II

PRONOUNS

APPENDIX B

When we speak or write about different persons or things we do not use the names of those persons or things everytime because our speech or our writing becomes tedious. We use some other words for those nouns when we have to repeat them. Words which are used for nouns are called pronouns. I know that you know pro­nouns but shall we refresh our knowledge of pronouns here? Let us start with the personal pronouns.

I

we

You

(1) Read the given sentences and supply a correct pronoun in each sentence:

Raasesh said, "Rasesh lost a five rupee note.” Rasesh said, *_______ lost a five rupee note."

(2) Rupa said to Paru, “Shall Paru and Rupa go and buy the tickets in advance?”

Rupa said to Paru, “Shall ... both go andbuy the tickets in advance?“

(3) Neeta said to Neema, “Neema must work hard.”Neeta said to Neema, "_______ must work hard.”

(4) Madhavi said, "Friends, study hard, otherwise friends will fail."Madhavi said, "Friends, study hard, otherwise

will fail.”

Ill

you

he

she

it

they

(5) Satish said, to Smita that Satish wanted to go home,Satish said to Smita that ' wanted to gohome*

(6) Tarla is a girl and Tarla lives at Bombay#= Tarla is a girl and ______ lives at Bombay.

(7) Ramesh built a house but that house is very small#Ramesh built a house but _ _is very small.

(8) Rita and Sita are ready to go because Rita and Sita want to go to the station.Rita and Sita are ready to go because _______want to go to the station.

(9) In the above sentences, you supplied the pro­nouns *1’, ’We*, *You% ‘He*, ’She', 'It* .and •They'. They are all Personal Pronouns i.e. they stand for the names of persons or things.

•I* and * 1 are pronouns used for speakers.They are the First Person pronouns.

Pronoun * * is used for a listener. It isthe Second Person pronoun.

He, * 1. It ana 1 1 are pronouns usedfor persons or things spoken about. They are the Third Person pronouns.

weyoushethey

HeSheSingularTheyPlural

(a) We(b) You(c) They(d) They

(10) When a pronoun is used for one person or thing it is a singular pronoun. When it is used for more than one person or thing, it is a plural pronoun.

The pronouns 'I1, ’You’, * * *and ’It* are used for one person or a thing*They are _________ pronouns.

The pronouns ’We', 'You1 and 1 * are usedfor more than one person or thing. They are _______ pronouns.

(11) Supply.xther plural forms of the given pronouns?(a) I c* he _______

‘ (b) Y o u _____ d. it ______

Try frame 'No. 13.

(12) Friends, there is no difficulty in the use of the First person and the Second person pronouns i,e. ’I*, 'We' and 'You', But you must remember that the Third person singular pronouns i.e, 'He', 'She' and 'It' cannot be used for any noun that we like. Study the followings

The pronoun 'He* must be used for masculine gender nouns like *a boy', 'anian', *a dog', 'father*f 'brother*, 'Satish*, 'Ramesh* etc.The pronoun 'She' must be used for feminine gender n o w s like ’a girl', 'a woman *, *a sister'mother', 'an aunt’, 'a cat'.

IV

V

She

a) Sheb) Itc) Itd) He

The pronoun *It* must be used for neuter gender nouns, such as ’a table’, ’a chair’, *a house*.

Supply a pronoun.is my sister.

(13) Write the pronouns for the nouns underlined in the following - sentences:

(a) Slieela is a girl.(b) There is a book on the table. _______(c) The child is playing, •(d) Ramanlal is my friend. ~ __

If all your answers are not correct, study the frame No.12 and then try this again. If all yoar answers, are correct, try frame No. 28.

(14) You icnow that a noun is used in a sentence asa subject or an object. But you must note that in a sentence all the personal pronouns are not,used as objects. The personal pronouns *1*, *We*, 'You*, *He’» ’She*, ’It* and 'They* are used as subjects in a sentence.

(15) The personal pronouns used as subjects are >*I», »We», *You*, ________, _______'It* and

HeSheThey

(16) The personal pronouns *1*, '. «______s . ^ a n d are usedas subjects-.

VI

(17) Now study th e follow ings

L et us study the pronouns which a re used as o b je c ts in a sen tence.

We(a) Rupa gave me a book.

You (b) W ill Ansu come w ith us to -the s ta tio n ?He , ' 1 1She (c) Ajay w il l take you. to a movie.I t

(d)They He gave h e r a p re se n t.

(e) Who w i l l go to see him (K issan) tomorrow?

( f ) Dinesh t ie d i t w ith a rope.

(g) I saw them in the garden.

In sentences (a)# (b) and ( c ) , pronouns, ‘me*, ’u s ’ and ’you* ane used as o b je c ts .

The pronouns used as o b je c ts in sen tences (d)»(e)» ( f ) and (g) a re . _____ _» _______and ,

Bie personal pronouns ’me*, ’u s ', . ’you*, ’him*, ’h e r ’ , ’i t ’ and ’them* a re used as o b je c ts .

h e rhimi tthem

o b je c ts

(18) The personal pronouns ’me*, *us’ , ’you*, ’h im ',’h e r ' , ’i t ’ and ’them* a re used as .

(19) The personal pronouns 'me*, ’u s ' , ’you’,*_______ , and _ _ _ _ _ _ a re used as ______

h e rhimi tthemo b jec ts

(20) Read the follox*/ing sentences:

(a ) The w hite pen i s mine.

VII

(b) Tap black pen is yours.(c) That house is ours, and not theirs.(d) Hiis blue frock is hers.(e) That black dog lost its bone in the river.

Tie personal pronouns used in the above senten­ces ares 1. Mine, 2, Yours, 3. Ours,^4.5.

Qh£

These pronouns are Possessive pronouns. They are never written after a noun. They are gene- , rally written after a verb. Sometimes, they are written after personal pronouns used in objective case. Study the following sentences:

(a) I have ray book. Give him his (book).(b) Don’t give me your pen. Give me mine.

In the above sentences, personal pronouns show­ing possession aro . . They arenot written after a noun. They are written after a .

The pronouns written after ’him' in sentence (a) and after 'me* in sentence (b) are -■*us©®mm+and ---------

a&ee ( 21)yearn®

]&■ &m»3. theirs4. hers5. its

^ my . mine ^his his mine pronoun possessive

The personal pronouns ’mine', ’ours*, .. , _____ _ and ’theirs’ are used

to show possession.

VIII

yourshis.hersits

(22) The personal pronouns 'mine*, ’ours1, ‘his1,•hers’, ’yours’, 'its1,and ’theirs’ are used to show .

(23) Study the following sentences:(a) Satish took Wway my book.(b) Hie teacher will declare our result today.

, (c) Hie teacher said to the boys, "Put down vour pens.

(d) Prashant has not brought his fountain pen.

(e) Rama found her earjfings from the drawer.(f) Hie dog saw its master and barked.(g) Children like to play with their friends.

possession

The pronouns used in the above sentences are•my’, ’our’, ........, ____and _____ .

These pronouns also show possession and they are always used before a noun. They are always used as

yourhisherits'their

our

(24) The personal pronouns ’my’, .. ______ and ’their’ are

always used before a noun. '

They are always used as adjectives.

(25) The personal pronouns ’my*, . ____

IXy o u rh i sh e ri t s

« 1 . 'its' 'and are 'u s e d before a noun. Th e y are alw a y s u s e d as

»

o u r (26)yourh i sh e rtheirsalwaysa d j e c t i v e s

The p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ’m y ’, ’our', ’your*, ’h i s ’, ’her*, ’its* a n d ’t h e i r ’ are u s e d to show p o s s e ­ssion., T h e s e p r o n o u n s are a l w a y s u s e d as .

The p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ’mine*, *o p r s ’, ’yours*,’his*, ’hers*, ’its* and _________ are also u s e d ’to show p o s s ession.

T h e s e p r o n o u n s a r e n o t u s e d ds

( 2 7 )

a d j e c t i v e sth e i r sadj e c t i v e s

The p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s * m y ’» .» , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _____________ are

a l w a y s u s e d as _________,♦

Th e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ’mine*, _________ ,j . 'hers*, . a n d are, n o t

u s e d as .

o u ry o u rh i sh e rits, ,t h e i ra d j e c t i v e so u r sy o u r sh i si t sth e i r sa d j e c t i v e sadj e c t i v e s

(28) Su p p l y t h e . m i s s i n g p r o n o u n s u s e d a s subjects, a s objects, as a d j e c t i v e s to show p o s s e s s i o n a n d those n o t u s e d as adjectives.

(a) I ___________ _________ ' mine

(b) ______ y o u __ _________

(c) ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' h e r

(d) th e y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ’ ■ .

X

If all your answers.are,not correct, study frames 14 to 27 and try this frame again. If all your answers a^e correct, try frame Mo. 41.

a. me my

b. you your yours

c. she her hers

d. them their theirs

(29) Friends, there is another kind of.pronoun which ends in * self *,. or * selves’. Let us seethese pronouns and the purposes they serve.

(a) Haresh hurt himself yesterday. ,(b) Sheela reserved the seat for herself.(c) Anil, Sunil and Neela themselves took a

decision to go out in the cold winter night to help the poor.

(d) Smita, write an answer yourself.

The pronouns in the above sentences ares 1 * 2. p. 4. .

1. himself (30)2. herself3, themselves4, yourself

(a) Prakash blamed himself for his behaviour.(b) Saryu blamed•herself for rushing in a crowd.(c) Ajit, try yourself and get the solution.(d) Those girls helped themselves and became

happy.

The pronouns in the above sentences ares1 . 2 .___ _ 3 ..___ _ 4 .____The pronoun 'himself* in sentence fa) is the object of the verb 'blamed*,, The pronouns 'herself*, 'yourself*, 'themselves* in sentences (b), (c) and (d) are the objects of the verbs

1 *h i m s e l f 2 . h e r s e l f 3* y o u r s e l f 4-. t h e m s e l v e s

1 .blamed.2. t r y3 . h e l p e d

1 . m y s e l f 2 . o n e s e l f 3 . o u r s e l v e s

d o e r s

o b j e c td o e r

R e f l e x i v eo b j e c tv e r br e t u r n sd o e r

1 . 2. ' 3. a n d ' t h e a c t i o n sr e t u r n t o t h e d o e r s o f t h e a c t i o n s .

( 3 1 ) ( 1 ) I i n j u r e d m y s e l f w i t h a p e n k n i f e .

( 2 ) O n e m u s t h e l p o n e s e l f t o b e ’h a p p y i n l i f e .

( 3 ) W e w r i t e t h e a n s w e r s a n d t h e n c h e e k t h o s e a n s w e r s o u r s e l v e s .

I n t h e a b o v e s e n t e n c e s , t h e p r o n o u n s * 1.2 . __________ 3 . a r e t h e ____o f t h e a c t i o n s

( 3 2 ) W h e n t h e p r o n o u n e n d i n g i n ^ - s e l f 1 o r.*• - s e l v e s * i s u s e d a s a n ’ o f t h e v e r b

T f "IT"!'*' —a n d t h e a c t i o n r e t u r n s t o t h e h i m s e l f ,i t i s c a l l e d a R e f l e x i v e p r o n o u n ,

(3 3 ) A p r o n o u n e n d i n g i n < lfl< *t. ^ a e l f » o r( - s a l v o s * i s c a l l e d a __ _ _ p r o n o u n w h e n i t i s ‘

u s e d a s a n o f t h e __________ a n d w h e n t h ea c t i o n _ _________ t o t h e o f a n a c t i o n .

(3 ) ( 1 ) S a r a y u m a n a g e d t o g e t a s e a t i n t h e b u s f o r h e r s e l f .

( 2 ) I d o n o t l i k e t o t a l k m u c h a b o u t m y s e l f .

( 3 ) H e h a s a h a b i t o f s p e a k i n g t o h i m s e l f .

( 4 ) Y o u m u s t t h i n k o f y o u r s e l f f i r s t a n d t h e n a s k t h i s q u e s t i o n .

I n t h e a b o v e s e n t e n c e s , a c t i o n s o f t h e v e r b s

d o n o t r e t u r n t o t h e d o e r s o f t h e a c t i o n s ,

XII

2 . about3 . to4. of

and the pronouns ’herself*, ’myself’, ’himself’ and ’yourself’ are not the objects of the verbs hut these pronouns are written after the prepo­sitions: 1. for 2 . 3. 4,... •„ :.. .Nouns or pronouns written after prepositions are ob,1eots of those prepositions*

(35) When, in a sentence, the pronoun ending in^ y ^ s e l f ' or r^J^selves1 is an - — :— of a verb or of a ore it is a Reflexive pronoun.

objectposition

(3 6) When, in a sentence, the pronoun ending in0 .. K -self or r__ 6-selves’ .is an ___ •___ of•flTl (1VIa or a and when the action ofa verb to the of an action,it is a ________ pronoun. 5

(37)objectverbprepositionreturnsdoerreflexive

Study the following sentences and see how the pronouns ending in ' ^’-self! or r { ,( <(-selves ’ are used:

(a) Ketna herself will write an essay.(b) Rajani himself should try for it.(c) I myself will have to try for the reserva­

tion of my seat in the train.(d) They' themselves have come to seek pardon.(e) You yourself are responsible for this

mischief.(f) You yourselves will have to tell the truth.

XIII

bject

eflexive

notanpronoun

nounpronounemphatic

In th. above sentences, pronouns ending in ^ -.self* or * -.selves* are not the o s of a verb or a preposition. They are written after a noun or a pronoun.

(38) When a pronoun ending in y/f -self* or1-selves* is written after a noun or a pronoun and is not used as an object of a verb or a preposition, it is not a R pronoun. Itis called an Emphatic pronoun, It puts an emphasis on the doer of an action.

(39) When the pronoun ending in * f •sell * or f selves* is written after a or a .

‘ it is called emphatic pronoun because it express­es emphasis.

(40) When the pronouns ending in F. f < * -self ’ or Y.t r•-selves’ are written after a ^ o r a ______,

they express emphasis, so they are called __________ pronouns,

(41) Study the following sentences and write *R* if the underlined pronoun shows that the action returns to its doer (if it is used as the object of a verb or a preposition) and write *E* if the underlined pronoun puts an emphasis on the doer of an action,

(a) Rakesh himself had said this.(b) Paresh injured himself, .

xrv

(c) They themselves arranged, for theshow.' 1 ■

(d) I myself am not responsible for it.(e) She put herself in a bad situa-

• hion#(f) We ourselves wanted to buy

this house. '

If your four or more answers are wrong, study frames 29 to 40 and then try this frame again. If all your answers are not wrong, try frame No. 5 4 , ,

a. Bb. Rc. Ed. Ee. Rf. E

(42) Now you know well.the personal pronouns, theirgenders, number and how they are used. You also know Reflexive and Emphatic pronouns. Let us see now other kind of pronouns.

(43) Study the following sentences:■ja: .

(a) I know that person.

(b) Smita is a girl. Ranjit is Smita's brother.

(c) This is a boy. I gave this boy a book yesterday.

'B»I know the person who met me yesterday.Smita is the girl whose brother is Ranjit.

This is the boy whom I gave a book yesterday.

Pairs of sentences in group 'A' are joined in

»group *B* with the help of the words 1,,2. ______ 3. ___ ______

1. who2. whose 3* whom

(44) (a) He is a man. He stole my purse.(b) He is the man who stole my purse.

The word in sentence (b) joins the twosentences in (a). The word ’who' in the senten ce (b) stands for the noun 'man', so it is a pro n .

(45) Reena is a girl who.tells lies.

The pronoun follows the nounwho and it acts as a Joining word. A pronounn0U which follows the noun and which acts as a

.joining' word, is called a Relative pronoun.

whogin(46) Hemish £s the boy who is my nephew.

In the above sentence, the pronoun __ follows the noun and it acts as aj ’ so it is a Relative pronoun.

whoboyoiningword

(4?) Premal is a boy who has a smiling face.Pronoun, in the above sentence is . Itis a relative pronoun because it follows the _______ ’boy* and it acts as a

(48) Read the following sentences*

(a) I met Kalima whom you gave a book yester­day.

(b) You give my love to Saurabh whose birthday falls on this Monday.

(c) Vatsala, whose letter I received today, is a very polite girl.

XVI

whonounjoiningword

1 . whom2 . whose3 . whorelative

whomwhos

whichwhatthat

(d) Kartik is the boy whom the teacher gave a prize,

(e) The doctor who treated you is my cousin,(f) The principal whose thinking is narrow

can never be a good administrator.

In the above sentences, the joining words! t, 2. ■ and 3. are. used as^ p r o n o u n s .

(49) The pronouns *who1. and _______e areused as Relative pronouns,

(50) Study the following sentences:

(a) This is,the purse which I bought before two days,

(b) Shall I tell your father (that) what you did yesterday?

(c) This is my article that was published in the Times of India,

The pronouns in the above sentences are:1, _______, 2, _______, 3. _______ , Theyare used as joining words and.they are written after either a noun or a pronoun, so they are Relative pronouns.

(5 1) The pronouns w w t and tare used as Relative pronouns.

XVII

hichhahat

whomitfhosewhatthatelative .

(52) The pronouns ’who', . . . which,_______ and ________ are used as E pronouns*

(53) So you know that a Relative pronoun is and thatthere are six pronouns which are used as Rela­tive pronouns. It is not difficult to find out a Relative pronotin from a given sentence but one must be very careful in its use.

Study the followings(1) 'who*, ’whom’ and ’whose’ are used for

person only*(2) ’which’ is used for things and animals.(3) ’what* is used for ideas and things.(4) ’Shat’ is used for persons, things as well

as for animals.

(54) Supply an appropriate Relative pronoun in the ‘ following sentences;

(a) The person _________ you saw with me was apolice officer.

(b) Rajesh is the person _______ always talksin a polite manner.

(c) The dog ______ barked was a street-dog.(d) A teacher ________ manners are good is

liked by his students.(e) The umbrella ______ I bought is very

costly.

XVIII

(f) You tell me ' you said to my brother yesterday.

If your four or more answers are wrong, study frames 42 to 53 and then try this frame again. If all your answers are correct, try frame 61.

a. whomb. whoc. thatd. whosee. whichf. what

(55) Now we shall see what forms the Relative pronouns take when they are used for nouns in singular and plural number, nouns used for things and persons in different genders and for nouns used as subject and showing possession.

' ' IkL(a) I know’ the boy who

played mischief in the class room.

(b) AJay is the boy whom I taught English.

(c) The.teacher whose manners are good is respected by the students.

. ,B tWhere are the boys who have come from East Africa?The persons whom I wan­ted to meet have left this place.The students whose tea­cher is absent today are making noise.

Relative pronouns used in sentences in groups *A* and ’B* are* 1._______ 2,_______ and 3.___

Relative pronouns used in sentences in group *A* stand for the nouns in (singular/plural)number. ,

XIX

Rel a t i v e p r o n o u n s u s e d i n s e n t e n c e s in gr o u p *B* stand fo r the n o u n s in ( s i n g u l a r / p l u r a l )number.

w h ow h o mw h o s es i ngularp l u r a l

(56) Rel a t i v e p r o n o u n s ’who', 'whom* and 'whose' stand fo r the n o u n s , i n si n g u l a r a s w e l l as in p l u r a l number,

(5 7 ) R elative p r o n o u n s • , and ■stand fo r the n o u n s in ■ as w e l l as ____number.

w h ow h o mw h o s esingularp l u r a l

(58) Study, the following:

’A ’

, (a) This is a h o u s ew h i c h is v e r y small

(b) This i s the b o o k th a t I like.

H iTh e s e are the h o u s e s w h i c h are v e r y small.

Th o s e are the books th a t I like.

(c) The do g t h a t o b e y s i t s m a s t e r i s a f a i t h f u l dog.

The d o g s that o b e y t h e i r m a s t e r s are f a i t h f u l dogs.

Rel a t i v e p r o n o u n s u s e d i n ^ s e n t e n c e s i n group*A' and 'B» a r e , and' they stand------ — 11— tf o r the n o u n s i n ______ _ n u m b e r i n group 'A*an d f o r the n o u n s i n n u m b e r in group *B'.

w h i c h t h a t singular p l u r a l .

(59) The r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s who, __ ______ ,and are u s e d i n singular as

w e l l as i n .......m* _

XXwhomttfhosethatwhichplural

(60) The relative pronouns are used in aswell as without any change in their form,

(61) Write *s’ if the relative pronoun is used in singular and ’p 1 if it is used in plural.

(a) I met the man whose son met with an accident.

(b) Are we the persons whom you shouted?

(c) A teacher likes those students who behave well in the classroom. , _______

(d) The books that I was lookingfor are lying here. _ _ _ _ _ _

(e) Persons whose thinking isnot high cannot progress, _______

(f) The girl who passed by thisside is very proud. ________

(g) Siow me the road which leadsto Bombay. 1

<h) The man whom you met,yester­day is deaf. , _ _ _ _ _ _

If your six or more answers are not correct, study frames 55 to 68 and then try this frame.If your more than six answers are correct, fee? Ssssse c jo ' cv,We.ct.<Jl »

(62) Read the following pairs of sentences and study

(b) 1. He is the servant whom I asked, tobring a cup of tea.

2. Sapna is the girl whom her friend trusted.

(c) 1. The man whose son has not returnedfrom the U.S.A. is worried.

2. The ladies whose children quarrelled a little while ago are playing peace­fully now.

Relative pronouns used in the above pairs ares1 and 3< Those areused for the nouns in masculine as well as in feminine genders*

whowhomwhose

(63) The Relative pronouns andare used for the nouns in as

well as in

(64) Read the sentences in group 'A* and group ’B* and study which relative pronouns are .used as subjects Kid which are used as objects*

the relative pronouns used in each pair of sentences:

(a) 1. This is the boy who spoke the truth.2. She is the girl who sings well.

trm

H>ro

no cr ca

«*

»«

•*

.*

'

ra m

cn

W *

013

to

XXII

whowhomwhosemasculinefeminine

• i&l(a) The boy who asked a

question was insulted

(b) This is the book which, will help you very much,

(c) The dog that barks seldom bites,

(d) You do not know what is right and what is wrong.

Nalini is the girl whom4

I asked to sing • yesterday*This Is the bag which I bought from Bombay last week,This is the scooter that my friend sold away,I know what you said to him, ■

'*33*

The relative pronouns used in group ’A* ares 1 * 2 » 3 f and They are .used as subjects.

The relative pronouns used in group *B' ares 1; . 2 . 3 . and 4 .They are used as objects;

The relative pronouns ’which*, ’what* and 'that* are used as subject as well as object.

The relative pronoun ’who’ is used only as a subject and ’whom’ is used only as an object.

1 .who2. which3. that4 . what

(65) The Relative pronouns ’which', ’what' and ’that* .are used as S as well as 0

The Relative pronoun ’who* is used only as the

XXIII

1. whom ■2. which3. that 4*what

ubjectejectsubjectwhom

hich ha . objectwhowhombjec

whichwhatthatwhowhom

________ and the Relative pronoun. , isused only as an object*

(66) The Relative pronouns w ' « w t and________ are used as subject as well as ______

Ihe relative pronoun ________ is used only asa subject and the Relative pronoun _________is used only as an o t.

(67) The relative pronouns used as a subject aswell as an object are _______ and

The relative pronoun used only as a subject is -

The relative pronoun used only as an object ,' is .

>

(68) Remember that the relative pronoun ’whose*,is used neither as a subject nor as an object in a sentence. It is used for a noun that owns or possesses a thing. It is used to show possession.

Study the following sentences;(a) this is the boy whose pen is lost.

. (b) The baby whose mother has gone out is crying. • ■

(c) A student whose handwriting is good is always praised by his teacher.

XXIV

In the above sentences, the relative pronoun 'whose* is used to show .

(69) Now study the following sentences:possession (a) This is a boy.

. (b) That is not my house.(c) These are his books.(d) Those are my note-books.

In the above sentences, words written for the nouns ’boy*, 'house*, ’books* and ’note-books' are: T * . and4», j They are pronouns. They are usedto point at definite things or persons and so they are called Demonstrative pronouns.

(70) (a) Who is this?1 .this (b) Who is that?2. that3. these (c) Who are these?k ,those (d) What is this/that?

(e) Who were those?Hie words 'this*, ’that', 'these* and 'those* are used to point at definite things in the above interrogative sentences and so they are demonstrative .

(71) The pronouns and t. epronouns and o point fh&fc things or persons

and so they are called Demonstrative pronouns.

this that thes th se definite

(72) Shis is Saurabli.Shis is Trupti.Shis is a table#Shat is Prashant,Shat is Seema.Shat is a chair.

In the above sentences# the pronounstands for the nouns *Saurabh’, ’Trupti’, and* table*. She pronoun _______ stands for thenouns 'Prashant*!, ’Seema* and ’chair*.

She above sentences show that the pronouns ’this' and 'that* have the same form for all the genders.

thisthat

thatthesethose

(73) She demonstrative pronouns 'this*, ’_______ and , have the same form forall the genders*-

(74) (a) Shis is a radio.(b) He gave me this (book).(c) Shat is a bag.(d) I did not throw that.

(&) In sentences (a) and (c), pronouns and _______ are used as the s

(2) In sentences (b) and (d), pronouns and ________ are used as the o_____

She pronouns 'this*, ’that', ’these* and ’those(75)

XXVI

thisthatabjectthisthatbjectsamesubjectobject

have the _______________ form when they are used in asentence as a . or an ....

(7 6) The pronouns which are used as Relative pronouns are also used as Interrogative pronouns. Let us see how they are used as Interrogative pronouns. TV y - f r a m e m o - f< f

(77) Study the following:(a) Who wrote this letter? (Amar)(b) Whom did Subodh give his pen? (to Sangita)(c) Whose -friend is Meena? (Rashmi’g)(d) What does Malini want? (a hair pin)(e) Which is your house? (that)(f) Which boy, is your brother? (that)

!

The pronouns used in the above sentences to ask questions ere 1 < . 2 . . .4. , 5 «£ 6 .______ These areinterrogative pronouns.

\irho,whomwhosewhatwhichwhich

whomwhosewhichestion

(7 8) Pronouns 'who', . ’what* and______________ are Interrogative pronouns becausethey are used to ask qu„_____ _s,

(79) Supply the correct pronoun from the list: ’who*, ’whcm’, ’which * f ’whose', ’what'.(a) did you meet yesterday?(b) _ was with you today morning?

XXVIIIi

(c) , is o n that table?

(d) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i s h i s pe n ?

(e) sp e e c h do y o u li k e to h e a r v e r y much?

If yo u r even o n e a n s w e r is wrong, study f r a m e s 7 6 to 78 and then t r y this again. If all yo u r a n s w e r s are correct, t r y frame No. 93.

1 .whom 2 .who3. w h a t4 . w h i c h5 . w h o s e

(80) Friends, w e saw the p r o n o u n s w h i c h p o i n t out the n o u n s t h e y stand for (i.e. t h e i r an t e c e ­dents) v e r y c l e a r l y bu t there are some p r o n o u n s w h i c h do n o t p o i n t o u t th e i r a n t e c e d e n t s v e r y clearly. W e h a v e to find o u t th e i r a n t e c e d e n t s f r o m the context. These p r o n o u n s are I n d e f i n i t e pronouns. L e t u s see those p r o nouns.

(81) St u d y the following:• _ i

( a ) . Eve r y o n e o f - t h e s e . b o y s - w r i t e s good hand.

(b) E v e r y b o d y l i k e s to e x p r e s s o n e ' s opinion.

(c) T h ere i s someone in the c l a s s r o o m w h o always c l a p s w h e n a te a c h e r en t e r s the classroom.

(d) S omebody ca m e to see y o u yesterday.

I n sentences (a), ( b ) » (c) and ( d ) » the p r o n o u n s u s e d a s sub j e c t s are: 1 . . 2 . .

But w e do n o t k n o w f o r w h i c h n o u n s these p r o ­n o u n s s t a n d t So th e y are I n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n s

XXVIII

In the above sentences, all the Indefinite pronouns,are in the singular number.

everyoneeverybodysomeonesomebody

singular

(82) The pronouns *everyone’, ’everybody’, ’someone*and ’somebody’ are always used in .

(83) Pronouns ’everyone*, 'everybody*, ’someone’ and .’somebody’ are indefinite pronouns and they are never used in plural." ■ They are

; always in .

singular

(84) Study the following sentences;?A*

(a) Bach of the students deserves praise.

(b) Either of those boys was welcome.

(c) Anyone singing well is welcome on idle stage*

*B*None of them deserves praise.Neither of these stu- dents tells^lie.Nobody distrusts this man.

Hie pronouns in the sentences in groups ’A ’ and 'B*, which do not have a definite reference,are; "1» n • 3. ., . A. ,5.- and 6. .

They are the subjects. The verbs in all the above sentences are in ________ number. Thepronouns ’each’, 'either*, ’anyone’, ‘none*, ’neither’ and ’nobody* are always used in ’singular• number, -

XXIX

1 . each2. e ith e r3. anyone4 . none5. neither6 . nobody Singular

d efin itesingular

in d e fin itesingular

d efin itesingular

2 .body 3* one 5 .one 6 .body ?.ne8 . body9 . ac

lO .eithe

(85) The pronouns ‘each’, ’e ither* , ’anyone*, ’none ',’neither* and ’nobody* are in pronounsand they are always used in number.

(86) The ' pronouns ’each’, ’e i th e r ’ , ’anyone*j •neither’ , ’none*, ’nobody* are always used in

1

number,

(87) Thus so fa r we have le a rn t th a t the pronouns•everyone* 1 ’everybody’ , ’-someone’, ’somebody’ ’each’, ’e i th e r ’, ’anybody', ’n e ith e r’, ’none’ and ’nobody’ are in pronouns and theyare always used in __________ number,

(88) The in d e fin ite pronouns which are always usedin singular number are*

t . everyone 2. every. 3. some4. somebody 5. anv........ 6. any7. no 8. no 9. e......10,,e ither 11. n r

(89) The in d e fin ite pronouns which are always used in singular number ares

1. 2. 3, 4.5. „ 6 *& 7.

I I•CO

| I I

9 . _ S I

I ! I I 0 * 11.

(90) Study the following sentences*(a) Several students remember th is poem

X X X

1. everyone2. everybody3. someone4. somebody5. anyone 6 * anybody7. no-one8. nobody9. each10. either11. neither

(b) jEew like to go to the market everyday.(c) Both of them talk a great deal.(d) Many run away when they see an accident.(e) All give alms to the deserving persons.

The pronouns used as subjects in the above sentences are: 1. 2. 3.4. and 5. ■ • They do not have adefinite reference, so they are the Indefinite pronouns. These Indefinite pronouns are used in plural number.

(91) Study the following:(a) Several of them work in the field.

1. several2. few (b) Pew of us pray to God everyday.3.both (c) Both like to play fun in the class.4.many

(d)5. all Many wont to study English.(e) All of you are good students.

The Indefinite pronouns in the above sentencesare: 1. .2. .3. . 4.5. ?nd thev are used in number.

1. several2. few3. both4. many5. all plural

(92) The indefinite pronouns 1. 2.5. i. 5. are always usedin number.

(93) Read the following sentences and select an appropriate form of the verb from the verbs given to fill in the blanks:

XXXI

1. several2. few3. both4. many5. allplural

a. likeb. wasc. dod. is©.Criticise f .is ■g. en^oyh. like

(a) Few __________ (likes/like) to play withsmall children.

(b) None (was/were) there when I wentthere*

(c) (Does/do) . you both agree to whatI say?

(d) Everybody, in this society ________ (is/are)friendly. ,

(e) Several ■ - • (critic!ses/criticise) him at his back.

(f) Each boy ' (is/are) interviewed by the principal of this college.

(g) Many (enjoys/en^oy) Gujarati play.(h) All ________ (likes/like) to hear good music

If your even one answer is wrong, study, frames 80 to 92 and then try this again. If all your answers are correct, try frame No. 97.

(94) You know new that some indefinite pronouns are used in singular number and some in plural number'only. But remember that some indefinite pronouns are very peculiar. Study them in the' following sentences!

' 1. '

(a) Some of the milk is always left by Tejal in the glass.

(b) All the bread is in the cupboard.

*B*Some books were very good.

All the tables are good.

XXXII

(c) Most of the. water Most of these students of this river eva- are regular, porates in summer.

The indefinite pronouns used in the sentences in groups 'A' and *B’ are: 1. 2.3._______

The indefinite pronouns used in the sentences in group ’A ’ refer to the' uncountable nouns •milk*, ’bread*, ’water* and the pronouns are used in number. The indefinite pro­nouns used in the sentences in group ’B ’ refer to the eo nouns and the pronouns are usedin ____. number.

1. some 2iall 3.most singular ®ountable plural

1 s/nguWr

(95) When the indefinite pronouns * some’f ’all’and ’most’ refer to the uncountable,nouns they are used in number*

(96) When the indefinite pronouns refer to count­able nouns, they are used in numberand when they refer to the un nouns,' they are used in _ _ number.

(97) Supply an appropriate form of the verb in the following:

plural (a) Some of the oil (is/are) on thecountablesingular floor#

(b) Most of these students (studies/study) regularly.

J

XXXIII

(c) All of the sugar (is/are) wasted.(d) Some of the hooks

the personality.(changes/ change)

(e) Most, of what, you, say on the deaf ears.

' (falls/fall)'

(f) All of them come with me.

(desires/desire) to

If your.more than four answers are wrong, study frames 9 4 to 96. If your more than four answers are correct, go ahead.

(98) Put a V ’ **ssfc, in the appropriate column, consi dering the use of a oronoun.

1 . is No.of2 . study3. is

nronouris4. change 1 . We5 . falls6 . desire 2. Some

3. None4. Whose5 . Ourselves6 . What -7. Who8 . Which

'9 . fhis10. They

11. Any

Both (sing.Singular Plural & plural)

XXXIV

12. You

Sj, Both1* s /

2. J3. J !4. ■ J

5» >/6. V7. J8, V9. y /

10. s /

1 1 . V12. y /

(99) Select an appropriate word from the words given into brackets and fill in the blanks.

( 1 )(2)(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)(9)

.thischildren played all day.She surely saw my brother and ' (Ifme)It is no use telling ~ all this.(us, our)■ was with you yesterday evening.(who, whom)He will look at neither you nor (I, me)My wife and ____ #the month of May,

__ will go to Kashmir in(I,

lessonEvery student must learn ’ regularly, (his, their)I can surely read as fast as (he, him)

did they finally select as the chairman? (who, whom)

(1Q) His brother and _____ together, (he, has)

go to school

1 .we 2.me 3*us4. who5. me6,17. his8. he9. whom 10,he

(100) Select aa appropriate word for each blank!(1) It is ,(I. me)

■ fa

(2) Isn’t it she' they want£ (who,whom)

XXXV

(3) I am sure that ______ will be the newpresident, (he, him)

(4) It will be he ________ would stand first inthe examination, (who, whom)

(5) I never dreamt "that it was - (she,her) . ,

(6) Mr. Desai met _________ in the garden.(they, them)

(7) To ______ shall I give this letter?(who1 whom)

(8) Everybody found ______ book in thecupboard, (their, his)

(9) They had trained . to do hard labour. (theirselves, themselves)

(10) Neither of them has done __________ lesson.(his;, their)

1. I2. whom3. he4. who5. she6. them7. whom8. his9. themselves

10. his

XXXVI

CONCORD

You like to study English and you also desire to write ie-simple correct English. You make attempts also for that. But your teachers and your elders say that these days students are not able to write even five sentences in simple correct English. They say that pupils do not know when they should use verb, singular and plural verb in a sentence. I have prepared a programme and if you would go through it, studying every item of it, I am sure you will not commit a mistake' in the use of verbs in a sen­tence. Shall we begin now?

Satish

Popat

Sudhasubject

Try frame No.7

(1) Read the following:Satish plays football.Who plays football? _______Here Satish is the subject.

(2) Popat rings "the ball.Here _______ is the subject.

(3) Sudha washes her clothes.Here _______ is the _______ .

(4) Sameer plays cricket.What does.Sameer do?Sameer_______ .

XXXVII

Here ‘plays’ is the verb*

(5) Rosy sings a song.plays Here is the verb.

(6) Roshan reads a book.sings Here is the .

(7) Read the following sentencessreads (a) Tejal sleeps in the afternoon.verb <b) Vadekar beats the ball hard.

(c) David rides a horse.(d) Snehal draws a picture.(e) Mr. 02a teaches us English.

In the above sentences,(a) The subjects ares 1. 2.

3*______ , 4, and 5,(b) The verbs ares 1. 2,

3«______» ^ ^Cd 5 'If all your answers are not correct, you read from frame No.1, If all your answers are correct, you try frame No. 18,

.1.Tejal2. Vadekar3. David 4.Snehal S.Mr.Oza

(8) (a) k dog barksCb) Dogs bark.In sentence (a), the.subject is It is in the singular number.

XXXVIII

b.1.sleep2. beats3. rides A.draws 5.teaches

In sentence (b), the subject is »It is in plural number;when the letter 's’ is added to -the singular noun, it is changed into plural.

(9) (a) A kite flies in the sky.(b) Kites fly in the sky.

A dog Subject in sentence (a) is in ( s i n g u l a r /Bogs " plural).

Letter *s* is added to the subject in sentence _______ and so it is in (singular/plural)

singularplural

pluralsteachers

(I0)(a) A teacher writes on the blackboard. >(b) Teachers write on the blackboard.

The subject in sentence (b) is in ...... (singular/plural) because the letter _______ is added to thenoun .:,

(11 )Generally the letter_______ is added to a nounto change, it into .

splural

(12)Read the following* »A»

(a) A boy ;eats fruits' 'B'1

Boys eat fruits.(b) A monkey jumps from Monkeys jump from one

one tree to the other.tree to the other.(c) A glass breaks when Glasses break when they

it falls. fall.

XXXIX

singularpluralsingularplural

singularpluralsingularspluralroot

pluralsingular

Subjects in group *a* are in and in. group ’B ’ in ■

In sentences in group ’A ’, the letter 's’ is added to the verbs and they are in singular.In sentences in group 'B*, letter *s* is not added to the verbs. They are the root forms of the verbs and they are in plural.

1 Verbs in sentences in group ’A* are in _______arid in group *B', they are in .

(13) (a) A mason builds a house.(b) Masons build a house*The subject in seritence (a) is in andin (B), it is in ■

The verb in sentence (a) is in becauses e n t e n c e b . ,, , , 77-- 7~^the letter xs added to xt. The verbis in jxBseaSssee-4^ because it isthe _______ form of the verb.

(14) When the letter ’s’ is added to some nouns, they are in and when it is added tosome verbs, they are in .

(15) .!£! ,B».(a) An apple tastes Apples taste sweet,

sweet.(b) A woodcutter cuts Woodcutters cut wood

wood.

XL

singularsingularpluralpluralpluralsingularluralplural

singularplural

In sentences in group *A% the subjects are in and the verbs are also in .

In sentences in group 'B*, the subjects are in and the verbs also.are- in ,«.

When, in a sentence, the subject is in singular, the verb must be in singular*

Wien in a sentence the subject is in plural, the verb must be in .

(16) When, in a sentence, the subject is in singularthe verb must be in _______, and when the sub­ject is in n « the verb must be in »

(17) A subject in singular always takes a verb in

(HJ) A subject in plural always takes a verb in

(18) Supply the verb in the following sentences and write ’s* if it is in singular and *p* if it is in plural as shown in the first sentence.

(1) A businessman makes a good profit these days, (to make) (s)

(2) Farmers in fields, (to work)(3) My daughter flowers.(to like)(4) Biat boy

classroom.mischief in the

(to plav)

XLI

JK # 2,work P, 3.likes S. 4*plays S 5.live P,

(5) Wild animals in a forest, (to live)

If all your answers are not correct, go back to frame Wo, 8 and begin from there.If all your answers are correct, read frame No. 19 and go ahead.

(19) Now, you know well that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. You also know that a letter *s* is added to a noun to change it into plural. This is true with most of the nouns. But all the nouns are not changed into plural by adding ,s*. There are some rules for changing nouns into plural.

Let us learn these rules and study the illus­trations.

(20) You know that most nouns are changed into plural by adding letter ’s' to them. Some nouns are changed into plural by adding '-es' if those nouns -(a) end in ’s’, 'ss', 'sh*, ’ch* or ’x ’•

'-es*' is added to those nouns to change theta into plural*

bus-buses brush-brushes fox-foxes glass-glasses bench-benches

(b) end in ’o * and before that ‘o ’ there is

XLII

tablesboxesgasesdishesmissesheroespotatoes

es

no vowel i.e. letters 'a', *e'f *i*, ’o ’ or ‘u*.'tomato-tomatoes Mango-mangoes

(21) Head again the frame Ho.20 and study the rules and the illustrations given, and then write the plurals of the nouns given belows

! table box gas dish miss hero potato

(22) Nouns which end in *s*, *ss’, *sh% *ch* or lx ‘are changed into plural by adding tothose nouns.

(23) Most nouns which end in *£' or ’fe* are changed into plural by adding ‘-es* to those nouns but the letter ’f 1 or ’fe* is changed into the letter *v».

wife - wives wolf - wolvesNouns ending in *y* are also changed into plural by adding *es* if there is no vowel(i.e. *a*, *e*» ’i*, *o*, *u*)before the fetter ’y*, but the letter *y* is changed into^letter ’i*.

lady - ladies baby - babiesfly - flies

(2^) Nouns ending in *£’ or ’fe* are changed into — by adding 'es’, but the letter *£’ or ’fe* is changed into the letter .

XL III

pluralv

(25) Nouns ending in *y’ are changed into plural by adding . • . if there is ho ■before the letter ty* and the letter _______is changed into the letter ’i *.

esvowely

yo ' s

yo

(26) You must remember that words ending in *y* or *o* are changed into plural by adding the letters ‘s ’ if there is a vowel (i.e.’a ’, ‘e 1, •i*, ’o ’# 'u*) before the last letter ’y* or’o *.

key - keys radio - radios

(27) Read the following:a* Monkey . . studio boyb. Monkeys studios boys

Nouns in group (a) end in _________ and .They are changed into plural by adding ________because .there is a vowel before the last letters ' and _ _ _ _ _ _ in these words.

(28) Change the following nouns into plural:1

missionary, mango, lady, bamboo,- ' buffalo, ;day, key, photograph, cloud, branch, tax, bus

Now try frame N o *30

( 29 )missionariesmangoesladiesbamboos

Study some nouns, given below and notice that they do not follow any rules in forming the plural.

XL IV

(31) NqW, you know how the nouns are changed intoplural, but in the English language, there are some nouns which end in ’s' or often ’ies* and they are used in singular. Such words are the names of school dr college/ subjects, games and diseases.

Study the following sentences:

buffaloesdayskeyshotographs ranches

clouds taxes buses

hoof - hoofsjroof - roofs man - men

woman-women

ox - oxen child-children mouse - mice

tooth - teeth foot - feet

goose - geese

(30) Read the following sentences. Write 's' ifthe spelling of the plural form of the subject is wrong and write ’a* if the verb*does not agree with its subject. If the spelling of the plural form of the subject is wrong and the verb does not agree with the subject, write ’b*.

(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)

Film studios attracts many visitors. Donkey’s carry load.Oxes help a farmer to till the field,. Brushies clean the teeth well.Asses brays very loudly.

If all your answers are not correct, study frame No. 21 and try this frame again,. If all your answers are correct, try frame No.33, '

CD CO CO CO CD*

•

# . •

•c* cm Nvtfury

singular

1. polltics2. ethics plural

(a) Economics is a very useful subject.(b) Physics is a very important branch of

• science*(c) Tennis is the game of the rich,(d) Mumps is ,a serious illness for ,the grown

up persons.

Verbs in the above sentences are in '(singular/plural) because the subject in those sentences is the name of a school,* subject (i.e. branch of learning), games and disease.

(32) The names of school (different branches of learning) subjects, games and diseases are treated as nouns in Mter singular; when the nouns are used in a sentence to mean the activities and not to mean the names of school* subject, games and diseases, they are used in plural.

Study the following;(a) Politics ruin the character,(b) Gandhiji’s ethics appeal even today.

The subjects in the above sentences are 1. 2. ... They are the names ofschool subjects, but in the above sentences, they are used as names of activities and therefore the verbs are in .

(33) Select the correct form of the verb and write.

XLVI

1. is2. have 3* are4. makes5. are

singular2. mountain3. country

(a) Billiards _______ played in a few clubsonly, (is/are)

(b) His politics _ _ _ _ _ not helped the country in past, (has/have)

(c) A politician’s ethics _ _ _ _ _ always doub- ' ted, (is/are)

(d) Mathematics _ _ _ _ _ a man perfect.(makes/make)

(e) Government statistics _______ not alwaysreliable, (is/are)

If all your answers are not correct, study frames 31 and 32 and then try this frame again.If all your answers are correct,, try frame Wo * 36.

‘i

(34) Study the following sentences:

(a) “The Canterbury Tales” is written by Chaucer(b) The Himalayas attracts the mountaineers.(c) , Mauritius is now an independent country.

Verbs in the above sentences are in ' because the subjects in the above sentences are: 1. the title of a book, 2. the name of

. 3. the name of a

(35) Study the following sentences:(1) Sixty seconds makes a minute.,(2) Three kilogrammes of sugar costs ten

rupees.

xlvii

1.time 2-, weight singular

(3) Three metres of woollen cloth costs more than two, hundred rupees.

(4 ) Two thirds of this essay discusses onlyone point. ;

(e) Three rupees'and forty paise is a vary heavy price for one litre of petrol.

The subject in the above sentences is a phrase expressing: 1. » 2. ......., 3. measure­ment;, 4. fractions and 5« amount of money,, and therefore the verbs are in ....«

(36) (&) Read the following sentences and put/ -maskif the sentence is correct i.e,. if the verb agrees with the subject and put a x ms&k if the sentence is not correct and •write an appropriate form of the verb.

(a) ’Sorab and Rustem* make good reading.__(b) The Alps is the second highest moun­

tain of the world.. ________ '■(c) The United Arab Republic are Muslim

country. ________(d) Pandit Nehru’s "Letters to Indira” ^

’ helps us to understand the worldhistory. _______

(e) Twenty thousand rupees are a large sum of money. ________ .

(f) Thirty miles are a long distance to go on foot. ______

XLVIIIgfC £* 6 Hsfl

If all your answers are not correct, try frames 34 and 35 again and then try this frame again. If all your answers are correct, toy frame No. 44.

B. Write an appropriate form of the verb.

(a) "Emperor Jones" ________ a good exampleof, modern American Plays, (to be)

(b) Sixty minutes ' one hour, (to make)(c) Economics ______ a very popular

subject these days, (to be)(d) Government statistics clearly ______

that the population of our country is increasing very fast, (to show)

(e) Ten paise _______ a very small sum.( to be)

(f)"The Higher Secondary and Its Problems"' the topic of his lecture.(to be)

(37)A. a.* (makes)

(is)(is) (is)

B, a, isb. makesc. isd. showe. isf. isg. needs

(g) Mathematics ______ good practice.(to need)

You know now m a t names of school and college subjects which look like nouns in plural are always used in singular but they are also used in plural when those nouns are not used as the names of subjects, ,In English language, there are some no tins which are used for groups of things or persons dr animals. They are called collective nouns. They are used in singular

XLIX

as well as plural* These nouns are used in sin­gular when they mean (talk about) the whole group as one unit and they are used in plural when they are used to refer to the members of groupj study the following sentences:

«A»(a) The jury is of the,

opinion that Mr. X is guilty.

(b) The Parliament hasa right to amend the constitution,

(c) This committee con­sists of four mem­bers.

*B«

The jury are not una­nimous in their opi­nion.The Parliament'were not one in approving this amendment.The committee have been discussing this problem.

The verb in sentences in group *A’ are! 1 __2. . 3. and in group *B’: 1.2._______, 3._______.

The nouns ’jury*, ’Parliament’, ’committee’ in sentences in group ’B* are used to mean the members of the jury, Parliament and committee and so they are used in .

A. 1.is (38)2. has3. consists

B. 1« are 2, were3* have been

discussing plural

Collective nouns are used in when theymean the \ifhole group as one unit. Collective nouns are used in when they mean themembers of the group.

singularplural

1 * spectacles2. scissors3 . breeches plural

plural

L

(39) Nouns which stand for things with two compo­nents such as "scissors" are used in plural.They take a plural verb.Study the following sentences*(a) Spectacles help weak-eyed persons.(b) Scissors ,cut cloth.(c) Breeches make a good royal dress.

The subjects in the above sentences are: 1.2. ' 3. . They are the nouns ofthings which have two components. They are used in _____

(40) Nouns which.name things with two components take a ■ verb.

(41) Nouns which name things with two components are also used in singular when the words wa pair of" are written before those words.

Study the following sentences:(a) A pair of spectacles helps a weak-eyed

person.(b) Your pair of shoes needs polish.(c) This pair of scissors is not very sharp.

The verbs in the above sentences are in .

The words "a pair of" is used before the nouns 1. . 2. 3. which name

singular1. spectacles2. shoes3. scissors singular

twopluralsingular

LI

things with two components and so the verbs are ' £ n

(42) The nouns which' name things v;ith ________ compo­nents are used in ^but when the wordswa. pair of" are written before these nouns, they are used in .

(43) Put as/ aark if a sentence 3s correct and a x «aa?fe-i£ it is incorrect» Write an appropriate form of the verb to correct ©n incorrect sen­tence.(a) The Jury were divided in their

judgment of the Nationalizationof Banks, ' _______

(b) His, breeches is torn. _______ ;(c) His spectacles is broken. •(d) The committee has not submitted

the rep'ort yet. ________(e) Scissors are used by tailors. _______(f) His shoes are dirty. _______(g) The Parliament were not one

in amending this article ofthe constitution, ________

If all your answers are not correct, study frames 37 to 48 again^and then try this frame. If all your answers are correct, try frame 45.

LII(44) There are some nouns in English which are used

only in singular and there are some nouns which are used only in tfee- plural. Study the following sentences to know those nouns:

a« J b. x e. xd. Je. v/f. Vg* s/

(a) Cattle graze in the field.(b) News spreads very speedily.(c) His hair is black,(d) People forget their sufferings very soon.(e) Riches.have wings,(f) Alms are given to the poor.

The nouns used as subjects in singular are:1 • ___2* ..... '.... * .<■+, and thoseused in plural are:1. . 2. .3. « A........

S. I.news 2,hair

P, 1. cattle2. people3. riches4. alms

(45) The list of the nouns is given below. Write*3 * near the noun which is used only in singu­lar ahd *p* near the noun which is used in plural. • '(a) News • (b) People '(c) Riches (d) Hair _______(e) Alms - (f) Cattle _ _____

If all your answers are not correct, study the frame No.44 and then try this frame again. If all your answers are correct, go ahead. .

(46) Study the following sentences!

L U X

»A* *B*

(a) Mankad's innings was a very valuable one.

(h) Every means was tried to find him out,

(c) The police head­quarters is shifted to a new building.

Mankad's innings in the last series of Test matches were very valuable.All possible means were tried to find him out.The police head­quarters in our city are well situated.

Subjects in sentences in both the groups are: 1 * 2. ■ » 3* .... »

In sentences in group *A’» they are used inand in group *33* they are used in ___

The above words end In as. well a s ____

and they takeverbs.

(47) There are some more words in English whichare used in singular as well as plural. Let us see some of those words.

(a) A sheep gives wool.(b) This furniture costs

a big amount.(c) This apparatus is

used in a laboratory,

♦B*

Sheep give wool.Furniture costs a big amountApparatus are used in a Xsl o3 ’&to2 Y,•

H> (D

p. O

O’ S

3..

....

•0*0

0

*0 *

0 to

tot*n

toIst-i r-t Ha to as 3 0

3 W5P - a* fl 3S

« to ft

«A

aH H

3 as

bD P to S3 3•H ri«

P,

Subjects in sentences in group ’A* as well as in group ’B" are* 1. . 2, and.3. ___These subjects in sentences in group *A' are in _______ and those in group ’B* are in■ without any change in their form.

To write a correct sentence, we must under­stand the meaning of the word in that parti­cular sentence.

sheepfurnitureapparatussingularplural

(48) Study the following sentences and select an appropriate word.(a) A deer t-raill>— __-, a fast running animal .(is/ are)(b) A series of lectures __________ arranged by

the All India Radio on this topic, (is/are)(c) Series of lectures on this topic

v • arranged by different institutions during •this year, (is/are)

(d) Beer horns, (has/have)

If all your answers are not correct, study the frame No.47 and then try this frame again. If , your answers are correct, go ahead.

a* isb. isc. ared. have

(49) Now you know that a subject in singular takes a verb in singular and a subject in plural takes a verb in plural.

You-must remember that when the words Hype*, •sort’ and ’kind* are used, they always take a singular verb.

LV

(a) This type of magazines is now printed in our country,

(b) This kind of mangoes has a good market.

(5 0 ) Read the following sentences and select words.(a) This type of leaders______ not uncommon

these days, (is/are)(b) This kind of, false promises ' ■ the

leaders to get the votes of illiterate people, (help/helps)

(c) This kind of remarks tolerated bypeople, (is/are)

a* isb, helpsc. is

(51) I believe you remember that singular forms of the verb ‘to bes in present tense are .

' and . The plural form of theverb *to be’ in past tease is . in thepresent tense, the plural form is ‘ .The singular form of the verb *to have' in present tense is . and and theplural form of ‘ to have * ptoral fe*m-is c n l u

When the first person singular pronoun i.e.'I* is the subject of the verb ‘to have', its form ___________ (fcas/have) must be used.

am (52)are ' is- . werewere **S/

KovC

You now know the, followings (1) how different nouns are changed into plural by adding ’s’ or *es‘j (2) how some nouns which are always used in plural can be used in singular by

LVI

havehashavehave

adding the words like "a pair of", "type","sort", "kind!*; (3 ) how some notans are used in singular; as well as in plural depending upon their meaning in a sentence, and some nouns are used in singular as well as in plural.

(5 3) Now study the following sentences:(a) My brother-in-law is a very quiet mari.(b) The Commander-in-Chief is the highest

position in armay*(c) The Inspector General of Police holds

a very heavy responsibility.

Subjects in the above sentences are:1. . 2 . and 3. ...... and theyare in ■ number.

Subjects in all tine above sentences are composed of more than one word and so they are, called compound nouns.

(54) (a)1 . brother-in-law2 . commander-in-ehief3.Inspector General (b)

of Police singular

Css)

The Secretary of State carries out the Government policy.The Attorney General always pleads for the Government policy in 1he Court of law.The subjects in the above sentences are:1 , __■ and' 2. * They are compo­sed of more than word. So they arec d nouns. „ ,

' LVII

(55)

1,Secretary of State

2.Attorney General oneompoun

(56)plural1. Inspector2. Commander

(57)step-children

(58)

Now we shall see how a compound noun is changed into plural.

«A*

(a) Inspector-General of Police holds a very heavy respon­sibility.

(b) Commander-in-Chief leads the army.

The subjects in sentences ’B* are in

A compound noun is changed into plural by adding *s» to the main word.. In the compound words:

1. Inspector General and2. Commander-in-Chief,the main words ares 1. 2.His step-child is very clever.Mi® ' are very clever, (step-child,step-children).

His son-in-law ill---treats him.His , ill-treat him. (sons-in~lawf son-in-laws) .

The ability of our students worries educators very much.

«B*

Inspector Generals of Police hold a very heavy re spon sibillty.

Commande^-in-Ghief lead the armies ofall countries.

in (a) and (b) in group

LVIII

sons-in-law

worries1 ,singular ability

bundlesticksof

a*

b,.

In this sentence, the verb is . It is in. It agrees with the subject .

{ability of our students)t Noun 'students* is not the subject. It is the object of the preposibion 'of1.

(595 'The bundle of sticks, was not heavy. The verb 'was" agrees with the subject . Thenoun is not the subject. It is writtenafter the preposition 'of* and so it is the object of the preposition .

(60) (a) The bundle of sticks was not heavy.(b) The bundle of sticks were not heavy.

In' sentences (a/b) the verb agrees withthe subject.

(61) (a) The remains of our ancient civilizationastonishes foreigners.

(b) The remains of our ancient civilization astonish foreigners.

The verb in sentence (a/b) is correct.

(62) Should we change the verbs in Hie following sentences?(if we write the words given in brackets in the place of underlined words). Write 'yes' or 'no*.

(a) The president of this club is veryco-operative, (these clubs) ___________

l i ^ cm

a«yesb. yesc. no

3. •

Cb)

( c )

(63) (a) One of them was here yesterday.(b) One of them were bare yesterday. :The verb in the sentence ' ^/^g-rees with the ’

- • ^ * nsueject.

(64) One of my friends ________ lost his pen. (has/have)

Select the verb which' agrees with the subject and write.’

The order of the manager is always final. (The orders) -The cost of this project is very great, (these projects)

(63) Select ah appropriate verb in the following sentences!

The father of these children goneto England, (has/have)One of the causes of theft and robbery

Poverty. (is/ara)Bie reasons of his not coming today many, (is/are)

If all your answers are not correct, study frames. 58 to 64 and try this frame again. If your answers are correct, try frame Ho. 67*

(66) Now you know that a verb is not affected by a noun written after a preposition as it is not

HdS (a)

(b)

( O

LX

h a si sa re

a . rb . rc . wd . we«r

a s u b je c t b u t i s an o b j e c t . You m ust know t h a t many o th e r p r e p o s i t io n s l i k e ‘w i th ’ 9 ’to g e th e r w i th ’ , *a s w e ll a s ’ , ’in c lu d in g * • ’a lo n g w ith* a re v e ry o f te n u sed in a sen te n c e and you m ust be v e ry c a r e f u l i n th e u se o f a v e rb .

(6 7 ) A. Read th e fo l lo w in g s e n te n c e s and w r i te• r s i f th e v e rb i s c o r r e c t and H f ' i f i ti s w rong.

( a ) The mo Idler w ith h i s d a u g h te r s i s g o in g to th e m ark e t.

(b ) She s tu d e n ts w ith t h e i r te a c h e r have gone on a to u r .

( c ) The p r i n c i p a l , a lo n g w ith h i s s t a f f members have r e s ig n e d .

(d ) The d i r e c t o r , to g e th e r w ith th e a c t o r s , a re ta k in g r e s t .

( e ) The p la y e r s o f h i s team a re v e ryspeedy . .

B. W rite th e c o r r e c t form o f th e v e rb g iv eni n b r a c k e ts .

( a ) T h is g i r l to g e th e r w ith h e r c l a s sm ates a lw ays _ __ ,___ n o is e in th ec l a s s room , ( to make)

(b ) R a s a n la l accom panied by h i s d a u g h te rs' gone to K ashm ir, ( to h av e)

( c ) The boys in c lu d in g J ig n a s u jo in e d th e s c ie n c e c lu b o f o u r s c h o o l, ( t o hav e)

LXI

(d) One of those persons ■ absent yesterday, (to be)

(e) Uaese books Including Jane Austen's"Pride and Prejudice" selectedas the textbooks by different Univer­sities. (to be)

"If all your answers are not correct, study the frame Mo. 66 and then try this frame again. If your answers are correct, go ahead.

a* makes b» has c. have d » was e. were

(68) Now you know very well that verbs agree with their subjects and the words between the subject and the verb do not affect the verb* There are some words which always take a singular verb because they refer to or mean only one person or thing at a time,.

Study the following sentences*(a) Everyone is expected to do this exercise,(b) Someone is hearing us.(c) Neither of the answers is false. /(d) Every car has a price label, ;(e) Either answer needs improvement, i t ) Each one is wrong.

The verbs in the above sentences are in ,•and the subjects ares 1. 2. . ;

' 4.^__ 5*r _„ and 6.

In sentences (d), (e) and (f), the words ‘every*

LXII

’either* and ’each* are used as adjectives*

(69) A, Select an appropriate fora of, the verb inthe following sentences*

(a) Everyone allowed to come* (is/are)

(b) Neither of y o u __ _____a prize* (gets/get)

(c) Every member of this house ■ inEnglish„ (speak/speaks)

(d) Either of tb.ese photographs good, (look/looks)

B. If in the following sentences the verb is correct, write ’r* and *fJ if it is not correct.

(a) Each of your answers are right.

(b) Neither of them were present.

(c) Every cinema house remains over­crowded on Sundays.

(d) Everyone in the villages were in, trouble.

(e) Are either of 'these men your . | friend? '

If all your answers are not correct,' study the frames h o . 6 8 and then try this frame again. If your answers are correct, try frame Wo. 72,

(7 0) Study the following sentences:

singulara. everyoneb. someonec. neitherd. gnsKsx car g*answerf .one

a« isb. getsc. speaks d« looks

LXIII

a. £.b. £.c. r.d. f. e» £*

(a) Rita and Maya are friendsl(b) A book and a magazine are on the table.

The verbs in the above sentences are in .The subjects in both the sentences are two singular nouns joined by . When the sub­ject is made of more than one noun, it is called a compound.subject.

(71) Sarla and Nallni are intelligent girls.-plural The subject is a compound subject,and

Singular nouns are joined by the wordTwo singular nouns joined by ’and* take a plural verb.

(72) Select and write the correct verb.and (a) The air.and the water basic nece-

ssities of a wan (are/is)<b) He and his friend for a walk in

the evening everyday, (goes/go)(c) Her father and mother

U.S.A. (has/have)gone to the

(d) „___ __his father and mother know aboutM s cehaviour? (Does/do)

If all your answers are not correct, study frames 70 and 71 and then try this frame again. If all your answers are correct, try frame No.75.

LXIV

a .areb. goc. haved. do ‘

singular

pluralsingular

(73) Friends, compound subjects are formed by join­ing two singular nouns by ’and*. They take plural verbs.Read the following sentences*(a) Bread and butter is a good breakfast.(b) The political leader and social worker

appeals to maintain communal harmony.(c) The principal and trustee of this school

is not a good man.

In tlie above sentences* the subjects are com­pound subjects and the verbs are in because the subject in sentence (a) refers 'to one dish and subjects in sentences (b) and (c) refer tc one person.

(74) When two nouns referring to two different persons or.things are joined by ’and *, they make a compound subject.It takas a ' verb.

When a compound subject refers to one person or thing, it takes a verb;

(75) Write *R* if the verb in the sentence is correct and ’Fs if it is false.(a) Tea and coffee are available in this

restaurant.(b) Slow and steady wins the race*. •(c) The politician and orator has mads

a good impression or. the audience.

(d) Br e a d and b u t t e r are o u r d a i l y food.

(e) Y o u an d I a m i n the wrong.

If y o u r on e a n s w e r i s wrong, st u d y f r a m e s 73,74 and t h e n tr y t h i s fr a m e again. If n o an s w e r is wrong, t r y f r a m e No, 36£3.

(7 6 ) C ompound sub j e c t s ar e f o r m e d b y u s i n g n o t o n l ya; E 'and' b u t also b y u s i n g some o t h e r words,b; R

p Re a d the f o l l o w i n g s e n tences and study them.A * P* (a) E i t h e r N a l i n i o r L e e l a is al w a y s i n h e r

house.

(b) N e i t h e r N a l i n i n o r L e e l a i s i n h e r house.

In the ab o v e sentences, the c o m p o u n d s ubjects are w r i t t e n b y J o i n i n g two s i n g u l a r n o u n s and u s i n g the w o r d s -

1. ___ : ___2, ___ ___7f / / ' i -f t- r t'rrand the v e r b s a r e i n singular.

(77)

1 . E i t h e r o r2 . N e i t h e r n o r

(a) N e i t h e r the m a n a g e r n o r th e clerks speak p o l i t e l y i n th i s office.

(b) N e i t h e r the c l e r k s n o r the m a n a g e r speaks p o l i t e l y i n t h i s office.

In the ab o v e sentences, the c o m p o u n d subjects are w r i t t e n b y u s i n g . Bu t the

LXVI

neither norpluralsingular

pluralsingularsingular

pluralsingular

compound, subjects, a singular and a plural noun, are Joined. The verb in sentence (a) is in _________ because the noun near the verb is inplural. The verb in sentenc^^Ls in ________because the noun near the verb is in singular.

(7 8) When, in a compound subject, two nouns are Joined by ‘and1, they take a 1 1 ■ verb, but if they refer to only one thing or a person,, they take a _________ verb. When, in a compoundsubject, two singular nouns are Joined by1 . either.....or, 2 . neither.....nor and 3 . or . the verb is always in -

(79) When, in a compound subject, a singular and a plural noun or a pronoun are Joined by using‘either. or*, ‘neither.... nor’ or ‘or* andif the noun near the verb is in plural, the

, verb is in ______ and if the noun near theverb is in singular, the verb is in .

(80) When, ih a compound subject, a singular and a plural nouns or pronouns are Joined by using ‘either.«...or*, ‘neither..*.nor* or 'or*, the . verb agrees with the noun or pronoun near it.(a) Either the king or his ministers were unwise.(b) Either the king or his ministers was unwise.

In which sentence is the verb correct?

(81) Neither Anil’s mother nor his brother was at home.

Lxram If we change the word 'brother* to 'brothers',

should we change the verb? (yes/no)

yes

(82) (a) Neither his language rior his idea wasoriginal*

(b) Neither his language nor his ideas _ appealing, (was/were)

' (83) Select and writ® a correct verb in the following sentences: '(a) Neither the - radic . nor the - newspapers):

■ us correct information, (give/gives)(b) Neither my brothers nor I ______ in a

were > hurry to leave that placet (was/were) <(c) Neither his book nor his note book _______

here. (is/4i» are)(d) Either he or you 1 in the wrong,

(is/are)(e) Either you or sheela ________ responsible

1 for it. (was/were)(f) He or his brother _______ in England.

If your one answer is wrong* study frames 76. to 83 and then try this frame again. If your , no answer is wrong, try frame No. 88.

(8f§) We know that generally in the English, language the verb follows the subject. But sometimes we begin our sentences.with the words like •here*, 'there' and 'if* and if the subject

LXVIII

in such sentences follows the verb.

a. give Read arid study the following sentences!b. was ,e» is (a) The books of Satish are here on the table.d. aree. was (b) Here are the books of Satish on the table.f. was 5, :*

The usual order of the subject and the verb is changed in sentence . It begins withthe word _________ and in it the subject followsthe ______

(85) Study the following sentences:

♦b*‘hereverb

(a) There is a pen in, my bag.' (b) There are some boys on the playground,(c) There-was a terrible storm in Saurashtra

in the year 1975*(d) There'were many books in my cupboard.(e) There has been a complaint against you.(f) There have been many persons writing for ■

you in. the hall. ,

In all the above sentences, the subjects are in the third person. The verbs in sentences (a), - (c) and (e) are in ________ because the subjectsfollowing those verbs are in .

The verbs in sentences (b), (d) and (f) are in ________ and the subjects following those verbsare in .

singularsingularpluralplural

1 .are 2.is 3. were

a. isb. are

’a*singular

*b*plural

LXIX

(86) In the following pairs of sentences* read sentence (a) and supply the verb in (b),

&• (a) There is a man waiting at the door.(b) There men waiting at the door.

2, (a) There are many spots on your shirt.(b) There ^ _____ a spot on your shirt.

3. There was a letter for you.There • letters for you.

(87) Good, so you know that in the sentences begin­ning with the introductory word ♦there’, the verb agrees with the subject which follows the verb. The same principle is true when the sentence begins with introductory ’here*.(a) Here' a book for you.(b) Here ' the books for you.We must use the verb ’is’ in sentence — because in it the subject is in , Wemust use the verb ’are’ in sentence ' because in it the subject is in

(88) Read the following sentences and use the verbis/are appropriately.(a) There vour child sleeping.(b) Here his books which he was sear-

ching.(c) There vour papers on the floor.

(d) Here 1 the pupils who shouted in the' classroom. ■ .

(e) Here a dish ready for you-.

a.is b, arec. ared. aree. is

to Waste to help singular

If all your answers are not correct, study-the frames 84 to 87 again and then try this frame, again* If your all the answers are correct, try frame No. 96,

(89) Now study the following sentences*(a) To waste money is foolish.(b) To help others is always good. .The subjects in sentences (a) and (b) are ___ and .

The words ’to waste’ and ’to help’ are the root forms of verbs but they are not the verbs in those sentences. They are called ’infinitives’.

The verbj in both the sentences is' in .A. 1..........1

t .

(90) When an infinitive is the subject in a sentence,the verb is i n ________ r, ■

(91) Read the following sentences*(a) It,was foolish to waste money.(b) It is always good to help others.

, (c) It is a joy to meet an intelligent person.(d) It is a mistake to allow a stranger in the

house.

LXXI

singular

Sinful ax'2. to help3. to meet4. to allow nfinitive

It-singularIt

singular

Iri the above sentences, the sub.iect is'and the verbs is in .

/*• ',r" 1" " .

In the above sentences, the subject ’it1 stands for the words 1. to waste, 2. . 3. ________4. ^ w h i c h are i________s.

(92) Read the following sentences?

(a) It is raining.(b) It is eleven G*clock.

In both these sentences, the subject is but there is no infinitive in either of the sentences. The verbs are in .

Sentence (a) speaks about weather and sentences (b) about time.

1 - * is used as the subject in sentenceswhich speak about weather and time.,

(93) When the subject of a sentence is either aninfinitive or a pronoun •it*, the verb is always in . .

(94) (a) Walking is the best exercise.(b) Swimming is a skill.(c) Reading of novels is my hobby. ,

In the above sentences, the subjects 'are 1'* » 2. and 3. .

LXXII

Thege are the '-mg* forms of verbs but they are used as subjects i.e, nouns* So they are called gerunds and the verbs are in .

1♦walking2. swimming3. readingsingular

(95) When a gerund or an infinitive is the subjectin a sentence, the verb is always in ,

(96) Pill in the blanks selecting an appropriate word from the brackets.

singular(a) The television programmes _ _ _ _ _ good,

(was/were)(b) Each of the members • his. decision,

(make/makes)(c) Anyone _ _ _ _ _ lucky to get a prize,

(is/are)(d) Rakesh _ _ _ _ _ think seriously, (don’t/! doesn’t)(e) You _ _ _ _ _ certainly welcome Vat the picnic.

(was/Were)(f) A basket of apples ~ ' „ on the table,

(is/are)(g) Each of the boys _ _ _ _ _ his own problems. ’

(solve/solves)(h) There _______many flowers in the garden,

, (was/were)(l) ' you surprised yesterday? (was/were)(j) They - my old friends, (was/were)

LXXIII

1 . were2. makes 3.is4. doesn’t5. were 6.is7. solves8. were9. were10. were11. doesn’t12. have

'■ (k) Neema ■ 1 care for music, (don’t/doesn’t)(l) The class _______ decided to have a debate.

(has/have)

(97) Fill in the blanks selecting an appropriate wordfrom the brackets.

(a) The mother with her daughter _________ atthe end of the room, (sit/sits)

(b) There some fresh apples in the ice ;■box. (is/are)

(c) At the end of the street ________ some new ,houses. (was/were )

(d) One of my friends _________ me a gift on mybirthday, (send/sends)

.(e) Everybody _______ that song sweetly.(sing/sings)

(f) Neither Nitin nor his mother _______ here.(is/are)

(g) The doctor, together with his nurse, 'taking a ride, (is/are)

(h) There _______ some beggers on the roads(was/were)

(i) Not any of us _______ eager to go. ( o / w )(d> His gift.to the school . three big

cupboards, (was/were)(k) _______ the children come home? (has/have)(l) Either of the two to be trusted.(is/are)

LXXIV

1. sits2. are3. were4. sends5. sings6. is7. is8. were9. is10. was11. have.12. is

LXXVTENSES

( 1 ) F r i e n d s , I k n o w t h a t y o u c a n w r i t e s e n t e n c e s i n , E n g l i s h and. y o u a r e a b l e t o s a y w h e t h e r a p a r t i - : c u l a r s e n t e n c e i s i n P r e s e n t T e n s e , P a s t T e n s e

■ O t T

a m F u t u r e T e n s e # B u t p e o p l e s a y t h a t t h e s e d a y s , m a n y a r e n o t a b l e t o w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e s i n c o r r e c t t e n s e s # T o s e e t h a t w e a r e n o t c r i t i c i s e d

i n t h e s a m e w a y , s h a l l w e r e v i s e a n d r e f r e s h o u r

k n o w l e d g e o f t h e u s e o f t e n s e s a n d a l s o t h e w a y

i n w h i c h t h e s e n t e n c e s a r e w r i t t e n i n d i f f e r e n t

t e n s e s ? B u t b e f o r e v/e t a l k a b o u t t h e t e n s e s , l e t

u s r e f r e s h o u r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e u s e s o f t h e v e r b

* t o b e ’ . P l e a s e t r y f r a m e N o . 1 4 .

( 2 ) R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s :

( a ) I a ® a b o y of, s e v e n t e e n y e a r s o f a g e .

( b ) Y o u a r e a g o o d s t u d e n t .

( c ) H e i s a s t u d e n t o f t h e p r e - U n i v e r s i t y ,ep£- c o m m e r c e c l a s s .

( d ) S h e i s m y s i s t e r ,

( e ) W e a r e t h e c i t i z e n s o f I n d i a .

( f ) T h e y a r e o u r t e a c h e r s .

T h e v e r b s i n t h e a b o v e s e n t e n c e s a r e : 1 . a m ,2 * ....... . 3 # ......... . 4 # .. | ..... 5. mmmmmmmmmm6 . ., T h e v e r b s ' a m * , ’i s " a n d ' a r e *a r e t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e f o r m s o f ' t o b e ' *

SB © fy 0 ■d 0 0) 0 S3 C+9k&s p.60»§ tx 0 ! mU!

V*l

0\\

J1

£-*

fU

•

*

*

•0

0

H-H

* 0

0 0

0

lxxvi

tense forms of *to be*.

is(4) The verbs and

(5)

present tense forms of *to be*,

Study the following sentences#(a) I am a student of Education.(b) He is a good boy#

am ( o ) She is a good, girl.isare (d) It is a wooden table.(e) We are your friends.(f) They are my class-mates.The verb in the above sentences are

and

are the

They are the tense forms of

(6) We are your friends.They are ray neighbours.

amisarepresent *to be*

The subjects in the above sentences are:1. 2. and the verb is wThe pronouns *we* and *they* are in plural and they always take a verb in plural number.

(7) Read and learn:(a) I am a college student.(b) He is a wellknown person.

LXXVII

1*we ( O She is a very talkative girl*2.they are (d) It is a good scooter*

The above sentences are in simple present tense and the verb is ’to be’*

amis

In sentence (a), the subject is the first person singular pronoun and the .verb isIn sentences (b), (c) and (d), the subjects are •He*, ’She* and *It’f the third person singular pronotans and the verb is; ’aaxfeacfe. . •

(8) When the sentence is in simple present tense and the subject of the verb ’to be’ is(a) tine first person singular pronoun, the

form of the verb is always am *(b) the third person singular pronoun, the

form of the verb is always sta is*(c) k pronoun in plural number, the form of

the verb is always are .

(9) (a) When 5am* is a verb in the sentence, thesubject is always the personsingular pronoun*

(b) teen ’is1 is a verb in a sentence, thesubject is always a person singu­lar pronoun*

(c) When ’are’ is a verb in a sentence, thesubject is always a pronoun in .....number*

LXXVIII

firstthirdplural

(lO) Wien the sentence is in simple present tense and the subject of the verb *to be* is*(a) The first person singular pronoun i.e.

*I*r the form of the verb is always(b) . The third person singular pronoun i«e.

*He% *She* and ’It*, the form of the verbis always , .

(c) A pronoun, in plural number l.e. *We* or •They*, the form of the verb is always

a,am b. is c*are

(11) Now study the following sentences*(a) You are a good student.(b) Children, you are not the students of

primary classes.

In the above sentences, the verb is ' and the subject is .

In sentence (a), the subject *you* Is in number, and in sentence (b), it is

in o number.

The pronoun *you* is the second person pronotua and it is used in singular number as well as in plural number* When in a simple present tense sentence *you* is the subject of the verb *to be*, the verb is always .

(12) Read the following sentences*

JL.XXIX

areyousingularluralAngular<are

isare

(a) Mefctul is my neighbour’s son*(b) fhose boys ar© my students*

Ihe above sentences are in simple present tense and the subject in sentence (a) is a noun in singular number and the form of the verb H o be* is ’is* and the subject in sentence (b) is a noun in plural number and the form of tiie verb H o be * Is ’are**

(13) When, in a simple present tense sentence, the subject of the verb H® be* is a noun in sing­ular number, the verb is always *

When, in a simple present tense sentence, the subject o f :the verb H o be* is a noun in plural, the verb is always ■

<14) When the sentence is in simple present tense and the subject of the verb H o be’ is

(a) the first person singular pronoun *!*,the verb is always ‘ *

(b) the third person singular pronoun (He,She, It), the verb is always »

(c) The pronoun in plural number (we, they)^'the verb is always «

(d) the second person pronoun ’You*, the verbis always »

(e) the noun in singular number, the verb isalways *

LXXX

a. am Is* is c. are d* aree. isf. are

a* isb. arec. am

(f) the n o m in plural number, the verb is always «

If your four or more than four answers are wrong* study from frame Ho*1 onwards. Ifmore than four answers are correct, try frame Mo* 16*

(15) When the subject of the verb *to be* in simple present tense is(a) a singular noun or pronoun in third person

singular (He, She, It), the verb is always..................... ............... » *

(b) a plui*al noun (or the nouns joined by *and*>)or a pronoun in plural, (we, you, they), the verb is always *

(c) the first person singular pronoun (I), the verb is always '

I

(16) Supply the appropriate forms of *to be* in the following sentences?(a) He ' my teacher and 1 h i s

student*(b) Kiey _ _ _ my friends.(c) Mrunaiini a very v/ellknown dancer*,(d) A wolf and a tiger very dangerous

animals*(e) A cobra a l w a y s poisonous*

LXXXI

If your answer *<t* is wrong, study frame No*7.If your* answer 'k' is wrong* study frame No.6*If your answer *0 to *0 are wrong* study frames

x Nos* 11# 12* If all your answers are correct#try frame No* 22* i:

(17) Study the following sentences*a. is (a) Kavia was my room partner in the hostel*

amb. are <b> ***** 80(3 Ila «ere(o-studentS.c. isd* are The above sentences are in simple past tense*

is The verbs in those sentences are and' Was* end *wer©’ are the past tense

• forms of tike verb *to be*

waswere

(18) Study the following sentences*

(a) Navin was my room partner in the hostel*(b) They were in the garden in the evening

yesterday.

In sentences (a) and (b), the subjects ares(a) a noun and it is in number and the

verb is »

(b) in number and the verb is .

(19)a*singular was

b .plural were

When# in a sentence# the subject is in singular# the form of the verb *to be* in past tense is 1

« When, in a sentence# the subject is in plural, the form of the verb *to be* in past tense is always ..

LXXXII

waswere

waswere

(20) Read the following sentences*(a) He was in London last year*(b) You were not In a good mood yesterday* ■(c) I was a student in the year i960.(d) They were absent yesterday#J0k In the above sentences* the subjects are pronouns*In sentences (a) and (c}# the subjects are in singular and the.verb is * In sentences(b) and (d), the subjects are in plural and the verb is *

(21) When* in a sentence* the subject is in singular, the form of the verb *to be* in the past tense is and when the subject is in pluralor in second person* the form of the verb ’to be* in past tense is »

(22) Write an appropriate past tense forms of the verb ’to be* in the following sentences*(a) Ifcey ready to go out at 6 p.nu(b) I in ray house in the morning*(c) Ramesh and Sheela _ at Matheran

during the last summer vacation,(d) We in great trouble last year*(e) Jignesh my student in the year 1972.(f) Praguesh, why you not present in

•tie class yesterday?

LXXXIII

was Cg) Dhira.Ha! a good a d m in is tra to r .were

Bovs, you ..... n o t in th e l ib r a r y a t(h)2 p.m*

I f f iv e o r more than f iv e o f your answers a re wrong, go back to the frame No.16 and study a l l th e fram es. I f s ix o r more than s ix answers a re r i g h t , t r y frame No. 23.

(23) Study the fo llow ing sentences?

1 . were2 , was 3# were 4* were 5* was 6 . were 7* was 8 . were

(a ) She h e lp s h e r mother.

(b) I t ( th e c h ild ) h e lp s i t s e l f to walk.

(c ) He h e lp s M s fa th e r in h is work*

(a) Rajesh h e lp s everybody*

(e ) I h e lp my f r ie n d .

( f ) He he lp our friends*

(g) You help your friend*

(h ) Shey he lp t h e i r f a th e r .

In sentences Nos* a . h . ' cd * the su b je c ts a re in th e th ird person

s in g u la r . She forms o f th e verb to help in p re se n t ten se a re and . I n 'th esimple p re se n t ten se sen tences, i f th e su b je c t i s o th e r than th e th ird person s in g u la r , the verb i s th e ro o t form o f the v e rb .

1:(24) Wien, in a sen tence , the su b je c t i s the th ird

person s in g u la r pronoun i .e * *he*, ‘she*, ♦it*

LXXXIV

helpshelp

»___s

or a noun ar verb In simple present tense is always form*.

When a sentence is in simple present tense and the subject is in third person singular, a verb is always the .

(25) In a simple present tense sentence, a verb isform* always the * * when its subject is in

third person singular,

(26) Study the followingsHe comes to his office at the right time*Rashmi, goes to M s office in the evening,I would like to go to.ay college everyday.You send him tomorrow- to my house.We go for a walk in the evening,Ihey go to Bombay every year,Savin* and Nlrmala go to their office on scooter.

In sentences (a) and (b)„ the subjects are in third person singular and therefore the verbs are'in the * la sentences (c), (d),(e), (£) and (g), the subjects ar© not in third person singular. They are other than the third person singular and therefore the verbs are not the of the verb.

(a)(b )

form* (c)( d )

( e )

<X) (g)

LXXXV

1 s form* *_s form*

root

(27) When a sentence is in simple present tense and the subject is other than the third person singular, a verb is always the ^ f o r mof the verb.

(28) Fill in the blanks selecting an appropriate formof the verb.

A. 1. Ha a bicycle* (ride/rides)2. fflaey _ „ verv loudly, (talk/talks)

- 3. Ithinks)

w that he is a good man, (think,

4. She _ _ a clear hand, (write/writes)5- You

starts)_ for Bombay tomorrow, (start/

B* Write ah appropriate form of Hie verb given in the brackets in the following sentences*1. Toe earth round th& sun* (to move)

. 2. Sheela very fast, (to run)3* Kahehdra , for his family every­

day* (cook)4. You hard to get the first

rank* (to study).5, My daughter to bed early, (to go)

If all your answers aro correct, try frame No.34. If your more than three answers are wrong, study frames Nos* 23 to 27 and try this frame again.

LXX.XVI

A. 1.rides2 , talk3 . think A.writea 5*start

B. 1 .moves 2 .runs 3#cooks A.study 5 .goes

(29) Now study the following sentences*(a) My friend worked very hard last year*(b) Prakash learnt the art of reading fast

last year.(c) I believed you yesterday.

Sie verbs in the above sentences ares1....'.... 2 ._____3* . ________________________________

The verbs in the above sentences are formed by adding * *. * *. * *and » 1 respectively to the root formof the verb,

When t',... . . ed« , , ^ d or , v / t is addedto the root form of a verb, the verb is in past tense.

workedid learnt believed ed t dpast

cl

(30) When ,/^^.^.ed, d or is addedto the root form of a verb, it is in 1 tense.

(31) When < v/ v/^d» , . or is added tothe root form of a verb, it is in

(3 2) We all know now how the past ten.se form of a regular verb is formed. But in English lang- tiage, there are some irregular verbs and let

i rp c is t f'enst.

us see how those are used in past tense.

Study the following sentences

LXXXVII

(a) Ra»esh found a fountain pen yesterday*(b) Karalesh fought with his brother today

morning*Cc) Swat! bought ray book*(d) Shreyas bought a beautiful picture yes­

terday*(e) My father taught me an art of speech.

The verbs in the above sentences ares2 • m m m m m m - m . f 4 . i .................... ......»

5. .

These verbs are in past tense. But they do not esd in ,, ,. d 0r ;//// , ed. These verbs are not regular verbs. They are ir ar verbs,She root forms of ill© verbs in the abovesentences are 1* _ » 2. ______, 3._______ ,4 . ___and 5.

1.found 2*fought3. bought4. bought5. taught regulto find to fight to to buy to buy to teach

(33)

(34)

When some verbs are used in simple past tense, they are totally changed* The spellings of some irregular verbs, when used in simple past tense, are totally changed.

The spellings of some irregular verbs, when used in simple . , tense, are totally .

Friends, we have seen many irregular verbs andpastchanged

I believe that you will be able to use them in simple past tense without committing a mistake.

LXXXVIII

Supply the past tense forms of the verbs?1. lata a sweet song, (to sing)2* Rasul . a fountain pen yesterday.

(to buy)3. Yesterday you the scissors at a

wrong place, (to put)4. Who this basket of mangoes?(to

bring)5* We up at 60*clook. (to wake)6. Meena _ with her brother today*

(to fight)7* He wife with a stick, (to hit)

If your four or more than four answers arewrong, study the frames from 27 onwards.

If your six or more than six answers are right,go ahead.

(35) fiends, let me tell you that you could supply1. sang2. bought 3*put4. brought5. woke6 . faught7. hit

the past tense forms of verbs almost correctly but remember that everyone has to study the past tense forms of the Irregular verbs which one comes across* One can remember them either by using them often or by memorising, them, fry frame No. 40.

(36) Read the following sentences?

LXXXIX

*A* *B*(a) Satish is playing Satish was playing

football# football at 5 p.m.(b) I am reading my I Hu was reading my

lessons#. lessons when you shouted.

(c) He is talking very He was talking in theloudly* classroom yesterday.

(d) Sae is knitting She was knitting insocks for her baby brother.

the evening*

(e) We are studying We^re studying EnglishEnglish. when you saw us.

(£) They are quarrel- They were quarrellingling now for nothing• in the afternoon.

(g) You are writing You were writing ans-answers. wers when she came.

(A) Sentences In ot o u d 'A* are in conti-nuous tenses and sentences in' group *B* are in continuous tense.

<B) The forms of ’to be* used in sentences inst o u d *A* are .. * ...... * ...

CO The forms of *to be* used in sentences ingroup *B* are

You must notice that the forms of the verb *to be* are not the main verbs but they are added to the main verb of a sentence in present con­tinuous as well as past continuous tense*

xc

a. present past

b. ls am are

c. was were

(37) (a) Blvya is writing a letter*(to) They are playing table-tennis*(c) Kajai was going in a oar in the evening*(d) We were talking to our teacher at 4 O’clock*

In the above sentences, the forms of *to be* are written but they are theverbs*

<*,... * -in#* is added to the main verbs of the above sentences because they are in • tense*

(38)notmaincontinuous

When .. -ing* is added to a verb, it is called a participle*

When in a sentence 1 1 is added to a verband some form of the verb is writtenbut it is not a verb, the sentence isin continuous tense*

*— -.iag* to be main

(39) To write a sentence in continuous tense, we must write an appropriate form of the verb 1 * and add to the main verbi*e* we must write a participle fora of the _______ verb*

to be ing

main

(40) Pill in the blanks with the correct fora of present continuous tense or past continuous tense of the verbs given in brackets.

XCI

(a) It take an umbrella with you.(to rain)

(b) He don*t disturb him, (to sleep)■;

(c) I a letter at nine O ’clock in themorning, (to write)

(d) The hunter saw a tiger in front of himwhen he through a forest* (to go)

(e) They for the annual examinationwhich is to be held in the month of April, (to prepare)

(f) Someone you, please go and see whohe is, (to call)

(g) You ^ to someTbne when I saw you at the bus-stop* (to talk)

(41)1,is raining 2*is sleeping3. w r i t i n g4, was going3*are preparing 6,is calling 7,were talking

Friends, you know that in English language, we have two perfect tensess present perfect and past perfect* You are able to write as well as find out which sentence is in present perfect tens© end which is in past perfect tense* Shall we see very hurriedly how these tenses are written?

Try frame No. 47*

(42) Study the following sentences**A* «B«

(a) Ramesh has returned Ramesh had come to from Abu. see me whan you

phoned me.

XCII

(b) Sheela has gone home. I had finished my work before 4 O’clock.

(c) Those boys have won prizes.They had entered their classroom before the teacher entered.

In the sentences in both the groups, some form of the verb fto * is used but they are not the main verbs and idle past participle forms of the main verbs, are written.

(43) In sentences in present perfect tease, the pre­sent tense form of the verb *to have* i«e.

have and are written and the pastparticiple of the main verb is written. In <a>

*"C- ^sentences^form of the verb *to have* i.e. ,-li-ll-lllll is written and the past participle of the main verb is written.

hashavehad

(44) To write a sentence in perfect tense, we must write an appropriate form of the verb *to and the participle of the main verb.

havepast

(45) To write a sentence In perfect tense we must write an appropriate form of the verb and the of the main verb.

(46) To write a sentence in perfect tense, we mustto have pastparticiple

write an form of the verb andthe ______________ of the main________•

XCUI

(47) Write an appropriate form of the verb *to hav e ’ i.e. present tense form or past tense form In the following sentences.

appropriate to have past

(a)

participleverb (b)

(c)(d)

(e)

it)

(*>

She students are not here, they gone for a picnic.The train ■ already arrived, when we reached the station.I ■ seen the capital of India.He is happy because he a house ofhis own.

I --------- decided to get up today at 6 0*clockin the morning, but I could not.My friend left for the airport whenI went to his house.Swati read that book, you can takeit home.

If your more than five answers are correct, read the frame Ho* 48. If your five or more than five answers are wrong, study the frames from 41 to 46 and then try this frame again*

(48) I am sure you know the tense of the following sentences. Read them.

1 . have2. had (a) I shall come to your house some day.3. have4. has

(b) We shall write a letter to him tomorrow5. had6. had

(c) He will go to Bombay next week.7.has ( a ) Will you give me your pen?

xcxv(e) She will not speak to a stranger.(f) They will stay there for a wg0c.

These sentences are in simple future tense* In sentences (a) and (b), the form of the verb •to be' is and the subjects are 1*2* the i>— . person pronouns*

t oIn sentences (c), (d^and (f)» the subjects are not the first person pronouns and the verb is

futureshall1. I2. We first will

shall

will

But the verb fto be* is not the main verb in the above sentences*

(49) In sentences of future tense, when the subjectis the first person pronoun, the form of the .verb ’to be* is usually »

(50) In sentences In future tense, when the subjectis not the first person pronoun i.e* when It is in second or third person, the form of the verb H o be* is usually .

(51) The form of the verb ’to be* with the first person pronoun in future tense sentences is

. The form of the verb ’to be* with the second and third person pronouns in future tense sentences is . .

(52) (a) I shall come to your house tomorrow*

Shallvylll

to be1. corae2. go 3* stay

XCV j

W He will go to Bombay next week. |

(c) They will stay there for a week*

The above sentences ax's in future tense. In all , the above sentences* some form of the verb _ * is written but it is not the main verb. The :main verbs in all the above sentences ares 11* ..... « 2. and 3, They ;are the root forms of the verbs* » \

i!

TO write, a sentence in future tense, we u r t :write some form of the verb ‘to be*,either !•shall1 or •will* and the root form of the main | verb. (

(53) We can write a future tense sentence by writing ’or which are the forms of the ;

verb _ aid the ^ f o r m of the \. verb* j

i(54) We saw earlier how to write statements which are

iaffirmative in simple present tense. We shall ! now see how to write simple present tense \statements in negative* We shall also see , how to write affirmative and negative questions ; in simple present tense.

INow* you know well how to use appropriate forms J of the verb ’to be* to writ® sentences in differ­ent tenses. You also know how to write sen ten- i ces in different teases when the verb is an ! action verb. But you please note that you have

shall will to he root main

i

S

XCVI

learnt how to write affirmative Reuses. To | write a sentence in negative in different tenses you have to keep in mind a few things* Let us | see now what different points we have to keep j in mind to write a negative sentence^ In differ­ent tenses* ■

i,

Try frame No, 59* ,!

(55) Study the following sentences**A*

(a) I work hard.«B»

I do not work hard.(b) Ramesh studies hard* Ramesh does not study

hard.(c) She goes to school

regularly,(d) We like to talk in

Gujarati.

She does not go to sch- \ ool regularly^ i

i

We do not like to talk ! in Gujarati. i

Sentences in group *A* are changed into negative in group ?B'*

To rewrite the sentences into negative, an | appropriate form of the verb *to do* is used j and the word is written between a form ; of the verb *to do* and the root form of the ; main verb,

The verb ‘to do* is a helping verb, an auxili- ; ary verb, because it helps us to write a sen- I tence in negative* i

XCVII

(56) To write sentences in negative an appropriate ■ form of the (auxiliary) helping verb

not .is used, the word is written after 1it and then the form of 'the main 'is written. !i

(57)j

To write the sentences in negative an appropriate fc-rm of the (auxiliary) helning verb * * :

to do is used, the word * * is written after it :notrootverband then the form of theis written. 1

(58) Study the following sentences! i*A« «B» |

(a) Ketana goes to Ketana does not go to 1to donotrootmainverb

Bombay every year* Bombay every year,i

(b) We go for a walk in the evening*

We do not go for a walk in the evening, \

(o) They went to the They did not go to the;station in the evening.

station in the evening,t,

Sentences In group *A* are changed into _ _ _ _ '( in group *B* by using the appropriate forms of !: the verb * * and writing *not* between aform of the verb * ’* and the root form of !the ______ verb. Sentences (a) and (b) arer r n - -j

in simple present tense and the forms of the j verb ‘to do* used are *do* and 'does*. Senten­ce (e) is in simple past tense and the form of

XCVIII

( 59)

negative to do to do main

(60)I.Arun usually does not go to school at 9 0*clock.

2* We did not go to the school at 6 0*clock in the morning.

3.1 do not tra­vel often by train.

4.They did not quarrel among­st themselves.

Hrthe verb *to do* is used^wfeieh is *did*•

Rewrite the following sentences into negatives

(a) Arun usually goes to school at 9 O ’clock.(b) We went to the station at 6 O'clock in the

morning.(c) I travel often by train.(d) They quarrelled amongst themselves.

If your two or more than two sentences are wrong study the frames Nos. 55 onwards. If 3 or all answers are correct* please go ahead.

You know that a helping word is used to write a sentence into negative but when the helping verbs are used as the main verb in a sentence* the sentence is changed into negative in a different manner.Try frame No. 67,Study the following sentences!

'A'(a) You are at fault.(b) 2 am well today,(c) She is in the

terrace*(,d) He was in the

garden yesterday.

«B*Youjare not at fault.I am not well today.She is not in the terrace.He was not in the garden yesterday.

XCIX

l.are2»aia3*is4, was5. were to be

to be main

(e) They were my friends* They were not myfriends*

Verbs in sentences in group *A* are: 1. «2t. i 3*......* 4*....... and 5*..... *They are the forms of the verb . Theverb ‘to be‘ Is a helping verb but it is used here as Hie main verb and not as a helping verb.

(61) Sentences in which the helping verb 1 1is used as the verb the helping verb‘to do* is not used to change them into

- negative*

(62) To write a sentence in negative with Hie verb•to be‘ as the main verb, we must write the word * 1 after the verb without using thehelping verb * *»

(63) Study Hie following sentences?‘A* ill

(a) Kamal is going to Kamal is not going toBombay tomorrow. Bombay tomorrow.

(b) Those boys were Those boys were notplaying mischief- playing mischief inin the classroom. the classroom.

(c) We were studying We were not studyingin Hie evening. in the evening.

(d) He has finished H© has not finishedhis work. his work.

(e) I have done my duty* X have not done my duty

c

not to do

t© be to have

not

not

egativnot

helpingnegativenothelping

-She had fini^tied her She had not finished : meals at 8 p.m. ner meals at 8 p*o* :

In sentences (a)* (b), (c)» the forms of the . I helping verb _______ are used and in sentences j(d)» (®) and ( f ) , the forms of the helping verb; _________ are used* I

i

To rewrite the sentences in group ♦A* into nega­tive in group *B% the word * * is used lafte r the helping verb* In those sentences* |the helping verb *to do* Is not used* |

' !I,

(64) Sentences in which the (auxiliary) helping jverbs are used are written in negative by >using the word 1 1 after the helping !verb and ^ie helping verb *to do* is not used. '

(65) Sentences in which the (auxiliary) helping verbsare used are written in h e by using the ;wot*d ' * a fte r the helping verb. J

l(66) Sentences in which the (auxiliary) . verbs

are used are written in _________ by writing the ;word * * a fte r the _________ verb*

i

(67) Rewrite the following sentences into negative* j

(1) He has come today* ji

(2) She w ill sleep before 11 p*m. ;(3) You may go home now* :

C l .

(4) You write this essay now.(5) Tejal can play this game very well,(6) He could manage to get this result before

two days,(7) They were very particular about every

detail.

If your five or more than five sentences are not correct, study frames Nos* 60 to 67, If five or more than five sentences are correct, go ahead.

(68) Read the following sentences*1,He has not come today.2.She will not sleep

before 11 p.m.3.You may not go home now.

4*You do not write this essay now.5. Te^al cannot play

this game very well,

6. He could not man­age to get his result before two days. (69)

7*They were not very particular about every detail.

to do to do not

(a) H© does his work regularly,(b) He does not do his work regularly,(a) The main verb in the sentence (a) is the form of the verb which is a helpingverb.

To rewrite the sentence (a) into negative, the helping verb 1 * is used; the wordis written after it and the root form of the main verb H o do* is written.

When the verb H o do* is the sain verb in a sentence, it is changed into _ by using <1) the verb * *« (2) the word1 *T and (3) by writing the root formof the verb H o do*,

Try frame No* 7^*

r

c n ;{

(70) Now vie shall see how to write- affirmative inter** rogative sentences in simple present and simple ; past tense.

‘A* .8B* ' il

negative helping to do

(a) What do I hear about you thdse days?

Where did you put my i

book yesterday?not (b) Where does he go in What did he t e l l you? ,

the evening every day?

i

i

(c) Why do they make noise everyday?

When did Prakash go to h is o ffice? !

Sentences in group ’A* are in simple present j tense and those in group *B* are in simple past !tense aid the question words are used in a l l 1the sentences* j

A fter the question word in a l l the above sen- ; fences, an appropriate form of the verb * 1 ;i s w ritten and a f te r i t , the subject i s written*; The root form of the main verb i s w ritten a f te r \ the subject* I

ji

(71) When a question word i s used in an in te rrogativesentencet an appropriate form of the verb j8 * i s used, t h e _________ i s w ritten ja f te r Hie verb ♦to do*. The roo t form of ;

to do the w ritten a f te r the subject.j

(72) In an in te rrogative sentence, beginning with

G U I

to dosubjectmain

a question word* an appropriate fora of the verb * * is written after aword, a . is written after the verb ______ and the root fora of the _______ verbis written after the subject.

to do question subject to do main

(73) An interrogative sentence beginning with a question word is followed by an _______ formof the verb s the subject is writtenbetween an appropriate form of the verb _____cud the _______ form of the _ _ _ _ _ verb*

(74)appropriate to do to do root main

Change the following sentences into Inter- rrogatlve sentences using the question words given in bracket. Study the illustration:Children like to.read novels these days,"What do children like to read these days?

(1) This machine makes buttons. (Whatl)(2) He goes to the garden in the evening,

(where)(3) Framed failed in the examination because

he did not study his lessons regularly, (why)

(4) They came home very late yesterday, (when)

(5) Sheela buys one saree every month, (what)

If all your answers are, rqng, study the frames Mob* 70 to 73^a«d if your four or all theplve answers are correct, try frame Ho* 81. and thentry this Jsseme again.

(75)1»What does this machine make?

2. Where does he go in the evening?

3. Why did Pramod fail in the examination?4. When did they

come home yesterday?

5. What does Sheela buy every month?

(76)

to do to do helping

CIV

Study the following sentences?(i*

m b m m U i*

(a) Why do you study at night?

(b) Why does he go to his friendS house everyday?

(c) What did she tell you yesterday?

(d) Where did Lata go in the morning?

Sentences in both the groups are interrogative ; sentences and they begin with the question words*'

i

In the interrogative' sentences in g ro u p *A% ■;forms of the helping verb * * are used. ' j

I

J*

Ihe helping verb * 1 is not used in the jinterrogative sentences in group *B* and the i

verbs ’to be*, *to have1, *must* and *cah* are j used as the verbs. JThe verbs written after the question words in ;j, sentences of group of frame No*75 ares ;1 • - , * 2.9 .............* O* ........ .... » 4 , :...........* j

?

fhey are the helping verbs and so in the inter- | rogative sentences, the helping verb *t'o do* is not used, |

Why is he absent today?

Why had he come in >; the morning? i,

i

What can I do for you?

Where must he be today?

1*to be2. to have3. can4. mustbehaveanmusterrogati

behavecanoustdo

(77) When the auxiliary verb to , . to...... .and t are used in the in ve

sentences, the verb *to do1 is not used.

(78) When the au&iliary verbs to . to .and are used in the interro­

gative sentences# the verb *to 1 is notused.

(79) Study the following sentences:. (a) Who broke the lamp?(b) vaaich is your book?(c) Who could find the answer?

In the above sentences* the question words _____and _______ are used. These questions ask aboutthe subject of a verb and the word order of a statement is not changed and the helping verb is not used.

whowhich

(80) Wien the questions ask about the subject of averb, the _______ _ _ is not changed andthe _______ verb is not used.

wordorderhelping

(81) Using a question-word given in the bracket near every sentence, change them into interrogative sentences,(a) He had gone to the college in the morning

to attend the first lecture, (why)(b) She can go to the station (where)

K

CV I

(c) P u p i l s m u s t l a b o u r hard, (who)

(d) t h e y r e t u r n e d h o m e v e r y late* (who)

(e) A c c i d e n t s ca n be avoided, (what)

(f ) Karalesh w a s la t e t o d a y b e c a u s e of rain, (why) _

(3 > 1 Se»V h o o K S A e se . Cwheare )

If yo u r f i v e o r s o r e than f i v e a n s w e r s a r e - n o t correct, study f r a m e s 6 8 to 8 0 a n d t h e n tr y t h i s f r a m e again. If y o u r f i v e o r m o r e t h a n f i v e a n s w e r s a r e correct, tr y f r a m e No, 89.

(82) St u d y the f o l l o w i n g sentences*

1 .May h a d h e gone to the col l e g e

- i n t h e m o rning?2 . W h e r e c a n she

go?3. Who id a o u M wwsf

l a b o u r h a r d ?4 . Who r e t u r n e d

h o m e v e r y la t e ?5 . W h a t c a n be

a v oided?6 . W h y w a s K a o l e s h

l a t e today?7 . W h e r e are their

b o o h s ?

(a) Do y o u r e a d yo u r l e s s o n s ev e r y d a y ?

(b) Do t h e y co m e to yo u r ho u s e ?

Co) Do rfe ta k e tea?

(d) Does h e h e l p you?

(e) Does she si n g w e l l ?

( f ) D i d h e go to school y e s t e r d a y ?

2he above sen t e n c e s are i n v ase n t e n c e s but t h e y d o n o t b e g i n w i t h the q u e s t i o n words. They begin w i t h an appro­p r i a t e f o r m of the v e r b * *. Theseq u e s t i o n s a r e c a l l e d ’Short R e s p o n s e * q u e s ­tions as w e l l as ’Yes-No* questions.

terrogati to do

(83) I n t e r r o g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s w h i c h do n o t begin w i t h q u e s t i o n w o r d s b u t w h i c h b e g i n w i t h v e r b s are c a l l e d Inv e r t e d q u e s t i o n s * They

CVII

ubjeeroot

to dosubjectrootmainsubjectyesno .fhovt

to dosubjectrootmainsubjectyesnoshort

are answered In 9yes* or *no*. Inverted questions begin with the verb *to do* and it is followed ; by the s t. The . form of the main ;verb is written after Hie subject. ,

(84) An inverted question begins with an appropriate :form of Hie verb * * and it is followedby the . The form of the _ !verb Is written after the . Thesequestions can be answered in or . .1They are also called 1 response* questions*

(85) An inverted question begins with an appropriate lform of the verb * * and it is followed jby Hie . The form of the :verb is written, after the. . . These ques- |tions can be answered in os' .. - They are called * response Questions* - i

(36) Study the following sentences* ' i(a) Is Hie book on the table? !(b) Am I your friend? ' j(c) Have you a pencil please? j,

, t(d) Can you write that? [(e) May I go? f

The above interrogative sentences are also in- ! verted questions but they do not begin with the verb * to do * * ,. j

They begin with Hie verbs _______t

CVIII

and . .

The verbs *to be*, *to have*, •may* and *ean* are helping verbs* (auxiliary verbs)

These questions also can be answered in *yes* or . They are also * response*questions.

(87)to be to have can may da notliary short

The verbs to . to «««-»«»» andare called helping verbs (auxiliary

verbs). The Inverted questions do not begin with toe verbs to ' when aux verbs other than *to do* are used.

behavecanmaydo

iliary

(88)

(89)

inverted to do auxiliary yes no

The : questions do not begin with toeverb when other verbs areused. They also can be answered inor . ..

Change.toe following sentences into inverted questions i.e. *yes* or *no* question!

(1) These teachers are very good to their students.

(2) They work very hard these days.

(3) The students must call off toe strike*

(4) He went to Kashmir last week.(5) You know the true story*

CIX

(90)1. Are these

teachers very good to their students?

2. Do they work very hard these days?

3. Must the stu­dents call off the strike?

4. Did he go to Kashmir last week?

5. Do you know the true story?

6*Can she deliver a lecture before a M g gathering?

7 .Had you finished your dinner be­fore I reached your house?

(6) Sie can deliver a lecture before a very big gathering*

(7) You had finished your dinner before X reached your heae-hou.se,

If your five or more than five answers are not correct, study frames Nos. 82 to 88 and then try this frame again. If your five or more answers are correct, try frame No. 94.

You now know how to write the affirmative interrogative sentences* We shall now see how to write interrogative sentences in negative. Study the following:

*A*1. Why is he not present?

2. Why was I not called?

3. Why did you-net help him?

4 . Why did he not tell the truth?

5. Why can he not• O Lwalk^pdong

distance?6. Why has she not

come still?7. Why had he not

applied earlier?

Are you not well today?

Is he not here?

Do you not help your friends?Did he not talk to you yesterday?Was she not with you yesterday?

Can you not land me your book for two days?Has he not written a letter?

not

not

notubjec

notsubject

CX

(8) Why should he not Will he not come take part In it? tomorrow?

She sentences in both the groups are interro­gative sentences* All the sentences are negative because the word . is used inthem* In negative interrogative sentences* the word ♦not* is written after the subject.

(91) In the interrogative sentences which arenegative the word * * is written afterthe subject.

(92) In the interrogative sentences which are nega­tive, the word » » is written after thes_______t.

(93) In interrogative sentences which are negativethe word 1 * is written after the .

(94) Rewrite the following affirmative interrogative sentences changing them into negative*(1) Why were you here yesterday?(2) Are you favoured by your class teacher?(3) Was there heavy rain last year?(4 ) Who is in the library now?(5) Did she come to see you yesterday evening?(6 ) Where can you get such an umbrella?(7) Does he. play different games?

(95)1 .Why were you not here yes­terday?

2.Are you not favoured by your class teacher?

3*Was there not heavy rain last year?

4.Who is not in the library now?

5. Did she not come to see you yesterday morning?

6. Where can you notget such an umbrella?

7# Does he not play different games?

(96)

CXI

If your five or more answers are not correct, study frames Nos. 90 to 93 and then try this frame again. If your five or more than five answers are correct* try frame N0.115.

You are now able to write sentences in simple present tense and simple past tense correctly. Now we Shall learn a* We in what situation the use of simple present tense is correct and in what situation the use of simple past tense is correct. I do not doubt your knowledge but let us make sure about it. We begin with the use of simple present tense.Study the following sentences:

(a) The earth moves round the sun.

(b) The moon moves round the earth.(c) Honesty is the best policy.(d) Truth triumphs in the end.

(e) We see with our eyes.(f) My house faces north.

(g) My college is not in the University campus.

What the above sentences say is true for all the time* They tell us the universal truth and the permanent fact. Verbs used in those sentences are in simple tense.

Simple tense is used to tell the unlvar-present sal truth, and the permanent fact.

CXII

present

presenttruthfact

simplepresenttense

preset

simplepresenttense

^ tense is used to tell the univeiv and the permanent . v f

(98) Head the following sentences!(a) I go to college on scooter*(b) My mother gets up early in the morning. ;

|

(c) My uncle goes to the garden everyday.i e * . . 1 !

(d) 1 takeAflve times a day.

the verbs In the above sentences ares'i'

in . . * Each of the abovesentences tells us what a person toes everyday, j Each sentence tells us what the habit of the doer of the action is* i, , i

(99) Whan we want to talk about a habit of a doeror an everyday action, we mist.use simple ;...... tense*

„,(100) When we if ant to talk about a habit or an

everyday action, we must .use ^ !

(101) Study 1he followings !(a) My father goes to Bombay next week* •(b) When do you come to my house now? I

!

(c) Shreyas is to take part in the speeches :competition next week* j

All these sentences talk about definite future i

(97) Simple sal__

CXIII

simplepresent

simplepresenttense

definitesimplepresenttense

simplepresenttense

presenttense

( 102)

(103)

(104)

actions*

The verbs in the above sentences are in tense* We can say that these sentences talk ; about definite future action, and the verbs are in simple present tense* |

To talk about definite future— '------------------ *

To talk about- f u t u r • £ -

^ action,

actions# we use

we use

Read the following paragraphsGandhi# is on M s way to Birla Bhavan for the evening prayer* There comes Godse and he shoots bullet at Gandhi#, Gandhi# falls \ down on the ground. He speaks "Ram Ram",He dies* The whole world weeps. j

This paragraph describes G a n d h i # *s death.It is an event of the past* '

The verbs are in *‘ ],

To describe an event of the past (a historical ; event)# simple present tense is used*

(105) To describe an event of the past (a historical I event) simple' is used*

( 1 0 6 ) To describe an event of the _ _ a _ event, single is used*

CXI\f

pasthistoricalpresenttense

5 f m p l <

present •tre&£9~

present

(107) Study the following sentences now*(a) Pragnesh always comes to school late*(b) Often^. that old man sits in the garden

alone#(c) Once a week.*, he comes home at twelve at

night#<d) I to bed before twelve at flight.(e) My friend does not remain in the house on

Sundays.

In the above sentences, verbs are intense# T h e words ♦always*, ’often*,

*once a week*, ’before*, on Sundays*.arein -the •ibo'Je senT-enc&s,written and they tell us^about the actionsthat take place regularly. They are adverbs and they are the expressions of the time of an action. When the adverbs or adverb phrases expressing time are written in a sentence, simple present tense is used#

(108) When adverbs p r ^ v o r ^ ^ a ^ . e ^ ^ ^time are written 1 H a sentence^ almple--------tense is used.

(109) Whenar*e written i ^^senlSSt tense is used.

(110) But there are some verbs which are never used in present continuous tense, though they talk

adverbsadverbphrasestimesimplepresent

seehearnoticerecognizesmellssimplepresent

feelingssimplepresent

ensesfeelingssimplepresent

about actions which are continuous at the time of speaking# Let us study the following sen­tences*(a) I see with my eyes#(b) I hear with my ears.(c) I notice this change in your house*(d) Do you recognize me?(e) Shis flower smells sweet*

The verbs in the above sentences are (a)(b)_______# (c)___(d)„____________ (e),_______•

The verbs ‘see*, *hear*# Notice*, ♦recognize1 ’smell* are the verbs of sense# They are used in simple present tense*

(111) Verbs denoting perception by physical senses and feelings are always written in

tense*

(112) Verbs denoting perception by physical sensesand are always written in

tense#

(113) Verbs denoting perception by physical s and feelings are always written in -— 11(lll-ll tense#

(114) Study the following sentences*(a) I believe your words#

CWI

( b ) T h i s p l o t o f l a n d b e l o n g s t o m e .

( c ) I d o u b t t h e t r u t h o f y o u r s t a t e m e n t * ,

( d ) M y d a u # t e r l i k e s a h o u s e w i t h a g o o d g a r d . e n

( e ) W e l o v e o u r m o t h e r # '■

( f ) S i e b a t e s m e * j

( g ) % f a t h e r w a n t s t o s e e y o u * , '

T h e v e r b s i n t h e a b o v e s e n t e n c e s a r e s I

1 * ........... > 2-m .... ir .* 3 * . . » 4 * . »

5 . ____________ , 6 , ............* 7 # , ____________

T h e y a r e u s e d i n t e a s e * !■

T h e v e r b s ‘b e l i e v e * # ‘b e l o n g * # ‘d o u b t 1 9 ‘ l i k e * #

‘l o v e * , ' h a t e * , ‘w a n t * , ‘ c o s t * # ‘ s e e * a r e u s e d !

i n s i m p l e ^ t e n s e * T h e s e v e r b s a r e n e v e r u s e d

i n a c o n t i n u o u s t e n s e $ . I

( 1 t 5 ) A # S e l e c t a n a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d a n d f i l l i n t h e

b l a n k s *

3 * d o u b t4 * i t k e5 * l o v e6 . h a t e7 . w a n t

1 * b e l i e v e 2 . b e l o n g

1 . T h e e a r t h ^ r o u n d t h e s u n * ( m o v e # I,

m o v e s # m o v e d ) !

2 # M y m o t h e r t o t e m p l e e v e r y d a y *

( g o , g o e s # w e n t )

St’mpIC 3*. I t h a t I a m s i c k * ( f e e l # f e l t #

a m f e e l i n g ) .

4 * S h u s h i l i n t h e d i t y ^ I n c o m e T a x ;

C o m m i s s i o n e r ^ o f f i c e # ( v / o r k , w o r k s # !

i s w o r k i n g ) ‘

CXVII

5* Groundnut oil fe«9 a kilogram ;these days* (cost, costs, is costing) !

B. Answer the following questions In full j sentences with the help of words or phrasesgiven in brackets* J

|

(a) How do you generally go to college/school? (in bus) , I;

(b) What books does your brother like to j read? (story books)

(c) What games do you generally play with ' your friends on holidays? (cricket)

(d) What do you always take in the morn- !;ing? (tea) i

(e) How often do you go to cinema ©very ;month?' (three times) j

(f) How do you feel now? (better) j(g) When does your mother generally get j

up? (at five 0*clock) j

•If your three or more than three .answers. ■ are not correct, study fram®No.95 to 114 ■ and then try this frame again* If your !

1 /Vl :two or less than two answers are^iorrect, | try frame No, 129) i.

A*1.moves2, goes3, feel4, works 5*costs

(116) We shall see now the uses of present continuous tense*(a) Jitesh is tapping on the table. ;

t

!

CXVIII

B. 1.1 generally go to college/ school in bus.

(b) The principal is ringing a bell.

(c) Ramesh is writing a letter to his2.My brother likes

to read story . books.

. 3.1 gener-lly play cricket with my friends on holi~ days.

mother.

The above sentences tell us about actions which are in progress and not completed at the time of speaking.

4.1 always take lhe above sentences are in 3C:.vO.. Ctea in the tense,morning.

5.1 go to cinema three times every month.

6.1 feel better now.

7,My mother gene­rally gets up at 50*clock.

I

resentpontinuous

(117) The present continuous tense is used to talk about actions which are in and notcom , A at the time of speaking.

{

I

progressplete

(118) The present continuous -cense is used to talkabout an action which is and not !

at the time of so g. j

(119) Study the following sentences*continuous (a)completedeakin (b)

(c)

Mummy is knitting a sweater these days.- ;Kamal is not staying with his parents ! these days.My daughter is studying in third standard.

GXIX

continuouscontinuous

continuouscontinuousgeneraltime

She above sentences tell us about the actions ;which are going on* i.e. in progress not at ;the time of speaking but are in progress in ; more general sense and cover a longer period ' of time. The present continuous tense isused to talk about actions which are still ;

- !i

going on i.e. in progress (continuous) not at j the time of speaking but in more general sense •: and which cover a longer period of time. !

(120) The present __________ tense is used to talk aboutactions which are ________ not at the time of i'

. speaking but which are continuous in more ’ j general sense and which cover a longer period j of time. ' . 1

(121) The present tense is used to talk aboutactions which are ___________ not at the time of \speaking but which are continuous in more _________ sense and which cover a longer period :of <

' I

(122) Read the following sentences* • :(a) My brother is not coming from U.S.A.

this year. !(b) Mr. Patel is going to teach history next j

year. ;f

The above sentences tell us about the actions { which will take place in future with the wordsshowing definite time of action. j.

jIjIi

czx

c o n t i n u o u s» .

con t i n u o u sfut u r ed e f i n i t e

.continuousc o n t i n u o u se a k i n go n t i n u o u seneral o n g e re r i o d -time 'u t u r e. efinitet i m e ,

Tiie p r e s e n t • • • ■ tense i s u s e d to t a l k ab o u t future, ac t i o n s w i t h a d e f i n i t e m e n t i o n o f time.

(123) The p r e s e n t _ tense i s u s e d to t a l k ab o u t• -actions w i t h a ■ m e n t i o n of time.

(124) The p r e s e n t _ _____ tense is u s e d to t a l k about

(1) the ac t i o n s w h i c h are c a t the timeof ’ s p ^_______ .

(2) The ac t i o n s w h i c h are c i n moreg 1 sense and w h i c h c o v e r sip of *

(3) f ac t i o n w i t h d m e n t i o n ,o f .________ .

(125,) Y o u k n o w that the v e r b s d e n o t i n g p e r c e p t i o n - • b y phy s i c a l senses are g e n e r a l l y w r i t t e n in simple p r e s e n t tense. B u t t h e y are also some tiis.es u s e d i n p r e s e n t , c o n t i n u o u s tense. W e shall see h o w those v e r b s are ‘written in p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s tense.

( 126 ) Study the f o l l o w i n g sentences*

♦A1

(a) I am se e i n g this picture.

(b) H e is h e a r i n g the radio broadcast.

»B«

I see w i t h m y eyes.

H e h e a r s some o n e n e x t door.

(c) She i s sm e l l i n g •the ma n g o to f i n d

I smell' something b e i n g cooked.

CXXI

out whether i t i s ;, r ip e . , . ( i

|,

(d) T rup ti i s ta s t in g I t a s te g a rlic . In . !cu rry to f in d out the v e g e tab les . ;

• i

whether i t i s hot.. i

! I

She verbs used in the above sentences a re the , verbs p£ senses. Hie verbs o f senses a re ;w rit te n in • _______ ten se and a re n o t jnorm ally used, in _______ _______ te n se . I

jThe verbs o f senses a re w r itte n in sentences

i

in group ‘A* in ________ _______ ten se because jthey t e l l us about a c tio n s which w i l l continue 1only fo r a sh o rt tim e. j

simplep re se n tp re se n tcontinuous

(127) Wien the verbs o f sentences used in a sentence j speak about a c t i v i t i e s which w i l l continue only!, fo r a sh o rt tim e, ________ _________ tense i s :used . ' l

(128)p re se n tcontinuous

When the verbs o f senses t e l l about a c t i v i t i e s ; which w il l con tinue ________ fo r a _______ time !,_______ _______ ten se i s used.- •

(129)

onlysh o rtp re se n tcontinuous

A. F i l l in the blanks w ith the r ig h t form(sim ple p re se n t ten se o r p re se n t continuous!) o f the verbs given in b ra c k e ts j *

(1) I t seldom _______ in ^une in Ahmedabad.( to ra in )

i

CXXII

(2) Take vour overcoat with vou. it raining,, (to rain)

(3) Swati ____ _ with her friends, shewill not come now. (to play)

(4) Tne teacher him very much.(to like)

(5) Mr. Joshi ________ a new novel thesedays* (to write)

If more than three answers are wrong, study ; frames 116 to 128 and then try this frame j again# If less than three answers are |wrong, try frame,No. 149. ' j

i

B. Read the following sentences. Put «*ek-l if the sentence is correct and a x f&s&k i f r it is not correct. !(1) He is going to his office everyday in "*

his car. _______ t!*(2) Raman stays with his friend. , jI(3) They are discussing the sameiproblem. _______

- ' , |

(if.) He is hearing a radio programme j

very attentively. ________ }(§) I am seeing with my eyes. _______ j(6) Rajesh is reading his lessons \

regularly.' _____________ i'

CXXIII

A. 1 *rains 2.will rain 3.is playing 4.likes '5.is writing

( 1 3 0 ) Friends, you know well how to write single past tense. Shall we see now the situations which are talked about by using simple past tense?

Study 'che following sentences!(a) He came to see me yesterday evening with­

out sending me any information.(b) I took lunch at twelve 0*clock today,(c) He gave me this book yesterday.(d) She left my house at five in the evening.(e) Taral flew fifteen kites yesterday.

The above sentences talk about the actions completed in the past and the time of the action is also given. To talk about the actions completed in Hie past at some given time, simple past tense is used.

actions completed in the past time, simple ______ tense is

actions' in the past (andof action is given) ______.is used,

actions _______ in the ______

(131) To talk about at some, given used;

(132) To talk aboutpast when the time

’tense

(133) To talk about

(7) He spends his money very carefully.

.-<

J 0\U

1 -P

~U! t

V) -X

completedsimplepast CXXIV

completed past

, time single past

(and when the of action is given)_____ .tense is used.

(l34) Study the following sentences:(a) The train was tan minutes la te ,(h) The president was late for the meeting

by half an hour,(c) How did you get your present job?

In the above sentences, time of the action completed is not mentioned bjit Hie sentences te l l clearly the time of the action and so the sentences are in tense.

simplepast

(135) To talk about a completed aetion which shows time clearly without any mention of i t s time

tense is used. '

simplepast

(136) Hi talk about a • action which showstime clearly without any mention, of i t s time ______ ______ tense is used.

(137) Study Hie following sentences:(a)

completed (b)simplepast (c)

Thethe

’ ■the

When did you join th is office?When did your father leave for Bombay? When did they finish their work?

above sentences are questions and they ask time of action already completed and so sentences are i n ____ __ tense.

c x x v

simplepastsimple

(138) Sentences in which the time of is asked are written in

action completed tense.

(139) Sentences in which the of action comp-past * leted is asked are in tense.

time (140) Sentences in which the of actionsimplepast is asked are in tense.

(141) Read the following sentences}(a) Ramanlal worked in this school for twenty

time five years.completedCb)simple Saria lived in Ahmedabad for six years.

past(c) Mr. Singh stayed in my house for two

(d)years.He worked as the secretary for threeyears.

In the above sentences, iv>e time of action is not given, but the sentences clearly show the actions which occupied a period of time which has now ended. The above sentences are in ________ ______ _ tense.

(142) To talk about actions which occupied a periodsimplepast of time or which happened in a period of time

which has now ended, simple is used.

CXXVI

?ast ense

ftilwui"(143) To talk^actions which occupied a period of

time or which happened in a ofwhich has now ended, simple ___is used,.

periodtimepasttense

( 1 4 4 ) T o t a l k a b o u t a c t i o n s w h i c h o c c u p i e d a .

o f t i m e o r w h i c h h a p p e n e d i n a _ _ _ _ _ o f

_ _ _ . n o w e n d e d , s i m p l e I s •

u s e d .

(145) Read the following sentences:period (a)periodtime (b)pasttense (c)

(a)

H e a l w a y s m o v e d w i t h a s t i c k i n h i s h a n d .

S h e u s e d t o g o t o t h e t e m p l e , .

M y f r i e n d u s e d t o r e a d f o r t h r e e h o u r s

a d a y .

T h e b l a c k d o g a l w a y s f o l l o w e d m e u p t o

s o m e d i s t a n c e w h e n e v e r I w e n t O u t o f m y

h o u s e .

T h e a b o v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e i n _ _ _ _ _ _ _

t e n s e * T h e y t a l k a b o u t "the p a s t h a b i t o f

p e r s o n s a s w e l l a s a n i m a l s *

s i m p l ep a s t

( 1 4 6 )

s i m p l ep a s t

( 1 4 7 )

a b is i m p l ep a s t

( 1 4 8 )

T o t a l k a b o u t t h e p a s t h a b i t o f a p e r s o n o r

a n a n i m a l , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ t e n s e i s u s e d .

T o t a l k a b o u t t h e p a s t h t . ___________

_ _ _ _ _ t e n s e i s u s e d .

T o t a l k a b o u t t h e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ h a b i t ,

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ t e n s e i s u s e d .

cxmi

pastsimpletense

(149) A, Answer the following questions in full i;sentences: i

. i

(1) What time did you get up today morn- ;ing? (6 0»clock) f

(2) Who built the Tad Mahal? (Shahjahan) j!

(3) Where did Gandhiji go after his !matriculation? (to London)

° H

(4) When did Suresh return from Bombay? ;(yesterday evening) '

< f

(5) When did you write last letter to jyour brother? j

B, Fill in the blanks with appropriate form j of the verbs given In brackets. j

(1)

(2)

(3)

( k )

(5)

If more than three answers are wrong, study frames 130 to 148 and then try this frame > again. If less than three answers are j

iwrong, try frame Ho. 161. I

The hunter was not brave and so he • when he ’ a cobra,

(to be afraid) (to see)

They whenever this teacherspoke, (to laugh)

Susixil _______ to India last year.(to come)________ you to visit yourfriend last week? (to go)Which book youyesterday? ' ifaUp

gxxviii

(150)A.1.1 got up today

morning at 6 0*clock,2.Shahjahan built

the Ta3 Mahal,3. Gandhiji went to

London after his matricula­tion.

4.Suresh return­ed yesterday evening from Bombay.

5.1 wrote the last letter to my brother before a week.

B. i.was afraid saw

2.laugb@d3. came4. Did go5. did buy

(151)ogrespastntinuous

(152)progresspastcontinuous

Read the following sentences!(a) My friend was sitting in my house at

7 O ’clock.(b) She was reading a novel till late at night.

The sentences show that actions were in progress (going on) at some time in the past and therefore past continuous tense is used.

To talk about actions which were in pr s :at some time in the past ______ cotense is used.

To talk about actions which were in at some time in the past, ________ ,tense is used.

Read the following!(a) She was reading the novel when I went to

see her.(b)

(c)

I was sleeping when my friend entered my house..The sun was shining when she out in the morning.

CXXIX

(d5 My baby was playing when I was reading.

Each of the a b o v e s e ntences t a l k s about a & a c t i o n t h a t w a s i n p r o g r e s s w h e n some o t h e r act i o n t o o k place.

To talk about an action that was in progress when some other action took place, past co tense is used.

ntinuous(153) To talk about an action that was in

when some other action took place _ _ _ _ _ _ tense is used.

(154) We use tense when we wantprogresspastcontinuous

to talk about an action that was in progress when some other action took place.

(155) Read, the following sentences:

pastcontinuous

(a) Rajesh has' just gone out,(b) They have just completed their work.(c) He has recently bought a radio.(d) He has not done my work yet.(f) Lately he has stopped smoking.

inThe above sentences are^present perfect tense. In the above sentences, the words ’just*, ‘recently*, ’yet* and ’lately* are used,. The word *just* expresses a recently completed action and the words ’recently’, ’yet* and

cxxx

presentperfect

presentperfect

•lately5 show an inconralete period of time.,

When the words like 'just5, 'recently*, 5yet 5

and flately* are used in a sentence,• tense is used.

(156) Wien the words expressing recently completedactions and an incomplete period of time are used in a sentence, tense isused.

You please remember that the present perfect tense refers to the present as well as to the past and therefore adverbs or adverb phrases showing definite time such as*last week *,•last year*, ’before two days*, *ten days ago* •yesterday*, 'at 5 O'clock* cannot be used in the sentences in which present perfect tense is used.

(157) Study the following sentences*(a) The train had left before we reached the

station.(b) He had lost his books and had to borrow

Kirlt* s books.(c) I had gone to his house at 11 O'clock.

Sentences (a) and (b) talk about two actions for an action which took place earlier than the other action took place, past perfect tense is used.

CXXX1

asterfec

rliepastperfect

©forastpastperfect

earlierotherpastperfect

Sentence (c) talks about an action which took place before a definite time in the past and the p_______ p t tense is used..

(158) To talk about an action which took placeea r than the other action took place,______ — — — , tense ds used,

(159) To talk about an action which took placeb - e a definite time in the o .the _______ __________ tense is used,

(160) To talk about an action which took place' than the ______ action took place,

the ______ ________ tense is used-.

(161) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb (past continuous, present perfect, past perfect tense) given in the brackets.

( D He was sleeping, when she .(to read)

(2) I saw him in his house, when I ______here (to come)

(3) Kamal _______ not ______ tea yet*(to take)

(4) When my younger sister shouted, I . (io sleep)

I ______ to see my aunt in the hospitallast Thursday, (to go)

(5)

CXXXII

(162)1*Hq was sleeping when she was reading.2.1 saw him in his house when I was coming here.

3. Kamal has not taken tea yet.

4. When my younger sister shouted,I was sleeping.

5.1 had gone to see see my aunt in the hospital last Thursday.

6.1 teatf wanted to see my friend yesterday, but I could not see him because my sister came from Bombay only for a day,

7.What cities in India have you visited?

(6) I to see my friend yesterday,but I nat see him . because my sister;

t_ from 3ombay only, for a day, !;(i.want, 2, can, 3.to come) J

(7) What cities in India ^ you ? ;(to visit) |

(8) you my papers, sir? ■;(to correct) |

If six or more than six answers are wrong, j study frames 150 to 160 and then try this • ,iframe again. If less than three answers are ■wrong, try frame No. 158. ?

- - I

Read the following: j,(a) I am sure he will return your book. !(b) He will perhaps go to see a.movie tonight,(c) I feel that she will get good tutions j

next year. !(d) He believes that 1*11 not help him ;

anymore. i!'

The above, sentences are in P tense. iIn the above sentences, words like ’sure*, ’perhaps’, ’feel’ and ’b e* are written.These words express the speaker’s confidence, opinion, supposition, hope and belief about ! the future.

CXXXIII

S.Yave you corrected my papers, Sir?utureelieve

futurefuture

futurefuture

futurefuture

(163) To express the speaker's confidence, supposi­tion, hope and belief about the future, ' tense is used.

(164) To express the speaker's confidence, opinion,supposition, hope and belief about the ______________ tense is used,

(165) Read the following sentences*(1 ) If you begin to do it, you will enjoy it*(2 ) When she will be in good mood, she will

do her work speedily.(3) I study hard so that I will be able to

get my degree.(4 ) When it will strike four in this clock,

I’ll be in my shop.

In the above sentences, there are two verbs.Hie verbs 'w^J^^^oy', 'will do 'willbe able to g e t a r e in , tense.

When a part of a sentence talks about either condition or time or purpose, . tenseis used.

(166) When a part of a sentence talks about eithera c n . or t or ou e.________ tense is used,

(167) When a part of a sentence talks about either

onditioimerposfutureconditiontimepurposefuture

returns will be will leave will use is

CXXXIV

a _______ or ______ or . _ _ _ _ _ tenseis used.

(1 6 8) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets expressing future time.(1) My father _ _ _ _ _ from his office after

5 O ’clock., (to return)(2) It _______ a hard time this year because

of very heavy monsoon, (to be)(3) Ramesh ________ for the U.S.A. on 15th of

August next year, (to leave)(4) Mr. Morarji Desai said, "We _______ the

atom only for peaceful purposes."(to use)(5) Please do not talk now, my radio broad­

cast _______ about to begin, (to be)

If more than three answers are wrong, study frames 162 to 167* If two or less than two answers are wrong, try frame Mo. 179.

(169) Friends, you know now how the sentences are written in different tenses and in what differ­ent situations, different tenses are used.Shall we now see what the differences in the use of different tenses are? This will be very interesting and will help you to avoid mistakes in the use of different tenses.

cxxxv

*A* '

(1 ) A co w eats grass. A c o w is eating grassnow.

(2) The ea r t h is round. H e i s go i n g to schoolnow.

(3) H e gO e s to school everyday.

(4) H o n e s t y is the be s t policy.

The s e n tences in group ’A ’ are i n _ _tense. The sen t e n c e s in group 'B* are in _________ _________ tense.

simplep r e s e n tp r e s e n tcon t i n u o u s

(170) In frame Ho. 166, s e ntences i n gr o u p ’A* t a l k a b o u t 1. h 1 action, 2. the u n 1truth.

Sentences in group *B* t a l k a b o u t the action w h i c h is i n n s at the time of speaking.

ab i t u ai v e r s aro g r e s

(171) Simple p r e s e n t t e n s e is u s e d to talk about (1) h a 1 action, (2) a n r o . (3)a d v a c t i o n and (4) the u n itruth. P r e s e n t con t i n u o u s tense i s u s e d to ta l k a b o u t the act i o n s w h i c h a r e i n ssat the time of speaking.

bitua•verbailv e r s a lp r o g r e

(172) To talk ab o u t a h a b i t u a l action, a proverb, a d a i l y ac t i o n o r u n i v e r s a l truth, w e us e _ _ _ _ _ _________ tense.

CXJOCVT

To talk about the action which is in progress at the time of speaking, we write

tense#

(173) Read the following sentences** A* *B»

simplepresentpresentcontinuous

(a) Sushil has gone to the U.S.A.

Sushil went to the U.S.A. last year.

(b) Mr. Jain has left Mr. Jain was thethis college. principal for seven

years.(c) He has studied He studied this prob

this problem for lera for three years.three years.

The sentences in group ‘A ’ are in !•- tense.

Present perfect tense i's used in sentences in group ’A ’ because they talk about actions which began in the past and which are Just completed Adverbs showing definite time in the past must not be written in the present perfect tense sentences. The third sentence shows that adverbs or adverb phrases referring to a past time continuing upto the present, such as 'now*, ’today*, ’this' week*, ’this year*, •from*, ’since’, ’ever since’, 'by now’, ’for the last 15 days’, ’for the time', word or phrases for *a time’, ’yet’, etc. are used in present perfect tense sentences.

CXXXVII

Sentences in group ’B1 mean that the actions began in the past and they are completed.

presentperfect

(174) To talk about actions which began in the pastand which are just completed, ___ ___ ________tense is used. Adverbs showing d timein the ______ must not be written in the________ tense sentences. Adverbs of timereferring to the past and continuing upto the present time can be used in' _______________ tense sentences.

To talk about actions which began in the and which are completed, , _______tense is used.

presentperfectefinitepastperfectpresentperfectpastsimplepastdefinitepastpastpresentpastperfectcompletedpast

(175) In present perfect tense sentences, adverbsshowing _ ___ _ time in the ______ must notbe written, but adverbs of time referring to the _________ and continuing upto the ________can be used. A sentence in _ _ _ _ _ •tense talks about an action which began and• ______ _ in the _______.

(176) JAJ.(a) I have lived in

Ahmedabad for fifteen years.

(b) He has done his duty well.

*B’1 had finished my work when he came to see me.

She had come back from ' the college at 4 O ’clock.

cxxxra i

(c ) You have seen th a t He had caught the th ie f movie. befo re th e p o lic e |

reached,, j

Sentences in group ’A' a re i n _______ _______ |ten se and in group *B% they a re in ‘

. t e n s e . ' ;i

Sentences in group ’A’ t a lk about the a c tio n s j th a t began in the and a re e i th e r j u s t tcompleted o r a re s t i l l con tinu ing up to the ; p re se n t. Sentences in group *B’ ta lk about two a c tio n s and show th a t one a c tio n was completed J before th e o th e r ac tio n was com pleted. '

p re se n tp e r fe c tp a s tp e r fe c t

p a s t

(177) P resen t p e r fe c t ten se ta lk s about an a c tio n , which in the _ _ _ _ _ _ and which i s >

e i th e r j u s t _ _ _ _ or which i s s t i l lc in s up to the p re s e n t . P a s t p e r fe c t 5tense ta lk s about an ac tio n which was comp­le te d ■ th e o th e r a c tio n was . ,

beganp a s tcompletedon tinubefo recompleted

(178) _______ _____tense ta lk s about an ac tio nT n m r r r r i Tiffin m rifinini n id iirirrnrnimm 5

which began in the and which i s e i th e rj u s t _______ o r which i s s t i l l * uptothe . , __ ' tense ta lk s fabout an a c tio n which was before th e ;o th e r a c tio n was _______ . j

(179) A. P u t a>/ »a*^r in the b racke t near the >sentence i f th e verb form a verb phrase , w r it te n in a sentence i s co rrec t* I f

i

CXXXIX !

presentperfectpastcompletedcontinuingpresentpastperfectcompletedcompleted

the verb form or asfrverb phrase in a sentence is incorrect, put a x in the bracket, i

1) It will be good for the world if there ; will be no war at all, ( ) J

(2) If she comes for the picnic, I |\ !

shall go, ( ) j(3) He had met me yesterday. ( ) :

• j

( 4 ) I visited Kankaria zoo j,yesterday, ( ) i

(5) Jayant had reached the station ;before the train arrived. ( )

(6 ) Everyday they were meeting l

in the garden. ( 3 ;(7) Kaffilafs father was beating !

her very severely when Kaml-a jwas young, ( ) ;

, i

(8) My mother is going to templeIK8& everyday in the morning. C ) ;

(9) hast month, my son went to his 'teacher * s house for tuition everyday. • ( )

i(10) I am reading my study hooks j

all day. ( );

B, Fill in the blanks selecting an appropriateform of the verb. !

(1) I _________ my friend at the restaurant •

!, i

|

( i

CXL I

l a s t n ig h t, (have seen^ saw, see) 1

(2 ) He ' a teach e r fo r th e l a s t ten " ;days, (has been, i s was) . f

(3 ) N a lin i him very much, ( i s , ;;l ik in g , l ik e s , was l ik in g ) ;

(4) That man ■ q u ite young, though ;he i s n o t . ( i s appearing , was appearing) (appears) j,

i

(5 ) We always 1 our p a re n ts , (a re ;obeying, obey, have obeyed). '

(6 ) Swati n o t ,her le sso n sy e t . ( d id - f in is h , h a s - f in is h e d , had-f in is h e d ) 1

(7) He me the book yesterday .(g iv e s , has g iven , gave) [

(8 ) The te a ch e r —_ _ _ _ _ my d a u # ite r , when |I en te red the h o u se .( ta u g h t, has ta u g h t, was teach ing ) ]

(9 ) Where you yesterdayn ig h t when I came to see you? (d id -g o , |had-gone, have-gone) j

(10) Groundnut o i l Rs.5/~ per k ilo jtoday, ( i s c o s tin g , c o s ts , was c o s ts )

(11) Five m iles a very long d is ta n c efo r me. (a re , i s ) 1

j

I f your more than th re e answers a re wrong, !study fram es Nos. 169 to 178 and then t r y \t h i s frame ag a in . f

CXLI

2. s/3. 4* s f5. -J6. x7. s/8. x9. \/

10.-. x

B. 1 . x saw2. |*ts b u n3. likes4. appears5. obey6. has - finished7. gave8. was teaching 9* had ~ gone10. costs11. sake© is

CXLII

1. Sequence of Tease

Friends, in our everyday life, we talk about many things like games and films, about our experiences with different people and our future plans, This means that we talk about something that happened in the past i.e. in the time that has gone and we call it past tense* We also talk about some­thing that may happen in future i.e. in the time that is still to come and it is known as future tense. And, we also talk about that^we do every day or may be doing while talking i.e. in the time now and we understand it as present tense. When we have to use more than one tense in a sentence, we have to be very careful, (In other words, when we, have to use tense in sequence, we have to be very careful,} We have to use more than one tense in. a sentence when the sentence that we write or speak is not a simple sentence. I believe that you know all this. And* Friends, use of different tenses in a sentence is not at all difficult if we understand some basic principles very well. Before we see those principles, we shall see what is a simple sentence, a compound sentence and a complex sentence*Try frame No. 1^.

2. Simple Sentence, Saurabh likes to play cricket.Find out the Verb,

CXLIII

This sentence has only one verb. So it is a. Simple sentence.

3 . (a) Shreyas enjoys a lecture in English.(b) Trupti writes good essays.

Verbs in the above sentences are 1 . likes 2. .

In sentence (a) as well as in sentence (b), there is only one verb. So* both the senten­ces are Simple.

4 . (a) Tejal does not read newspaper everyday.1 . enjoys (b) Sharad does not hear a radio everyday.2. writes

In sentences (a) and (b)f the verbs ares1 . and 2 . ,

Both the sentences are _ _ _ _„ simple sentences.Each sentence- has only one verb.

1 .does not 5 read.

2.does not hear

simple

Sucheta quarrels with her mother.This is a ' sentence because it has only

verb.

simpleone

6. How many verbs has a simple sentence?A simole sentence has _______verb.

7. (a) Prashant comes to my house to play.(b) We are poor people and we do not have enough

food bo eat.

CXLIY

Sentence (a) is a _______ sentence because itit has _______ - verb.

only In sentence (b), there are _ _ _ _ _ (one, two)one verbs. So there are two sentences and they

are joined by the word . '

8. The guests saw Laxmi sitting and they were very much afraid.

simpleonlyonetwoand

In this sentence, there are ________ verbs andso ‘there are ______ sentences. The sentencesare joined by the word . Both thesentences are independent. When, in a sentence, there are more than one sentence, they are called clauses.

twotwoand

9. You do this sum or you go out of my classroom.In the above sentence, there are ____________ verbsand so there are two . We can say thatin the above sentence/?, there are ________clauses. The clauses in the above sentence are joined by the word ______ and they are inde­pendent.

10. (a) The thief saw a policeman and ha ran verytwo hard,sentencestwo (b) The life of a mosquito is very short but

very active.(c)' She must weep or she will die.

In sentences (a), (b) and (c), there are

CXLV

verbs* So there are . .. clauses in each sentence*

The clauses in, sentences (a), (b), (c) are join­ed by the words «■ and »

The clauses in all the above sentences are independent.

A A sentence in which all the clauses are indepe­ndent i*e* all the clauses are of equal import­ances it is called a Compound-sentence.

twotwo, and but or

11* Raja studies well and he-stands first in his ■ class.

The above sentence is a compound sentence because it has more than one clause and. every clause is in .

12.dependent

(a) I came, I saw and I conquered.(b) I like games, but my brother likes reading. ,(c) He fell down and he hurt himself.

In the above sentences, there are more than. __ and all are clauses

and so the above sentences are dsentences.

13. Friends, you must know that somatimes compoundoneclause(verb)independentcompoun

sentences are shortened, to avoid unnecessary repetitions. Study the following examples:

CXLVI

(a) Bie boy fell down and hurt himself.

(b) Nalini is sad but hopeful.

(c) He could neither jump nor run.

(d) Satlsh as well as Shaila has lost the family feeling.

(1 ) In sentence (a), there are two verbs but only one subject. !Ehe subject in the second clause is not expressed because it is the same as in the first clause.

(2) la sentence (b), the words not expressed in the second clause are ’Nalini is’as these words are written in the first clause.

(3) In sentence (c)» the missing words in the second clause are t( could*',

(4} In sentence (d), the missing words in the first clause are ,;has lost tie family feelings”.

Czfi In sentence t-fee-m>4a-3-i.ng • werd-s i» tieclause are

3 . he

3 m

1 4 . Now you know well that when, in a sentence,there are more than one clause and all the clauses are independent, it is a compound sentence.

Study the following sentences and write ’s ’ if the sentence is simple and *c* if it is compound

CXLVII

a» s b* cc. cd. c © • c f. s

(a) Jayesh studies hard these days. _________(b) You as well as I studied in the

Wilson College. _________(c) Sarla likes my daughter and

brings books for her. _________(d) Either Mr* Pandya or Mr.Thakore

will come to see me tomorrow. _________(e) Kamalini as well as Kisan likes

to talk but Smr-utj. to work. ' •(f) Keesha and Naliai are friends. •

If your more than four answers are not correct, study frames Nos. t to 12 and then try this again. If your more than four answers are correct, go ahead.

15 (a) Ajit goes to shop and Amar goes to office.(b) This is the house which'1 like very much.(c) They went home when the pay was over.(d) The 'thief ran away because he saw a police­

man.(e) You wait here till I return.

In all the above sentences, there are _____ clauses. In sentence (a)# both the clauses are joined by the x -ord » They arein t clauses. So it is a c dsentence.

In sentences (b), (c)r (a) and (a), both the

twoanddependencompoun

CXLVill

clauses are not independent* In each of these sentences, the second clause depends upon the first one and therefore all these sentences ('B V ’cf, *d* and *e1) are not compound sen­tences. They are complex sentences.

fry frame No.

16, (a) , I like the shirt which you bought yester­day.

(b) Did you like the radio which I showed, you yesterday?

(c) fe^u remembers me when her uncle 'beats her.

In the above sentences, there are ■ clauses.Both the clauses in the above sentences are independent, fhe clause in each sentence depends upon the first one,

A clause which depends upon, another clause is called a subordinate clause.

fhe subordinate clauses in the above sentences ares

2 .3.

17. (a) I asked him why he was late*(b) I believe that I shall finish my work soon.

CXLIX

twonot

1 . which you bought yesterday.

2. which I showed you yesterday.

3. when her uncle beats her.

(c) If you eat too much, you will be ill.(d) Wien Rama called me, I was eating.

In sentences (a), (b), (c) and (d), the subor­dinate clauses are:1 * _ _ _ _ _ _________ ________ .2

34

The above sentences are complex sentences be­cause there is a ______ clause in each oneof them.

1. why he was late.

2. tha;t I shall finish my work soon.

3.if you eat too much.

4.when Rama called me*fu bo'fcknat&j dependent

(a) I asked him why he was late.(b) When Rama called me, I was eating.

The clauses ‘why ho was late' and ‘when Rama called me* in the above sentences are ________clauses.

The clauses 91 asked him* and ?I was eating* in the above sentences are making complete sense. They do not depend upon another clause but the other clause in a sentence depends upon' them.

When a clause in a sentence makes a complete sense without any help of another clause and when some other clause in the sentence depends

upon it, it is called a Principal or a Main clause.

19.'HtboKdS-'nokej

dependent

(a) I lost a book which you gave me yesterday.(b) Akshay met me when I was at the station.(c) If it rains, we shall go home. ,

A. The principal clauses in the above sentences are!1 . _ _____ '

2. ___ ____

B. and the subordinate clauses in the above sentences eras1 . .2. i ... ; m ^

3. -

A. 1.I lost abook.

2. Akshay met me.

3. We shall go home.

B. 1.which yougave me yesterday.

2.when I was at the sta­tion.

3.if it rains

Write *c* if the sentence is compound and *d’ if ft is complex* ,(a) Gita read her lessons hut Sita did

not read. «*___«_«(b) Though Swati did not work hard,

she got the first rank,(c) If he runs fast, he will catch

the train. '(d) He is a millionaire, however,

he is not proud.

C\1

CLI

(e) Biis is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was born.

(f) When my teacher came to my house, I was reading a story-book,

(g) It is time to go, let us start,(h) Neither Nallni nor Meera could

get first class marks*

If your more than four answers are wrong, study frames Nos, 15 to 18 and try the frame again. If your more than four answers are correct, go ahead.

a, cb, dc, dd, ce, df, dI* ch» c

21, Friends, you know quite well 'that a simple sen­tence, a compound sentence acid a complex.sentence. Now, we shall see how sequence of tense must be observed in a complex sentence. You must remem­ber that there are rules according to which the tense .of a verb in a subordinate clause must follow the tense of a verb in the principal clause, These rules are called the rules of sequence of tenses. The question^ of sequence of tenses do^not arise in a compound sentence.The principles of sequence of tense apply chiefly to the complex sentences.

Try frame No, 27.

Study the following sentences!

(a) Agam does not understand what Dipt! says.

CLIX

(to) San^ay thinks (that) he will get the first prize,

(c) I tell you (that) you would miss the train.

-She principal clauses in the above sentences are in ______ tense.

!Bae subordinate clause in sentence (a) is irt_______ tense.(to) is in ______ tense(c) is in tense

The above sentences show that when the principal clause is in present fcan.se, a subordinate clause can be in present tense, future tense or past tense.

presentpresentfuturepast

presentpastfuture

23. When the principal clause is in present tense, a subordinate clause can be in _ _ _ _ _ tense. _______ tense or . tense.

24. (a) She will not speak what she feels.(to) Rakesh will give you his book when he

will finish it.(c) She will accompany us if you would invite

her.

Ihe principal clauses in the above sentences are in tense.

ihe subordinate clauses in sentence (a) is in . tense .

CL III

futurepresentfuturepast

presentpastfuture

(b) is in tense(c) is in . tense

The above sentences show that when the principalf

clause is in future tense, a subordinate clause can be in any tense l.e. it can be in present, past or future tense*

25* When the principal clausa is'either in present tense or in future tense, a subordinate clause can be in any tense i.e* it can be in *

______ or tense*

26 Study the following sentences:(a) Ha found that he dropped a one-rupee note. C*o), Kailas said that she saw a lion yesterday, (c) Ihough he was poor, he was happy.

The principal clause in the above sentences . is in ... tense.

tQie subordinate clause in sentence(a) is in tense(b) is in tense(c) is i n ______ tense

She above sentences show that when the princi­pal clause is in past cense, a subordinate clausa is in past tense. Please remember that very often past perfect tense is also used.

cm

p a s tp a s tp a s tp a s t

27* Select an a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m o f the v e r b f r o m thev e r b s gi v e n i n b r a c k e t s and w r i t e i t i n t h e space provided,

(a ) Wh e n R a k e s h talked v e r y l o u d l y i n the theatre,some on e . (shouts, w i l l shout,shouted)

(b) 'Ihe H o m e M i n i s t e r r e p e a t e d v/hat the P r i m eM i n i s t e r , (has spoken, spoke, w i l l ■speak)

(c) Karalesh a c h i e v e d h i s ai m b ecause h e •hard, (works, w i l l work, worked)

(d) H e e n a liked to go o u t bec a u s e she v e r y tired, (is, was, w i l l be)

(e) A g soon as tne teacher ~ the cl a s s room, the p u p i l s stood up, (entered, * ’

■ enters, w i l l enter)

Study f r a m e s 21 to 26 and try this fr a m e again, if your mo r e than fo u r a n s w e r s are n o t correct.If correct, go ahead.

28,

a, ~ shoutedb, spokec, w o r k e dd, w a se, entered

Y o u k n o w n o w t h a t w h e n the* p r i n c i p a l c l a u s e is i n p a s t tense, a subordinate c l a u s e is always i n p a s t tense. But there are some exceptions. L e t u s see those exceptions. St u d y the f o l l o w ­i n g sentences,

(a) M y fa t h e r said that all that g l i t t e r s i s n o t gold,

(b) ihe t e a c h e r said that the ea r t h i s x*ound.

pastpastpresent

overbiversatoday

proverbuniversaltruetoday

CLV

(c) I learnt that the Taj Mahal is built of white marbles.

The principal clause In the above sentences is in ________ tense.

The subordinate clauses in the above sentences are not in _________ tense, they are in ________tense.

The subordinate clause in sentence -(a) is a proverb, .(b) is the universal truth.(c) is the fact which is true today.

(29) Mien the principal clause is In past tense, asubordinate clause may not be in past tense if it is either a nr or a un 1truth or a fact which is true .

(30) Mien the principal clause is in past tense,a subordinate clause may not be in past tense if it is either a _______ or a __________ truthor a fact which i s _______ _______.

(31) When the principal clause is in past tense,a subordinate clause is in __________ tense, butwhen a subordinate clause is either a _________or a __________ ________ or a. fact which is_________ . it may not be in _________tense.

CLVI

32. Put a V * if the sentence is correct anda *x' gsrk if it, is not correct.

pastproverbuniversaltruthtruetodaypast

(a) Bina said that there is no one in the house.

(b) Ashita said that honesty was the best policy,

(c) The teacher said that Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas.

(d) He attended-his office though he was sick,

(e) He was insured before his jet •plane flight because the flight in the jet-plane was always risky.

(f) I desired that he.will not hear my talk with my friend.

(g) He asked me why I have come.

a. xb. xc. /d. /e. xf. xg. x

(a) A w ood c u f ^ r cu'Vs iloe w ood,(Jb) V\/oe>4 cu d ~tV>e W o o d ,

lv> sewdeviee *V le tte r V »S> added f o ck ______ a v ) 4 \Y !-$> i vo - - - - - - - - *

i_Y) SevtteVxLfL \o le tter s,1 i -S added^ _ _ _ _ _ a v > 4 >V~ ^ ' vo - - - - - - - ~ »

Wttevo le t te r vs' U a d d ed do av o o u w 9 i V i i vo — -- - - - - .

\Mhev\ le tter 's 1 U a d d e d tt> ayerlo, \1~ ivo-----------