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Memòria especial 8

II IBERIAN SYMPOSIUM ON

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS

Conference proceedings

Madrid, June 9th-10th, 2016

PALEONTOLOGIA I EVOLUCIÓ, MEMÒRIA ESPECIAL 8

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

II IBERIAN SYMPOSIUM ON GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS


EDITORS

Carlos Martínez-PérezJudit Marigó

Soledad De Esteban-TrivignoMª Dolores Marin-Monfort

© dels textos, els respectius autors, 2016

EditaInstitut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont

Disseny i maquetacióMaría Dolores Marin-MonfortCarlos Martínez-Pérez

Il·lustració de portadaSandra Wahlbeck

ISBN: 978-84-608-8773-7Dipòsit Legal: B 13628-2016

Impressió: A3 copies

II IBERIAN SYMPOSIUM ON GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS


Host Institution

Organizing Institutions

Collaborating Institutions

Organizing Committee

Jesús Marugán-Lobón (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)

Soledad De Esteban-Trivigno (Transmitting Science/ICP, Spain)

Markus Bastir (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain)

Carlos Martínez-Pérez (Universitat de València, Spain)

Humberto G. Ferrón (Universitat de València, Spain)

Daniel García Martínez (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain)

Judit Marigó (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, France)

Phanie Torrijo (Universidad de Alicante, Spain)

Scientific Committee

Ángel Baltanás (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)

Ángela Buscalioni (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain)

Antonio Rosas (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spain)

Carme Rissech (University of Leicester, United Kingdom)

Chris Klingenberg (University of Manchester, United Kingdom)

Neus Martínez Abadías (Centre for Genomic Regulation, Spain)

María Martinón (University College London, Spain)

Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou (CIBIO/inBIO, Universidade do Porto, Portugal)

Daniel Turbón (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain)

Borja Figueirido(Universidad de Málaga, Spain)

Paula González (Instituto de Genética Vaterinaria, Spain)

José María Gómez (Estación de Zonas Áridas de Almería, Spain)

Diego Rasskin-Gutman(Universitat de València, Spain)

Luis Azevedo Rodrigues(Centro Ciência Viva de Lagos, Portugal)

i

Programme..........................................................................................................................................................1

Contributions

A GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS MeTHOd FOR exPLORInG dORSAL HeAd SHAPe InUROdeLeS: SexUAL dIMORPHISM And GeOGRAPHIC VARIATIOn In SALAMANDRA

SALAMANDRA

L. Alarcon-Rios, G. Velo-Antón, A. Kaliontzopoulou................................................................................................7

“OUTLIne AnALYSIS”, THe CIndeReLLA OF GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSÁ. Baltanás...........................................................................................................................................................8

A GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRIC ReCOnSTRUCTIOn OF THORAx FORM In HOMO NALEDI

M. Bastir, d. Garcia Martínez, M. Oishi, n. Ogihara, I. Torres Sanchez, F. García Río, S. nalla, P. Schmid, S. Churchill, J. Hawks, L. Berger, S.A. Williams.....................................................................................9

OUTLIne AnALYSIS OF THe GeneRA CRICETODON And HISPANOMYS And ITS USe AS ATAxOnOMICAL CRITeRIAP.M. Carro-Rodríguez, P. López-Guerrero, M.Á. Álvarez-Sierra...........................................................................10

GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS APPLIed TO ORnITHOPOd TRACKS FROM THe LOWeRCReTACeOUS (BeRRIASIAn) OF THe IBeRIAn RAnGed. Castanera, J.I. Canudo....................................................................................................................................11

VARIABILITY OF LeAF SHAPe ALOnG THe SHOOT In ACER MONSPESSULANUM ASReVeALed BY GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSZ. Chikhaoui, F. Krouchi, M. Lateb, A. derridj......................................................................................................12

APPLICATIOn OF GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS TO SYMMeTRY ASSeSSMenT OF dIATOMFRUSTULeS AS An IndICATOR OF HeAVY MeTAL COnTAMInATIOnd.C. Cubillos-A., J.T. delgado-P., R.G. Barragán-G...............................................................................................13

GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS AS A TOOL FOR CHARACTeRIZInG dOG dIVeRSITY InIBeRIAn LATe PReHISTORYA. daza, A. Morales, C. Liesau, C. Azorit............................................................................................................14

COMBInInG GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS WITH FInITe eLeMenTS AnALYSIS In ARMAdILLOSS. de esteban-Trivigno, J. Marcé-nogué, J. Fortuny, J. Cantalapiedra...............................................................15

CRAnIAL VARIABILITY In eUROPeAn POPULATIOnS OF BOTTLenOSe dOLPHIn TURSIOPS

TRUNCATUS (CeTACeA, OdOnTOCeTI, deLPHInIdAe): IMPLICATIOnS FOR COnSeRVATIOnM.C. de Francesco, d. Kerem, A. Loy....................................................................................................................16

FUnCTIOnAL ASSOCIATIOnS BeTWeen SUBSTRATe USe And FOReLIMB SHAPe InSTRePSIRRHIneS And ITS ReLeVAnCe TO InFeRRInG LOCOMOTOR BeHAVIOR In eARLYPRIMATeSA.-C. Fabre, J. Marigó, M.C. Granatosky, d. Schmitt..............................................................................................17

INDEX

IndexI

II IBeRIAn SYMPOSIUM On GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS

ii

GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRIC AnALYSIS On LIVInG SHARK CAUdAL FInS FOReCOMORPHOLOGICAL InFeRenCeS In eARLY VeRTeBRATeSH.G. Ferrón, H. Salais-López, C. Martínez-Pérez, H. Botella...................................................................................18

THe ROLe OF deVeLOPMenT And ARTIFICIAL SeLeCTIOn On eLBOW-JOInT PHenOTYPICdISPARITY In dOMeSTIC dOGSB. Figueirido.......................................................................................................................................................19

GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRIC eVALUATIOn OF PROxIMAL HUMeRUS MeTAPHYSIS AndITS ReLATIOnSHIP TO SKeLeTAL MATURATIOn.R. García-González, A. Salazar, Y. Quintino, L. Rodríguez, J.M. Carretero............................................................20

3d GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS OF THe COLd-AdAPTed THORAx: eCO-GeOGRAPHICALVARIABILITY OF THe HUMAn RIB CAGed. García-Martínez, S. nalla, R.A. Guichón, M.d. d´Angelo, S. Constantino, F. García-Río, I. Torres, M. Bastir.................................................................................................................................................21

HeTeROCHROnY In nOTOSUCHIA (CROCOdYLIFORMeS, MeSOeUCROCOdYLIA): AReBAURUSUCHIdS PeRAMORPHIC?P.L. Godoy, G.S. Ferreira, B.C. Vila nova, F.C. Montefeltro, M.C. Langer...............................................................22

HABITAT ReLATed dIFFeRenCeS In HeAd SHAPe And BITe PeRFORMAnCe In THeGeneRALISTIC LIZARd PODARCIS BOCAGEI

V. Gomes, M.A. Carretero, A. Kaliontzopoulou....................................................................................................23

FACIAL PHenOTYPe In dOWn SYndROMe CHILdRen: exPLORInG THe eFFeCTS OFePIGALLOCATeCHIn-3-GALLATeR. González, J. Starbuck, J. Sharpe, R. de la Torre, M. dierssen, n. Martínez-Abadías........................................24

InTeGRATIOn, nOnLIneARITIeS And THe LOGIC OF deVeLOPMenT B. Hallgrimsson...................................................................................................................................................25

ALLOMeTRY, InTeGRATIOn, MOdULARITY And THe eVOLUTIOn OF PHenOTYPICdIVeRSITY In A GROUP OF LIZARdS WITH HIGH MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIOnA.Kaliontzopoulou..............................................................................................................................................26

ALLOMeTRIC SPACeS And GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS: An APPROACH FORSTUdYInG THe eVOLUTIOn OF ALLOMeTRYC.P. Klingenberg..................................................................................................................................................27

ReCOnSTRUCTInG THe LOCOMOTOR BeHAVIOUR OF HOMInOIdS THROUGH THe BOnYLABYRInTH: THe COnTRIBUTIOn OF 3d GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSA. Le Maître, P. Vignaud, M. Brunet....................................................................................................................28

SHAPe dIVeRSITY OF OTOLITHS OF dIFFeRenT FISH FAMILIeSC. Llopis-Belenguer, A.e. Ahuir-Baraja, J.A. Balbuena, A. Rodríguez-González...................................................29

IS THe ASTRAGALUS A GOOd BOne FOR InFeRRInG LOCOMOTIOn In exTInCT PRIMATeS?J. Marigó, A.-C. Fabre, d.M. Boyer......................................................................................................................30

Index

iii

eVOLUTIOnARY deVeLOPMenT OF THe CARnASSIAL TOOTH In exTAnT CAnIdS USInGGeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSP.A. Márquez-González, J. Muñoz-durán..............................................................................................................31

MORPHOMeTRIC TOOLS TO IdenTIFY TWO SYMPATRIC LIMPeTS (PATELLA RUSTICA AndPATELLA CAERULEA) In THe WeSTeRn MedITeRRAneAnP. Marti-Puig, M. Ponti, P.G. Albano, F. Costantin, M. Abbiati..............................................................................32

InFLUenCe OF TAxOnOMIC And eCOLOGICAL FACTORS On THe CRAnIAL MORPHOLOGYOF PRIMATeSM. Martín-Caballero, L. Medialdea, A. González.................................................................................................33

CHAnGInG MOdULAR PATTeRnS In THe eVOLUTIOn OF THe CARnIVORe PeLVIC GIRdLeA. Martín-Serra....................................................................................................................................................34

HOW MORPHOMeTRICS CAn SHed LIGHT InTO GeneTICS, deVeLOPMenT And dISeASen. Martínez-Abadías, R. Mateu, J. Sastre, L. Russo, J. Richtsmeier, J.Sharpe......................................................35

GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS And THe MORPHOLOGICAL eVOLUTIOn OF THe eARLYdeVOnIAn COnOdOnT POLYGNATHUS: FUnCTIOnAL IMPLICATIOnSC. Martínez-Pérez, G. navalón, S. de esteban-Trivigno, H. Botella......................................................................36

COMPARISOn OF MAndIBLe FORM BeTWeen WILd And LABORATORY MICe dURInGeARLY POSTnATAL OnTOGenYJ. Martínez-Vargas, F. Muñoz-Muñoz, A. Molinero, M.J. López-Fuster, J. Ventura..............................................37

GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS And ReFeRenCe SYSTeMS In COMPARATIVe AnATOMY J. Marugán-Lobón...................................................................................................................................................38

SexUAL dIMORPHISM In MOdeRn HUMAn SKULLS dURInG OnTOGenYL. Medialdea, A. Romero, A. González.................................................................................................................39

COMPARATIVe MORPHOMeTRIC AnALYSIS OF POSTeRIOR PALATAL deVeLOPMenTdISRUPTed BY FGFR MUTATIOnS In CRAnIOSYnOSTOSIS SYndROMeSF. Melkonian, S.M. Perrine, e.W. Jabs, J.T. Richtsmeier, n. Martínez-Abadías.....................................................40

PHOTOGRAMMeTRY: A “LOW-COST” MeTHOd TO ReCOnSTRUCT THe THRee-dIMenSIOnALFORM OF SMALL MAMMALSF. Muñoz-Muñoz, M. Quinto-Sánchez, J. Martínez-Vargas, R. González-José.....................................................41

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIOn And InTeGRATIOn OF denTITIOn In Red-FOx-LIKe (VULPES)And SOUTH AMeRICAn FOx-LIKe (CERDOCYON, PSEUDOALOPEX) CAnIdSO. nanova.............................................................................................................................................................42

MORPHO-FUnCTIOnAL PATTeRnS OF THe AVIAn FeedInG APPARATUSG. navalón, J. Marugán-Lobón, J.A. Bright, e.J. Rayfield.......................................................................................43

ASSeSSInG SKULL ASYMMeTRIeS In An AnCIenT IBeRIAn eLIPOMeTRICAL HORSePOPULATIOnP.M. Parés-Casanova, n. Carolino, I. Carolino, J.V. Leite, R. dantas, S. Lopes, J. Pèrez Paz,J. González Troncoso...........................................................................................................................................44

II IBeRIAn SYMPOSIUM On GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICS

iv

MORPHOLOGICAL CHAnGeS OF InVASIVe TAdPOLeS COnFROnTed WITH nATIVeCOMPeTITORS ALOnG THe InVASIOn RAnGee. Pujol-Buxó, A. Kaliontzopoulou, G.A. Llorente..................................................................................................45

SYnOSTOSIS And VeRTeBRATe SKULL eVOLUTIOn: FROM BOne neTWORKS TO BOneSHAPed. Rasskin-Gutman, J.M. Sanchís García, B. esteve-Altava, A. navarro díaz, I. Rasskin,R. diogo................................................................................................................................................................46

OnTOGenY OF THe FeMUR And FeMORAL dIMORPHISM In A SPAnISH POPULATIOnBASed On TeLeMeTRIeS And GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSC. Rissech, A. Pujol, J. Ventura, d. Turbón............................................................................................................47

eVOLUTIOnARY MOdULARITY And MORPHOLOGICAL InTeGRATIOn In THe HAPTORALAnCHORS STRUCTUReS OF LIGOPHORUS SPP. (MOnOGeneA, dACTYLOGYRIdAe)A. Rodríguez-González, R. Míguez-Lozano, V. Sarabeev, J.A. Balbuena................................................................48

STUdY OF THe ACeTABULUM OF PRIMATeS USInG GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSM. San Millán, A. Kaliontzopoulou, C. Rissech, d. Turbón...................................................................................49

LIMB CO-VARIATIOn And FLUCTUATInG ASYMMeTRY In THe MUS MUSCULUS HYBRIdZOnen. Skrabar, L.M. Turner, B. Harr, L.F. Pallares, d. Tautz..........................................................................................50

GRASS PHYTOLITH SHAPe: A KeY TO eVOLUTIOn And PALeOeCOLOGY OF GRASSeS AndGRASSLAndSC.A.e. Strömberg, e. Aboulafia, W.H. Brightly, C. Crifò, B. McManus, C. O’Keefe, A.Schorr, A. Senske..............................................................................................................................................................51

COMPReHenSIVe MORPHOMeTRIC AnALYSIS OF WILd And FARMed GILTHeAdSeABReAM (SPARUS AURATA, L. 1758) In THe eASTeRn AdRIATIC SeAI. Talijančić, T. Šegvić-Bubić, L. Grubišić, I. Katavić, I. Žužul....................................................................................52

AddInG PHYLOGeneTIC TReeS TO IMPROVe VIRTUAL ReTROdeFORMATIOn:CeRCOPITHeCIdAe AS A TeST CASeM. Tallman, n. Amenta, e. delson, S.R. Frost, d. Ghosh, F.J. Rohlf......................................................................53

denTAL MORPHOMeTRIC eVOLUTIOn In ReCenT SPAnISH POPULATIOnSS. Torrijo-Boix, A. Romero....................................................................................................................................54

MOdeLLInG FLORAL eVOLUTIOn In PELARGONIUM (GeRAnIACeAe)S.J. van de Kerke, C. Broek, L. Schat, e. Schranz, F.T. Bakker.................................................................................55

ReLIABILITY OF eSTIMATInG PHYLOGenIeS FROM SHAPe And SIMILAR MULTIdIMenSIOnALdATAC. Varón-González, S. Whelan, C.P. Klingenberg..................................................................................................56

OnTOGenTIC CHAnGeS In SCAPULAR FORM In FOSSORIAL WATeR VOLeSJ. Ventura, J. Martínez-Vargas, F. Muñoz-Muñoz...................................................................................................57

Index

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MOdULARITY OR InTeGRATIOn OR BOTH? 3d AnALYSIS OF 21 GeneRA OF FROGSdeMOnSTRATeS PHYLOGeneTIC COnSeRVATISM In SKULLS And LABILITY In LIMBSM. Vidal-García, J.S. Keogh.....................................................................................................................................58

RIGId ROTATIOn OF THRee-dIMenSIOnAL STRUCTUReS: STAndARdISed SPInnInGPROCedURe FOR COMBIned SHAPe AnALYSeS OF ARTICULATed 3d STRUCTUReS WITHAPPLICATIOn FOR GeOMeTRIC MORPHOMeTRICSM. Vidal-García, L. Bandara, J.S. Keogh.................................................................................................................59

1

Registration

Ice-Breaker

Registration

Opening

“OUTLINE ANALYSIS”, THE CINDERELLA OF GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICSA. Baltanás

SHAPE DIVERSITY OF OTOLITHS OF DIFFERENT FISH FAMILIESC. Llopis-Belenguer, A.E. Ahuir-Baraja, J.A. Balbuena, A. Rodríguez-González

MORPHOMETRIC TOOLS TO IDENTIFY TWO SYMPATRIC LIMPETS (PATELLA RUSTICAAND PATELLA CAERULEA) IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEANP. Marti-Puig, M. Ponti, P.G. Albano, F. Costantini, M. Abbiati

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF INVASIVE TADPOLES CONFRONTED WITH NATIVECOMPETITORS ALONG THE INVASION RANGEE. Pujol-Buxó, A. Kaliontzopoulou, G.A. Llorente

Coffee Break

A GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS METHOD FOR EXPLORING DORSAL HEAD SHAPEIN URODELES: SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION INSALAMANDRA SALAMANDRAL. Alarcon-Rios, G. Velo-Antón, A. Kaliontzopoulou

HABITAT RELATED DIFFERENCES IN HEAD SHAPE AND BITE PERFORMANCE IN THEGENERALISTIC LIZARD PODARCIS BOCAGEIV. Gomes, M.A. Carretero, A. Kaliontzopoulou

COMBINING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS WITH FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS INARMADILLOSS. De Esteban-Trivigno, J. Marcé-Nogué, J. Fortuny, J. Cantalapiedra

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS AND THE MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THEEARLY DEVONIAN CONODONT POLYGNATHUS: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONSC. Martínez-Pérez, G. Navalón, S. De Esteban-Trivigno, H. Botella

18:00 - 20:00

20:00 - 21:30

9:00 - 11:30

9:00 - 9:30

9:30 - 10:30

10:30 - 10:50

10:50 - 11:10

11:10 - 11:30

11:30 - 12:00

12:00 - 12:20

12:20 - 12:40

12:40 - 13:00

13:00 - 13:20

WEDNESDAY June 8th

THURSDAY June 9th

Invited talk

Oral Communications: Session 1 (Chairman: A. Baltanás)

Oral Communications: Session 2 (Chairwoman: A. Kaliontzopoulou)

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMMEII

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON LIVING SHARK CAUDAL FINS FORECOMORPHOLOGICAL INFERENCES FOR EARLY VERTEBRATES H.G. Ferrón, H. Salais-López, C. Martínez-Pérez, H. Botella

Lunch

MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS OF THE AVIAN FEEDING APPARATUSG. Navalón, J. Marugán-Lobón, J.A. Bright, E.J. Rayfield

FUNCTIONAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SUBSTRATE USE AND FORELIMB SHAPE INSTREPSIRRHINES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO INFERRING LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR INEARLY PRIMATESA.-C. Fabre, J. Marigó, M.C. Granatosky, D. Schmitt

RECONSTRUCTING THE LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOUR OF HOMINOIDS THROUGH THEBONY LABYRINTH: THE CONTRIBUTION OF 3D GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICSA. Le Maître, P. Vignaud, M. Brunet

Coffee Break

A GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THORAX FORM IN HOMONALEDIM. Bastir, D. Garcia Martínez, M. Oishi, N. Ogihara, I. Torres Sanchez, F. García Río,S. Nalla, P. Schmid, S. Churchill, J. Hawks, L. Berger, S.A. Williams

3D GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS OF THE COLD-ADAPTED THORAX:ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL VARIABILITY OF THE HUMAN RIB CAGED. García-Martínez, S. Nalla, R.A. Guichón, M.D. D´Angelo, S. Constantino,F. García-Río, I. Torres, M. Bastir

RIGID ROTATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES: STANDARDISED SPINNINGPROCEDURE FOR COMBINED SHAPE ANALYSES OF ARTICULATED 3D STRUCTURESWITH APPLICATION FOR GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICSM. Vidal-García, L. Bandara, J.S. Keogh

PHOTOGRAMMETRY: A “LOW-COST” METHOD TO RECONSTRUCT THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORM OF SMALL MAMMALSF. Muñoz-Muñoz, M. Quinto-Sánchez, J. Martínez-Vargas, R. González-José

VARIABILITY OF LEAF SHAPE ALONG THE SHOOT IN ACER MONSPESSULANUM ASREVEALED BY GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICSZ. Chikhaoui, F. Krouchi, M. Lateb, A. Derridj

MODELLING FLORAL EVOLUTION IN PELARGONIUM (GERANIACEAE) S.J. van de Kerke, C. Broek, L. Schat, E. Schranz, F.T. Bakker

GRASS PHYTOLITH SHAPE: A KEY TO EVOLUTION AND PALEOECOLOGY OF GRASSESAND GRASSLANDS

II IBERIAN SYMPOSIUM ON GEOMETRIC AND MORPHOMETRIC

2

13:20 - 13:40

13:40 - 15:00

15:00 - 15:20

15:20 - 15:40

15:40 - 16:00

16:00 - 16:30

16:30 - 16:50

16:50 - 17:10

17:10 - 18:00

Oral Communications: Session 3 (Chairman: B. Figueirido)

Oral Communications: Session 4 (Chairwoman: C. Rissech)

Poster Session

PROGRAMME

3

C.A.E. Strömberg, E. Aboulafia, W.H. Brightly, C. Crifò, B. McManus, C. O’Keefe,A. Schorr, A. Senske

IS THE ASTRAGALUS A GOOD BONE FOR INFERRING LOCOMOTION IN EXTINCTPRIMATES?J. Marigó, A.-C. Fabre, D.M. Boyer

OUTLINE ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA CRICETODON AND HISPANOMYS AND ITS USEAS A TAXONOMICAL CRITERIAP.M. Carro-Rodríguez, P. López-Guerrero, M.Á. Álvarez-Sierra

INFLUENCE OF TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE CRANIALMORPHOLOGY OF PRIMATESM. Martín-Caballero, L. Medialdea, A. González

CRANIAL VARIABILITY IN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINTURSIOPS TRUNCATUS (CETACEA, ODONTOCETI, DELPHINIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FORCONSERVATIONM.C. de Francesco, D. Kerem, A. Loy

DENTAL MORPHOMETRIC EVOLUTION IN RECENT SPANISH POPULATIONSS. Torrijo-Boix, A. Romero

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND INTEGRATION OF DENTITION IN RED-FOX-LIKE(VULPES) AND SOUTH AMERICAN FOX-LIKE (CERDOCYON, PSEUDOALOPEX) CANIDS O. Nanova

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS APPLIED TO ORNITHOPOD TRACKS FROM THELOWER CRETACEOUS (BERRIASIAN) OF THE IBERIAN RANGED. Castanera, J.I. Canudo

COMPREHENSIVE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF WILD AND FARMED GILTHEADSEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA, L. 1758) IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA I. Talijančić, T. Šegvić-Bubić, L. Grubišić, I. Katavić, I. Žužul

ONTOGENTIC CHANGES IN SCAPULAR FORM IN FOSSORIAL WATER VOLESJ. Ventura, J. Martínez-Vargas, F. Muñoz-Muñoz

CHANGING MODULAR PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE CARNIVORE PELVICGIRDLEA. Martín-Serra

LIMB CO-VARIATION AND FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY IN THE MUS MUSCULUSHYBRID ZONEN. Skrabar, L.M. Turner, B. Harr, L.F. Pallares, D. Tautz

ASSESSING SKULL ASYMMETRIES IN AN ANCIENT IBERIAN ELIPOMETRICAL HORSEPOPULATIONP.M. Parés-Casanova, N. Carolino, I. Carolino, J.V. Leite, R. Dantas, S. Lopes,J. Pèrez Paz, J. González Troncoso

APPLICATION OF GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS TO SYMMETRY ASSESSMENT OFDIATOM FRUSTULES AS AN INDICATOR OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION D.C. Cubillos-A., J.T. Delgado-P., R.G. Barragán-G

COMPARATIVE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POSTERIOR PALATAL DEVELOPMENTDISRUPTED BY FGFR MUTATIONS IN CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS SYNDROMESF. Melkonian, S.M. Perrine, E.W. Jabs, J.T. Richtsmeier, N. Martínez-Abadías

ALLOMETRIC SPACES AND GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS: AN APPROACH FORSTUDYING THE EVOLUTION OF ALLOMETRYC.P. Klingenberg

ONTOGENY OF THE FEMUR AND FEMORAL DIMORPHISM IN A SPANISHPOPULATION BASED ON TELEMETRIES AND GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS C. Rissech, A. Pujol, J. Ventura, D. Turbón

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN MODERN HUMAN SKULL DURING ONTOGENY L. Medialdea, A. Romero, A. González

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS METAPHYSISAND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SKELETAL MATURATION R. García-González, A. Salazar, Y. Quintino, L. Rodríguez, J.M. Carretero

HETEROCHRONY IN NOTOSUCHIA (CROCODYLIFORMES, MESOEUCROCODYLIA):ARE BAURUSUCHIDS PERAMORPHIC? P.L. Godoy, G.S. Ferreira, B.C. Vila Nova, F.C. Montefeltro, M.C. Langer

COMPARISON OF MANDIBLE FORM BETWEEN WILD AND LABORATORY MICEDURING EARLY POSTNATAL ONTOGENY. J. Martínez-Vargas, F. Muñoz-Muñoz, A. Molinero, M.J. López-Fuster, J. Ventura

ALLOMETRY, INTEGRATION, MODULARITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPICDIVERSITY IN A GROUP OF LIZARDS WITH HIGH MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONA. Kaliontzopoulou

Coffee Break

MODULARITY OR INTEGRATION OR BOTH? 3D ANALYSIS OF 21 GENERA OF FROGSDEMONSTRATES PHYLOGENETIC CONSERVATISM IN SKULLS AND LABILITY IN LIMBS M. Vidal-García, J.S. Keogh

EVOLUTIONARY MODULARITY AND MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN THEHAPTORAL ANCHORS STRUCTURES OF THE LIGOPHORUS SPP. (MONOGENEA,DACTYLOGYRIDAE)A. Rodríguez-González, R. Míguez-Lozano, V. Sarabeev, J.A. Balbuena

THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON ELBOW-JOINTPHENOTYPIC DISPARITY IN DOMESTIC DOGS B. Figueirido

II IBERIAN SYMPOSIUM ON GEOMETRIC AND MORPHOMETRIC

4

18:00 - 19:00

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FRIDAY June 10th

Oral Communications: Session 5 (Chairman: C.P. Klingenberg)

Oral Communications: Session 6 (Chairwoman: N. Martínez-Abadías)

Invited talk

PROGRAMME

5

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARNASSIAL TOOTH IN EXTANT CANIDSUSING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICSP.A. Márquez-González, J. Muñoz-Durán

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS AS A TOOL FOR CHARACTERIZING DOG DIVERSITYIN IBERIAN LATE PREHISTORYA. Daza, A. Morales, C. Liesau, C. Azorit

Lunch

STUDY OF THE ACETABULUM OF PRIMATES USING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS M. San Millán, A. Kaliontzopoulou, C. Rissech, D. Turbón

RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATING PHYLOGENIES FROM SHAPE AND SIMILAR MULTIDI-MENSIONAL DATA C. Varón-González, S. Whelan, C.P. Klingenberg

ADDING PHYLOGENETIC TREES TO IMPROVE VIRTUAL RETRODEFORMATION:CERCOPITHECIDAE AS A TEST CASE M. Tallman, N. Amenta, E. Delson, S.R. Frost, D. Ghosh, F.J. Rohlf

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS IN COMPARATIVEANATOMY J. Marugán

Coffee Break

SYNOSTOSIS AND VERTEBRATE SKULL EVOLUTION: FROM BONE NETWORKS TOBONE SHAPED. Rasskin-Gutman, J.M. Sanchís García, B. Esteve-Altava, A. Navarro Díaz, I. Rasskin,R. Diogo

HOW MORPHOMETRICS CAN SHED LIGHT INTO GENETICS, DEVELOPMENT ANDDISEASEN. Martínez-Abadías, R. Mateu, J. Sastre, L. Russo, J. Richtsmeier, J. Sharpe

FACIAL PHENOTYPE IN DOWN SYNDROME CHILDREN: EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OFEPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATER. González, J. Starbuck, J. Sharpe, R. de la Torre, M. Dierssen, N. Martínez-Abadías

INTEGRATION, NONLINEARITIES AND THE LOGIC OF DEVELOPMENT. B. Hallgrimsson

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Closure Dinner

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Oral Communications: Session 7 (Chairman: D. Rasskin-Gutman)

Oral Communications: Session 8 (Chairman: B. Hallgrimsson)

Invited talk

A GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS METHOD FOR EXPLORING DORSAL HEAD SHAPE IN URODELES:

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN SALAMANDRA SALAMANDRA

L. Alarcon-rios1,2*, G. Velo-Antón3, A. Kaliontzopoulou3

1 Departamento de biología de organismos y sistemas, Ecology Area, universidad de oviedo, oviedo, spain. 2 unidad Mixta de investigación en biodiversidad (uMib), CsiC-universidad de oviedo-Principado deAsturias, Mieres, spain.3 Cibio/inbio, Centro de investigacão em biodiversidade e recursos Genéticos, instituto de CiênciasAgrárias de Vairão, universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the study of morphological differencesamong and within taxa can shed light on the evo-lutionary forces acting on species. in the case ofurodeles, the dorso-ventral view of the head cap-tures most of the ontogenetic and evolutionaryvariation of the entire head, which is a structurewith a high potential for being a target of selec-tion due to its relevance in several ecological andsocial functions. Here, we describe a non-invasiveprotocol for using geometric morphometrics forexploring morphological variation in the externaldorso-ventral view of urodeles’ head. to test theaccuracy of the method we applied it to two nWiberian populations of Salamandra salamandra

gallaica. Despite the high intraspecific diversitywithin S. salamandra, neither sexual dimorphismin shape nor morphological variation among po-pulations have been explored in depth. this me-thod detected differences in head shape amongpopulations, among sexes and an allometric rela-tionship between shape and size, although no dif-ferences in allometric trends were detectedamong groups. it also allowed us to determinethat not all differences in head shape are due todifferences in size, indicating differential growthacross sexes and populations. the method presen-

ted here allowed to detect shape variation at avery fine scale, and solves the drawbacks of usingcranial samples, thus increasing the possibilitiesof using collection specimens and alive animals forexploring dorsal head shape variation and its evo-lutionary and ecological implications in urodeles.

7

ContributionsIII

“OUTLINE ANALYSIS”, THE CINDERELLA OF GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS

Á. baltanás1*

1 Dept. Ecology / Faculty of sciences, universidad Autónoma de Madrid, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Landmark-based methods are considered tobe “the norm” in Geometric Morphometrics; awell-earned statement given that these methodsare firmly supported by statistical shape theory.unfortunately, not all interesting biological objectshave enough landmarks (sometimes they have notrue type-i landmarks at all) to make morphome-tric analysis using landmark-based methods feasi-ble. in such cases, the shape can be captured bythe coordinates of a sequence of points along theoutline of the object, a function can be fitted tosuch sequence of points, and the function parame-ters —assumed to be descriptors of shape— canbe then submitted to multivariate analysis. that iswhat “outline Analysis” is all about.

this approach, “outline Analysis”, has a longhistory that predates the advent of landmark-based methods; includes a handful of techniques(from different types of Fourier descriptors to ei-genshape analysis and bezier curves); has been ap-plied to many different kinds of biological (andnon-biological) objects; is available in many soft-ware packages; and, like any other methodology,displays strengths and weaknesses. but despite itsremarkable contribution to the study of biologicalform and its potential as a complement to land-

mark-based methods, it has been frequently un-dervalued and even ignored. Accordingly, the aimof this contribution is to bring to the audience anupdated summary of the history, methods, appli-cations and achievements of “outline Analysis” inorder to —like happened to Cinderella, the folktale character— attain recognition or success aftera period of oblivion and neglect.

ii ibEriAn syMPosiuM on GEoMEtriC AnD MorPHoMEtriC

8

A GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THORAX FORM IN HOMO NALEDI

M. bastir1,2*, D. Garcia Martínez1,2, M. oishi3, n. ogihara4, i. torres sanchez5, F. García río5, s. nalla2,6,P. schmid2, s. Churchill2,7, J. Hawks2,8, L. berger2, s.A. Williams2,9

1 Paleoanthropology Group, Museo nacional de Ciencias naturales (MnCn-CsiC), Madrid, spain. 2 Evolutionary studies institute and Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences, university of the Witwaters-rand, south Africa. 3 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, school of Veterinary Medicine, nippon Veterinary and Life scienceuniversity, tokyo, Japan.4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of science and technology, Keio university, yokohama223-8522, Japan.5 Hospital universitario La Paz, biomedical research institute (idipaz), Madrid, spain.6 Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health sciences, university of Johannesburg,Po box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, south Africa.7 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, box 90383, Duke university, Durham, nC 27708, usA.8 Department of Anthropology, university of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wi 53593, usA.9 Center for the study of Human origins, Department of Anthropology, new york university, 25 WaverlyPlace, new york, ny 10003, usA.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Homo naledi shows a mosaic morphologicalpattern with modern features in the skull, wrists,thumbs and feet and primitive features in the me-tacarpals, the shoulder girdle, ribs and pelvis. thismorphology reflects a hominin at the transitionbetween Australopithecus and Homo. two thoracicvertebrae (t10, t11) and ribs (11th, 12th) were foundin anatomical connection, belonging thus to thesame individual. Here we explore these anatomi-cally connected lower thorax fossils to develop aquantitative 3D ribcage reconstruction of H. naledi.We measured 526 3D-(semi)landmarks on humanand hominoid ribcages for geometric morphome-tric analyses (n=33). We analyzed thorax variationby principal components analysis and covariationbetween the shapes of isolated 11th thorax seg-ment and the full remaining ribcage by partial leastsquares analyses. results suggest that the ribcageof H. naledi is caudally wider than cranially. this re-flects a primitive, funnel-shaped thorax. However,the strong declination of the ribs in the costo-ver-tebral joint does not fully fit with such a patternand requires more research. the thorax of H. naledi

is thus more similar to non-human primates andAustralopithecus than modern humans. this hypo-thesis is also supported by a wide, flared upper pel-

vis, which altogether suggests a primitive trunk(and body) shape. Functionally, such a body shapeis suboptimal for effective bipedalism and contrastswith the fully modern anatomy of the foot skeletonof H. naledi. on the other hand, a narrow upperthorax and shoulder girdle allows for increasedupper limb mobility that, together with its primitivecurved metacarpals, is beneficial for arboreal loco-motion. the evidence suggests therefore a hominincapable to cover wide ranges of locomotion in ar-boreal and terrestrial habitats. better preservedtrunk remains are necessary to clarify the functio-nal and evolutionary morphology of this newly dis-covered hominin fossils.

Contributions

9


10

OUTLINE ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA CRICETODON AND HISPANOMYS AND ITS USE AS A TAXONOMICAL

CRITERIA

P.M. Carro-rodríguez1*, P. López-Guerrero1,2, M.Á. Álvarez-sierra1,2

1 Departamento de Paleontología, universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio novais 12, 28040Madrid, spain.2 Departamento de Geología sedimentaria y Cambio Medioambiental, instituto de Geociencias iGEo (CsiC,uCM), C/ José Antonio novais 12, 28040 Madrid, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Cricetodon and Hispanomys (rodentia, Mam-malia) include several species that illustrate themosaic evolution. therefore, the generic assigna-tion of some of these species is controversial.Agustí (1982) remarked that Ruscinomys and somespecies of Hispanomys present trilobed contour,whereas Cricetodon has it straight. Also, López-Guerrero et al. (2015) suggest the contour of theanterior upper molars (M1) as a discriminatory ge-neric character. the contour can be studied byusing the Fourier method. We applied Fourier me-thod on the photographs of 56 M1s belonging toCricetodon meini from Vieux-Collonges (middleAragonian, middle Miocene) and Hispanomys ara-gonensis from Pedregueras 2A, 2C, 1C and nom-brevilla 14 (early Vallesian, late Miocene). thesespecies were used as a case study because there isno doubt in their generic assignation and they pre-sent very different contours: straight―Cricetodon—and trilobed—Hispanomys―. our aim is to studywhether the differences that are observed in theM1 contour between these two species could bestatistically tested. using Fourier methodology, wehave performed a Principal Component, a clusterand a discriminant analyses. the results show dif-ferences between the two species. the PCA reveals

two distinct groups that correspond to the two spe-cies. Furthermore, the cluster analysis also revealstwo large, distinct groups. Finally, the discriminantanalysis supports the results above with a signifi-cant p-value<0.001. this work reveals that Fourieranalysis can differentiate two types of contour: tri-lobed and straight. our work will provide new cri-teria that could help to determinate the genericassignation of species like “Cricetodon” fandli or“Cricetodon” klariankae.

Agustí, J. (1982). tendencias evolutivas de la línea Crice-todon-ruscinomys (rodentia, Mammalia) en la Pe-nínsula ibérica. Acta Geologica Hispanica 17,103-111.

López-Guerrero, P., García-Paredes, i., Prieto, J., López-An-toñanzas, r., Álvarez-sierra, M.A. (2015). Paleodiver-sity of Cricetodontini during the late Aragonian(middle Miocene) from the European basins. Palaeo-

biodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 95, 415-430.

Contributions

11

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS APPLIED TO ORNITHOPOD TRACKS FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS

(BERRIASIAN) OF THE IBERIAN RANGE

D. Castanera1*, J.i. Canudo2

1 bayerische staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie and GeobioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-universität, richard-Wagner-str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany. 2 Grupo Aragosaurus-iuCA, Facultad de Ciencias, universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009Zaragoza, spain. *Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

shape analysis has previously been used to ge-nerate a morphospace for dinosaur tridactyl foot-prints (rasskin-Gutman et al., 1997). by applyinggeometric morphometrics (GM), different thero-pod ichnotaxa were analysed using principal com-ponent analyisis (PCA) and thin-plate splinemethods (Castanera et al., 2015). Following thesame procedure, six specimens of the unnamed or-nithopod tracks from Las Cerradicas tracksite (be-rriasian, Villar del Arzobispo Formation, teruelprovince) and 17 specimens of the ichnotaxonIguanodontipus? oncalensis (berriasian, HuértelesFormation, soria province) have been analysed.our aim is to determine if there is a considerableshape variation between these two types of foot-prints or not, and thus to try to clarify the ichnota-xonomic relationships of the former tracks. the firsttwo components represent 62.79% of the morpho-logical variation. the PCA shows two clear convexhulls although these are very close in the morphos-pace and the 95% confidence ellipses partiallyoverlap. According to the loadings data, the shapedeformation graph and thin-plate splines, the maindifferences lie on the landmarks that represent thelocation of the "heel" and the most distal positionof digits ii and iV. these landmarks are thus related

to differences in the digit length and the divarica-tion angles between digits ii-iV, suggesting that theunnamed ornithopod tracks from Las Cerradicasare slightly more elongated. Further work is neededin order to establish whether these differences aresufficient to classify these tracks as different ichno-taxa or not.

Castanera, D., Colmenar, J., sauqué, V., Canudo, J.i. (2015).Geometric morphometric analysis applied to thero-pod tracks from the Lower Cretaceous (berriasian) ofspain. Palaeontology 58(1), 183-200.

rasskin-Gutman, D., Hunt, G., Chapman, r.E., sanz, J.L.,Moratalla, J.J. (1997). the shapes of tridactyl dino-saur footprints: procedures, problems and potentials.in: D.L.Wolberg, E. stump, G.D. rosenberg (eds.), Di-nofest international proceedings. Academy of Natu-

ral Sciences, Philadelphia: 377-383.


12

VARIABILITY OF LEAF SHAPE ALONG THE SHOOT IN ACER MONSPESSULANUM AS REVEALED BY

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS

Z. Chikhaoui1*, F. Krouchi1, M. Lateb1, A. Derridj1

1 Faculté des sciences biologiques et des sciences Agronomiques, université Mouloud MAMMEri, bP 17,tizi-ouzou, Algérie.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Geometric Morphometric analysis (i.e. Land-mark method) was undertaken in 346 leaves of theMontpellier Maple (Acer monspessulanum L.) inorder to study their within-tree morphological vari-ability.

sampling was done in 30 different trees lo-cated in the Djurdjura Mountain (Algeria) duringautumn 2014. in each tree, 3 new shoots were har-vested around canopy. Within each shoot, leaveswere considered with respect of their insertion (i.e.basal, median and apical leaves). then, leaves werepressed, dried and scanned with the abaxial faceuppermost. the data analysis method used wasthat of Viscosi & Cardini (2011). Eleven landmarks

were digitized on each leaf using tpsDig2. the ob-tained data was analyzed using Anova and PCA inMorphoJ.

results showed a marked change in leaf con-formation along the shoot. As a consequence, suchwithin-tree variation should be taken into accountin future systematic investigations aiming at dis-criminating between species and their putative hy-brids in the Djurdjura.

Viscosi, V., Cardini, A. (2011). Leaf Morphology, taxonomyand Geometric Morphometrics: A simplified Protocolfor beginners. PLos one 6(10), e25630.

Contributions

13

APPLICATION OF GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS TO SYMMETRY ASSESSMENT OF DIATOM FRUSTULES

AS AN INDICATOR OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION

D. C. Cubillos-A.1, J. t. Delgado-P.1, r. G. barragán-G.1*

1 ingeniería Ambiental. universidad santo tomás, Carrera 9 no. 51-11. bogotá D.C., Colombia.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

this project aimed to generate an economicand reliable detection tool to be potentially im-plemented in continuous water quality monito-ring protocols by means of the analysis ofmorphological changes presented in the frustulesof diatoms as a heavy metal contamination.

A laboratory experiment and a sampling fieldcampaign along the upper bogotá river basin(Cundinamarca, Colombia) were performed. theexperiment consisted of 8 different morphotypesincubated together in confined wetland water en-riched with hexavalent chromium (CrVi) under 10,50 and 100 mg/l CrVi concentration for ten days.Each treatment was evaluated for morphology de-viations every three days. the other source of dia-toms was the epilithic community that thrived ateach of the four transects where pooled sampleswere took and fixed with ethanol. once at the la-boratory, aliquots of both sources were digestedwith H2o2, HCl and nH3, before dehydration overa glass slide for the subsequent observation andimage capture through the 40X or 100X micros-cope magnifiers with a coupled digital camera andimage administration software. the image proces-sing and data analysis were performed with the rproject software by adapting some digitalization

steps (evaluation of landmarks quantity for defor-mities detection, landmarks order according tosymmetry) and database structure to fulfill the ge-omorph package requirements (splitting of datasets, lists formatting). the analysis consisted in theexploration of three ways for data interpretationfor the detection of morphology deviations: i)anova, ii) PCA and iii) allometric analysis. From thestatistical analyses there was generated enoughstatistical evidence for morphotypes differentia-tion for both the experiment and the samplesform the river. Although the digitalization stepswill have to be improved; also, were detected theeffect of altitudinal gradient along the basin overthe morphometric variables, and the particularsensibility to CrVi contamination of one mor-photype. .


14

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS AS A TOOL FOR CHARACTERIZING DOG DIVERSITY IN IBERIAN LATE

PREHISTORY

A. Daza1*, A. Morales2, C. Liesau1,2, C. Azorit3

1 Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología. universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Avenida tomás y Valiente,1 Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, spain.2 Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/ Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, spain.3 Departamento de biología Animal, biología Vegetal y Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y dela salud (b3), 23071, Jaén, spain. *Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

this work addresses the phenomenon of dogdifferentiation in iberian Late Prehistory (iiird andiind millennia b.C.) through a Geometric Morpho-metrics (GM) analysis of dog mandibles. one majoraim of the study was to ascertain whether the spe-cific places where Chalcolithic and bronze Age dogremains had been deposited evidenced any kind ofcorrespondence with the morphology of this bone.

traditional osteometric analyses carried outon these same dogs have thus far shown a high de-gree of homogeneity as well as an overall unifor-mity in terms of height at the withers. Furthermorethe use of traditional indexes is limited by defectivepreservation as many of the limb bones used inthese analyses were either fractured or eroded. incontrast, a previous GM study on the mandiblesproved its usefulness to statistically discriminateamong groups of apparently very similar morpho-logy. this presentation enlarges our previous data-base, originally centered on the Chalcolithic Period,with adding new specimens from this period andfrom the bronze Age and elaborates on the discri-minant power of GM to allocate mandibles fromprehistoric dogs in manners that touch upon issuesdealing with the ecology, evolution and domestica-tion of dogs in iberia.

Acknowledgements: this research has been sup-ported by the project HAr2011-28731 fromMinECo and AD PhD's research grant FPi-MinECobEs-2012-056461.

Contributions

15

COMBINING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS WITH FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS IN ARMADILLOS

s. De Esteban-trivigno1,2*, J. Marcé-nogué3, J. Fortuny1,4, J. Cantalapiedra5

1 institut Català de Paleontologia M. C., Edifici Z, c/de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la uAb. E-08193Cerdanyola del Vallès, spain.2 transmitting science, Gardenia 2, Piera, 08784, barcelona, spain.3 universität Hamburg Centrum für naturkunde, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 320146 Hamburg, Germany.4 Centre de recherches en Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements, Muséum national d'Histoirenaturelle, bâtiment de Paléontologie, CP38, 8 rue buffon, 75005 Paris, France.5 Museum für naturkunde, Leibniz-institut für Evolutions & biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-uni-versität zu berlin, invalidenstr. 43, D-10115, berlin, Germany.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Xenarthra is an American clade that was wi-despread in the past whose diversity has been gre-atly reduced, being now represented only by sloths,anteaters and armadillos. Armadillos are the mostdiverse group of extant xenarthrans, with morethan 30 species included in 3 subfamilies.

the objective of this work was to explore theco-variation between biomechanical performance,diet and the shape of the lower jaw of 11 speciesof extant armadillos.

We used Finite Element Analysis (FEA) toanalyze the biomechanical performance of thelower jaw under equivalent loads. in order to com-bine stress data with shape data we developednovel procedures to generate quantitative variablesof the stress data from FEA. on the other hand, ge-ometric morphometrics was used to obtain shapevariables for the lower jaw. 2D landmarks were di-gitalized on lateral pictures of mandibles belongingto different armadillo species.

After doing a Principal Components Analysis(PCA) the first PC (75 % variance) was mostly rela-ted to shape differences associated with diet (in-sectivorous vs omnivorous) with exception of onespecies, Cabassous unicinctus. insectivorous arma-dillos have a slender mandible, with the ascending

ramus developing a wider angle with the dentary.Furthermore, PC2 (14.2 % of explained variance)described the main shape differences betweentolypeutinae and the rest of subfamilies, characte-rised by a reduced coronoid process, indepen-dently of their diet.

shape variables have a phylogenetic signal, onthe contrary, some of the biomechanical indicatorsshow no phylogenetic signal. both Partial Leastsquares (PLs) and regressions support a strong re-lationship between the jaw shape and the levels ofstress.

Acknowledgements: Mineco, spanish Government(CGL2014-54373-P) and 2014 sGr 1207.


16

CRANIAL VARIABILITY IN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS

(CETACEA, ODONTOCETI, DELPHINIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION

M.C. de Francesco1*, D. Kerem2, A. Loy1

1 Dep. biosciences and territory, university of Molise, Fonte Lappone, Pesche (is) 86090, italy.2 Charney school of Marine sciences, university of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, israel.*Corresponding author email address: [email protected]

the recognition of distinct geographical popu-lations and the identification of their local adaptivetraits represent critical information for the prioriti-zation of conservation efforts, especially in wideranging species like dolphins. Following previousevidence of isolation of Mediterranean vs. Atlanticstocks in the striped and the common dolphins, weaimed at elucidating whether the same phenotypicpattern occurs in the bottlenose dolphins. size andshape variation were evaluated through 2D GM ofthe skull and the mandible of 338 specimens. Land-mark configurations of various projections weretransformed through GPA (rohlf & slice, 1990), dif-ferences among populations examined throughAnoVA and MAnoVA of logCs shape variables. re-sults revealed the existence of six distinct popula-tions: three in the Mediterranean sea, two in theAtlantic ocean, and one in the north/baltic sea,partly confirming previous observations (natoli et

al., 2005; sharir et al., 2011). uPGMA derived fromMahalanobis distances revealed two main clusters,including respectively the Mediterranean andextra-Mediterranean samples thus confirming thepattern found in other dolphin species. Lateral andmedial mandible projections host the most diag-nostic traits, likely linked to adaptative feeding and

sound reception pressures. significant size and allo-metric differences were also found among all po-pulations.

natoli, A., birkun, A., Aguilar, A., Lopez, A., Hoelzel, A.r.(2005). Habitat structure and the dispersal of maleand female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences

272, 1217-1226.

sharir, y., Kerem, D., Gol’din, P., spanier, E. (2011). smallsize in the common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops trun-

catus in the eastern Mediterranean: a possible caseof Levantine nanism. Marine Ecology Progress Series

438, 241-251.

rohlf, F.J., slice, D. (1990). Extensions of the ProcrustesMethod for the optimal superimposition of Land-marks. Systematic Zoology 39(1), 40-59.

Contributions

17

FUNCTIONAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SUBSTRATE USE AND FORELIMB SHAPE IN STREPSIRRHINES

AND ITS RELEVANCE TO INFERRING LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR IN EARLY PRIMATES

A.-C. Fabre1,2*, J. Marigó1,3,4, M.C. Granatosky1, D. schmitt1

1 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke university, Durham, nC 27708, usA.2 uMr 7179 MECADEV - C.n.r.s., M.n.H.n, Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la biodiversité,Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France.3 uMr 7207 Cr2P - C.n.r.s., M.n.H.n., u.P.M.C.-Paris 6. Département Histoire de la terre, Muséum nationald’Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France.4 institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (iCP), universitat Autònoma de barcelona, Edifici Z(iCtA-iCP), Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus uAb, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, barcelona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the evolution of primates is intimately linkedto their initial invasion of a complex arboreal envi-ronment with a wide variety of substrate inclina-tions and diameters. it is widely assumed thatprimate species are behaviorally and anatomicallyadapted to movement and foraging on specificsubstrates within the arboreal milieu, but few ex-plicit tests of this relationship in an evolutionarycontext have been conducted. Without direct testsof form-function relationships in living primates itis impossible to reliably infer behavior in fossil taxa.in this study, we aim to test a hypothesis of co-va-riation between forelimb morphology and the typeof substrates used by strepsirrhines in order to testfor associations between anatomy and substrateuse that can then be applied to limb anatomy of ex-tinct primates. the co-variation between each fo-relimb long bone and the type of substrate usedwere studied in a phylogenetic context. our resultsshow that there is a strong phylogenetic signal forthe shape of each long bone of the forelimb. Ho-wever, clear support use associations are presentas well. Co-variation was found between the typeof substrate used and the shape of the radius, withand without taking into account the phylogeny,whereas the co-variation was only significant for

the ulna when taking into account the phylogeny.species associated with the utilization of a thinbranch milieu show radii that are gracile andstraight and have a distal articular shape that allowsfor a wide range of movements. in contrast, extantspecies associated with large supports show a re-latively robust and curved radius with increasedsurface area available for forearm and hand mus-cles in pronated posture. these results, especiallyfor the radius, support the idea that many strepsir-rhine primates exhibit specific skeletal adaptationsassociated with the supports that they habituallymove on.


18

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON LIVING SHARK CAUDAL FINS FOR ECOMORPHOLOGICAL

INFERENCES IN EARLY VERTEBRATES

H.G. Ferrón1*, H. salais-López2, C. Martínez-Pérez1, H. botella1

1 Departamento de Geología, universitat de València, C/ Dr Moliner, 50, burjassot, València, 46100, spain.2 Departamento de biología Funcional y Antropología Física, universitat de València, C/ Dr Moliner 50,burjassot, València, 46100, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

body design of aquatic vertebrates is closelyrelated with swimming mode (Webb, 1975) and fe-eding strategies (Webb, 1984). Here, the morpho-logical variability of lateral shape of extant sharkshas been analysed in 438 species by means of geo-metric morphometric analysis using ten landmarks(type 1 and 2). PCA and regression analysis bet-ween shape and body length have been performed.PCA results were interpreted classifying sharks bothinto taxonomical groups and according to theirmode of life. our results suggest morphologicalconvergence in non-close related shark species thatshare similar modes of life. We have also found anotable homogeneity in the caudal fin morphologyof active pelagic sharks, most of them sharing thepossession of a well-developed ventral love andhigh caudal fin span in proportion to the total bodylength, thus maximizing thrust and minimizing dragand recoil energy losses. besides ecology, our re-sults suggest that caudal fin morphology is also in-fluenced by the body size. We have foundinterspecific positive allometry affecting mainly thecaudal fin span of living sharks. this same pheno-menon has been previously reported during theontogeny of some phylogenetically distant aquaticvertebrates, including bony fishes, cetaceans and

even fossil groups such as ichthyosaurs (Motani,2002), responding to common physiological cons-traints. in this way, it is established a useful com-parative framework for inferring some anatomicalaspects in extinct early vertebrates that not alwaysare preserved in the fossil record (e. g. some oste-ostracans, placoderms, acanthodians and somechondrichthyans) from paleoecological data andvice versa.

Motani, r. (2002). scaling effects in caudal fin propulsionand the speed of ichthyosaurs. Nature 415(6869),309-312.

Webb, P.W. (1975). Hydrodynamics and energetics of fishpropulsion. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board

of Canada 190, 1-159.

Webb, P.W. (1984). body form, locomotion and foragingin aquatic vertebrates. American zoologist 24(1), 107-120.

Contributions

19

THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ON ELBOW-JOINT PHENOTYPIC DISPARITY IN

DOMESTIC DOGS

b. Figueirido1*

1 Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Área de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, universidad deMálaga, 29071 Málaga, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the rapidly originated large-scale phenotypicdiversity of domestic dogs (Canis familaris) by arti-ficial selection is often considered an adaptive ra-diation at intraspecific level. Accordingly, dogsprovide a unique opportunity to study the rangeand limits of phenotypic diversity with very simplegenetic variation and skeletal disparity. Here i quan-tify elbow joint phenotypic disparity in dogs to in-vestigate the role of artificial selection anddevelopmental constraints on forelimb bone de-sign. i use landmark-based methods of geometricmorphometrics in 2D to capture the shape of theelbow joint, as it is an established morphologicalindicator of forearm motion, and hence, of locomo-tor adaptations in mammalian carnivores. My maingoal is to assess if a morpho-functional structure oflimbs such as the elbow has been limited to evolveor, conversely, it has evolved by artificial selection.

A Principal Components Analysis revealed thatelbow joint phenotypic disparity in dogs is not hig-her than the disparity observed in living canines,but it is significatively lower than in the extinct hes-perocyonine and borophagine canid subfamilies,and in other families of carnivorans analyzed (i.e.,Felidae, Hyaenidae). A canonical variates analysisindicates a possible absence of functional signal in

dog breeds, as there is not evidence of conver-gence for forearm motion between wild carnivoresand dog breeds adapted for fast speeds (e.g., thecheetah [Acinonyx jubatus] vs. greyhounds) or formanipulation (e.g., pantherines to grapple withprey vs. fighting dogs). our data preliminarily indi-cates that once the canine subfamily achieved acursorial-like elbow, this has not been substantiallymodified as in wild carnivores towards fast-speeds,forearm manipulation, or any other function. the-refore, the elbow joint seems to be a morphologicalstructure that has not be subject to artificial selec-tion by breeders.


20

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS METAPHYSIS AND ITS

RELATIONSHIP TO SKELETAL MATURATION

r. García-González1*, A. salazar1, y. Quintino1, L. rodríguez1, J.M. Carretero1

1 Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Área de Paleontología, Dpto. de CC. Históricas y Geografía, Edificioi+D+i, universidad de burgos, 09001 burgos, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Among the numerous published methods forestimating age in growing individuals, just someof them are based on skeletal maturity. Althoughthe most used methods to asses skeletal maturityare those based on the knee and the wrist, shapechanges in other skeletal regions have provideduseful information on the developmental or ske-letal age of one individual. However, little atten-tion has been focused in the shoulder region,including the proximal humerus. As far as weknow, only the study by ogden et al. (1978) poin-ted out that while the humeral epiphysis retainedthe shape from birth to adulthood, the humeralproximal metaphysis gradually changes from arounded to an angulated surface.

usually, these types of studies are based onroentegenograms and the shape changes aremainly expressed by qualitative criteria. in thiswork we explore humeral proximal metaphysisshape by means of geometric morphometrics inan attempt to provide comprehensive quantita-tive measurements of shape changes during hu-meral maturation. the sample is composed of 30dentally aged skeletons housed in the Laboratoryof Human Evolution at the university of burgos.right humeri were scanned with the nextEngine's

Desktop 3D scanner and treated with the soft-ware scanstudio. in the virtual models, a total of4 landmarks and 30 sliding semilandmarks wereplaced using the r package geomorph. Principalcomponent analysis in shape and form spaces wasused to evaluate shape patterns. our preliminaryresults show that shape changes along the firstfive principal components depict ontogeneticshape changes in humeral metaphysis. since den-tal age is the most precise surrogate of chronolo-gical age, maturity changes in humeral proximalmetaphysis could be particularly useful for esti-mating the skeletal age of juvenile skeletons.

ogden, J., Conlogue, G., Jensen, P. (1978). radiology ofpostnatal skeletal development: the proximal hume-rus. Skeletal Radiology 2, 153-160.

Contributions

21

3D GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS OF THE COLD-ADAPTED THORAX: ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL VARIABILITY

OF THE HUMAN RIB CAGE

D. García-Martínez1,2*, s. nalla2,3, r.A. Guichón4, M.D. D´Angelo4,5, s. Constantino6, F. García-río7,i. torres7, M. bastir1,2

1 Paleoanthropology Group, Museo nacional de Ciencias naturales (MnCn-CsiC), Madrid, spain.2 Evolutionary studies institute and Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences, university of the Witwatersrand,south Africa.3 Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health sciences, university of Johannesburg,south Africa. 4 Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Humana (LEEH), núcleo de Estudios interdisciplinarios de PoblacionesHumanas de Patagonia Austral (nEiPHPA), Facultad de Ciencias sociales (FACso), universidad del Centrode la Provincia de buenos Aires (unCPbA), ConiCEt, Argentina.5 Laboratorio de Poblaciones de Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de biología, Facultad de Ciencias,universidad Autónoma de Madrid (uAM), C/Darwin 2, E-28049, Madrid, España. 6 Cátedra de Diagnóstico por imágenes en Facultad de Medicina FAstA, instituto radiológico Mar del Plata,Argentina.7 Hospital universitario La Paz, biomedical research institute (idiPAZ), Madrid, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Despite the importance of the thorax forhuman biology, its 3D morphological variability as-sociated to eco-geographical variation is poorly un-derstood. Allen´s and bergmann´s eco-geographicrules link body size and shape to climate conditionsin homoeothermic mammals. the majority of theauthors claim that these rules also apply for hu-mans adapted to extreme climate conditions(cold/warm). thus, circumpolar people would pre-sent broader trunks and thoraces than people in-habiting mid-latitudes. However, other authorsdefend that these rules do not apply for humansbecause of technological adaptations (e.g. clothingand shelter). the present work address whetherthere are differences in costal morphology bet-ween populations inhabiting different climatic con-ditions. We quantified 3D-morphology of individualribs (2-10) from populations inhabiting different cli-matic conditions (moderate–Europeans=216;warm - sub-saharans=126; cold - Greenland in-uits=98 and tierra del Fuego=54) through 3D geo-metric morphometrics of landmarks and slidingsemilandmarks (n=61). GPA and PCA was perfor-med to reduce dimensionality of the data and ex-plore variability. PC1-PC2 projection showsmorphological variability linked to position, from

upper (short tubercle-angle distance; pronouncedaxial curvature; no torsion) to lower ribs (large tu-bercle-angle distance; less axial curvature; torsion).upper ribs (2-4) from tierra del Fuego present gre-ater axial curvature than their counterparts ofother populations, whereas rib 10 from inuit andtierra del Fuego present less. PC3 is linked to diffe-rences in axial curvature not related to position,where inuit ribs are different from rest of the sam-ple by less axial curvature and shorter rib shaftheight. our results show morphological differencesin costal sequence of inuit and tierra del Fuego,which is probably due to morpho-functional adap-tations of the thorax to cold climates. However,since they do not share a common morphologicalpattern, this could be produced by different de-grees of coldness.

Acknowledgements: CGL2012-37279 - MinECo(spain), the Leakey Foundation and the synthesysProject (DK-tAF-3494).


22

HETEROCHRONY IN NOTOSUCHIA (CROCODYLIFORMES, MESOEUCROCODYLIA): ARE BAURUSUCHIDS

PERAMORPHIC?

P.L. Godoy1*, G.s. Ferreira2, b.C. Vila nova2, F.C. Montefeltro3, M.C. Langer2

1 school of Geography, Earth and Environmental sciences, university of birmingham, Edgbaston, b15 2tt,birmingham, united Kingdom.2 Laboratório de Paleontologia de ribeirão Preto, FFCLrP, universidade de são Paulo, Av. bandeirantes3900, 1404901, ribeirão Preto, sP, brazil.3 Departamento de biologia e Zootecnia, FEis, universidade Estadual Paulista (unEsP), rua Monção 226,15385-000, ilha solteira, brazil.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

notosuchia is the most diverse clade ofGondwanan crocodyliforms, and its taxonomicand ecological diversity is demonstrated by thegreat morphological disparity exhibited by itsmembers. Among the many groups within noto-suchia, baurusuchidae stands out due to its pecu-liar cranial morphology, compatible with the roleof the clade as top predators in Cretaceous ecos-ystems. However, despite the large number ofspecies (at least 10) and specimens described, on-togenetic studies on baurusuchids are scarce,mostly because the juvenile specimens describedare fragmentary. We present a complete skull ofa juvenile specimen of Pissarrachampsa sera

(baurusuchidae), which sheds light on ontogenywithin notosuchia and the modifications that ledto the highly modified skull of mature baurusu-chids. to test if these modifications are alreadypresent in juvenile baurusuchids we performed a2D geometric morphometrics analysis (in Mor-phoJ), including 24 notosuchian taxa (Pissarra-

champsa represented by juvenile and adultindividuals), and carried out Principal Component(PCA), Canonical Variate (CVA), and DiscriminantFunction analyses, in lateral and dorsal views ofthe skull. in the PCA morphospace of the first two

PCs (responsible for 64.5% and 62.6% of the va-riation in lateral and dorsal views, respectively),the juvenile Pissarrachampsa clusters with Spha-

gesauridae, a group of peculiar omnivorous/her-bivorous notosuchians, and is closer to otherputative omnivorous taxa, such as Notosuchus

and Mariliasuchus, than to adult baurusuchids.this indicates, at least considering the skull varia-tion represented by these two PCs, a morphologi-cal resemblance between the juvenilePissarrachampsa and forms with more generalistfeeding behaviors. the consistent position of No-

tosuchus, Mariliasuchus, and Sphagesauridae asimmediate outgroups to baurusuchidae allow usto use those species as proxies to infer the ances-tral condition. Accordingly, their close proximityto the juvenile Pissarrachampsa in the morphos-pace suggests that the specialized mature bauru-suchid skull represents a peramorphicmodification of the plesiomorphic morphology ofthe group.

Contributions

23

HABITAT RELATED DIFFERENCES IN HEAD SHAPE AND BITE PERFORMANCE IN THE GENERALISTIC

LIZARD PODARCIS BOCAGEI

V. Gomes1,2*, M.A. Carretero1, A. Kaliontzopoulou1

1 Cibio research Centre in biodiversity and Genetic resources, inbio, universidade do Porto, CampusAgrário de Vairão, rua Padre Armando Quintas nº 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.2 Departamento de biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

in lizards, it has been demonstrated that mor-phological variation is tightly related with habitatuse, and locomotion has been described as theprincipal mediator of this relationship. However,different habitats may also encompass differenttypes of prey or different refuge use. in this study,we investigated intraspecific ecomorphological va-riation in the generalistic lacertid Podarcis bocagei

by examining populations exploiting two differenthabitats: agricultural walls vs. sand dunes. in the la-boratory, we quantified bite force, and took high-resolution photographs of the lateral view of thehead, previously shown to be relevant for bite per-formance in these lizards. to capture variation inhead shape, we digitized 12 lateral landmarks.After a Generalized Procrustes Analysis, to standar-dize size, location and orientation, we performed aProcrustes AnoVA to examine whether male andfemale lizards inhabiting the two habitat types dif-fered in head shape. to better visualize shape va-riation in both sexes we described and comparedshape change trajectories using phenotypic trajec-tory analysis. Finally, we investigated the associa-tion between head shape and bite force usingtwo-block partial least squares. our results showedthat head shape was significantly different between

habitats and sexes. We found that individuals fromwalls had relatively elongated snout as comparedto those from dunes. in addition, shape dimor-phism trajectories differed significantly betweenhabitats, indicating a change in the direction of se-xual dimorphism. A significant association existedbetween head shape and bite force. this associa-tion also translated into differences in biting per-formance across habitats, where lizards from dunesbite harder than those from walls. Further studiesinvestigating the relationship between prey availa-bility and refuge use should be performed to con-firm the ecological significance of the observedpatterns.


24

FACIAL PHENOTYPE IN DOWN SYNDROME CHILDREN: EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF

EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE

r. González1,2, J. starbuck3, J. sharpe1,2,4, r. de la torre5, M. Dierssen1,2, n. Martínez-Abadías1,2,6*

1 Center for Genomic regulation (CrG), the barcelona institute of science and technology, Dr. Aiguader88, 08003 barcelona, spain.2 universitat Pompeu Fabra (uPF), barcelona, spain.3 university of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida blvd, orlando, FL 32816-1361, usA.4 institució Catalana de recerca i Estudis Avançats (iCrEA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 barcelona, spain.5 integrative Pharmacology and systems neuroscience, iMiM-Hospital del Mar Medical research institute,barcelona, spain.6 Departament de biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, universitat de barcelona, Av. Diagonal645, 08028 barcelona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Down syndrome (Ds) is a genetic condition re-sulting from trisomy of chromosome 21 characte-rized by cognitive impairment, immunodeficiency,congenital heart diseases, skeletal and facialdysmorphologies. Ds phenotypes are associatedwith the overexpression of genes located in theDown syndrome Critical region, such as DyrK1A.this gene encodes a protein kinase whose downs-tream targets are involved in neurogenesis and ske-letal development. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG), a green tea flavonoid, is a specific DyrK1Ainhibitor that can normalize the expression ofDyrK1A and improve cognitive deficits in both hu-mans with Ds and trisomic ts65Dn mice. EGCG tre-atment can also rescue abnormal skeletalphenotype in Ds mice, including the long bonesand the craniofacial complex. since DyrK1A is ex-pressed within the facial prominences during embr-yonic development, we hypothesize that DyrK1Aoverexpression in craniofacial primordia may con-tribute to facial dysmorphology in Ds. to test theeffects of EGCG treatment in humans, we have per-formed a preliminary facial shape analysis compa-ring the faces of children from 1 to 18 years olddistributed in 3 groups: 1) Ds children 2) Euploidchildren 3) Ds children treated with EGCG. three-

dimensional photogrammetric images that accura-tely capture facial surface topography were acqui-red using a multi-camera system (3dMD). tocharacterize facial shape, we recorded 3D coordi-nates from 21 anatomical landmarks, and perfor-med a General Procrustes analysis. results of aprincipal component analysis (PCA) based on theProcrustes coordinates adjusted for size and ageshowed that the Ds children are differentiated fromthe euploid children, whereas children with Ds tre-ated with EGCG tend to present an attenuated Dsfacial phenotype closer to the euploid averageshape configuration. Further analyses with increa-sed sample sizes and extended facial shape cove-rage using semilandmarks will be performed toassess whether a reduction in Dyrk1a overexpres-sion via EGCG treatment can modulate the facialphenotype in Ds.

Contributions

25

INTEGRATION, NONLINEARITIES AND THE LOGIC OF DEVELOPMENT

b. Hallgrimsson1*

1 Department of Cell biology & Anatomy, university of Calgary. HriC 3A29, 3330 Hospital Drive nW, Calgary,Ab t2n 4n1, Canada.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Evolutionary developmental biology hinges onour ability to understand genotype-phenotypemaps. For morphology, such maps are extraordina-rily complex. Following Pere Alberch, i argue that akey goal is to search for regularities among the pro-cesses and mechanisms that link genetic to phe-notypic variation. the study of developmental

integration reveals such regularities that can con-tribute significantly to our understanding of the re-lationship between genotype and phenotype. thismiddle-out approach is an important strategy inour quest to understand the genetics, developmentand evolvability of complex morphology.


26

ALLOMETRY, INTEGRATION, MODULARITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN A

GROUP OF LIZARDS WITH HIGH MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION

A. Kaliontzopoulou1*

1 Cibio research Centre in biodiversity and Genetic resources, inbio, universidade do Porto, CampusAgrário de Vairão, rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7. 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal. *Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

understanding the mechanisms that underliethe emergence and maintenance of phenotypic di-versity is a main objective of evolutionary biology.size-shape allometry, integration, and modularityreflect the major developmental mechanisms, suchas canalization and plasticity, which determine phe-notypic variation and constrain trait co-variationand responses to selective pressures. Wall lizardsof the genus Podarcis exhibit high levels of morpho-logical diversity and are an emerging model in evo-lutionary studies that investigate sources ofphenotypic variation. the use of geometric mor-phometrics (GM) to study morphological patternsin relation to e.g. ontogeny, sexual dimorphism andhabitat in this group indicates that head shape va-riation is usually manifested in an anterior-poste-rior direction, regardless of the focal biologicalfactor. this finding suggests that head shape maybe constrained in this group of lizards and makesthem an interesting model to investigate how dif-ferent mechanisms contribute to phenotypic diver-sity. i used GM to quantify dorsal and lateral headshape in a total of 876 individuals, representing 14evolutionary lineages of iberian and north AfricanPodarcis by digitizing 24 dorsal and 12 lateral land-marks. After Procrustes superimposition, i exami-

ned size-shape allometry, i tested whether thehead is structured in frontal-distal modular parti-tions, and investigated patterns of integration andtheir variation across lineages. the results obtainedsuggest that the lizard head is divided in an anteriorand a posterior module with internal cohesivenessin terms of shape variance, both dorsally and late-rally. these two modules are highly integrated witheach other across the whole sample and withineach lineage separately. size-shape allometry en-hances the degree of integration, which neverthe-less remains significant once allometric effects areaccounted for. However, allometric and integrationpatterns vary extensively across lineages, sugges-ting an important role of these mechanisms in de-termining the remarkable levels of phenotypicdiversity observed in these lizards.

Contributions

27

ALLOMETRIC SPACES AND GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS: AN APPROACH FOR STUDYING

THE EVOLUTION OF ALLOMETRY

C.P. Klingenberg1*

1 Faculty of Life sciences, university of Manchester, Michael smith building, oxford road, ManchesterM13 9Pt, united Kingdom.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Comparisons of allometries have been perfor-med for more than a quarter-century by multiva-riate ordinations using principal componentanalyses of the vectors of allometric coefficients.More recently, this approach has been names “allo-metric spaces”. so far, this approach has been usedmostly in the context of traditional morphometrics,but not with geometric morphometrics. this pre-

sentation summarises recent developments thatmake it possible to use allometric spaces with geo-metric morphometric analyses of landmark data.the details of the methods depend on whether theanalysis is based on a shape, form or conformationspace. i will provide examples to illustrate thesemethods.


28

RECONSTRUCTING THE LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOUR OF HOMINOIDS THROUGH THE BONY LABYRINTH:

THE CONTRIBUTION OF 3D GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS

A. Le Maître1*, P. Vignaud1, M. brunet1,2

1 institut de Paléoprimatologie et Paléontologie Humaine : Evolution et Paléoenvironnements (iPHEP),uMr Cnrs 7262 inEE, université de Poitiers, bât. b35 – tsA 51106, 6 rue Michel brunet, 86073 Poitiers,France.2 Chaire de Paléontologie humaine, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]

the labyrinth, or inner ear, is fundamental forposture and balance. relationships exist betweenthe morphology of the bony labyrinth and some lo-comotor behaviours such the human bipedalism orthe relative agility. in mammals, these links were es-tablished based on linear and angular measure-ments. but studies conducted on other vertebratesshow that geometric morphometrics can also beused.

in this study, we explore the potential of geo-metric morphometrics to link locomotion to thelabyrinthine morphology in hominoids. the aim isto describe the locomotor behaviour more subtlythan the broad locomotor classes already obtainedwith traditional morphometrics.

the sample comprises 65 specimens from fiveextant hominoid species: Homo sapiens, Pan tro-

glodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus and Hylo-

bates lar. the left bony labyrinth of each individualis virtually extracted and 22 landmarks are positio-ned. After a Procrustes superposition, a principalcomponent analysis is conducted on the landmarkspatial coordinates.

the morphological differences between thefive species are statistically significant. the wholelabyrinth, and more specifically the lateral semicir-

cular canal, is involved. the shape changes are di-verse: orientation variations, rotations, projectionsand torsions.

relative to the traditional morphometrics, the3D geometric morphometrics add information onlocomotion: each “specialist” species with a prefe-rential locomotor mode is discriminated from the“generalist” semi-terrestrial species. this interes-ting result could be used to reconstruct the loco-motor behaviour of fossil species, based oncomparisons with extant species.

Contributions

29

SHAPE DIVERSITY OF OTOLITHS OF DIFFERENT FISH FAMILIES

C. Llopis-belenguer1,2*, A.E. Ahuir-baraja2, J.A. balbuena1, A. rodríguez-González1

1 Marine Zoology unit, Cavanilles institute of biodiversity and Evolutionary biology, university of Valencia,Valencia, spain.2 research department, Avanqua oceanogràfic-Ágora s.L. Eduardo Primo yúfera no. 1b E-46013, Valencia,spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

in teleosts, otoliths are depositions of arago-nite and organic materials. otoliths represent threepaired structures located at both sides of the brain,and are formed in the inner-ear. otoliths are rela-ted to equilibrium and auditory functions. the oto-liths structures are termed lapillus, asteriscus andsagitta. the sagitta is usually the largest, and isused in morphometric studies. Here, we investigatethe morphology of the sagitta from different fishspecies and we test the phylogenetic signal usingGM (geometric morphometric) techniques. thestudy of shape and size of sagitta otoliths wasbased on Cartesian coordinates of three landmarksand 60 semilandmarks. the data set consisted ofsagitta otoliths from 63 individuals, from 21 spe-cies, and 12 families. Procrustes analysis and PCA(Principal Component Analysis) were used to ex-tract comparable shape information betweenstructures. the allometric relationship betweensize and shape was evaluated by means of multiva-riate regression. the presence of a phylogeneticsignal was tested by mapping the variation in shapeand size onto previously published phylogenies. Fi-nally, differences among species from different ha-bitats were studied, using CVA (Canonical VariateAnalysis).

the first two PCs explained 82.39% of the totalvariance. the allometric relationship between sizeand shape was not significant (p>0.05). A significantphylogenetic signal was found for shape (p<0.05)and marginally significant for size (p=0.05). the CVArevealed significant differences among somegroups. our results agree with previous works thatpredicted differences in otoliths of different spe-cies, and this may be related with different sensiti-vities to different sound frequencies. our analysisshowed conserved morphology of otoliths withinphylogenetically related species. We also found dif-ferent morphologies between groups from diffe-rent habitats and that might reflect environmentaladaptation that assures optimal auditory functionfor each habitat.


30

IS THE ASTRAGALUS A GOOD BONE FOR INFERRING LOCOMOTION IN EXTINCT PRIMATES?

J. Marigó1,2*, A.-C. Fabre3*, D.M. boyer4

1 uMr 7207 Cr2P – C.n.r.s., M.n.H.n., u.P.M.C.-Paris 6, Département Histoire de la terre, Muséumnational d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.2 institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (iCP), universitat Autònoma de barcelona, Edifici Z(iCtA-iCP), Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus uAb, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, barcelona, spain.3 uMr 7179 C.n.r.s/M.n.H.n., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France.4 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke university, Durham, nC, usA.*Corresponding authors e-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected]

the astragalus of extinct primates has tradi-tionally been used to infer locomotor behavior infossil forms, using features such as the orientationof the trochlear rims or the astragalar neck, as wellas the height of the astragalar body. in this studywe use 3D geometric morphometric techniques inorder to assess the phylogenetic signal of this boneas well as evaluate the covariation that exists bet-ween the shape of the astragalus and the type oflocomotion, specifically the proclivity for leaping,and substrate use orientation (vertical/horizontal)in extant strepsirrhines.

to do so, we used 3D surface reconstructionsfrom Morphosource (http://morphosource.org/)and locomotion and substrate use data from ox-nard and collaborators. Geometric morphometricdata were taken on 95 astragali belonging to all theextant strepsirrhine families. We calculated thephylogenetic signal of the astragalus using a multi-variate K and we assessed the covariation betweenits shape and locomotion type as well as substrateuse orientation using two-block partial least squa-res.

our preliminary results show that astragalusshape, locomotion and the tendency to leap havea strong phylogenetic signal. Astragalar shape and

locomotion strongly covary within extant strepsirh-hines. However, when taking phylogeny into ac-count, the results are no longer significant. thesame is true when examining the covariation bet-ween astragalar shape and proclivity for leaping. inaddition, we found that there is no covariationwhatsoever between substrate use and astragalarshape, irrespective of whether phylogeny is takeninto account or not.

the astragalus is a bone that has a strongphylogenetic signal. thus, closely related speciestend to present more similar astragali than specieswith similar locomotor repertoires. this should betaken into account when making functional inter-pretations of this bone in extinct forms because dif-ferent astragalar shapes could in fact be moreinformative regarding phylogeny rather than loco-motion.

Contributions

31

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARNASSIAL TOOTH IN EXTANT CANIDS USING GEOMETRIC

MORPHOMETRICS

P.A. Márquez-González1*, J. Muñoz-Durán2

1 Fachbereich 2- biologie, universität bremen. bibliothekstrasse 1, 28359 bremen, Germany.2 Departamento de biología, universidad nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 # 26-85, bogotá, Colombia.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

in this study we analyzed the form of thelower carnassial tooth of 33 extant species of thesubfamily Caninae (Canidae, Carnivora). For thispurpose we explored the relationship between thecarnassial shape and different dietary habits andtaxonomic genera. We analyzed the complete car-nassial outline using semilandmarks to describethe profile of different parts of the tooth. our mo-dularity hypothesis is that the carnassial tooth inCaninae is composed of two modules: the trigonidand the talonid, which are related to grinding andslicing. the modularity test supports that the an-terior part of the trigonid is a module relatively in-dependent of the rest of the carnassial. using thecombination of PCA (Principal Component Analy-sis), modularity test, and multivariate regression,we could correlate the shape of the carnassialtooth, the different dietary groups and taxonomicgenera. the first four PCs explain 80% of the varia-tion and show that individuals appeared groupedby genera as well as guilds. in the morphospace,the carnivorans are located between omnivoresand hypercarnivorans in the center of the positiveside of the PC1 and PC2. We could also observe ahigh proximity in shape space among south Ame-rican genera and Vulpes. At the same time we

could observe that insectivory in Caninae is repre-sented by different carnassial shapes that couldhave evolved independently. We conclude that ali-mentary habits have a strong correlation with theform of the carnassial tooth.


32

MORPHOMETRIC TOOLS TO IDENTIFY TWO SYMPATRIC LIMPETS (PATELLA RUSTICA AND

PATELLA CAERULEA) IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN

P. Marti-Puig1, M. Ponti1, P. G. Albano2, F. Costantini1, M. Abbiati3

1 biGeA & CirsA, università di bologna, uo ConisMa, Via s. Alberto 163, 48123 ravenna, italy.2 institut für Paläontologie, universität Wien Geozentrum, uZA ii, room 2b411, Althanstraße 14, A-1090Vienna, Austria.3 isMAr, Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche - istituto di scienze Marine, bologna, italy.*Corresponding authors e-mail addresses: [email protected]

Many marine organisms show a high morpho-logical variability, which often represents a resultof the phenotypic plasticity towards different envi-ronmental conditions they are exposed, such aswave exposure, substrate type and habitat. this va-riability can lead to species misidentification usingsimple visual inspection, with serious implicationsfor monitoring activities and application of conser-vation policies. in the present study, morphologicalvariability of two common limpets, which are sub-ject to collection for human consumption, Patella

rustica and P. caerulea, was studied in the westernMediterranean sea. Morphological variability wasanalysed using morphometric shape analysis by se-

veral shape descriptors (Circularity, solidity,height/area, height/maximum diameter…) and byElliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs) outline method.the genetic marker Coi was used to support theidentification of the sampled individuals. somemorphological traits (i.e. mean circularity, ratioheight/longest diameter and solidity) and shapedescriptors resulted useful measures to discrimi-nate between the two species and quantify themorphological variability within the species. thisstudy highlights the potential of morphometrictools as a non-destructive identification method toidentify close related species.

Contributions

33

INFLUENCE OF TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF PRIMATES

M. Martín-Caballero1*, L. Medialdea1, A. González1

1 Laboratorio de Poblaciones Antiguas del Pasado, Departamento de Antropología, universidad Autónomade Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Ciudad universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, spain. *Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Primates are a widely studied group due totheir evolutionary proximity to humans. Cranialmorphology of primates provides great informationof their ecology and locomotion. this study aims toanalyze and quantify changes in skull shape of dif-ferent kinds of primates in terms of these two cha-racteristics by means of Geometric Morphometric(GM) techniques. A sample of 24 adult male skullsbelonging to 11 different genera was analyzed. 2Dradiographs of the skull were taken and scannedand sets of landmarks (40 in front view and 25 inlateral view) were identified (Adobe Photoshop)and recorded (tpsDiG64). Generalized ProcrustesAnalysis was performed to remove size. shape va-riation was analyzed by Principal ComponentAnalysis (PCA) and differences in shape due to eco-logical and locomotion factors were quantifiedusing a Discriminant Function Analysis (MorphoJ).the results showed over a 66% variation accumu-lated in the first two PCs of individuals analyzed inboth views, being variations due to locomotionalong the PC1 in both cases and ecology along thePC2 in side view. the analysis of the skull in lateralview allowed correct classification of individuals bymeans of their ecology and locomotion (65%, 80%respectively, p <0.0001) while front view only sho-

wed a good classification by means of locomotion(90%, p <0.0001). in conclusion GM techniquesconstitute a useful tool to analyze and quantify thedifferences in the shape of primates in terms oftheir ecology and locomotion. Further studiersshould be developed with larger samples for thispurpose.

Fleagle, J., Gilbert, C., baden, A. (2010). Primate cranialdiversity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology

142, 565-578.

Klingenberg, C.P. (2011). MorphoJ: an integrated softwarepackage for geometric morphometric. Molecular Eco-

logy Resources 11, 353-357.

nalley, t., Grider-Potter, n. (2015).Functional morphologyof the primate head and neck. American Journal of

Physical Anthropology 156, 531-42.


34

CHANGING MODULAR PATTERNS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE CARNIVORE PELVIC GIRDLE

A. Martín-serra1*

1 Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Área de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, universidad deMálaga, 29071 Málaga, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the pelvic girdle connects the hind limb to theaxial skeleton, anchoring muscles that are crucialfor terrestrial locomotion in quadrupedal mam-mals. From a developmental perspective, eachhemi-pelvis is composed of three different bones:ilium, ischium and pubis. Here we explore the pre-sence of phenotypic modules in the carnivore pel-vis (Mammalia, Carnivora). We used 3D landmarksdigitized in a wide sample of living carnivores. Land-marks were registered for the four basic develop-mental units: illium, ischium, pubis and acetabulum(the latter is considered as a different unit due toits close interaction with the femoral head). next,we tested different modularity hypotheses thatconsider all possible modules formed by the com-bination of these four developmental units. Foreach hypothesis, we tested the presence of modu-les by comparing the strength of their morphologi-cal covariation (rV coefficient) with a randomizeddistribution of modules. the hypotheses with morestatistical support using allometry-free shape varia-tion analysis included the four original units as mo-dules. However, when performing allometry-freeindependent contrasts, all modules disappeared,emerging, instead, a pattern of weak integration inthe whole pelvis. the most probable cause of this

result is that the modular pattern is not uniformamong carnivores. to check this hypothesis, we fur-ther explored, independently, the modular patternof three carnivore families (i.e., Felidae, Canidaeand ursidae). the results obtained confirmed ourhypothesis: each family showed a different modu-lar pattern, with the basic four modules in felids,whereas for canids and ursids, the ilium and pubisformed a single module that, in the case of ursids,also involved the ischium. in conclusion, this resultsuggests that the evolution of the carnivore pelvicgirdle involved changes in the phenotypic modularpattern during the early diversification of thegroup.

Contributions

35

HOW MORPHOMETRICS CAN SHED LIGHT INTO GENETICS, DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE

n. Martínez-Abadías1,2,3*, r. Mateu1,2, J. sastre1,2, L. russo1,2, J. richtsmeier4, J. sharpe1,2,5

1 Center for Genomic regulation (CrG), the barcelona institute of science and technology, Dr. Aiguader88, 08003 barcelona, spain.2 universitat Pompeu Fabra (uPF), barcelona, spain.3 Departament de biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, universitat de barcelona, Av. Diagonal645, 08028 barcelona, spain.4 Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania state university, 409 Carpenter building, university Park, PA16803, Pennsylvania, usA.5 institució Catalana de recerca i Estudis Avançats (iCrEA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 barcelona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Gene expression patterns underlie phenotypicvariation, from normal to diseased-altered varia-tion. to understand how differences in gene ex-pression are translated into differences inmorphology it is crucial to quantify gene expressionpatterns within developing structures along an on-togenetic sequence. Here we show how combiningmolecular biology techniques, such as whole-mount in situ hybridization (WisH), with imageanalysis, we can extend the use of Geometric Mor-phometrics (GM) to the analysis of gene expressiondomains. to illustrate the potential of our approachin evolutionary and biomedical research we use themouse limb. our first example is based on the GManalysis of a large sample of 2D pictures of limbbuds from C57bl6 mouse embryos between E10-E12 days post fertilization WisH-labeled for Hoxa11and Hoxa13, two relevant genes for limb patter-ning. our results revealed high, non-random andgene-specific variation undergoing canalization du-ring limb development, suggesting that the syste-matic characterization of phenotypic and geneticshape variation can reveal features of developmentand mechanisms underlying evolutionary proces-ses. in our second example, we extend our appro-ach to the analysis of 3D shapes and focus on the

comparison of mice carrying a mutation that cau-ses a rare congenital disorder in humans, Apertsyndrome, and their unaffected littermates. We as-sessed whether the FGFr2 P253r mutation induceslimb malformations that can be associated withchanges in the expression pattern of Dusp6, adownstream gene of the FGF/FGFr signaling path-way. our results based on 3D landmark-based datarecorded on optical projection tomography imagesof E11.5 mouse embryos labeled for Dusp6, sho-wed size and shape differences in the limbs of mu-tant mice, suggesting a mechanism through whichaltered FGF/FGFr signaling contributes to limb mal-formations early in development. Applied to diffe-rent species, our method could track developmentand investigate how evolution has modified com-mon developmental patterns to generate morpho-logical diversity.


36

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS AND THE MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE EARLY DEVONIAN

CONODONT POLYGNATHUS: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS

C. Martínez-Pérez1,2*, G. navalón2,3, s. De Esteban-trivigno4,5, H. botella1

1 Department of Geology, university of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 burjassot, spain. 2 school of Earth sciences, Life sciences building, university of bristol, bristol bs8 1tQ, united Kingdom.3 unidad de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco,Madrid, spain.4 transmitting science, Gardenia 2, Can Claramunt, 08784 Piera, barcelona, Catalonia, spain.5 institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (iCP), universitat Autònoma de barcelona, Edifici Z(iCtA-iCP), Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus uAb, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, barcelona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Despite conodont studies are mostly based onmorphological characters, few studies have exploredthe shape variation in conodonts by means of Geo-metric Morphometrics.

Here we used a geometric morphometric analy-sis to study the morphological variability and evolu-tionary changes of a group of species of the earlyDevonian (Emsian) genus Polygnathus, the most di-verse and widespread Devonian to Lower Carbonife-rous conodont genus.

We defined 6 landmarks and 16 semilandmarkson 214 P1 conodonts from 18 species of the genusPolygnathus, comprising its first 15 Myr of evolution.We used tPs series for digitizing, and GeneralizedProcrustes superimposition (GPA) and MorphoJ toexplore the variability at different levels. Allometrywas investigated on a smaller subset where size in-formation was available.

Allometry accounted for less than 15 % of thesubset variability. that means that differences in sizeintroduced certain degree of variability that was notcontrolled for in the total sample. PCA on all indivi-duals showed high overlapping between specimensfrom different taxa (maybe an allometry effect). yet,some species can be clearly differentiated in the firstPC.

our data have a clear phylogenetic signal, con-cordant with the fact that phylogeny in this group isdrawn from morphological characters of the cono-dont elements. Mapping the phylogeny on the shapedata reveals a clear evolutionary trend from older toyounger species, consisting in the acquisition of pro-portionally wider platforms in younger species.

these results, supports the Martínez-Pérez et

al.’s (2016) proposal that the development of plat-forms in Polygnathus, a recurrent morphology acqui-red independently by many other lineages, could beinterpreted as an adaptive shift towards the biome-chanical improvement of the food acquisition andprocess.

Acknowledgements: spanish research ProjectCGL2014-52662-P.

Martínez-Pérez, C., rayfield, E.J., botella, H., Donoghue,P.C.J. (2016). translating taxonomy into the evolutionof conodont feeding ecology. Geology 44, 247-250.

Contributions

37

COMPARISON OF MANDIBLE FORM BETWEEN WILD AND LABORATORY MICE DURING EARLY

POSTNATAL ONTOGENY

J. Martínez-Vargas1*, F. Muñoz-Muñoz1, A. Molinero2, M.J. López-Fuster3, J. Ventura1

1 Departament de biologia Animal, de biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia, Facultat de biociències, universitatAutònoma de barcelona, Avinguda de l’Eix Central, Edifici C, E-08193 bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès),spain.2 Departament de biologia Cel·lular, de Fisiologia i d’immunologia, Facultat de biociències, universitatAutònoma de barcelona, Avinguda de l’Eix Central, Edifici C, E-08193 bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès),spain.3 Departament de biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and institut de recerca de labiodiversitat (irbio), Facultat de biologia, universitat de barcelona, barcelona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the house mouse (Mus musculus) is one ofthe animal models most widely used in biologicalresearch. studies conducted with this species pre-ferentially use classical inbred mouse strains, origi-nated from the hybridization of different M.

musculus subspecies. the mandible of the housemouse is a complex morphological structure thathas become a key model system in many fields ofknowledge. However, few works have dealt with itsmorphological variation over early postnatal onto-geny. our goal is to compare the morphological va-riation of the mouse mandible from the 2nd to the8th postnatal week between the C57bL/6J labora-tory strain (n=51) and wild specimens of M. mus-

culus domesticus (n=36), the major contributor tothe genome of the C57bL/6J and many other clas-sical inbred mouse strains. A set of 18 two-dimen-sional landmarks digitized on the lingual side ofboth the right and left hemimandibles of all speci-mens was used to analyze mandible form variationwith the geometric morphometric techniques im-plemented in MorphoJ. the analyses of varianceshowed that mandible shape significantly differedbetween laboratory and wild mice in each postna-tal week, and that the mandibles of laboratory micegrew faster from the 4th postnatal week. the prin-

cipal component analysis revealed that the twogroups of mice had similar patterns of shape chan-ges over postnatal ontogeny, since mice of conse-cutive ages from both groups showed a staggereddistribution along the first axis, which accountedfor 41.59% of total variation. the second axis ex-plained 18.11% of total variation, which correspon-ded to mandible shape differences betweenlaboratory and wild mice. the ontogenetic differen-ces in mandible form detected between bothgroups of mice could be due to their distinct geno-mic constitution. We conclude that particular at-tention should be paid when extrapolating thepattern of skeletal growth from laboratory to wildmice.


38

GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS IN COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

J. Marugán-Lobón1,2*

1 unidad de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco,Madrid, spain.2 Dinosaur institute, natural History Museum of Los Angeles, California, usA.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

A long standing challenge in comparative mor-phology has been to find a coordinate system thathelps making anatomical descriptions consistentamong taxa. in vertebrates, craniofacial morpho-logy has been largely described using the Frankfortplane, but also using broca’s plane, reid’s baseline,or the lateral semicircular canal—one of the threecanals of the labyrinth within the inner ear—as re-ference systems for skull orientation. the availabledata, however, do not support the assumption thatthe orientation any of these baselines is inter-spe-cifically constant. thus, using this references asfixed orientation baselines across taxa, and conse-quently rotating skulls in a magnitude equivalentto their orientation, may yield an inaccurate per-ception of craniofacial organization. one of the gre-atest achievements of Geometric Morphometricswas finding a consistent reference coordinatesystem to consistently superimpose homologouslandmarks. indeed, the consensus became theMean for multiple and mathematically justified re-asons. Here, using geometric morphometrics in aninter-specific sample of fossil and extant sauris-chian dinosaurs (including a classic case in modernbirds), i will illustrate why and how classic anato-mical baselines, such as the lateral semicircular ca-

nals, render important problems for interpretativeand descriptive purposes in anatomy

Contributions

39

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN MODERN HUMAN SKULLS DURING ONTOGENY

L. Medialdea1,2*, A. romero2, A. González1

1 Laboratorio de Antropología Poblaciones del Pasado, Departamento de biología, universidad Autónomade Madrid. C/ Darwin, 2. Ciudad universitaria de Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid, spain.2 Departamento de biotecnología, universidad de Alicante. 99 E-03080 Alicante, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Human skull is a modular structure in whichdifferent parts are influenced by genetic and deve-lopmental factors. However, scarce informationexists about sexual ontogenetic shape trajectories.Here, we analyzed the sexual dimorphism changeson developmental age by means of GeometricMorphometric (GM) techniques. our study inclu-des 310 Portuguese individuals of known sex (158males and 152 females), ranging from infancy toadulthood (7-99 age range). A set of 31 homolo-gous landmarks were recorded from 2D digital ima-ges of the skull in lateral view. Quadratic distancesbetween landmarks were minimized by means ofgeneralized Procrustes analysis (GPA) and shapewas quantified by Principal Component Analysis(PCA) after Procrustes superimposition. We foundsignificant changes in skull shape (PC1 12.9% andPC2 11.4% of total variance) and size (Cs), sugges-ting that ontogenic scaling contributes to morpho-metric variations at population level. Whenindividuals were compared by sex and age ranges(7-10, 11-18 and 19-99 years), significant skullshape differences (Procrustes AnoVA; p < 0.0001)indicated dissimilar growth shape patterns for bothsexes. Modest but significant correlations with bothskull Cs and developmental age (r = 0.2-0.4; p <

0.01) contributed to distinct face and neurocranialmodules. Further, discriminant functions of GPA-coordinates showed 83% of study subjects co-rrectly classified by means of sex. our ontogeneticfindings using GM show that modern human skullchanges dramatically during growth affecting se-xual dimorphism plasticity.


40

COMPARATIVE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POSTERIOR PALATAL DEVELOPMENT DISRUPTED BY

FGFR MUTATIONS IN CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS SYNDROMES

F. Melkonian1, s.M. Perrine2, E.W. Jabs3, J.t. richtsmeier2, n. Martínez-Abadías1,4,5*

1 Departament de biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, universitat de barcelona, Av. Diagonal645, 08028 barcelona, spain.2 Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania state university, 409 Carpenter building, university Park, PA16803, Pennsylvania, usA.3 icahn school of Medicine at Mount sinai, new york (ny), usA.4 Center for Genomic regulation (CrG), the barcelona institute of science and technology, Dr. Aiguader88, 08003 barcelona, spain.5 universitat Pompeu Fabra (uPF), barcelona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the FGF/FGFr pathway is involved in multipleintracellular signalling throughout embryonic de-velopment and is highly active during palatogene-sis. normal palate development involves three keyprocess: palatal shelf growth, elevation and fusion.Genetic mutations on two fibroblast growth recep-tors (FGFr2 and FGFr3) may disrupt any of theseprocesses, resulting in non-syndromic cleft lip andpalate, and palatal malformations in autosomalcongenital disorders such as Apert, Crouzon andMuenke syndromes. in a previous study using com-parative 3D shape analysis of landmark based datarecorded on high resolution micro Ct scans of mu-tant and non-mutant littermates of murine modelsof these craniosynostosis syndromes, we foundthat the posterior aspect of the palate is the mostaffected region at birth. Here we extend our mor-phometric analysis focusing only on the shape ofthe palatine bones at two different developmentalstages (embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) and day of birth(P0)). Analyses based on semi-landmarks collectedalong the curved medial edge of the right and leftpalatine bones further refined the quantitativecomparison of palatal dysmorphologies in cranios-ynostosis syndromes. After Procrustes superimpo-sition on sliding semilandmarks, we assessed

through Principal Component Analysis the differen-ces between and within these craniosynostosissyndromes using murine models for Apert(Fgfr2+/s252W and Fgfr2+/P253r), Crouzon (Fgfr2+/C342y)and Muenke (Fgfr3+/P244r) syndromes. our resultshighlight the differences in the severity and onsettime of the palatal malformations associated witheach craniosynostosis syndrome, with Apertsyndrome causing the earliest and most extremepalatal deformations, and Muenke syndrome themildest dysmorphologies. these results underliethe potential of Geometric Morphometrics to pro-vide a morphological readout for the genetic anddevelopmental mechanisms associated withdisease.

Contributions

41

PHOTOGRAMMETRY: A “LOW-COST” METHOD TO RECONSTRUCT THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORM OF

SMALL MAMMALS

F. Muñoz-Muñoz1*, M. Quinto-sánchez2, J. Martínez-Vargas1, r. González-José2

1 Departament de biologia Animal, de biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia, Facultat de biociències, universitatAutònoma de barcelona, Avinguda de l’Eix Central, Edifici C, E-08193 bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès),spain.2 Centro nacional Patagónico, Consejo nacional de investigaciones Científicas y técnicas, Puerto Madryn,Argentina.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

over the last few years, the field of morpho-metrics has undergone a profound revolution. Du-ring this time, digital imaging technology has madegreat strides and 3D (three-dimensional) imagingtechnology has become increasingly available. no-netheless, many studies of 3D structures still use2D (two-dimensional) data, even when this may re-sult in the loss of important information. this is par-ticularly so in the study of small mammals, sincedevices with enough precision for the 3D digitisa-tion of small objects are the most expensive. thus,the development of low-cost methods aimed at re-covering 3D shape from small mammals would beof great interest. Photogrammetry, which allowsobtaining 3D data at lower cost than with other 3Dtechniques, has been widely used in disciplines likegeomorphology or architecture. recently, somestudies have started to use photogrammetry to re-create 3D models of animal phenotypes but, to ourknowledge, it has not been applied to the study ofsmall mammals or other small vertebrates. in thiscontext, the aim of this study was to test the suita-bility of photogrammetric techniques to obtain 3Dlandmarks from mouse skulls as a model system forsmall mammals. shape and size of 3D models ob-tained with photogrammetric techniques were

consistent among replicates, even when differentsets of photographs were used. the linear measu-rements obtained from the 3D models were highlycorrelated with measurements obtained with calli-pers on actual crania, and differences betweenboth sets of measures were smaller than thoseamong individuals in most of the tested measures.these results show for the first time that photo-grammetry is a precise technique for 3D formanalysis of small mammals. Photogrammetry alsoproved to be accurate for obtaining linear measu-rements between 3D landmarks. However, furtherstudies are needed to demonstrate whether thistechnique is also accurate at recreating 3D shapes.


42

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND INTEGRATION OF DENTITION IN RED-FOX-LIKE (VULPES) AND

SOUTH AMERICAN FOX-LIKE (CERDOCYON, PSEUDOALOPEX) CANIDS

o. nanova1*

1 Zoological Museum, Moscow state university, bolshaya nikitskaya 2, Moscow 125009, russia.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

We examined inter-species variation in theshape of upper toothrows and in their morpholo-gical integration in the genus Vulpes and fox-likesouth American canids using a geometric morpho-metrics approach. south American canids aremembers of a monophyletic taxon which is sisterto wolf-like canids (bardeleben et al., 2005). thebasal to the red-fox-like canids Gray fox Urocyon ci-

nereoargenteus was also included in the analysis.in total, 259 specimens of 12 species were emplo-yed. We found that toothrow shape overlapped sig-nificantly among the three phylogenetically remoteanalyzed lineages, and that the generalized fox-likeshape is precisely repeated several times throughCanidae evolution. the most distinct species wasthe Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus which is specializedto Arctic conditions. this species possesses a retrac-ted and wide snout. inter-species variation in theVulpes genus (after exclusion of the highly specia-lized Arctic fox) is generally explained by size-shapeallometry. the smallest species (Fennec fox, Vulpes

zerda, and rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppellii) have anenlarged first molar M1 in comparison with the lar-gest species (red fox, Vulpes vulpes). size allometryis not significant for inter-species variation of southAmerican fox-like canids. the covariance matrices

for all studied species were nearly equidistant. thesimilarity of covariance structure was shownamong three phylogenetically distant groups of Ca-nidae with similar morphology.

Acknowledgements: Funding for this study wasprovided through a grant from the russian scienceFoundation, no. 14-50-00029.

bardeleben, C., Moore, r.L., Wayne, r.K. (2005). A mole-cular phylogeny of the Canidae based on six nuclearloci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, 815-831.

Contributions

43

MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS OF THE AVIAN FEEDING APPARATUS

G. navalón1,2*, J. Marugán-Lobón1,3, J.A. bright2,4, E.J. rayfield2

1 unidad de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco,Madrid, España.2 school of Earth sciences, university of bristol, Life sciences building, tyndall road, bristol, bs8 1rJ, unitedKingdom.3 Dinosaur institute, natural History Museum of Los Angeles, California, usA.4 Department of Animal and Plant sciences, Alfred Denny building, university of sheffield, sheffield, unitedKingdom.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

beak shape is one the classic examples of tro-phic adaptation that led to the discovery of naturalselection and the origin of evolutionary theory. inspite of numerous qualitative studies evaluatingthe interplay between beak shape and trophic eco-logy, a quantitative phylogenetically-comprehen-sive study of beak ecomorphology is still lacking.using geometric morphometrics, we digitized beakshape of 176 extant birds (96 families) in lateralview and statistically tested the association bet-ween beak morphology and trophic ecology. Addi-tionally, we calculated the mechanical advantage(MA) of the main adductor muscles of the skull foreach species. surprisingly, we found that neitherbeak shape nor MA are good predictors of trophicecology in birds. 80% of the studied species showlow MA values within a narrow range, implying thatin most birds the beak is employed as a fastgape/low force mechanism. Clades utilizing pre-swallowing mechanical processing of food itemsare best categorized by the interplay betweenshape and MA, showing two very morphofunctio-nal solutions; cracking/biting herbivorous birds,particularly parrots, exhibit deep and curved beaksalong with the highest values of MA (i.e: enhancedbite force/slow gape speed), exploring more than

the upper half of the total range of values. by con-trast, two of the three main clades of raptorial birdsexhibit deep curved beaks with relatively low MAvalues, while falcons show substantially higher va-lues of MA. these differences are definitely surpri-sing and highlight the diversity of predatorialfeeding strategies in extant birds. the extrememulti-functional nature of the beak (enhanced bythe diversity of kinetic patterns), meaning manynon-trophic selective pressures were likely involvedin its origin and subsequent evolution, togetherwith the tight morphological integration of thewhole avian skull are proposed as putative evolu-tionary factors impeding a finer match betweentrophic ecology, bill shape, and mechanical perfor-mance in birds.


44

ASSESSING SKULL ASYMMETRIES IN AN ANCIENT IBERIAN ELIPOMETRICAL HORSE POPULATION

P.M. Parés-Casanova1*, n. Carolino2, i. Carolino2, J.V. Leite3, r. Dantas3, s. Lopes3, J. Pèrez Paz4,J. González troncoso4

1 Department of Animal Production, university of Lleida, Catalonia, spain. 2 unidade de recursos Genéticos, reproduçao e Melhoramento Animal, inrb, Vale de santarém, Portugal.3 Associaçao de Criadores de Equinos de raça Garrana (ACErG), Vieira do Minho, Portugal.4 Asociación Pura raza Cabalo Galego, tui, Galicia, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Ancient breed horses are particularly knownfor their ability to survive in harsh environments,and developmental instability could represent im-portant mechanisms for their adaptation to them.in this study, skull symmetry variability of an an-cient iberian elipometrical horse population (Ga-

rrano and Galego) was investigated by means of a2-D landmark-based method. For this purpose, westudied 31 skulls belonging to Garrano (n=27) andGalego (n=4) specimens on deposit at ACERG inVieira do Minho (Portugal) and Asociación Pura

Raza Cabalo Galego in tui, Galicia (spain) respecti-vely. Although Garrano and Galego horses are twoofficially different recognized breeds, their phe-notypic identity as well as a continuous geneticflow between them (they graze all year round fre-ely on mountains) allow to consider both as a samepopulation, and one can suspect no genetic bottle-necks as a result of consanguinity. the gender par-tition was not possible in most of specimens, sothis variable was not considered. A total of 15 ho-mologous landmarks were used to represent theshape of skull (ventral aspect). individual imageswere landmarked in duplicates to detect errors inplotting. Data processing was done using tPs seriesand MorphoJ v. 1.06c. the analysis was done spe-

cifically for object symmetry, symmetry axis passingthrough the median plane (defined by 5 land-marks). Procrustes AnoVA showed that the as-ymmetry variations were due to FA (p<0.001).significant right-left shape variation was present(p<0.001). With our data it is not possible to con-firm the presence of DA (p=0.325), and furtheranalysis is required. if we consider FA as an indica-tor of individual quality of fitness, it could be ex-plained by extreme environmental conditions andso subject to a high stress level.

Contributions

45

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF INVASIVE TADPOLES CONFRONTED WITH NATIVE COMPETITORS

ALONG THE INVASION RANGE

E. Pujol-buxó1,2*, A. Kaliontzopoulou3, G.A. Llorente1,2

1 Departament de biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, universitat de barcelona, barcelona,spain.2 institut de recerca de la biodiversitat (irbio), universitat de barcelona, barcelona, spain.3 Cibio research Centre in biodiversity and Genetic resources, inbio, university of Porto, Campus Agrariode Vairão, Vairão, Portugal.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the introduction, establishment and expan-sion of an invasive species creates a series of pre-viously non-existent competitive interactions. ifnative competitors are not extinguished, thesenovel interactions can lead to fast evolutionarychanges, both in the native and the invasive spe-cies. this means that biological invasions embodya good case for studying the evolution of charactersrelated to interspecific competition, including phe-notypic plasticity. Anuran tadpoles respond mor-phologically to a wide array of stimuli such asdesiccation risk, predation risk, pollutants and com-petition pressure, and plastic changes have effectson immediate fitness and even mid- and long- termeffects after metamorphosis. Here, we examine themorphological changes induced in tadpoles of aninvasive anuran (Discoglossus pictus) linked to dif-ferent combinations of high and low levels of des-iccation risk and competitive pressure from a nativespecies (Bufo calamita). to test possible changes inthe competitive interactions among these speciesalong the invasion range, we studied two popula-tions with different evolutionary histories: one verynear to the first introduction of the invasive frog(meaning aprox. 100 years of coexistence with thenative competitor) and another from the expansion

front of the species (less than 3 years of coexis-tence). As the native competitor is present all alongthe invasion range of the invasive frog, we hypo-thesized that outcomes should be more favorableto the invasive species in short-coexisting popula-tions from the expansion front, where the nativecompetitor is naive and the invasive species is not.interestingly, most of our results (e.g. tadpole size,developmental rates and stability) support thisidea. in addition, we found different allometric pat-terns and morphological plasticity among popula-tions and experimental treatments, making this aninteresting system to investigate how local adapta-tion and competition following an invasion deter-mine morphological responses of native andinvasive species.


46

SYNOSTOSIS AND VERTEBRATE SKULL EVOLUTION: FROM BONE NETWORKS TO BONE SHAPE

D. rasskin-Gutman1*, J.M. sanchís García2, b. Esteve-Altava3, A. navarro Díaz1, i. rasskin4, r. Diogo5

1 theoretical biology research Group. institute Cavanilles of biodiversity and Evolutionary biology. universityof Valencia, Valencia, spain. 2 Pediatric radiology. Clinical Hospital. university of Valencia, Valencia, spain.3 structure & Motion Lab, Department of Comparative biomedical sciences, the royal Veterinary College,Hatfield, united Kingdom.4 Faculty of Mathematics. university of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.5 Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard university, Washington DC, usA.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

With the emergence of tetrapods, the skele-ton has evolved in different directions, often ac-companied by changes in size, locomotion, ordietary demand. Convergences are not unusual inthe shape of anatomical structures, and the skull isnot an exception. sometimes it is possible to tracebig macroevolutionary trends over long periods oftime; the Willinston’s Law is one such big trend,which documents the reduction of bone number inthe skull. All major tetrapod lineages exhibit thispattern driven by two morphogenetic processes:bone loss and fusion, which also occur normally du-ring development; however, when either of theseprocesses happens at the wrong time, they maycause pathologies. For example, if closure timing isaltered, it may cause well-known morphologicalchanges in humans for both synostotic and non-synostotic bones. using Anatomical network Analy-sis (AnnA) we have studied these phenomena byconsidering bones as elements of connected net-works that change when nodes or links disappear.since the medical literature offers extensive evi-dence of the relationship between fusion of bonesand shape changes, the question that arises natu-rally is: can a model of shape change based onbone fusion provide a basis for the morphological

transformations seen in the evolution of the tetra-pod skull? We will explore the pros and cons of thedifferent ways to model this question integratingnetwork analysis with morphometrics.

Contributions

47

ONTOGENY OF THE FEMUR AND FEMORAL DIMORPHISM IN A SPANISH POPULATION BASED ON

TELEMETRIES AND GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS

C. rissech1*, A. Pujol2, J. Ventura3, D. turbón2

1 Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, universitat de Girona, Girona, spain.2 Departament de biologia Animal, Facultat de biologia, universitat de barcelona, barcelona, spain.3 Departament de biologia Animal, Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de biociències, universitat Autònoma debarcelona, bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

this paper investigates the femoral morpho-logical development during the adolescent growthspurt. We analysed 420 left femora (240 boys and180 girls) aged between 9 and 14 years, based ontelemetries. size and shape variation of the femurwas quantified by 22 2D-landmarks and analysedin relation to age and sex using geometric morpho-metrics (GMM) procedures. Likewise, metrical va-riation of neck-shaft and bicondylar angles weredetermined and possible sexual dimorphism wasevaluated by student-t test. GMM analysis indica-ted that size and shape of the femur varied signifi-cantly with age, with males having largerdimensions than females. these changes are cha-racterised by an increase in the robustness of thebone and shape changes in the epiphyses. Duringgrowth, the size of the greater and lesser trochan-ters increase and the neck–shaft angle decreases.A significant increase of distal epiphyseal dimen-sions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle.in both sexes, the angular remodelling of the neckand the bicondylar regions continues until 14 years.the main age-related changes in the femur mor-phology of the boys correspond to the increase ofthe diaphyseal length and size of both trochanters,and in a lower extent to the angular remodelling of

the bone. Conversely, whereas the most importantmodification in girls is associated with the angularremodelling, the increase in diaphyseal length andfemur size is less evident. Female and male femureach followed divergent growth trajectories. Me-trical analysis indicated that males had a greater va-riability in neck–shaft and bicondylar angles thanfemales. in both sexes, the angular remodelling ofboth angles continued after femoral growth spurt.student-t test indicated sexual differences in bothangles from 10 years of age. our results on the ti-ming, morphological changes and growth trajecto-ries of the femur can be helpful in anthropological,paleoanthropological and evolutionary studies.


48

EVOLUTIONARY MODULARITY AND MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN THE HAPTORAL ANCHORS

STRUCTURES OF LIGOPHORUS SPP. (MONOGENEA, DACTYLOGYRIDAE)

A. rodríguez-González1*, r. Míguez-Lozano1, V. sarabeev2, J.A. balbuena1

1 Marine Zoology unit, Cavanilles institute of biodiversity and Evolutionary biology, science Park, universityof Valencia, P.o. box 22085, 46071 Valencia, spain.2 Department of biology, Zaporizhzhia national university, Zhukovskogo 66, 69063 Zhaporizhzhia, ukraine.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

An important question in the study of phe-notypic evolution is whether characters are inde-pendent of each other or behave and evolve asintegrated modules. Morphological integration andmodularity provide a powerful framework for theanalysis of the evolution of morphological traits.We used geometric morphometrics and phyloge-netic independent contrasts (PiC) to test four diffe-rent modularity hypotheses in the haptoral anchorsof 14 monogenean species of Ligophorus. integra-tion between the modular units identified was fur-ther evaluated with two-block partial least squaresanalysis. roots and points represented two modu-les in dorsal and ventral anchors but modularitywas not statistically supported when parasitephylogeny was accounted for, which may indicateconvergent evolution related to host characteristicsand gill morphology. by contrast, PiC revealed me-dial and lateral modules in ventral anchors only.Moreover and in line with previous studies, evi-dence for ventral and dorsal anchor pairs formingtwo, supporting the notion that they play differentfunctional roles. integration between all identifiedmodules was strong. We conclude that there is mo-dular structure in the anchors of Ligophorus spp.,adaptive and phylogenetic factors acting at diffe-

rent levels account for the modularity observed,and ventral and dorsal anchors evolve as integratedmodules with specific roles in attachment.

Contributions

49

STUDY OF THE ACETABULUM OF PRIMATES USING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS

M. san Millán1*, A. Kaliontzopoulou2, C. rissech3, D. turbón1

1 secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultatde biologia, universitat de barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, barcelona, spain.2 Cibio research Centre in biodiversity and Genetic resources, inbio, universidade do Porto, Campus Agráriode Vairão, rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.3 unitat de Anatomia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, universitat de Girona,17071, Girona, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the quantification and investigation of varia-tion in acetabular shape among primates has im-portant implications in anthropology, as it providesa better understanding of primate evolution. Geo-metric morphometrics has seen new developmentsand advancements, becoming an excellent tool tocompare biological structures. We developed aspecific protocol to photograph and examine theacetabular shape of primates, through two-dimen-sional geometric morphometrics procedures, andtested its performance by analysing intra- andinter-observer error. Following this protocol, weexamined variation across the acetabulae of 303primates of 40 extant species, including humans.the aim was to determine how acetabular shapeco-varies with locomotor behaviour, while takingboth intra- and inter-specific variation into account.the results revealed that several biological factors,such as size, sex, and phylogeny, had a significanteffect on acetabular shape variation. Most impor-tantly, after accounting for shape variation basedon these variables, acetabular shape was signifi-cantly different among locomotor groups. Due totheir singular acetabular shape, the two most dif-ferentiated locomotor groups are leapers and slow-climbing quadrupeds. Moreover, the acetabular

shape of bipeds differed significantly from the restof the locomotor groups. the acetabular regionsthat showed more shape variation among the pri-mates analysed, were cranial, dorsal, and aroundboth acetabular horns. thanks to the increasingnumber of fossil os coxae available, the associationfound between shape and function provide a usefulframework for future paleoanthropological analy-ses into the complex and poorly understood loco-motor behaviour of fossil primate specimens.


50

LIMB CO-VARIATION AND FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY IN THE MUS MUSCULUS HYBRID ZONE

n. skrabar1*, L.M. turner1, b. Harr1, L.F. Pallares1, D. tautz1

1 Department for Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck institute for Evolutionary biology, August-thienemann-straße 2, 24306 Plön, Germany.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

two subspecies of the house mouse—Mus

musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesti-

cus— form a narrow hybrid zone in central Europe.Hybridization may serve as a source of genetic va-riation for adaptive evolution. to discern whethera genetic difference is adaptive or not, it is impor-tant to consider how it influences the resulting phe-notype. natural hybrid zones have been shown tobe a suitable source for exploring the genetic basisof complex traits (turner & Harr, 2014), includingskeletal characters (Pallares et al., 2014).

Fore- and hind limb in tetrapods are seriallyhomologous structures that show patterns of co-variation produced by joint genes involved in limbdevelopment. Characters that co-vary due to sha-ring common developmental factors are explainedby morphological integration.

Furthermore, phenotypic variability could beaffected (increased) through reduction of develop-mental stability. it can result in small random diffe-rences in two sides of a bilaterally symmetricalcharacter of an organism that are produced by thesame genome (i.e. fluctuating asymmetry).

in this study, we investigate co-variation bet-ween and within fore- and hind limbs and fluctua-ting asymmetry in samples from the mouse hybrid

zone using 3D landmarks and geometric morpho-metrics. Further, we are performing a genome-wide asso¬ciation study (GWAs) in first generationlab-bred offspring of wild-caught hybrid mice toidentify loci associated with limb variation. We willreport on the first results of this analysis.

Pallares, L.F., Harr, b., turner, L.M., tautz, D. (2014). useof a natural hybrid zone for genomewide associationmapping of craniofacial traits in the house mouse.Molecular Ecology 23, 5756-5770.

turner, L.M., Harr, b. (2014). Genome-wide mapping in ahouse mouse hybrid zone reveals hybrid sterility lociand Dobzhansky-Muller interactions. eLife 3, e02504.

Contributions

51

GRASS PHYTOLITH SHAPE: A KEY TO EVOLUTION AND PALEOECOLOGY OF GRASSES AND GRASSLANDS

C.A.E. strömberg1,2*, E. Aboulafia3, W.H. brightly1,2, C. Crifò1,2, b. McManus3, C. o’Keefe1, A. schorr1,A. senske1

1 Department of biology, university of Washington, seattle, WA 98195, usA.2 burke Museum of natural History and Culture, university of Washington, seattle, WA 98195, usA.3 Department of Earth and space sciences, university of Washington, seattle, WA 98195, usA.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Phytoliths are microscopic silica bodies thatare produced in the tissues of many vascular plants.Grasses produce a diverse range of phytolith sha-pes, so-called grass silica short cells (GssC) that dis-tinguish them from phytoliths produced by otherplants. it has long been known that GssC shapesbroadly reflect grass classification, and these diffe-rences have been used in paleontology and ar-chaeology to reconstruct evolutionary divergenceswithin the grass family (Poaceae), grass communitycomposition in ancient (Cretaceous-Cenozoic) ecos-ystems, and human domestication of grasses. ne-vertheless, it remains unclear just how well GssCmorphology reflects relatedness among grasses inlight of the new, molecular-based Poaceae phylo-genies, which have drastically altered traditionalviews of grass relationships. in addition, previousstudies have focused mainly on two-dimensionalGssC shape categories, rather than trying to assessthree-dimensional shape quantitatively.

Here we attempt to establish a phylogeneti-cally-based, morphological phytolith key that takesinto account (1) the relative abundances of GssCshape categories (rondel, pyramidal, crenate/poly-lobate, saddle, bilobate, cross) produced by grassspecies, and (2) the detailed three-dimensional

shape variation within these categories. to do so,we study phytolith assemblages extracted frommodern grass species from across the Poaceaephylogeny. For each grass species, we first classifyeach GssC into a shape category and calculate therelative abundance distribution of these categories.second, we use high-resolution light-microscopyimages to collect landmark- and semilandmark datato quantitatively compare shapes within eachshape category. Preliminary data indicate that bothdistribution of GssC shape categories and detailedvariation within shape categories provide at leastcoarse distinctions between clades. Work is on-going to refine the method and add taxa to deter-mine the phylogenetic resolution of GssCphytoliths and test hypotheses about GssC shapeevolution.


52

COMPREHENSIVE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF WILD AND FARMED GILTHEAD SEABREAM

(SPARUS AURATA, L. 1758) IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA

i. talijančić1*, t. Šegvić-bubić1, L. Grubišić1, i. Katavić1, i. Žužul1

1 institute of oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište i. Meštrovića 63, 21000 split, Croatia.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the expansion of modern aquaculture in-dustry of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata and Eu-ropean sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax introducednew impacts on biota in form of escape of domes-ticated individuals from farms and their dispersalinto wild fish populations. interaction of wild andfarmed fish has led to scenarios with negative eco-logical and genetic consequences such as increasedpredation and competition for specific habitat andfood resources and unfavourable gene flows bet-ween reared and wild individuals. Escape events inthe last decade significantly increased the biomasscontribution of escapees to local habitats, and thusfisheries landings across Mediterranean, which ledto intentional mislabelling of farmed fish as wild onthe markets because of the difficulty to distinguishthem.

in this study, we evaluate possible ecologicalimpacts of escaped farmed gilthead sea bream inthe eastern Adriatic sea using morphometric fea-tures of body shape, which proved to be a fast, ac-curate and cost-effective diagnostic tool for rapidassessment in the field. A combination of classicalmeasurement scheme, truss network system, geo-metric morphometric and condition factor index isused in order to trace possible escapees among

wild populations through investigation of morpho-logical similarity/dissimilarity between eleven wildand three farmed groups of different stock origin.

We discuss the morphometric results of thesethree different methods used for population discri-mination in order to provide better guidelines forfish origin assessment and quantification of esca-pees in wild. the proposed tool is highly importantfor aquaculture industry (recapture strategy) aswell for environmental managers (genetic diversityprotection of native populations).

Contributions

53

ADDING PHYLOGENETIC TREES TO IMPROVE VIRTUAL RETRODEFORMATION: CERCOPITHECIDAE AS A

TEST CASE

M. tallman1,2*, n. Amenta3, E. Delson2,4, s.r. Frost2,5, D. Ghosh6, F.J. rohlf2,4,7

1 Grand Valley state university, llendale, Mi, usA.2 nyCEP Morphometrics Group, new york, ny, usA.3 university of California-Davis, Davis, CA, usA.4 College and Graduate Center/Cuny, American Museum of natural History, nyCEP, usA.5 university of oregon, Eugene, or, usA.6 stratovan Corp, sacramento, CA, usA.7 stony brook university, stony brook, ny, usA.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

three-dimensional shape analysis is increa-singly used to answer questions about functionalmorphology, paleoecology and phylogeny of fossiltaxa. Diagenetic shape change is a major obstaclefor the use of geometric morphometrics (as wellas more standard analytical approaches). retrode-formation is the process of returning a deformedfossil to its antemortem – or “pre-death” – shape.the techniques of simple reflection and averagingand the more recently published approach of al-gorithmic symmetrization both adjust for asymme-trical deformation. symmetrical deformation,however, remains a problem. Here we present apotential solution for addressing symmetrical de-formation in fossil crania using three-dimensionalmorphometric data in combination with assumedphylogenetic relationships to create hypothesesfor antemortem shape.

Dense patches of semilandmarks were collec-ted on surface scans of the crania of undeformedextant and fossil cercopithecids and mapped ontoa composite molecular phylogenetic tree with es-timated divergence dates. Hypothetical landmarkconfigurations representing all ancestral nodes andtransformations along branches were calculatedusing a squared-change parsimony model of (brow-

nian-motion) evolution. two mechanically defor-med casts of Papio hamadryas kindae crania ofknown antemortem shape were first retrodefor-med with algorithmic symmetrization (as in ourprevious work) and then fit onto the tree by findingthe place – or places – where Procrustes distancewas minimized.

three-dimensional models were generatedbased on the landmark configurations at those pla-ces and were used as templates to further correctthe symmetrical deformation present in the craniayielding a series of hypothetical reconstructions ofantemortem shape.Principal component analysesof a broad sample of extant cercopithecids indicatethat the hypothetical reconstructions fall within therange of extant variation of P. h. kindae. Permuta-tion tests of pairwise Procrustes distances amongthe extant taxa and retrodeformed models indicatethat the retrodeformed specimens are significantlymore similar to other P. h. kindae than to membersof any other taxon.


54

DENTAL MORPHOMETRIC EVOLUTION IN RECENT SPANISH POPULATIONS

s. torrijo-boix1*, A. romero1

1 Departamento de biotecnología, universidad de Alicante, 99 E-03080 Alicante, spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

teeth in modern humans differ in morpholo-gical traits. Quantitative genetics suggest that den-tal phenotypic variance among populations isinfluenced by random processes of founder effectand genetic drift. However, we have little evidenceabout the effect of ecological and nutritional fac-tors in the ontogenetic process and expression ofdental morphological characters. Here, we analy-zed first maxillary molars (M1) by means of geome-tric morphometrics to quantify crown morphologyand size in two diachronic spanish populationsfrom cemetery−derived (19th century, n=45) andcontemporary (21st century, n=39) individuals. oc-clusal surface digital images were captured fromhigh−resolution replicas. Dental shape and size (Cs)were extracted from the landmark configurationsusing generalized least−square Procrustes superim-position and subjected to multivariate analysis. re-sults show that both populations display significantshape−size variation. size-adjusted shape coordi-nates (AnCoVA) exhibited differences between po-pulations (P<0.01) especially when the present−daysubjects were compared to older ancestral molarcomplexity smaller in size. Further, cross-validateddiscriminant functions showed 90% of study sub-

jects correctly classified. in contrast to evolutionarydental reduction models, our findings suggest thatcurrent populations may have developed greatervariability in crown morphology as an inverse plas-tic response to micro−evolutionary and historicalevents, since tooth size is related to health weake-ning and shape as a measure of biological affinities.spanish people covered gradually their nutritionalrequirements after the 60’s, when an increase inmeat and milk products occur in dietary intake.therefore, the grater bio-availability of calcium sug-gests changes in developmental tooth processesand pleiotropic effects. A single selective pressurewould result in differential dental morphologicaltrends.

Contributions

55

MODELLING FLORAL EVOLUTION IN PELARGONIUM (GERANIACEAE)

s.J. van de Kerke1*, C. broek1, L. schat1, E. schranz1, F.t. bakker1

1 biosystematics Group, Wageningen university, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 Pb, Wageningen,the netherlands.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Floral evolution in the predominantly southAfrican Pelargonium clade (Geraniaceae) has resul-ted in a broad spectrum of shapes and syndromes,representing the use of several groups of pollina-tors. Whether pollinator switches may have drivenspeciation and hence clade size differences in thisgroup, remains to be tested (although preliminarydata on nectar spur lengths indicates it does).

in this study, we will focus on the evolution offloral shape and its relation to clade size and spe-ciation by morphometrically modelling floral diver-sity in Pelargonium. Floral morphologicaldifferences among Pelargonium species need to bequantified in order to assess transitions and trendsin, for instance, corolla shape, spur shape andlength, stamen orientation etc., and in order toidentify morphological equilibria and, possibly,‘avoided shapes’. We will use both 3D landmark ge-ometric modelling as well as morphogenesis mo-delling of selected series and clades of specieswithin the Pelargonium. results will be placed in aphylogenetic framework to test whether differentaspects of floral evolution have evolved in concertor independently, and how they may have drivenspeciation in this clade.

Here, we present preliminary results of a ge-ometric morphometric analysis on corolla shape fora number of Pelargonium species, based on a pho-togrammetry approach.


56

RELIABILITY OF ESTIMATING PHYLOGENIES FROM SHAPE AND SIMILAR MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA

C. Varón-González1*, s. Whelan2, C.P. Klingenberg1

1 Faculty of Life sciences, university of Manchester, Michael smith building, oxford road, Manchester M139Pt, united Kingdom.2 Dept. of Evolutionary biology, EbC, uppsala university, norbyägen 18D, 75236 uppsala, sweden.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

in recent years, there has been some contro-versy about whether multidimensional data suchas geometric morphometric data on shape or infor-mation on gene expression can be used for estima-ting phylogenies. this study addresses this questionwith simulations of evolution in multidimensionalphenotype spaces. the simulations use the four-taxon case, where there are just three possible treetopologies, and a comprehensive scheme to coverdifferent combinations of branch lengths. under anevolutionary model of isotropic brownian motion,phylogeny can be estimated reliably if dimensiona-lity is high. if phenotypic variation is integrated sothat most variation is concentrated in one or a fewdimensions, the reliability of phylogenetic estima-tes is seriously reduced, corresponding to the re-duced dimensionality of the data. taking intoaccount integration by using Mahalanobis distancein estimating phylogenies can restore phylogeneticreliability only in part, depending on the samplesize used to estimate patterns of integration. Evo-lutionary models with stabilizing selection produceunreliable estimates, which are little better thanpicking a phylogenetic tree at random. A best-casescenario with an evolutionary model of mutual re-pulsion among taxa produces reliable estimates of

phylogeny, but cannot be considered a realisticmodel of evolution in natural clades. overall, thesimulations suggest that multidimensional data,under plausible evolutionary models, do not pro-duce reliable estimates of phylogeny.

Contributions

57

ONTOGENTIC CHANGES IN SCAPULAR FORM IN FOSSORIAL WATER VOLES

J. Ventura1*, J. Martínez-Vargas1, F. Muñoz-Muñoz1

1 Departament de biologia Animal, de biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia, Facultat de biociències, universitatAutònoma de barcelona, Avinguda de l’Eix Central, Edifici C, E-08193 bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès),spain.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

in order to provide new information to disen-tangle the complex interaction between ontogene-tic and functional determinants of shape in themammalian scapula, we analysed the postnatalgrowth and morphological integration of this struc-ture in Arvicola scherman monticola, a water voletaxon with fossorial locomotion. scapulae belon-ging to 107 collection specimens assigned to fiveclasses of relative age were studied. seventeen bi-dimensional landmarks were digitised on imagescorresponding to the dorsal side of this structure.Program “MorphoJ” (version 1.06d) was used forgeometric morphometric analyses. scapular sizeand shape differed significantly between age clas-ses but not between sexes. twenty-six per cent ofshape variation was explained by size. After remo-ving the effect of size, shape differences related toage remained significant. Canonical variate analysisshowed that the main changes during postnatal on-togeny consisted in a general narrowing of the gle-noid-acromion region, a caudal expansion of theinfraspinous fossa and a broadening of the supras-pinous fossa. Most pronounced modificationsoccur during the first ten weeks of postnatal life.once individuals reach sexual maturity, scapularshape changes are relatively moderate. neverthe-

less, when a canonical discriminant analysis was ap-plied on individuals of age classes 4 and 5, notice-able age-related differences in scapular shape weredetected. Considering the insertion areas and func-tion of the scapular muscles, these differences canbe attributed to the remodeling of the scapula cau-sed by the intense digging activity during adul-thood. Analyses of rV coefficient revealed twosignificant modules: glenoid region-coracoid-acromion and lamina-scapular spine. this patternis concordant with the ossification process of thescapula, which indicates that the phenotypic inte-gration pattern associated with development is notsignificantly altered by function.


58

MODULARITY OR INTEGRATION OR BOTH? 3D ANALYSIS OF 21 GENERA OF FROGS DEMONSTRATES

PHYLOGENETIC CONSERVATISM IN SKULLS AND LABILITY IN LIMBS

M. Vidal-García1*, J.s. Keogh1

1 Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, research school of biology, the Australian national university, Canberra,ACt, Australia.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

Quantifying morphological diversificationacross taxa can provide valuable insight into evolu-tionary processes, yet the its complexities canmake it difficult to identify appropriate units forevaluation. one of the challenges in this field is dis-tinguishing between the morphological integrationand modularity hypotheses, where morphologicalevolution of different structures is explained eitherby co-variation between them, or by independentevolution respectively. Here we used a 3D geome-tric morphometric approach with x-ray micro Ctscan data of the skull and bones of fore-limbs andhind-limbs of representative species from all 21 ge-nera of the ancient Australo-Papuan myobatrachidfrogs, and analysed their shape both as a set of dis-tinct modules and as a multi-modular integrativestructure. We then tested three questions: (i) ismorphological disparity similar between the twomajor subfamilies, (ii) do skulls and limbs showdifferent levels of integration, and (iii) is shape va-riation correlated with locomotion, burrowing be-havior, and ecology. We found that morphologicaldisparity was similar in both species-rich subfami-lies. skull shape diversity was phylogenetically con-served, whereas limb shape was more associatedwith ecology, particularly in fossorial species. Mor-

phological differences between different limbbones were highly correlated, depicting high mor-phological integration. in contrast, overall limb andskull shape displayed semi-independence in mor-phological evolution, favouring the modularityhypothesis. our results show how form can be co-rrelated with function, with the evolution of limbshape being driven by selective pressures imposedby the environment and functional requirementsof locomotion and behaviour. our results also illus-trate how morphological evolution can display var-ying degrees of independence across differentmodules, and that quantifying this is crucial inorder to make accurate predictions of complex evo-lutionary processes.

Contributions

59

RIGID ROTATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES: STANDARDISED SPINNING PROCEDURE FOR

COMBINED SHAPE ANALYSES OF ARTICULATED 3D STRUCTURES WITH APPLICATION FOR GEOMETRIC

MORPHOMETRICS

M. Vidal-García1*, L. bandara2, J.s. Keogh1

1 Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, research school of biology, the Australian national university, Canberra,ACt, Australia.2 Department of Mathematical sciences, Chalmers university of technology and university of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, sweden.*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

the quantification of complex morphologicalpatterns typically involves comprehensive shapeand size analyses, usually obtained by gatheringmorphological data from all the structures thatcapture the phenotypic diversity in an organism orobject. Articulated structures are a critical compo-nent of overall phenotypic diversity, but data ga-thered from these structures is difficult toincorporate in to modern analyses. While there arealready described methods for analysing shape va-riation in articulated structures in two-Dimensio-nal (2D) space, these methods do not work in 3D,a rapidly growing area of capability and research.Here we describe a simple geometric rigid rotationapproach that removes the effect of random trans-lation and rotations, enabling the morphologicalanalysis of 3D articulated structures. our methodis based on Cartesian coordinates in 3D space so itcan be applied to any morphometric problem thatalso uses 3D coordinates (e.g. spherical harmo-nics). We demonstrate the method by applying itto a landmark-based data set for analysing shapevariation using geometric morphometrics. thismethod can be easily implemented in the com-monly used software programs Geomorph andMorphoJ. We believe our method will be a valua-

ble tool for 3D morphological analyses in articula-ted structures by allowing an exhaustive examina-tion of shape and size diversity.

Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont

Campus de la UBA

Mòdul ICP (Espina 83 bis parell)

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

0819 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés) Barcelona

Tel. 93 586 83 37

www.icp.cat

ii iberian symposium on geometric morphometrics i th l e i · 2016-06-09 · paleontologia i...

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