment Number

K - (Third Index)

35

The light levels are assumed to be entered in order of decreasing illumination

level - brightest first. For each light level index LL, the OPTIC.MRC array

contains the following parameters:

For SEG 1 1 the array contains bound information

OPTIC.MRC (LL, 1, 1) = light level in foot candles

OPTIC.MRC (LL, 1, 2) upper bound on spatial frequencyat this light level.

The remaining values SEG = 2, ... , N index N-1 segments of an MRC curve. For a

given LL and SEG 2 the arraycontains the following:

K = 1 lower bound on sensor input for this segment

K = 2 upper bound on sensor input for this segment

K = 3 Coefficient C1

K = 4 Coefficient C2

K = 5 Coefficient C3

K = 6 Coefficient C4

K = 7 Function type code.

If the function type code = 1, then the MRC functional form is the linear

fractional form given above. If the function type is 2, then

F:C 1 * (x**C2).

4. II.fIRC (DEV, LL, K). The II.MRC array is a 3-dimensional real array

of image intensifier MRC coefficients indexed by:

DEV NVL device code minus 2 (device codes3, 4, 5 yield array indices 1, 2, 3)

LL light level code

K -(Third Index)

36

The light levels are assumed to be arranged in order of decreasing illumination

- brightest first. For each given DEV and LL, the array contains:

K = 1 Light level in foot candles

K = 2 Minimum sensor input threshold

K = 3 Coefficient C1

K = 4 Coefficient C2

K = 5 Coefficient C3

K = 6 Coefficient C4

The linear fractional functional form is assumed.

5. VIDI.MRC (LL, SEG. K). The VIDI.MRC array is a 3-dimensional real

array containing vidicon MRC coefficients indexed by

LL - Light level band code

SEG - MRC segment number

K - (Third Index)

The light level bands are assumed to be arranged in order of decreasing

illumination - brightest first. For a given LL, the VIDI.MRC array contains

the following parameters:

For SEG = 1 the array contains the light level band bounds:

VIDI.MRC (LL, 1, 1) = lower bound on light level for this band

VIDI.MRC (LL, 1, 2) upper bound on light level for this band

The remaining values SEG = 2, ... , N index N-l segments of an MRC curve. For a

given LL and SEG > 2, the array contains the following:

K = 1 lower bound on sensor input for this segment

K = 2 upper bound on sensor input for this segment

37

K = 3 Cofficient C1

K = 4 Cofficient C 2

K = 5 Cofficient C 3

K = 6 Cofficient C 4

The MRC is assumed to follow the linear fractional form.

6. TAR.SIG (SYS, WPN, SPECTRUM, BACKGROUND). The TAR.SIG array is a

4-dimensional real array of target signature values indexed by

SYS - System Type of Target Entity

WPN - Weapon Type of Target Entity

SPECTRUM - SENSOR Wavelength Code

BACKGRND - Target Background Type Code

7. MX.SIG (SYS, WPN, SPECTRUM.) The MX.SIG array is a 3-dimensional

real array which contains optimistic, background - independent target signature

values. The value of MX.SIG (SYS, WPN, SPECTRUM) is computed by the RES.SCH

routine to be the maximum over all background codes of TAR.SIG (SYS, WPN,

SPECTRUM, BACKGROUND).

8. ATMOS.ATTEN (SPECTRUM). The ATMOS.ATTEN array is a 1-dimensional

real array of attenuation coefficients indexed by

SPECTRUM - Wavelength Band Code

For each SPECTRUM, the array contains the attenuation coefficient for open air

(for whatever background meteorological conditions are assumed for the

simulated battle).

9. N5OTABL (DEVICE, ACQ.LEV, MOVE). The N5OTABLE array contains

Johnson Criterion values in a 3-dimensional real array indexed by

38

DEVICE - NVL Device Code

ACQ.LEV -Acquisition Level Code

MOVE - 1 = Stationary Target, 2 = Moving Target

The input value sequence for initializing these arrays is found in Chapter V of

RES.SCH which is given in Figure 11-9.Volume I of this report. It can also be inferred from the code for routine

.f

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43

E. LINE OF SIGHT BACKGROUND COMPUTATIONS.

I. Definition of Background Codes. The NVL detection model uses a

target signature which involves comparing the target with its background as

perceived from the observer's location. The nature of the background can have

a dramatic effect on the difficulty of acquiring the target (as an example

imagine detection of a helicopter against a cluttered background of terrain and

trees as compared with detection when the background is open sky). The STAR

line of sight model has been adapted to compute target backgrounds. The

resulting routine is called LOS.BKGRND and has the calling sequence:

CALL LOS.BKGND (MAXDIST) YIELDING BKGND, OISTOBKG where:

MAXDIST REAL Input parameter giving the distancebeyond the target within which detailedbackground computations are to be done.

BKGND INTEGER Return code which indicates the backgroundtype.

DISTOBKG REAL Return value giving the distance to thepoint at which the background wasdetermined. This distance is a roughestimate of the distance beyond the targetto the background.

The background codes which are returned by the routine allow target

signature data to be used at several levels of resolution. The interpretation

of these background codes depends on the number, MXBKGND, of background types

included in the input target signature data.

If MXBKGND 1, then all background checks in the simulation are skipped,

and the single set of target signature data is always used regardless of the

situation.

If MXBKGND = 2, then the program distinguishes between terrain (return Code

= 1) and sky (Code = 2) as background types.

44

If MXBKGNO = 3, then return Codes 1 and 2 are as in the MXBKGND 2 case.

In addition, the program will check for smoke clouds between the target and its

background. If smoke is found to be the background, then the return Code = 3.

If MXBKGND = 4, then the program distinguishes several terrain types. The

return codes in this case have the following meaning:

1: Terrain of undesignated type more than MAXDIST behind the target

2: Sky

3: Hills within MAXDIST beyond target

4: Trees within MAXDIST beyond target

Finally, if the user inputs 5 sets of target signature data, then the

program adds the smoke background checks to the above four codes, and if smoke

is found to be the background, the return code is set to 5.

2. LOS.BKGND Routine. The LOS.BKGND routine follows the same basic

structure as the STAR routine LOS. (Reference 3) It is intended that a call

to LOS.BKGND will always be immediately preceded by a LOS call for the same

observer/target pair. LOS.BKGND shares with LOS an extensive set of global

variables (all carrying the suffix ,LS) and expects that the preceding call to

LOS has set up values for several of these variables which define the basic

locations and posture of the observer (denoted as Element A) and the target

(denoted as Element B). LOS.BKGND should not be called if line of sight from A

to B does not exist (as determined by LOS) since then the concept of background

is meaningless.

The LOS.BKGND SIMSCRIPT code appears in Figure ll-l. In the following

commentary we briefly discuss the function of various sections of the code.

45

Lines I - 12 Declare the routine and its local variables.

Lines 13 - 46 Extend the observer/target line through the center of theexposed portion of the target, beyond the target by adistance MAXDIST. For the remainder of the routine thetarget is denoted as Point B, whilS pointA refers tothis newly defined point MAXDIST beyond the target.

The routine now concentrates on the line segment between A and B. As in the

LOS routine we parameterize this line using a single variable S such that

X(S) = XA + S* (XB-XA)

Y(S) = YA + S* (YB-YA)

Z(S) = ZA + S* (ZB-ZA)

so that S = 0 corresponds to Point A and S = I corresponds to the target at

Point B.

We are hunting for obstruction to the line of sight between A and B, and the

obstruction with the largest value of S (0 ' S l) defines the background

feature closest to the target (B) and thus defines the BKGND code and the

distance !)ISTOBKG. Obstructions can be of two types: terrain hills or forest

features, so the routine will have to consider all hills and forest features

which might intersect the line between B (the target) and A (the far end of the

O/T line extended beyond the target).

As the routine loops through hills and forest ellipses, it updates 3 global

variables

GRND.BLK.LS S value corresponding to the ground obstructionclosest to B which has been found so far

TRE.BLK.LS S value corresponding to the tree obstructionclosest to B which has been found so far

MAX.BLK.LS = Maximum of GRND.RLK.LS and TRE.BLK.LS

46

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46e4

All three are initially set to zero. Values close to 1 indicate

obstructions close to B. The closest of these values to 1 indicates the

closest obstruction to B which then determines the background type.

Lines 47 - 79 Of the LOS.BKGND rnutine accumulate a list of the(Nominally 1 KM square) cross reference grid squares alongthe line from A to B. The sole purpose of these crossreference grids is to facilitate access to the hills and forestfeatures which are close to the A/B line. (See Reference 3for further details of the STAR terrain storage methods.)

Lines 80 - 87 Take care of the case where the extended O/T line is totallyoff the battlefield map (in which case detailed backgroundcomputations are impossible).

Lines 89 - 140 Examine the forest features along the A/B line. For each suchforest feature, if the A/B line intersects the forest ellipse,the S coordinates of the two intersection points are computedas Sl and S2 (with Sl < S2) in lines 107 and 108.

Since S1 and S2 mark the boundaries of a forest ellipse intersecting the

A/B line, the routine checks whether the trees are high enough to obstruct the

background line of sight by calling subroutine LOS.TRE.BKG with (global) input

SS (= Sl or S2) and output BLOCKED (= YES or NO).

When SS = S2 we are at the forest boundary closest to B, and three

situations can occur as illustrated in cross-section in Figure II-11. In

situation (a) the A/B line lies below the ground at S2, so this test would

update GRND.BLK.LS to S2. In situation (b) the A/B line intersects the forest

boundary at S2, so TRE.BLK.LS is updated. Finally, in situation (c) the A/B

line passes above the trees, so no obstruction occurs at S2. Note in Case (a)

that S2 is not the actual location of the ground block (denoted SG on the

Figure) but is only a rough lower bound. The routine does not solve for the

47

precise value of SG since this should require iterative solution of a

transcendental equation, and the background type is the primary output from

LOS.BKGND.

If S2 does not block the background LOS, then Sl is checked. Figure 11-12

shows the two possible cases: In situation (d) the A/B line at Sl lies below

the forest top, and thus a tree block occurs. TRE.BLK.LS is updated to Sl as a

bound on ST. In situation (e) no blockage occurs at S1.

Lines 141 - 197 Examine the hilltops between A and B. The S coordinateof each hilltop is computed and denoted as W (Line 159).

If W is closer to B than any block so far, then the hilltop elevation HHW

is computed and compared with the A/B line at W. Trees, if any, on top of the

hill are also considered. The result may be either a ground or a tree block at

W, or no block at all if the A/B line is high enough. Figure 11-13 illustrates

the 3 cases. In both situations f and g, where blocks occur, note that W is

reported as a bound on the exact intersection locations SG and ST which are not

computed.

Lines 198 - 228 Use the GRND.BLK.LS, TRE.BLK.LS, and MAX.BLK.LS Globals tosort out the proper background code and compute the DISTOBKGapproximate distance.

Finally, the LOS.TRE.BKG routine which is called by LOS.BKGND is listed in

Figure 11-14. Its function should be clear from the above discussion.

48

'I

TREES

B

ASG S2SITUATION A.) SGTerrain

Profile

TREES

B - - Ai*

TerrainSITUATION B.) S2 Profile

--. - -o A

B

SITUATION C.) S2

FIGURE 11-1l THREE SITUATIONS WHEN SSS2

49

B

TERRAINSI PROF ILE

ST

S2

SITUATION D.)

- - A

- - -- 7~TERRAIN

B PROFILE

TREES

S2 SI

SITUATION E.)

FIGURE 11-12 TWO CASES WHEN SS=SI

50

-. 0 A

SG W

TERRAINSITUATION F.) PROFILE

TREES

A

---- - TERRAINST W PROFILE

SITUATION G.)

TERRAINw

PROFILE

SITUATION H.)

FIGURE 11-13 THREE SITUATIONS AT HILL TOPS

51

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52

III. DEFINING AND MANIPULATING THE DETECTED LIST

A. THE DETECTED LIST

The NVL target acquisition methodology defines several levels of

acquisition corresponding to increasing resolution in the target image. Since

the DYNTACS detection model, which was originally used in STAR, had only one

acquisition level (identification) substantial changes to the detected list

structure in STAR are required. These changes will affect many of the current

STAR routines and events. In this Chapter we discuss the new detected list

structure, the new routines for manipulating the list, and the changes required

in the current STAR code.

Each combat entity, A, in the STAR model has a list of enemy entities

whose locations are known to A. This list is called the detected list and is

denoted in the STAR code by the name LIST. New detection events add to the

list, while deaths or loss of intervisibility remove targets from the list.

The list must be accessed whenever a target selection event occurs. Additions,

removals, and target selections happen relatively rarely in execution of the

STAR model. A far more frequent occurrence, which happens every time entity A

attempts to detect any potential target, is a check to see if that target is

already on the list.

Since list searches occur far more frequently than list additions or

deletions, computational efficiency argues for a LIST data structure which

allows random access (rather than sequential access) so that a binary search

may be employed. Thus we implement LIST as a simple 2 x M array for each

combat entity where M is either the number of targets currently on the list,

or 1 if no targets are on the list. The array data structure allows efficient

53

searching, but requires that the entire array be redefined whenever its size

changes. (The alternative dynamic set or linked list data structures would

make additions and deletions easier hut require a linear search.)

The glohal name LIST is used in common for accessing every entity's

detected list. As the LIST for element A is reserved, its pointer, LIST (*,*),

is saved in the array TRGT (1, NAME(A)) for future reference to A's list. To

access the detected list for any element A, then, we simply

LET LIST (*,*) = TRGT (1, NAME(A))

As a convention in the model, any routine which has thus referred to a LIST

should perform

LET LIST (*,*) 0

prior to RETURN. This has made early detection of some programming errors

substantially simpler.

In what follows, we assume that the pointer LIST (*,*) has been set to

the detected list for the element whose entity pointer is A. If A's detected

list has no targets on it, then LIST (1,1) = 0 and LIST (2,1) is ignored (and

the LIST has dimension 2 x 1). If the detected list contains M target (M > 1),

then for J = 1, ..., M we define

LIST (l,J) = entity pointer of the Jth target on the list

LIST (2,J) = acquisition level code for Jth target

The STAR model will frequently check A's detected list to see whether

element B is on the list. To speed this check we require that the target

pointers in LIST (lJ) are stored in increasing numerical order.

In the process of adding the second dimension to the target list,

several existing STAR routines were modified. In particular, the old

LIST.UPDATE routine was separated into two new routines LIS.ADD and LIS.DELETE

54

to eliminate the confusinq WHO CALIYn argument. Also TARGET.SELECT scheduling

was removed from the LIST manipulating routines and put in the search tactics

routines instead. The rest of this Chapter details the new list routines and

modifications made to other existing STAR events and routines.

B. ROUTINE LIS.AD0

Purpose: The LIS.ADI) routine adds an element ?u r 's detected list

in proper sequence (if B is not there already). The acquisition level of R may

be increased if B is already on A's list at a lower level.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to observer

B INTEGER Pointer to target

ACQ.LEV INTEGER Level at which A has acquired B

YIELDING ARGUMENT

SIZE REAL Number of elements on the list on return

LOCAL VARIABLES AND ARRAYS

ANSWER INTEGER Result of call to LIS ,CHECK. YES (= 1) if B is

already on A's List, no otherwise

DIM INTEGER Size of A's list on entry

I INTEGER Loop Index

OLD.LEV INTEGER Resuilt of call to LIS.CHECK - If B is on A's listOLD.LEV = current acquisition level code

POS INTEGER Result of call to LIS.CHECK. If B is on A's listalready, POS indicates D's position on the list. If Bis not on A's list, then POS is the position of thetarget after which B should be inserted.

TEMP INTEGEP Temporary array for holding list's contents while2-D list is reserved one larger.

55N

GLOBAL ARRAYS

LIST INTEGER A's detected list2-D

TRGT INTEGER Storage for pointer to A's detected list2-o

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

NAME INTEGER ID number of entity A

ROUTINES CALLED

DIM.F Gives array size

LIS.CHECK Checks to see if B is already on A's list.

EVENT SCHEDULED

None

SI!SCRIPT CODE

See Figure Ill-1.

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY (LIS.ADD)

Lines 1 - 7 Declare the routine and define variables.

Line 8 Tests whether B is already on the list.

Line 9 Accesses A's current list calling it TEMP.

Lines 10 - 15 Handle the case where B is already on A's list so at mosta change in acquisition level is required.

Lines 16 - 22 Handle the case where A's list is empty, so B becomes thesole entry on the list.

Lines 23 - 28 Create a new list which is one larger than TEMP.

Lines 29 - 32 Transfer the front part of TEMP to list.

Lines 33 - 34 Insert B in the proper position in list.

Lines 35 - 38 Transfer the remainder of TEMP to list.

Line 39 Releases the old detected list for A since a new one hasbeen created.

Lines 40 - 42 Terminate the routine

56

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57

C. ROUTINE LIS.CHECK

Purpose: Routine LIS.CHECK performs a binary search to determine

whether element 4 is on A's detected list. If so, it returns position in the

list and the current acquisition level from the list. If B is not on A's list,

the routine returns the position of the target after which B should be

inserted.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to Observer

B INTEGER Pointer to Target

YIELDING ARGUMENTS

ANSWER INTEGER Result - YES (= 1) if B is on the list

NO (= 0) if B is not on list

ACQ.LEV INTEGER Current acquisition level from LIST if Answer =Yes (Otherwise 0).

POS INTEGER If Answer = YES, B's position on the list.Otherwise, position of target after which B shouldbe added.

SIZE REAL Number of targets on A's detected list.

LOCAL VARIABLES

LO INTEGER A test position in list to left of B

HI INTEGER A test position in list to right of B

MID INTEGER TEST Position - Midway between LO and HI

MIDPOINTER INTEGER Entity pointer stored at position MID in LIST

GLOBAL ARRAYS

LIST INTEGER A's detection list2-D

TRGT INTEGER Storage for pointer to A's list2-D

58

ENTITY ATTRIRUTFS

NAME INTEGIP ID number of entity A

ROUTINE CALLED

DIM.F Gives arr~jy size

EVENTS SCHEDULF

None

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 11!-2.

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY (LIS.CHECK)

Lines 1 - 8 Declare the routine and define variables.

Line 9 Accesses A's detected list.

Lines 10 - 14 Handle the case where no search is required because A's listis empty.

Lines 15 - 17 Set up initial conditions for the search.

Line 18 Is the search failure condition tested at the end of eachpass through the loop.

Lines 19 - 20 Place the test value at the midpoint of the remaininginterval of uncertainty.

Lines 21 - 25 Reduce the interval of uncertainty if no match is found.

Lines 26 - 30 Terminate the search if a match is found.

Lines 34 - 36 Terminate the search if no match is found.

Lines 37 - 40 Terminate the routine.

59

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60

D. ROUTINE LIS.DELETE

Purpose: Removes B from A's detection list if B is on the list.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to observer

B INTEGER Pointer to Target

YIELDING ARGUMENT

SIZE REAL Number of elements on the list on return

LOCAL VARIABLES AND ARRAYS

ANSWER INTEGER

ACQ.LEV INTEGER Result of call to LIS.CHECK

POS INTEGER

DIM INTEGER Size of A's list on entry

I INTEGER Loop counter

TEMP INTEGER Array for holding list's contents while list is2-D reserved one smaller

GLOBAL ARRAYS

LIST INTEGER A's detected list2-D

TGT INTEGER Storage for pointer to A's detected list2-D

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

NAME INTEGER ID number of entity A

ROUTINE CALLED

DIM.F Gives array size

LIS.CHECK To see if B is on A's list

EVENTS SCHEDULED

None

61

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 111-3

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY (LIS.DELETE)

Lines I - 6 Declare the routine and define variables.

Line 7 Locates B in the List (if it is there).

Lines 8 - 12 Access A's detected list and call it TEMP.

Lines 13 - 15 Handle the case where B is the only element on A's list.

Lines 16 - 17 Reserve a new smaller list for the case where B is notthe only target on the list.

Lines 18 - 21 Copy list entries before B from TEMP to list.

Lines 22 - 25 Copy list entries after B from TEMP to list.

Line 27 Saves the new list pointer.

Lines 28 - 32 Terminate the routine.

62

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63

E. ROUTINE LIS.PURGE

Purpose: Removes elements from A's list if they are dead or no longer

visible. In the process, updates location of A and elements on A's list.

Typically called from TARGET.SELECT prior to selection. This routine is a

rewrite of the old PURGE.LIST routine.

GIVEN ARGUMENT

A INTEGER Pointer to observer

LOCAL VARIABLES AND ARRAYS

B INTEGER Pointer to elements on A's list

DIM INTEGER Size of A's list on entry

I INTEGER Loop counter

SIZE REAL Result of LIS.DELETE call - not used

CHECKER INTEGER l-D Temporary array to hold pointers from A'slist while checking visibility

GLOBAL VARIABLES AND ARRAY

FWD.LOOK INTEGERSet direction of LOS call for the sight

BWD.LOOK INTEGER routine.

CRITIC.VALUE REAL LOS threshold.

PCT.VIS REAL Returned percent visible from sight call

LIST INTEGER 2-D A's detected list

TRGT INTEGER 2-D Storage for pointer to A's detected list

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

ALIVE.DEAD INTEGER 1 - DEAD, 0 = ALIVE

DEFNUM INTEGER Deflilade condition

NAME INTEGER 10 number of entity

64

ROUTINES CALLED

DIM.F Gives array size.

LIS.DELETE Removes element from A's list.

LOC Updates location of an element.

SIGHT Checks line of sight between two elements.

EVENTS SCHEDULED

None

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 111-4.

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY (LIS.PURGE)

Lines I - 7 Declare the routine and define variables.

Line 9 Updates A's position.

Line 10 Accesses A's detected list.

Lines 11 - 14 If list is empty, return.

Lines 15 - 17 Copy target pointers from list into the temporary arraychecker.

Lines 18 - 20 Set up for call to sight.

Lines 21 - 22 Loop over each B on A's list.

Lines 23 - 24 Check if B is dead or in full defilade and if so removeB from the list.

Line 26 Updates B's location.

Lines 27 - 28 Check if LOS exists from A to B.

Lines 30 Removes B from A's list.

Lines 33 - 35 Release temporary storage and terminate the routine.

65

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4

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E-. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __W_ _ __UH OCODQk,13*4 4-4 E-4w ME-4 -o -4 =OAH

F. ROUTINE LIS.RELEASE

Purpose: The LIS.RELEASE routine totally erases A's detected list.

It is used when A goes to a full defilade condition.

GIVEN ARGUMENT

A INTEGER Pointer to entity

GLOBAL ARRAYS

LIST INTEGER 2-D A's detected list

TRGT INTEGER 2-D Storage for pointer to A's list

ENTITY ATTRIBUTE

Name INTEGER A's ID number

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 111-5.

COMMENTARY

The routine is self-explanatory.

67

1-4

-4

EE-

E-44

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UHPH

SE-4 01 P

um E-34

no* pH * 1-.i* in nI %r 11

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W C-4 W H - - 4

68

G. ROUTINE LIS.LEVEL.PURGE

Purpose: The LIS.LEVEL.PURGE routine removes entities from A's

detected list if their acquisition level is lower than a specified value.

GIVEN ARGUME!T

A INTEGER Pointer to Entity

LVL IMTEGER Acquisition level threshold for removal

LOCAL VARIABLES

B INTEGER Pointer to entity on A's list

I INTEGER Loop index

DIM INTEGER Size of A's list

j INTEGER Loop index

SIZE REAL Returned from LIS.DELETE - not used

TEMP INTEGER 2-D Temporary storage for A's list

GLOBAL ARRAYS

LIST INTEGER 2-D A's detected list

TRGT INTEGER 2-D Storage for pointer to A's list

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

NAME INTEGER A's ID number

ROUTINES CALLED

DIM.F To get size of A's list

LIS.DELETE To remove B from A's list

EVENTS SCHEDULED

None

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure 111-6.

69

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY

Lines 1 - 6 Declare the routine and define variables.

Line 7 Accesses A's detected list.

Lines 8 - 11 Take care of an empty list.

Lines 12 - 17 Transfer A's list to the TEMP array.

Lines 18 - 23 Loop through the list, possibly deleting entities from it.

Lines 24 - 26 Release temporary storage and terminate the routine.

70

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H. INCORPORATING THE 2-D LIST INTO STAR

In the course of building the 2-Dimensional list structure, in

preparation for the new target acquisition module for STAR, many routines and

events of the existing STAR model had to be modified. This section names the

program segments affected with a brief descriptinr of the nature of the

changes. The precise lines to be changed depend on the STAR version being

updated.

1. Preamble

a. EACH TANK (OR UNIT) has a single new attribute SCH.TYPE.

b. RES.SCH (new routine) is declared releaseable.

c. EVENT NOTICES INCLUDE:

SITUATION.UPDATE (this event replaces STEP.TIME. It updates

positions and does movement coordination checks, but no detection

computations). DETECT (number of arguments changed) SEARCH (new event).

d. GLOBAL VARIABLES

LOC.DELTA.T (REAL) Frequency of SITUATION.UPDATE scheduling

TEMP.TGT DELETE

LIST Changed to 2-Dimensional (vice1-Dimensional)

SCH.DATA (REAL,3-D) For data defining the search types

TYPE.SCH (INTEGER, 2-D) Search types for each system/weapontype)

(NOTE NVL data arrays must also be added as in Chapter II Section D)

2. Main

a. Call RES.SCHTo initialize data for search module

Release RES.SCH

72

b. Read LOC.DELTA.T

c. Schedule SITUATION.UPDATE

3. BL.CREATE

a. Set SCH.TYPE for each TANK.

b. Schedule SEARCH for each observer on TANK.

c. Reserve and initialize 2-Dimensional detected LIST.

4. DETECT

a. Add ACQ.LEV (acquisition level) as a given argument.

b. Event has been rewritten using new list routines.

c. Target selection now scheduled in DETECT vice in LIST.UPDATE.

d. Negative pointer for flash detection no longer used.

e. Addition of B to list now done here rather than in

PROXIMITY.DETECT.

5. FIRE

Flash stimulus detection changed, replacing negative pointer with

ACQ.LEV of 1.

6. IMPACT

Removal from list now handled by call to LIS.DELETE.

7. LIST.UPDATE

Replaced by LIS.ADD and LIS.DELETE. Note that these no longer

schedule target selection.

8. SITUATION.UPDATE

a. New event to periodically update position for every element on

the battlefield.

b. Reschedules itself in LOC.DELTA.T units.

73

9. PROXIMITY.DETECT

Total rewrite - now only adds elements close to B to A's list. B

itself is added in DETECT.

10. PURGE.LIST

Replaced by LIS.PURGE - total rewrite to handle 2-D list structure

but essentially the same function.

11. RED.CREATE

a. Set SCH.TYPE for each TANK.

b. Schedule SEARCH for each observer on TANK

c. REserve and initialize 2-D detected LIST.

12. RES.SCH

New releaseable routine for reserving and reading all data for

target acquisition module.

13. SEARCH

a. New Event - looks up an observer's search tactic and calls

appropriate STKn routine.

b. Reschedules self in time used by one search cycle. (See

Chapter V.)

14. STKI, STK2 etc.

Search tactic routines - See Chapter VI.

15. STEP.TIME - Deleted

16. TACTICS

References to LIST are adjusted to account for new 2-Dimensional

LIST structure.

74

17. TALLY.HIT.STATE

2-D LIST Changes.

18. TARGET.SELECT

a. Call LIS.PURGE vice PURGE.LIST

b. 2-D LIST Change.

75

IV. ASSOCIATING SENSORS AND SEARCH TACTICS WITH SIMULATED COMBATANTS

A. THE SCH.TYPE ATTRIBUTE

The STAR Target Acquisition Module is designed to allow an arbitrary

number of observers for each combat entity. For example, an entity which

simulates a tank might have two observers corresponding to the tank commander

and the gunner. Each observer may have several sensors which are used in

various ways and c-rcumstances. A design goal for the Target Acquisition

Module has been to model not only the physical behavior of the sensors, but

also to present a versatile and flexible structure within which a wide variety

of search tactics and sensor device useage patterns may be investigated.

Observers, sensors, and search tactics are associated with STAR combat

entities using a single attribute defining the "search type" for each entity.

This integer attribute, the SCH.TYPE is an index into a global 3-Dimensional

real array, SCH.DATA, which details the observers, sensors, and search tactics

for that combat entity.

There is no model imposed limit on the number of SCH.TYPE's which may

be created. At one extreme all entities in the simulation might use the same

SCH.TYPE. This would imply that they all had the same number of observers, the

same sensors, and the same procedures for choosing and using the sensors. At

the other extreme, the model user might define a separate SCH.TYPE for each

individual combat entity. A middle ground which will often be useful is to let

the SCH.TYPE be a function of the system type/weapon type categories being

simulated.

76

'A

........... . . . . .

As the model is currently configured, the user must input SCH.TYPE

value for each system type/weapon type category (however the SCH.TYPE input may

be the same for several different categories). A simple code change would

allow the option of overriding this SCH.TYPE assignment for any particular

entities as desired. (For example the tank of an armor company commander might

be equipped with a sensor configuration different from that of other tanks in

the company. It would then need a distinct SCH.TYPE attribute.)

B. THE SCH.DATA ARRAY

The user defines the meaning of each SCH.TYPE by entering data for the

SCH.DATA array. This 3-dimensional real ragged array has subscripts:

TYPE - The search type (ranging from I up to MXTYPE, theMaximum Type used in this run)

OBS - Observer number (ranging from I to NOBS, the numberof observers for this search type)

3 - Index for parameters to define the sensors and tacticsfor this observer.J = 1 code for the search tactic to be used by this

observer.J = 2,...N Parameters which further define the tactic

(such as the sensor to use). The numberof these parameters and their meaningdepends on the search tactic being used,and will be discussed at length in theChapters devoted to individual searchtactics.

Each SCH.TYPE is thus associated with:

1. A number of observers for the combat entity.

2. For each observer a search tactic code, and

3. Parameters to further define the tactic, such as sensor(s) to use,

time to spend searching, acquisition level to strive for, etc.

77

* f

The actual implementation of the search is done by the SEARCH event in

conjunction with several search tactics routines. These computer programs will

be discussed in Chapters V and VI.

Data for the SCH.DATA array is input in routine RES.SCH which was

discussed in Chapter II.

78

V. THE SEARCH EVENT

A. DISCUSSION

Target acquisition computations in STAR are driven by a SEARCH event

which is scheduled to occur periodically for each searching observer on the

battlefield. When the SEARCH event for a given observer occurs, the SEARCH

event looks up the observer's search tactic and sensor equipment in the

SCH.DATA array and then calls the appropriate search tactics routine to

actually do the acquisition computations. If the computations indicate that

target acquisitions should occur, then DETECT events are scheduled. The amount

of time, T, used by one search cycle is computed by the search tactics routine

and returned to the SEARCH event. This time may depend on whether the search

was successful. The SEARCH event will then reschedule itself to resume

searching after T time units have passed.

B. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION - SEARCH

Purpose. The SEARCH event coordinates target acquisition computations

for each observer by calling an appropriate search tactics routine.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to searching entity

OBS INTEGER Observer number on that entity

TYPE INTEGER The search type to use for this occurrance ofthe search event.

LOCAL VARIABLES

TAC INTEGER Search tactic to be used by the observer

TIME.USED REAL Amount of time used by search tactics routine

NEWTYPE INTEGER Search type to use for the next occurrance of thesearch event for this observer

79

S*~. ..

GLOBAL VARIABLES

SCH.DATA REAL 3-0 Definition of A's search type.

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES

ALIVE.DEAD INTEGER A's status.

ROUTINES CALLED

STKn Search tactics routine for tactic n

EVENTS SCHEDULED

SEARCH Recursively schedule next search for thisobserver

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure V-.

COMMENTARY

The SEARCH event is largely self-explanatory. Note, however, the use of

the subscripted labels in Line 11. Care should be taken when adding new search

tactics that the upper bound on TAC in Line 10 is changed to reflect the new

routine.

As written here, SEARCH can call several search tactics routines. These

will be documented in the next Chapter.

80

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VI. SEARCH TACTICS - ROUTINES

A. THE CONCEPT OF A SEARCH TACTIC

The incorporation of the NVL search model i nto the STAR combat

simulation makes it possible to simulate a wide variety of target acqusition

devices and situations. This capability to simulate multiple observers,

multiple sensors, various modes of sensor use and various levels of target

acquisition creates an obligation for the model builder and user to coooperate

in defining realistic modes of employment for the sensors that are made

available to each observer. These modes of sensor employment will be called

search tactics.

The search tactic for a given observer will typically include the

following sorts of computations:

1. Preliminary Target List Managment. If the observer has moved into

a full defilade position, his entire target list might be erased or the

acquisition level might be lowered for targets on the list, thus requiring some

effort for reacquisition when he emerges from defilade. Transient tarqet

signatures such as gun flashes which have not been upgraded to higher

acquisition levels during the previous search event might be removed from the

list.

2. Determine Area to Search. Each entity in the simulation has a/

primary direction of search related to its sector of responsibility. The

search tactic must decide whether to search the entire sector during this

search cycle, or whether to concentrate on some smaller subarea possibly around

a direction in whiich searches have recently been successful. Alternatively the

tactic may decide not to search, but rather to "stare" at already localized

targets in an attempt to upqrade their acquisition levels.

82

3. Create a Set of Potential Targets. Usually, only a small subset of

the elements on the battlefield are in a position to be detected by a particular

observer. Simple tests may be used to screen out obviously ineligible targets.

Examples include enemy/friendly tests, range checks, sector checks,

mounted/dismounted checks, and line of sight tests. Targets which pass the

screening tests can be filed in the potential target set in order of (for

example) range so that closer targets will be considered first in the detection

computations. Also, some systems, such as air defense, are only interested in

particular enemy elements (e.g. air) so only those would be filed in the set.

4. Specify Sensor Device Utilitation. The search tactic must select

the sensor device to be used (if the observer has more than one device

available). It must choose between wide and narrow field of view and it must

decide whether to scan across the field of search or to stare at specified

points in the field of search. Some search tactics may involve switching

between wide and narrow FOV or even switching from one sensor to another. In

such a case the tactic must include decision logic to trigger the change. The

tacticmust also specify the acquisition level(s) which the observer is trying

to attain.

5. Compute Time to Detect. Once the sensor device mode of use is

specified, the NVL detection time model (or some other detection model) can be

umed to compute a time-to-detect for all or some subset of the targets in the

potential target set. Times for switching devices or switching from wide to

narrow FOV should also be included as appropriate. The search tactic must

determine whether the acquisition times so computed for several targets are to

be considered as having occurred simultaneously (as might be appropriate in a

wide FOV search of a target-rich area) or sequentially (if a narrow FOY device

is being used to stare at previously localized targets one at a time).

83

AD AA AI4 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA F/6 17/5

A TAROLT ACQUISITION MODULE FOR THE STAR COMBINED ARMS COMBAT S--ETC(U)

APR 82 J K HARTMAN MIPR-CD-2-82

UNCLASSIFIED NP555-62-14 NL

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6. Schedule Detection Events. For targets whose acquisition time is

small enough, a DETECT event must be scheduled by the search routines. The

search tactics must specify the time threshold and perhaps a limit on how many

targets can be acquired in one search cycle.

7. Schedule a New Search. Finally, the search tactic must decide when

to terminate the current search event and thus the time at which the next

SEARCH event for this observer should be scheduled to occur. Termination of

the current search may occur because of an elapsed time threshold, or because

of a limit on the number of targets acquired, or some combination of the two

thresholds.

The variety of different computations which may be called for in a search

event, and the options of multiple sensors and modes of employment make it

unlikely that any single search tactic will be appropriate for all situations

that we would like to simulate. Thus the approach to search tactics taken in

STAR is to have several possible search tactics each represented by its own

routine. Each tactic has parameters (such as the sensor device to be used)

which customize it to a particular observer. New search tactics may be added

by writing an appropriate new tactics routine without having to adjust the code

for existing tactics.

B. CURRENT SEARCH TACT I CSNEW SEARCH TACTICS

The STAR Target Acquisition Module currently includes a number of

search tactics routines designed to incorporate several detection models for

various classes of searchers and targets. The following search tactics

routines are available as of Dec 1981.

84

STKI - Implements DYNTACS/ASARS visual detection model asused in original ground STAR Model, the original STARAir Model, and the original Dismounted STAR Model.

STK2 - Single Sensor, single Mode of use NVL Detection Model.

STK3 - Air/Air Defense Visual Detection Model.

STK4 - Air Defense Radar Detection Model

Tactics STKI and STK2 will be documented in this report with the emphasis

being on STK2 as a multi-parameter search paradigm which can be customized to

fit a wide variety of target acquisition situations. Documentation on STK3 and

STK4 will be included with documetnation of the STAR Air/Air Defense Modules.

Other search tactics routines will be written as the need for other

patterns of target acquisition behavior emerges. As each new tactic is added

to the code, the changes required to use it are quite simple.

1. Add new STKn routine.

2. Add a call to the new STKn routine in event SEARCH.

3. Change the data set to include SEARCH TYPES which call for the new

tactic and provide its parameters (if any).

4. Change the data set to cause combatants to use one of the newly

defined SEARCH TYPES.

C. STKl - DYNTACS VISUAL TARGET ACQUISITION.

The STK search tactics routine is included as a bridge to early

versions of the STAR combat simulation which used the DYNTACS/ASARS visual

target acquisition models. The situation modelled is unaided visual detection

in a clear environment with daytime viewing conditions. It should be

emphasized that this detection model does not interface with the STAR

battlefield smoke model, and is thus inappropriate for any limited visibility

85

......................... . *......IIiI I.Ii

environment. Only one level of acquisition is modelled in the DYNTACS

methodology and this is generally considered to correspond to "identification"

in the NVL acquisition level.

The STKI search tactic has no customizing parameters and is thus simple

to use but of limited flexibility. The SIMSCRIPT programs for STKI and for the

VIS.DET.DYNTACS routine which it calls are included as Figure VI-I and VI-2.

0. STK2 - NVL SINGLE SENSOR TARGET ACQUISITION

The STK2 search tactic is the first search tactics routine for STAR

which was expressly written to approach our goals of modelling the interaction

between a variety of sensor devices and sensor utilization patterns in limited

visibility environments. The situation modelled is the use of a single NVL

sensor device (including unaided visual search) over a short period of time

called one search cycle (perhaps 30 seconds). At the end of a search cycle it

is possible to switch to another device or another FOV mode for the next search

cycle.

Search tactic STK2 has 16 parameters which can be used to customize the

tactic routine to a particular individual combatant. These 16 parameters are

defined for each SEARCH TYPE which uses tactic STK2 and are stored in the

SCH.DATA array. Several different combatants (with different SEARCH TYPES) may

simultaneously be using tactic STK2 with different parameters thus modelling

different patterns of sensor device availability and/or utilization.

The 16 STK2 parameters are as follows:

1. TAC Search tactic number (= 2 always for STK2)

2. SENSOR SENSOR to use

3. MODE Mode of use code for the sensor (wide vs narrow FOV)

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4. LO.ACQ.LEV Lowest acquisition level to consider

5. HI.ACQ.LEV Highest acquisition level to try for

6. HFOS Horizontal size of field of search (degrees)

7. VFOS Vertical size of field of search (degrees)

8. MAXN Maximum number of targets to acquire in one searchcycle.

9. MAXTIME Maximum time to spend in one search cycle

10. MINTIME Minimum time to spend in one search cycle

11. SIMUL Simultaneous (CODE = 1) vs Sequential (Code = 2)Acquisition times

12. FOVSW FOV switch time to add for each target in sequentialsearch

13. MAXEACH Maximum time to spend on any single target

14. SOURCE Source for Target: 1 = Battlefield, 2 = Own DetectedList

15. PURGE Purge Level for Detected List: 0 = NO PURGE

16. NEWTYPE Search type to use for the next search cycle for thisobserver

A verbal description of the STK2 search tactic and its relation to these

parameters is given in Volume I of this Report (Reference 1, Chapter IV-C). In

this section we will go through the SIMSCRIPT code for Routine STK2 and several

subroutines called by STK2.

1. Routine STK2

Purpose: Single sensor NVL search tactics routine

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to entity doing the searching

OBS INTEGER Observer number on entity A

TYPE INTEGER SCH.TYPE to use for this search cycle

90

YIELDING ARGUMENTS

TIME.INC REAL Amount of time used by this search cycle

NEWTYPE INTEGER SCH.TYPE to be used for the next searchcycle

LOCAL VARIABLES

SENSOR INTEGER

MODE INTEGER

LO.ACQ.LEV INTEGER

HI.ACQ.LEV INTEGERSearch Tactic Parameters as Defined Above

HFOS REAL

VFOS REAL

MAXN INTEGER

MAXTIME REAL

SIMUL INTEGER

FOVSW REAL

MAXEACH REAL

SOURCE INTEGER

PURGE INTEGER

B INTEGER Pointer to potentially detectable target

N INTEGER Temporary variable

I INTEGER Loop index

MEM INTEGER Pointer to target memo entity

SUPPTIME REAL Suppression time for target acquisition

MXRNG REAL Maximum detection range for this system

91

GLOBAL VARIABLES

SCH.DATA REAL 3-D Search Tactics Parameters

LIST INTEGER 2-D A's Detection List

TRGT INTEGER 2-D Pointer to A's List

N.PO.TGT INTEGER Size of PO.TGT Set

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES FOR "TANK" ENTITIES

AREA INTEGER Horizontal search area

COLOR INTEGER ATKR or DFNDR

DEFNUM INTEGER DEFILADE Condition

NAME INTEGER ID Number

ALIVE.DEAD INTEGER 0 if still alive, 1 if dead

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES FOR "TGT.MEMO" ENTITIES

PNTR INTEGER Pointer to the tank entity that is thepotential target

RANKING REAL Minus target range - used as the rankingvariable for the PO.TGT set.

SETS

BLUE.ALIVE Alive DFNDR "Tank" entities

RED.ALIVE Alive ATKR "Tank" entities

PO.TGT TGT.MEMO entities for this search

ROUTINE AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

CHG.SEC.SEARCH Change sector of search

DIM.F Find array size

DIST Compute distance from observer to target

EMPTY.PO.TGT Empty PO.TGT set of all TGT.MEMO's

GET Miscellaneous data filed by system/weapon

type

92

INT.F Integer

LIS.LEVEL.PURGE Purge detected list of targets with lowacquisition level

LIS.RELEASE Totally erase detected list

NVL.I.PHASE Do NVL Calculations

POT.TGT Create TGT.MEMOs for PO.TGT Set

TIM.SP Compute suppression time

EVENTS SCHEDULED

NONE (NOTE: Detect events get scheduled in routineNVL.I.PHASE)

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure VI-3

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY

Lines 1 - 25 Declare the routine and define local variables.

Lines 26 - 32 Set yielding arguments and do a total suppresion check.If A is totally suppressed, then no detectioncomputations will be attempted.

Lines 33 - 38 Erase the detected list for entities in full defiladeand return.

Lines 39 - 43 Access A's detected list and change A's sector of searchif the list is empty (indicating recent unsuccessfulsearching in the current search sector).

Lines 44 - 56 Compile a list of potentially detectable targets from ascan of the battlefield. TGT.MEMO entities for thesetargets are filed in the PO.TGT set.

Lines 57 - 70 Compile the PO.TGT set from A's own detected list,creating TGT.MEMOs for entities which are on A's listbut at a lower acquisition level than desired.

Lines 72 - 76 Tally the size of the PO.TGT set for simulation summarystatistics.

Lines 79 - 92 Set-up the parameters for the detection computations.

93

Lines 93 - 95 Perform the detection computations and schedule detectevents by a call to NVL.I.PHASE.

Lines 96 - 102 Empty the PO.TGT set, purge the detected list of lowlevel targets, and terminate the routine.

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97

2. ROUTINE NVL.I.PHASE

Purpose: This routine is responsible for keeping track of the time

during a search event. In particular it distinguishes between the simultaneous

and sequential target acquisiton modes, schedules DETECT events when

appropriate, and computes the total TIME.USED by a search cycle.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Pointer to entity doing the searching

SENSOR INTEGER7

MODE INTEGER

LO.ACQ.LEV INTEGER

HI.ACQ.LEV INTEGER

HFOS REAL

VFOS REAL Tactic parameters as defined above

MAXN INTEGER

MAXTIME REAL

MINTIME REAL

SIMUL INTEGER

FOVSW REAL

MAXEACH REAL

TIMSP REAL Suppresion time for target acquisition

YIELDING ARGUMENT

TIME. USED REAL Amount of TIME.USED by this search cycle

LOCAL VARIABLE

B INTEGER Pointer to potential target entities

N INTEGER Size of PO.TGT set

98

• $

LOCAL VARIABLES CONTINUED

I INTEGER Loop index ranging from 1 to N

MEMO INTEGER Pointer to target MEMO entities from PO.TGTset

NACQ INTEGER Number of targets acquired so far in this cycle

ACQ.LEV INTEGER Acquisition level achieved for a target

ANS INTEGER Yes/No, is B already on A's list?

OLD.LEV INTEGER If B is on A's list, the acquisition level

POS INTEGER If B is on A's list, the position in the list

ACQ.TIM REAL Time required to acquire target at levelACQ.LEV

SIZE REAL Return from LIS.CHECK - not used.

GLOBAL VARIABLES

BSTD REALAccumulation variables for detection time

statisticsRSTD REAL

DFNDR INTEGER 1 1

YES INTEGER 1 1

NO INTEGER = 0

N.PO.TGT INTEGER Size of PO.TGT Set

ENTITY ATTRIBUTE FOR "TANK" ENTITIES

COLOR INTEGER ATKRjOFNOR

ENTITY ATTRIBUTE FOR "TGT.MEMO" ENTITIES

PNTR INTEGER Pointer to target entity B

SET

PO.TGT Set of Target MEMOS from routine STK2

99

ROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED

LIS.CHECK To see if B is already on A's list

MAX.F Maximum

MIN.F Minimum

NVL.DET To compute acquisition time and level foreach single target

EVENT SCHEDULED

DETECT Detection event

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure V1-4

LINE BY LINE COMMENTARY

Lines 1 - 23 Declare the routine and define variables.

Lines 24 - 25 Initialize time and acquisitions to zero.

Lines 26 - 29 Take care of the case where there are no potential targets.

Lines 30 - 33 Start the main loop over all potential targets in order oftheir ranking attributes, this loop continues as long as thenumber of detectevents scheduled is less than MAXN.

Lines 34 - 35 Screen out targets that have already been acquired at thedesired level.

Lines 36 - 38 Call NVL.DET to compute the acquisiiton time and acquisitionlevel for the current target.

Lines 39 - 53 Coordinate timing for simultaneous searching. If ACQ.TIM isless than MAXTIME then a detection event is scheduled.TIME.USED is set to the largest ACQ.TIM encountered.

Lines 54 - 75 Coordinate timing for sequential searching. The ACQ.TIMs areaccumulated to give TIME.USED. If ACQ.TIM is less than MAXEACHand TIME.USED is less than MAXT7ME, then a detection event isscheduled.

Line 77 Destroys the TGT.MEMO entity for this potential target.

Lines 79 - 80 Make sure that TIME.USED is between MINTIME and MAXTIME.

100

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102

r

3. ROUTINE POT.TGT

Purpose: Routine POT.TGT does range and sector checks to screen

potentially detectable elements. TGT.MEMO entities are created for elements

which pass the screen and are filed in the PO.TGT set in order of closest

range.

GIVEN ARGUMENTS

A INTEGER Observer entity

B INTEGER Potential target entity

MXRNG REAL Detection range limit

LOCAL VARIABLES

ANS INTEGER Return answer from SECTOR.CHECK iMEM INTEGER Pointer to TGT.MEMO entity

RX REAL Range in X - Coordinate

RY REAL Range in Y - Coordinate

RNG REAL Ranqe from A to B

GLOBAL VARIABLES

YES INTEGER 1

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES FOR "TANK" ENTITIES

OEFNUf INTEGER Defilade condition of target

K.CURRENT REAL X battlefield coordinates

Y.CURRENT REAL Y battlefield coordinates

ENTITY ATTRIBUTES FOR "TGT.MEMO" ENTITIES

PNTR INTEGER Pointer to potential target B

RANKING REAL Minus range between A and B

103

I- SET

S POTGT Set of TGT.MEM),s for potential targets ranked onI! high RANKING.

ROUTINE AND FUNCTIONS

SQRT.F Square root

SECTOR.CHECK Checks whether B is in A's search sector

EVENTS SCHEDULED

None

SIMSCRIPT CODE

See Figure VI-5

COMMENTARY

Self-Explanatory

104

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105

4. ROUTINE EMPTY.PO.TGT

Purpose: Empty the potential target set at the end of a search

cycle by one observer so that it can be used by the next observer to search.

The SIMSCRIPT code is given in Figure VI-6. No further explanation should be

requi red.

106

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0* M~107

5. USE OF THE STK2 SEARCH TACTIC

The reader is referred to Voltime I of this report (Reference 1,

Chapter IV, Section 0) for an example of applying STK2. The situation modelled

is that of an observer using unaided visual search to make a survey of his

search sector looking for anything that might be a military target. He then

uses field glasses to focus on each detected target in succession in an attempt

to identify the target.

108

VII. CONCLUSIONS

This report presents detailed documentation for the STAR Target Acquisition

Module. The Target Acquisition Module has been developed to enable users of

STAR to simulate a variety of sensor devices and sensor utilization patterns in

ltmited visibility conditions. The module is designed to be easily enhanced as

the need for additional search tactics becomes apparent. For further

discussion of the Target Acquisition Module see VOLUME I of this report

(Reference 1) and also the STAR Smoke Model documentation (Reference 2).

109

REFERENCES

1. Hartman, J. K. "A Target Acquisition Module for the STAR Combined ArmsCombat Simulation Model, Volume I, Naval Postgraduate School, Technical ReportNPS-55-82-001, January 1982.

2. Carpenter, H. J. and Hartman, J. K. "The STAR Battlefield Smoke Module",(Forthcoming)

3. Hartman, J. K. "Parametric Terrain and Line of Sight Modelling in the STARCombat Model", Naval Postgraduate School, Technical Report NPS 55-79-018,August 1979.

110

- S.. ~- -,

DISTRIBUTION LIST

NO. OF COPIES

Library, Code 0142 4Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93940

Dean of ResearchCode 012Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93940

Library, Code 55Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93940

Professor James K. Hartman 100Code 55HhNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93940

Defense Technical Information Center 2ATTN: DTICDDRCameron StationAlexanria, Virginia 22314

lii