ihc protocol guide

IHC Products & Protocol Guide

R&D Systems Tools for Cell Biology Research™

IHC & ICC cover images using R&D Systems primary antibodies.

Delta-like 1 (DLL1) in Embryonic Rat Stomach

Catalog # AF3970

Wnt-2 in Human Stomach Cancer

Catalog # AF3464

Tie-2 in Embryonic Zebrafish

Catalog # AF928

Vanilloid R1 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion

Catalog # AF3066

Olig2 and Oligodendrocyte Marker O4 in Rat Cortical Stem Cells (RCSC)

Catalog # AF2418/MAB1326

IL-2 Receptor a in Mouse Spleen

Catalog # AF2438

Notch-2 in Rat Choroid Plexis

Catalog # AF1190

STAT6 in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)

Catalog # MAB2167

Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in Rat Liver

Catalog # AF3798

MESDC2 in Adult Mouse Testis

Catalog # AF4545

Meprin b Subunit in Mouse Intestine

Catalog # AF3300

GFAP in Rat Astrocytes

Catalog # AF2594

To view our continuously updated IHC/ICC image gallery, please visit our website at www.RnDSystems.com/go/IHCimages

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

Designing a Successful IHC/ICC Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Paraffin-embedded & Frozen TissuesCell Samples

Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Formaldehyde, Alcohols, & AcetoneFixation of TissuesFixation of Cultured Cells

Preventing Non-specific Staining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Preventing Non-specific Hydrophobic InteractionsPreventing Non-specific Ionic InteractionsEndogenous Enzyme InterferenceEndogenous Biotin Interference

Primary Antibody Selection & Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Selecting a Primary Antibody SupplierSelecting a Monoclonal or Polyclonal Antibody Affinity Purification of Polyclonal AntibodiesOptimization of Primary Antibody Incubation

Detection & Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8Direct or Indirect Detection, & AmplificationFluorescence Detection Chromogenic Detection

IHC/ICC Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Endogenous Tissue Background ControlNo Primary Antibody ControlIsotype ControlAbsorption ControlTissue Type ControlLimitations of Western Blot Comparisons

Antigen Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Antigen Retrieval TechniquesProtease-induced Epitope Retrieval (PIER)Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER)Optimization & Limitations

IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20

A. Making a 4% Formaldehyde Solution in PBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

B. Preparation of Gelatin-coated Slides for Histological Tissue Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

C. Chromogenic Staining of Tissue Sections Using HRP-DAB Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15

Slide Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chromogenic Staining Using HRP-DAB Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

D. IHC Staining of Tissue Sections Using Fluorescence Microscopy . . . . . 16

E. Antigen Retrieval Using Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER) . . . . 17

F. Preparation of Coverslips & Cell Fixation for ICC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

G. Fluorescent ICC Staining of Cultured Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

H. Preparation of a Cell Smear for Non-adherent Cell ICC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF R&D SYSTEMS IHC/ICC ANTIBODIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-108

SUPPLEMENTAL IHC/ICC REAGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109-112

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This guide provides an introduction to the techniques, protocols, and troubleshooting methods that lead to a successful immunohistochemistry (IHC) or immunocytochemistry (ICC) experiment. Contributors include scientists from R&D Systems IHC/ICC core facility who have experience qualifying thousands of antibodies for these applications, and R&D Systems expert technical service team who have guided researchers through a range of IHC/ICC-related issues.

US & Canada (800) 343-7475 | Europe +44 (0)1235 529449 | China +86 (21) 52380373 | www.RnDSystems.com 1

INTRODUCTION

Designing a Successful IHC/ICC Experiment

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) are techniques employed to localize antigen expression and are dependent on specific epitope-antibody interactions. IHC refers to the use of tissue sections, whereas ICC describes the use of cultured cells or cell suspensions. In both methods, positive staining is visualized using a molecular label, which can be fluorescent or chromogenic. Briefly, samples are fixed to preserve cellular integrity, and then subjected to incubation with blocking reagents to prevent non-specific binding of the antibodies. Samples are subsequently incubated with primary and secondary antibodies, and the signal is visualized for microscopic analysis.

Technically, IHC/ICC are relatively simple and straightforward experimental methods. However, there are many variables which must be recognized and optimized for each individual IHC/ICC study. The most challenging aspect of these techniques is determining the experimental conditions necessary to generate a strong and specific signal for each antigen of interest. For example, detection of an abundant protein in cultured cells may require a short fixation period, minimal blocking, and may be compatible with direct visualization using a flurochrome-conjugated primary antibody. In contrast, detection of a phosphorylation-dependent epitope in a section of frozen tissue may require antigen retrieval and be dependent on amplified chromogenic visualization. This guide provides information on the IHC/ICC variables listed below and is intended to assist in the design, optimization, and troubleshooting of IHC/ICC experiments.

2 For research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

A. B.

Examples of Fluorescence Detection by IHC & ICC. A. Fluorescence detection by IHC was used to visualize V-set and Ig domain-containing protein 1 (VSIG1) in a frozen section of human testis using anti-human VSIG1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4818). Tissue was stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-sheep IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). B. Fluorescence detection was used to measure Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) expression in differentiating cultures of rat cortical stem cells using anti-human GFAP affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2594). The cells were stained using anti-sheep NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

A. B.

Examples of Chromogenic Detection by IHC & ICC. A. Chromogenic detection of Interferon Regulator Transcription Factor 8 (IRF8) expression in paraffin-embedded human lymphoma tis-sue section using anti-human IRF8 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5117). The tissue was stained using the anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). B. Chromogenic detection of IFN-g ex-pression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, stimulated with calcium ionomycin (0.5 mg/mL) and PMA (50 ng/mL), using anti-human IFN-g affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF285). The cells were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

VARIABLES FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN & OPTIMIZATIONVARIABLE FACTORS

Antigen Species, expression levels, sample types, & subcellular location

Epitope Dependence on conformation or post-translation modification

Sample Type Tissue or cells

Sample PreparationTissue: embedded or frozen

Cells: adhered cell cultures or cell suspensions

Appropriate Controls No primary antibody, isotype control, absorption control, tissue type control

Fixation Method Perfusion or immersion (with or without freezing)

Fixative* Formaldehyde, alcohols, or acetone

Blocking Reagent* Normal serum, bovine serum albumin (BSA), or non-fat milk

Antigen Retrieval* Protease-induced Epitope Retrieval (PIER) or Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER)

Detection Method Direct or indirect (with or without amplification)

Primary Antibody* Monoclonal or polyclonal

Secondary Antibody* Species and label

Labeling Method Fluorescence or chromogenic

LabelFluorochromes and spectral properties

Chromogens: 3,3' Diaminobenzidine (DAB), 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC)

Counterstain*Fluorescence: 4,6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)

Chromogenic: hematoxylin

Mounting ReagentFluorescence: anti-fade mounting medium

Chromogenic: aqueous mounting medium

Visualization & Analysis Fluorescence microscope or standard light microscope

* These variables require optimization of additional factors including concentration, pH, temperature, incubation time, and diluent.

This table is not intended to be comprehensive but represents the most commonly applied IHC/ICC methods at R&D Systems.

INTRODUCTION

Sample Preparation

Tissue and cell samples must be appropriately harvested and prepared for each IHC/ICC study. To facilitate the required incubation steps, whole tissues must be cut into ultra thin (5-10 mm) sections or cut into smaller pieces for whole mount IHC. For ICC experiments, cells must be attached to a microscope slide or coverslip before commencing the staining procedure. Sample preparation is also intimately linked to the method of fixation, which in turn is influenced by the desired detection technique (fluorescence versus chromo genic). In most circumstances, one experimental variable will determine the most appropriate method of sample preparation. For example, tissue that is immersion-fixed in formaldehyde must be paraffin-embedded and cut using a microtome. Alternatively, to detect a phosphorylation-dependent epitope, tissue may need to be snap frozen, which requires a cryostat for sample sectioning followed by alcohol fixation.


Paraffin-embedded TissueParaffin embedding offers the best option for long-term preservation of tissue samples. Tissue must be fixed before being embedded in paraffin. Fixation can be achieved by perfusion or immersion immediately following dissection, and typically requires 4-24 hours. It is not recommended to fix tissue for more than 24 hours because overfixation can cause masking of the antigen (see page 10). If necessary, tissues can be transferred to alcohol after fixation until there is time for the embedding process.

Because paraffin is immiscible with water, tissue must be dehydrated be-fore adding molten paraffin wax. Dehydration is achieved by immersion in increasing concentrations of alcohol. This approach allows for a gradual change in hydropho bicity and minimizes cell damage. Following dehydration, the tissue is incubated with xylene to clear any remaining ethanol. Paraffin is typi cally heated to 60 ˚C for embedding and is subsequently allowed to harden overnight. The tissue is subsequently cut with a sharp blade into ultra thin slices using a microtome. Sections are then dried onto micro scope slides and can be stored at room temperature for extended periods of time. Tissue sections must be rehydrated before commencing the IHC/ICC protocol (see page 14). Paraffin is the cheapest and most commonly used substance for tissue embedding. However, tissue can also be embedded in plastic, which sets harder and allows thinner tissue sections (1.5 mm versus 5 mm).

Frozen TissueOne of the benefits of frozen tissue samples is the time saved by omitting the initial fixation step required for paraffin-embedded tissue. Snap freezing can be particularly beneficial when detecting post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Frozen tissue can be prepared by immersing the tissue in liquid nitrogen or isopentane, or by burying it in dry ice. For frozen samples, a short fixation is done after freezing and sectioning. Frozen tissue sec tions are most often fixed using alcohol, which avoids the possible requirement to retrieve epitopes masked by formaldehyde cross-linking. Frozen tissue is cut on a cryostat and sections can be stored at - 80 ˚C for up to 1 year.

Frozen tissue sections can be processed in a shorter amount of time than paraffin-embedded sections. However, freezing is not adequate for long-term preservation of the tissues and the formation of ice crystals within the cells may negatively affect subcellular detail. In addition, frozen sections are often thicker than paraffin sections. This can increase the potential for lower microscopic resolution and poor images of tissue morphology. Because frozen tissue often retains enzymatic activities, blocking the functions of endogenous enzymes that may affect the IHC detection method is also particularly important (see page 5).

Cell SamplesTo perform ICC studies, the cells must first be attached to a solid support, such as a microscope slide or coverslip. This is simple with adherent cells, which can be grown directly on high-grade, sterilized coverslips placed on the bottom of a 6- or 24-well plate. Cell adhesion can be enhanced by pre-coating the coverslip with a charged polymer like Poly-L-Lysine and/or an extracellular matrix protein such as Laminin, Fibronectin, or Collagen. All steps of the staining process can be performed with the coverslip in the microplate by adding the appropriate solution to each well and removing solutions by aspiration. Cells in suspension can be adhered to a slide by Cytospin® centrifugation or by a 10 minute incubation of the cells on slides that have been coated with Poly-L-Lysine.

Note: It is important to be able to recognize artifacts of poorly prepared samples in order to properly interpret results. For example, folds or tears in the tissue, or bubbles between the tissue/cells and the slide, can collect staining reagents non-specifically and obscure positive staining or lead to false-positive signals.

TISSUE

Paraffin-embedded Frozen

FIXATION Pre-embedding Post-sectioning

SECTIONING Microtome Cryostat

STORAGE Multiple years at room temperature 1 year at - 80 ˚C

ADVANTAGES Preserves tissue morphology Preserves enzyme and antigen function

LIMITATIONS Overfixation can mask the epitope Formation of ice crystals may negatively affect tissue structure

IHC SAMPLE PREPARATION COMPARISON

Cytospin is a registered trademark of Thermo Electron Corporation.

INTRODUCTION

Fixation

All samples used in IHC/ICC experiments must be fixed to preserve tissue morphology and retain the antigenicity of the target molecules. Fixation alters the chemical composition of tissues and often requires a compromise between preserving tissue structure and preserving the epitope. Incomplete fixation (underfixation) of cells or tissues may allow rapid proteolytic degradation of target proteins within the tissue and can reduce specific immunoreactivity. However, excessive fixation (overfixation) may result in masking of the epitope or in strong non-specific background staining that can obscure specific labeling. As discussed in the previous section, the method and timing of fixation must be considered in terms of sample preparation. In addition, duration, temperature, and pH will all affect the degree of fixation.

FormaldehydeFormaldehyde is the most common fixative used to preserve protein targets within tissues and cells. Formaldehyde-mediated tissue fixation is thought to be dependent on the formation of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid cross-links involving methylene bridges (-CH2-). Formaldehyde can chemically link NH2 (amino) and CONH (peptide) groups, NH2 and NH, or NH2 and NH2 groups.

Formaldehyde is a good choice for most IHC/ICC applications but is not a universal fixative. Overfixation with formaldehyde can modify the amino acids that are part of an epitope and can block an antibody from binding to it. However, in most cases the epitope can be unmasked to restore antibody bind ing using antigen retrieval techniques (see page 10). Formaldehyde has been shown to induce intracellular translocation of phosphorylation-dependent epitopes from the membrane to the cytoplasm. In situations like this, ice cold absolute methanol or absolute ethanol are appropriate alternative fixatives.

Note: Although there are many different fixatives available, formaldehyde is the most commonly used, and is an appropriate starting point for most IHC/ICC experiments. Formaldehyde-based solutions should be aliquoted and frozen, or stored at 4-8 ˚C for no longer than one month. See page 12 for a protocol for making a typical 4% formaldehyde solution.

AlcoholsThe most popular alcohols used for cell and tissue fixation are methanol and ethanol. The molecular structures of methanol and ethanol closely resemble that of water. Therefore, they compete with water for protein hydrogen bonds, replacing water molecules in tissues. This causes pro-teins to precipitate at their isoelectric points by reducing their dielectric constant, and can block antibody-epitope binding due to changes in conformation. While alcohols affect the tertiary structure of proteins by breaking hydrophobic bonds, it appears that they can stabilize the secondary structure of proteins.

However, it is generally thought that alcohols do not preserve tissue morphology as well as formaldehyde-based fixatives. Alcohols do not penetrate as well as formaldehyde and are primarily used to fix frozen tissue sections and cells. Consequently, alcohol fixation is more suitable for membrane surface antigens. Antigen retrieval is not recommended following alcohol fixation as it is generally considered too harsh and will likely compromise the integrity of the tissue sections or cells.

AcetoneAcetone is a strong dehydrating agent, which can cause irreversible pre-cipitation of tissue proteins. It is usually used on sections of unfixed, snap-frozen tissues, followed by fixation with alcohols or formaldehyde.

Fixation of Tissues Whole animal perfusion fixation is often the best way to preserve antigens when studying intact tissues of small animals such as mice, rats, and guinea pigs. It involves replacing the animal’s systemic blood with a fixative solution. However, whole animal perfusion may not be sufficient to fix the tissues of interest. In cases such as these, dissected tissues can be immersed in the fixative. For example, 4% formaldehyde in PBS is a commonly used solution for perfusion and immersion fixation of tissues.

To enhance penetration of the fixative during immersion fixation, it is recommended that tissues be no thicker than 10 mm. For complete fix a tion, the volume of the fixative should be 50-100 times larger than the volume of the tissue. Fixation is usually achieved at room temperature for 4-24 hours. It is very important to optimize fixation conditions since underfixation or overfixation may reduce or abolish tissue immunoreac tivity.

Fixation of Cultured CellsIn contrast to tissue samples, cultured cells can be fixed for a shorter period of time with a less concentrated fixative solution. For example, fix-ation with a 2% formaldehyde solution for 20 minutes at room tempera-ture is often sufficient to preserve both cellular morphology and antigenicity.

Fixation of cultured cells is usually achieved by simply discarding the culture medium and adding the fixative solution. However, the change in surface tension following removal of the culture medium can damage some cell types. If this is the case, the fixative can be added directly into the culture medium. For example, adding the same volume of 4% form-aldehyde as the volume of culture medium will result in a 2% formalde-hyde solution, which is strong enough to pre-fix the cells. After 2 minutes, the pre-fixation culture medium should be replaced with a fresh volume of 2% fixative. The pre-fixation step makes the cells more rigid so they can withstand any potential deleterious effects created by changes in surface tension.

Note: Fixa tion can result in hydrophobic cross-linking of tissue proteins. The time, temperature, pH, and fixative used will determine the degree of cross-linking. Once the fixation protocol has been optimized, the same pro cedure should be used consistently.


INTRODUCTION

Preventing Non-specific Staining

Once the tissue or cell samples have been appropriately prepared and fixed, the samples are ready to be stained. All IHC/ICC studies are dependent on specific antibody-epitope binding, which is governed by hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and other intermolecular forces. However, the same attractive forces can also result in non-specific staining, i.e. binding of the primary antibody to amino acids other than those within the desired epitope of the antigen. This is a common problem that occurs in IHC/ICC experiments. The challenge is to reduce non-specific interactions without impairing antibody-epitope binding. Causes of non-specific staining include interactions of the primary and secondary antibodies with serum proteins, ionic interactions between antibodies and tissues, and interactions with endogenous molecules capable of affecting the IHC detection system used. These issues can result in high background and an inability to visualize the antigen of interest in its appropriate cellular location. Staining problems of this type can be addressed by blocking non-specific interactions using a blocking reagent. These steps are performed prior to incubation of the sample with the primary antibody.

Preventing Non-specific Hydrophobic InteractionsAlthough hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in epitope-antibody binding, these forces can also promote non-specific binding. Most proteins have some degree of hydrophobicity due to the neutral side chains of several amino acids. Tissue incubation with heat-inactivated normal serum or bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common procedure used to reduce non-specific hydrophobic binding. Selection of the type of normal serum is important to prevent interactions with the primary or secondary antibodies, or with the tissues/cells being stained. For example, goat serum would not be advised as a blocking reagent for use with a goat-derived primary antibody. Instead, a serum identical to the host animal of the secondary antibody or from an unrelated species is recommended. BSA and non-fat dry milk are also frequently used as blocking reagents. One of these reagents is typically included in the diluents for the primary and secondary antibodies. The addition of non-ionic detergents including 0.3% Triton X-100™ or Tween 20™ can also reduce non-specific hydrophobic interactions.

Preventing Non-specific Ionic InteractionsIf the antibody employed and the target tissue have net opposite charge, ionic interactions can cause non-specific background staining. For ex-ample, non-specific staining may be due to attraction between opposing carboxyl and amino groups. Van der Waals forces, weak electrostatic interactions between dipolar molecules, can also contribute. Increasing the ionic strength of the fixative and/or the antibody diluent buffer can reduce ionic interactions. However, epitope-antibody binding is common-ly dependent on ionic forces, so this approach also has the potential to

negatively impact staining specificity. Due to their single epitope speci-ficity, increasing ionic strength is more likely to impair monoclonal than polyclonal antibody performance.

Endogenous Enzyme InterferenceChromogenic detection methods often use a conjugated enzyme to vis-ualize epitope-antibody interactions. When using this method of detection, the endogenous activity of the same enzyme must be blocked. For example, protocols that include horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phospha-tase (AP) may require reagents to prevent non-specific signals. Tissues such as kidney, liver, or vascular areas with red blood cells, contain endogenous peroxidase activity. Peroxidase blocking reagents formulated with 3-10% H2O2 can be used to prevent endogenous peroxidase from cleaving the substrate. Endogenous AP found in intestine, kidney, lymphoid and other tissue can be blocked with 1 mM Levamisole. The intestinal form of AP is unaffected by Levamisole but can be blocked by using 1% acetic acid.

Endogenous Biotin InterferenceStreptavidin binding to a biotinylated primary or secondary antibody is another common detection system that is utilized for IHC/ICC experiments (see page 7). Therefore endogenous biotin must be blocked before strep ta-vidin incubation. Endogenous biotin is found in many tissues including liver, kidney, heart, brain, and lung. Pre-incubation of the sample with avidin is routinely used to block endogenous biotin. This must be followed by a sub-sequent incubation with biotin to block additional biotin binding sites on the avidin molecule. Following these biotin/avidin blocking steps, the sample can be incubat ed with the primary antibody.


Quenching Endogenous Peroxidase Activity. A. Failing to quench endogenous peroxidase prior to staining produced a false positive signal in sections of human kidney. Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown). B. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched in the same tissue using 3% H2O2 in methanol for 15 minutes at room temperature prior to staining.

A. B.A. B.

Triton X-100 is a trademark of Dow Chemical Corporation. Tween is a trademark of ICI Americas.

Blocking Non-specific Binding with Serum. A. CD14 was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-man tonsil tissue using anti-human CD14 biotinylated affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # BAF383). Tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using high sensitivity streptavidin conjugated to HRP (HSS-HRP) and DAB, and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). B. Non-specific background staining is markedly reduced in a parallel experiment which included a blocking step using animal serum for 15 minutes at room temperature prior to incubation with the primary anti-body. HSS-HRP and animal blocking serums are included in all R&D Systems Cell and Tissue Staining Kits (see page 112 for available kits).

Selecting a Primary Antibody SupplierWhen searching for a primary antibody, it is likely that products will be available from several different commercial sources that may offer varying degrees of antibody quality. This initial choice can make the difference between a successful experiment and a missed opportunity. A first step is to look for independent verification. This includes checking for prior successful use of the antibody in the literature. Many commercial suppliers, including R&D Systems, can provide assistance to researchers looking for this information. Another potential question to ask is whether the antibody is actually manufactured by the supplier or is it purchased and resold? Purchasing direct ensures the commercial source has had complete control of manufacturing, quality control processes, and shipping and storage conditions. In addition, the manufacturer may be in the best position to provide quality technical service should questions arise about the use of the antibody.

Selecting a Monoclonal or Polyclonal AntibodyThe inherent features of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are as-sociated with advantages and limitations when applied to IHC/ICC. Mono-clonal antibodies, produced from a single B cell clone, represent a homo-geneous population that bind with high affinity and specificity to a single epitope. This can be particularly useful when detecting a single member of a protein family that shares a high percentage of amino acid identity.

Antibody binding is often dependent on the target protein maintaining its native conformational state. Access to a desired epitope can be com-promised by interactions with other proteins, post-translational modifica-tions, temperature, pH, fixation, and salt concen tration. Because polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and can recognize multiple epitopes, they are less likely to be affected by changes in protein conformation. In general, polyclonal antibodies are also more stable than monoclonal antibodies over a range of pH and salt concentration. For these reasons, polyclonal anti-bodies are more frequently used for IHC/ICC experiments than monoclonal antibodies.

Affinity Purification of Polyclonal AntibodiesPolyclonal antiserum contains a mixture of antibodies produced by a large number of B cell clones. Antibodies comprising polyclonal antiserum bind to target epitopes with different specificities and affinities, as well as cross-react with irrelevant target molecules (non-specific interactions). To enrich for antibodies with the highest specificity and affinity toward the antigen of interest, R&D Systems polyclonal antibodies are antigen affinity purified. During this process polyclonal antiserum is passed through an affinity column containing immobilized antigen molecules. Specific antibodies are retained by the immobilized antigen, whereas non-specific anti bodies pass through the column and are discarded. The retained antigen affinity purified antibodies are subsequently eluted from the column. Antigen af-finity purified antibodies interact predominantly with their target antigen,

reduce background staining, and produce more consistent results com-pared to non-purified antibodies.

Optimization of Primary Antibody IncubationPrimary antibody concentration, diluent, incubation time, and temperature all impact the quality of staining. These variables need to be optimized for each antibody and sample to achieve specific staining and low background. Often optimization is approached by maintaining a constant incubation time and temperature, while varying the antibody concentration to deter-mine when an optimal signal is achieved with low background noise. For example, if a high affinity antibody is used, then the antibody can be used at a relatively high concentration for a shorter incubation time. Alter natively, a high affinity antibody at lower antibody concentration may be used with a longer incubation time. Longer incubation durations are often employed to ensure penetration throughout tissue sections used for stereological tech niques. To promote specific staining, longer incubation periods are often conducted at lower temperatures (i.e. 4 ˚C versus room temperature).

Optimization of R&D Systems staining protocols for tissue sections typi-cally begin with an overnight incubation with the primary antibody at 4 ̊ C. For staining cells, a 1 hour incubation with the primary antibody at room temperature is a common starting point. The working dilution of an anti-gen affinity purified polyclonal antibody is generally lower (from 1.7-15 mg/mL) than that of a monoclonal antibody (5-25 mg/mL). When comparing samples stained with different concentrations of the same antibody, it is im portant to use a consistent time and temperature for the incubation step. When working with a new antibody for the first time, it is recom-mended to conduct preliminary studies testing a broad range of antibody concentrations.

Polyclonal Antibody BindingMonoclonal Antibody Binding

Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibody Binding. Monoclonal antibodies bind only a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies bind different epitopes on the same protein,

Primary Antibody Selection & Optimization

The most important factor when designing an IHC/ICC experiment is selection of the primary antibody. In turn, the critical feature of a primary antibody is specificity for the epitope. All steps of an IHC/ICC experiment must be optimized to visualize specific staining and minimize non-specific background signals. This includes performing initial studies to determine the appropriate incubation conditions for each primary antibody. The working dilution for an antigen affinity-purified polyclonal antibody is generally lower than that of a monoclonal antibody but these values must be determined empirically. To achieve a robust and specific signal, a high quality antibody that exhibits minimal cross-reactivity should be employed.

INTRODUCTION


SAMPLEANTIBODY

Monoclonal Polyclonal

Tissue 5-25 mg/mL, overnight at 4 ˚C 1.7-15 mg/mL, overnight at 4 ˚C

Cells 5-25 mg/mL, 1 hour at room temperature 1.7-15 mg/mL, 1 hour at room temperature

Advantage Single epitope specificity Lower concentration required

Limitation Vulnerable to epitope masking Heterogeneous population

STARTING CONDITIONS FOR PRIMARY ANTIBODY INCUBATION

INTRODUCTION


Detection & Visualization

Following incubation with the primary antibody, antibody binding is visualized using an appropriate detection system. The method of detection can be direct or indirect, and may generate a fluorescent or chromogenic signal. Direct detection involves the use of primary antibodies that are directly conjugated to a label. Indirect detection methods utilize a labeled secondary antibody raised against the primary antibody host species. Indirect methods can also include amplification steps to increase signal intensity. Commonly used labels for the visualization of epitope-antibody interactions include fluorophores and enzymes that convert soluble substrates into insoluble, chromogenic end products. The choice of label is affected by the detection method employed, personal preference, and the type microscope equipment that is available

Direct or Indirect Detection, & AmplificationThe choice of whether to use direct or indirect detection is often dictated by the level of antigen expression. For example, detection of a highly expressed epitope might be possible using a primary antibody directly conjugated to a label. Advantages of direct detection include the ease of use for multicolor staining and the elimination of concerns regarding non-specific binding of the secondary antibody. The major disadvantage is that direct detection may lack the sensitivity required to visualize lower expression levels. In rare cases the conjugation process may also have a negative impact on the affinity of the primary antibody.

In contrast, indirect detection methods generally have a higher level of sensitivity and generate a more intense signal. The signal is amplified us ing the indirect method because of the potential for at least two labeled secondary antibodies to bind to each primary antibody. However, the use of a secondary antibody requires extra blocking steps and additional controls.

Further amplification of the signal can be achieved by taking advantage of the strong affinity of avidin and streptavidin to bind biotin. Avidin is a glycopro tein in egg white that combines stoichiometrically with biotin. Streptavidin is purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii, is not glycosylated, and exhibits lower non-specific binding than avidin. Both proteins bind four biotins per molecule. If a biotinylated secondary anti-body is employed, the signal can be significantly amplified by subsequent incubation with an avidin-biotin complex (ABC Method), or labeled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB Method). Streptavidin may be conju gated to a detection enzyme (i.e. horseradish peroxidase or alka line phosphatase) or fluorochrome. Using these amplification methods requires additional steps to prevent non-specific binding (see page 5).

DETECTION METHODS & SIGNAL INTENSITYDIRECT

ADVANTAGE LIMITATION

Good for multicolor labeling Lower sensitivity

INDIRECT


Higher sensitivity Potential non-specific binding of secondary antibodies

AMPLIFICATION – ABC METHOD


Increased signal intensity Requires additional time & controls

AMPLIFICATION – LSAB METHOD


Increased signal intensity Requires additional time & controls

KEY: Antigen

Primary Antibody

Secondary Antibody

Label

Avidin/Streptavidin

Biotin

Fluorescence Detection Fluorescence detection is based on the use of fluorochromes that emit light when excited by light of a shorter wavelength. The fluorochrome can be conjugated directly to the primary or secondary antibody, or to streptavidin. Immunofluorescence is commonly used for the simultaneous visualization of multiple cellular targets. For example, tissues can be incubated with a mixture of different primary antibodies followed by incubation with secondary reagents conjugated to fluorochromes that emit light at different wavelengths.

Multicolor experiments must be designed to limit cross-reactivity between the detection reagents and crossover between the spectral properties of the fluorochromes being used. To limit cross-reactivity between secondary reagents, the primary antibodies should be derived from different species. This allows for the use of species-specific secondary antibodies that recognize only one primary antibody. However, there may be some instances when it is necessary to simultaneously use antibodies from the same species. This can be achieved using a biotinylated form of one of the primary antibodies. When using this technique, tissues must be incubated with the non-biotinylated antibody first, followed by incubation with the fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. The tissues are then incubated with the biotinylated primary antibody followed by incubation with a streptavidin-conjugated fluorochrome. This approach will ensure that the streptavidin conjugate will only bind the biotinylated antibody, limiting cross-reactivity.

Chromogenic DetectionTo facilitate chromogenic detection, the primary antibody, secondary anti-body, or streptavidin is conjugated to an enzyme. When a soluble organic substrate is applied, the enzyme reacts with the substrate to generate an insoluble colored product that is localized to the sites of antigen expression. Commonly used enzymes include horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and al kaline phosphatase, which convert 3,3' diaminobenzidine (DAB) and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC), into brown and red end prod ucts, re-spectively. DAB is more commonly used than AEC since the latter is soluble in alcohol and is more prone to fade when exposed to excessive light. Aqueous counterstain and mounting media must be used with AEC.

Chromogenic detection is considered to be more sensitive than that of immunofluorescence, but is less convenient because it includes more incubation and blocking steps. Like immunofluorescence, chromogenic detection allows for the visualization of multiple antigens, but only if the antigens are confined to different locations in the cell and tissue because overlapping colors may obscure results. An advantage of DAB chromogen-ic staining is that the colored precipitate formed during the reaction between HRP and DAB is not sensitive to light and the slides can be stored for many years. Unlike fluorescence microscopy, which requires a specialized light source and filter sets, chromogenic techniques require only a typical light microscope.

Emission Filter

Dichroic Mirror

Sample

TYPICAL FLUORESCENCEFILTER SET

Excitation Filter

ExcitationLight

Source

Detection

Multicolor Fluorescence Microscopy. A typical immunofluorescence setup that depicts the light source, a suitable filter set for the fluorochrome of interest, and a detection mechanism.

R&D Systems NorthernLights™ Fluorochromes have Non-overlapping Spectral Proper-ties that make them Ideal for Multicolor IHC and ICC. A. Emission curves for Northern-Lights-493 anti-goat IgG (Catalog # NL003; green) and NorthernLights-557 anti-mouse IgG (Catalog # NL007; red). B. Multicolor detection of Nestin and b-III Tubulin in rat cortical stem cells (Catalog # NSC001) using anti-rat Nestin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2736; green) and anti-neuron specific b-III Tubulin monoclonal (clone TuJ-1) antibody (Cata-log # MAB1195; red). Cells were stained with NorthernLights-493 (Catalog # NL003; green) and NorthernLights-557 (Catalog # NL007; red) secondary antibodies and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Emiss

ion

Inte

nsity

Wavelength (nm)

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

INTRODUCTION


A.

B.

NorthernLights is a trademark of R&D Systems.

INTRODUCTION


Endogenous Tissue Background Control Certain cells and tissues may have inherent biological properties resulting in background staining that could lead to a misinterpretation of the re-sults. Before applying primary antibodies, cells and tissues should be in-spected under the microscope using either fluorescence (for fluores cent labels) or bright-field (for chromogenic labels) illumination to ensure there is no signal inherent to the tissue itself. For instance, lipofuscin is an endogenous autofluorescent pigment that can be confused with positive staining.

No Primary Antibody Control A control in which the tissue is incubated with antibody diluent, without the primary anti body included, is always necessary. This is followed by incubation with secondary antibodies and detection reagents. Staining with detection reagents alone should be negligible to the point that it does not obscure specific staining or resemble the specific staining pattern.

Isotype Control This control can be utilized when working with monoclonal primary antibodies. The sample is incubated with antibody diluent, supplemented with a non-immune immuno globulin of the same isotype (for example, IgG1, IgG2A, IgG2B, IgM) and concentration as the primary monoclonal anti-body. The sample is then incubated with the secondary antibody and de-tection reagents. These steps will help ensure that what appears to be spe cific staining was not caused by non-specific interactions of immuno-globulin molecules with the sample. Background staining should be neg-ligible and not resemble specific staining.

Absorption Control To demonstrate that an antibody is binding specifically to the antigen of interest, it is first pre-incubated with the immunogen. This should inactivate the antibody and the tissue should show little or no staining.

The antigen to antibody mixture should be made at a working dilution of 10:1 (molar ratio) and be pre-incubated overnight at 4 ̊ C. The pre-absorbed antibody can then be incubated with tissue in place of the primary antibody alone. The staining pattern produced by the primary anti body can be compared to that produced by the pre-absorbed antibody.

Absorption controls work better if the immunogens are peptides. However, if antibodies were raised against the whole protein, addition of the mixture of antibody plus protein may result in higher non-specific staining. Although the mechanism is unclear, the antigen used for pre-absorption may itself bind to the tissue and result in non-specific staining. Thus, it is important to note that an absorption control using whole protein may not always confirm the specificity of an antibody for the protein in the tissue.

Tissue Type Control Additional controls for IHC/ICC experiments include using tissue samples that are known to express (or not express) the epitope of interest. This strategy can provide a useful reference and may also be utilized during initial optimization studies. Tissue from transgenic animals that overexpress or do not express the antigen can be particularly useful. In addition, tissue samples from different species can be included to support the species-specificity of an antibody.

Limitations of Western Blot ComparisonsWestern blot experiments are often conducted to complement and support IHC/ICC studies. However, changes in protein conformation during denaturation can result in potentially misleading results. For a given antibody, inconsistent results between Western blot and IHC/ICC studies may simply reflect differences in the experimental conditions employed. Since multiple epitopes are recognized, polyclonal antibodies are less vulnerable to such experimental artifacts.

IHC/ICC Controls

Appropriate controls are critical for the accurate interpretation of IHC/ICC results. A satisfactory IHC/ICC experimental design produces results that demonstrate that the antigen is localized to the correct specialized tissues, cell types, or subcellular location. Optimization of fixation, blocking, antibody incubation, and antigen retrieval steps will generate a strong and specific signal. However, IHC/ICC experiments must include positive and negative controls to support the validity of staining and identify experimental artifacts. In addition, variances in antibody specificity, experimental conditions, biological conditions between tissue types, and even researchers may generate inconsistent staining and lead to inaccurate conclusions. To facilitate consistent performance, detailed record keeping is an important factor for IHC/ICC studies. Here, we describe several established controls that can be used to support the specificity of your IHC/ICC results.

A. B.

Absorption Control in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion. A. A cryostat section of rat dorsal root ganglion stained for phospho-MSK1 (S212) using anti-human Phospho-MSK1 (S212) affinity purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1036). B. Nuclear staining (indicated by arrows) is abolished if the antibody is first pre-absorbed with the S212 phosphorylated immunogen.

A. B. C.

Lipofuscin Background in Nervous System Tissue. Lipofuscin is a pigment that accumulates with age in many tissue types. It also has autofluorescent properties that overlap with the exci-tation and emission spectra of commonly used fluorochromes. Circled in the micrographs above are lipofuscin-containing neurons that may appear labeled using either bright-field microscopy (A) or fluorescence microscopy in the green (B) and red spectrums (C).

INTRODUCTION


Antigen Retrieval

Although fixation is essential for the preservation of tissue morphology, this process can also have a negative impact on IHC/ICC detection. Fixation can alter protein biochemistry such that the epitope of interest is masked and can no longer bind to the primary antibody. Masking of the epitope can be caused by cross-linking of amino acids within the epitope, cross-linking unrelated peptides at or near an epitope, altering the conformation of an epitope, or altering the electrostatic charge of the antigen. Antigen retrieval refers to any technique in which the masking of an epitope is reversed and epitope-antibody binding is restored.

Antigen Retrieval TechniquesThe need for antigen retrieval depends on multiple variables, including but not limited to, the target antigen, the antibody used, the type of tissue, and the method and duration of fixation. Because they recognize multiple epitopes, polyclonal antibodies are more likely than monoclonal antibod-ies to de tect a given antigen without the use of antigen retrieval techniques.

There are multiple techniques to restore the immunoreactivity of an epitope. Methods as simple as changing the pH or the cation concentration of the antibody diluent can influence the affinity of an antibody for its epitope. For partially masked epitopes it may be appropriate to first try increasing the primary antibody incubation conditions before commen-cing antigen retrieval. However, this step will also require further op-timization in terms of appropriate antibody concentration, incubation time, and temperature. When discussing antigen retrieval methods, tech-niques generally fall into two main categories, protease-induced epitope retrieval (PIER) and heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER). Once optimized, the effects of antigen retrieval can be pronounced.

Protease-induced Epitope Retrieval (PIER) In the PIER method, enzymes including Proteinase K, Trypsin, and Pepsin have been used successfully to restore the binding of an antibody to its epitope. The mechanism of action is thought to be the cleavage of pep-tides that may be masking the epitope. The disadvantages of PIER are the low success rate for restoring immunoreactivity and the potential for destroying both tissue morphology and the antigen of interest.

Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER)HIER is believed to reverse some cross-links and allows for restoration of secondary or tertiary structure of the epitope. The protocol must be opti-mized for each tissue, fixation method, and antigen to be studied. In gen-eral, HIER has a much higher success rate than PIER.

HIER is performed using microwave ovens, pressure cookers, vegetable steamers, autoclaves, or water baths. Microwaves are an increasingly pop-ular appliance for HIER. These protocols tend to involve 5 minute periods of heat followed by replacement of the buffer. For all HIER methods, slides must be cooled before commencing IHC/ICC incubations. HIER is especially time-, temperature-, buffer-, and pH-sensitive, and the best method must be determined em pirically.

Optimization & Limitations Antigen retrieval may require increased adherence of the sample to the slide or coverslip. In addition, the technique is often too harsh for cryostat tissue sections and alcohol-fixed tissue. The time, temperature, and pH must also be optimized for each appliance (i.e. 5-10 minutes at 92-95 °C in a water bath, versus 1-5 minutes at 120 °C in a pressure cooker). To optimize antigen retrieval preliminary studies must be conducted using a matrix of time, temperature, and pH combinations. The possibility of

artifactual staining should always be considered when using any antigen retrieval methodology. The use of controls to demon strate specific anti-body bind ing should be included since staining is influenced by multiple variables in any given experiment.

R&D Systems offers reagents to improve tissue antigen detection and enhance immunoreactivity. During initial optimization, investigators can compare samples treated with neutral pH 7.0 Universal Antigen Retrieval Solution (Catalog # CTS015) with a slide of the same tissue without antigen retrieval. Subsequent tests using acidic or basic antigen retrieval solutions may be necessary depending on the tissue. At R&D Systems, we find that treatment with Basic Antigen Retrieval reagent (Catalog # CTS013) is frequently successful. We also offer Acidic (Catalog # CTS014) and Sampler (Catalog # CTS016) Antigen Retrieval Reagents. Acidic and basic antigen retrieval solutions are more likely to affect tissue morphology than a neutral solution.

No HIER Acidic HIER

Neutral HIER Basic HIER

Antigen Retrieval Improves Detection of p27. IHC images show the detection of p27 in paraffin-embedded human prostate cancer sections following incubation of tissue for 10 minutes at 95 ˚C in the specified antigen retrieval solution. Compared to no HIER treatment, p27 detection was enhanced following incubation in neutral (pH 7.0) and basic (pH 9.5) (Catalog # CTS013) but not acidic (pH 5.0) (Catalog # CTS014) antigen retrieval solution. p27 was detected using anti- human/mouse/rat p27 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB22561; brown).

Optimization of HIER. A typical experimental set-up to determine optimum HIER incubation time and pH. Results should be compared to a tenth slide, with no HIER. A similar approach can be employed to optimize incubation temperature.

TIMEANTIGEN RETRIEVAL SOLUTION pH

Acidic Neutral Basic

1 minute Slide #1 Slide #2 Slide #3

5 minutes Slide #4 Slide #5 Slide #6

10 minutes Slide #7 Slide #8 Slide #9

IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS


Immunohistochemistry Immunocytochemistry

BLOCK

LABEL

COUNTERSTAIN

COVERSLIP

PRIMARY ANTIBODIES

SECONDARY ANTIBODIES

Meteorin in Rat Cortical Stem Cells.RAGE in Alzheimer’s Brain.

IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS


Formaldehyde Methylene Glycol

H2OH

HC

OH

OH

H

HC O

PROCEDURE 1. For 1 L of 4% Formaldehyde add 800 mL of 1x PBS to a glass

beaker on a stir plate in a ventilated hood. Heat while stirring to approximately 60 ˚C. Take care that the solution does not boil.

2. Add 40 g of paraformaldehyde powder to the heated PBS solution.

3. The powder will not immediately dissolve into solution. Slowly raise the pH by adding 1 N NaOH dropwise from a pipet until the solution clears.

4. Once the paraformaldehyde is dissolved the solution should be cooled and filtered.

5. Adjust the volume of the solution to 1 L with 1x PBS.

6. Recheck the pH and adjust it with small amounts of dilute HCl to approximately 6.9.

7. The solution can be aliquoted and frozen, or stored at 4 ˚C for no longer than one month.

40 g Paraformaldehyde Powder

HEAT WHILE STIRRING

1 N NaOHUNTIL POWDER DISSOLVES

ADJUST THE VOLUME TO 1 LWITH 1x PBS

COOL & FILTER WITH FILTER PAPER

800 mL 1x PBS AT ≈ 60 ˚C

ADJUST THE pH TO 6.9 WITH DILUTE HClALIQUOT & FREEZE

A. Making a 4% Formaldehyde Solution in PBS The vast majority of IHC/ICC procedures employ fixation of tissues and cells using formaldehyde-based fixatives. The protocol below describes the technique for generating a 4% formaldehyde solution in PBS. The most effective fixative must be deter mined experimentally.

Caution: Formaldehyde is toxic, read the MSDS before working with this chemical. Gloves and safety glasses should be worn, and solutions made inside a fume hood.Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.

The difference between paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde, & formalin. Paraformaldehyde (chemical name is polyoxymethylene) is a powder of polymerized formaldehyde that by itself cannot fix tissues. To be usable as a tissue fixative, paraformaldehyde has to be dissolved in hot water to become a formalde-hyde solution. Formalin is a saturated formaldehyde solution in water (37% by weight, 40% by volume) containing 10-15% methanol. Methanol is added to slow down the poly merization of formaldehyde, which reduces the fixing power of formalin. Formalin can also be made in an alcohol-free form from powdered para formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde Structure. In an aqueous solution, formaldehyde exists primarily as methylene glycol.

REAGENTS Deionized H2O HCl (Dilute) NaOH (1 N) Paraformaldehyde powder PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4

MATERIALS Filter units Glassware and stir bar (Dedicated for formaldehyde solution) Gloves and eye protection Hot plate with magnetic stirrer Thermometer Ventilated hood

SUPPLIES REQUIRED

IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS


B. Preparation of Gelatin-coated Slides for Histological Tissue Sections In order for tissue sections to be retained on histological slides during staining and washing steps, slides need to be coated with adhesive compounds. Although there are a variety of such compounds, gelatin is the most frequently used for histo logical purposes. Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.

PROCEDURE 1. Prepare the gelatin-coating solution by dissolving 5 g of gelatin

in 1 L of heated, deionized H2O (temperature should not exceed 45 ˚C).

2. After the gelatin has dissolved, add 0.5 g of chromium potassium sulfate. Chromium potassium sulfate will positively charge the slides allowing them to attract negatively charged tissue sections.

3. Filter this solution and store at 2-8 ˚C until use. It is recommended that this solution be filtered again immediately before use (adjust to room temperature before filtration).

4. Place the histological slides into metal racks.

Note: The slides should be cleaned by washing them in soapy water and rinsing them thoroughly, first in tap water and finally in deionized water.

5. Dip the racks containing the slides 3 to 5 times (~5 seconds each) into the gelatin-coating solution.

6. Remove the racks containing the slides and let them drain. Blot excess solution from the racks onto filter paper (gently tap the racks against the filter paper for better drainage).

7. Place the racks containing the slides on the lab bench and cover them with paper towels to protect them from dust.

8. Dry at room temperature for 48 hours.

9. Dried slides can be put back into the boxes that they arrived in and stored at room temperature until use. Slides intended for cryostat sections can be stored at -20 ˚C.

5 g Gelatin

HEAT AT 45 ˚C WHILE STIRRING

AFTER THE GELATIN DISSOLVESADD 0.5 g CrK(SO

4)

2

COOL & FILTER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

1 L Deionized H20

Histological Slides

Staining Dish

ADD Gelatin-coating Solution

DIP RACKS WITH SLIDES3 to 5 TIMES,

5 SECONDS EACH

DRY AT ROOM TEMPERATUREFOR 48 HOURS

STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OR AT -20 ˚C IF INTENDED FOR CRYOSTAT SECTIONS

REAGENTS Gelatin-coating solution: 1 L deionized H2O, 5 g gelatin, 0.5 g chromium potassium

sulfate CrK(SO4)2

MATERIALS Filter units Histological slides Hot plate with magnetic stirrer Slide racks Staining dish Thermometer

SUPPLIES REQUIRED


IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

C. Chromogenic Staining of Tissue Sections Using HRP-DAB Detection The following protocol has been developed and optimized by R&D Systems IHC/ICC laboratory using the HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kits (see page 112). Protocols may need to be modified depending on the type of tissue used. Each investigator should determine the optimal working dilution of an antibody. If using R&D Systems primary antibodies, refer to the product data sheets to obtain approximate working dilutions. For all other reagents follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

Caution: DAB is hazardous. Gloves and safety glasses should be worn, and all steps performed inside a fume hood.Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.

PROCEDURE 1. Slide preparation for Cryostat Sections

a. When staining cryostat sections stored in a freezer, thaw the slides at room temperature for 10-20 minutes.

Slide preparation for Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections

a. Immerse the slides in xylene (mixed isomers) 2 times for 10 minutes each. b. Immerse the slides in 100% alcohol 2 times for 10 minutes each. c. Immerse the slides in 95% alcohol for 5 minutes. d. Immerse the slides in 70% alcohol for 5 minutes. e. Immerse the slides in 50% alcohol for 5 minutes. f. Rinse the slides with deionized H20.

2. Rehydrate the slides with wash buffer for 10 minutes. Drain the excess wash buffer. If proceeding directly to one of the staining protocols on pages 15 or 16, surround the tissue with a hydrophobic barrier using a barrier pen.

If necessary, perform antigen retrieval (see page 17 for protocol).

If endogenous peroxidase is present in the tissue

3. Incubate the sample with 1-3 drops peroxidase blocking reagent for 5 minutes

Note: This procedure may affect the morphology of unfixed frozen tissue sections. Reduction in the incubation time may be required.

4. Rinse the sample, then gently wash in wash buffer for 5 minutes.

5. Surround the tissue with a hydrophobic barrier using a barrier pen. Proceed to the staining protocol on page 15.

THAW SLIDES AT ROOM

TEMPERATURE10-20 MINUTES

REHYDRATE THE SLIDESWITH Wash Buffer

FOR 5 MINUTES

PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUE SECTIONSCRYOSTAT SECTIONS

DRAIN EXCESSWash Buffer

AND PERFORM ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL

IF NECESSARY

2 times10 minutes

Xylene 100%Alcohol

95%Alcohol

70%Alcohol

50%Alcohol

2 times10 minutes

1 time5 minutes

1 time5 minutes

1 time5 minutes

RINSE WITHDeionized H20

REAGENTS Aqueous Mounting Medium (Catalog # CTS011, or equivalent) Primary Antibodies Cell and Tissue Staining Kit: (See page 112) Anti-goat (Catalog # CTS008), Anti-mouse (Catalog # CTS002),

Anti-rabbit (Catalog # CTS005), Anti-rat (Catalog # CTS017) Kit contents: Peroxidase Blocking Reagent, Avidin Blocking Reagent, Biotin Blocking Reagent, Biotinylated Secondary Antibodies, High Sensitivity Streptavidin-HRP Conjugate (HSS-HRP), DAB Chromogen Solution, Serum Blocking Reagents

Deionized H20 Dilution buffer: PBS (1x), 1% bovine serum albumin, 1% normal donkey serum,

0.3% Triton™ X-100, and 0.01% sodium azide PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4 Wash buffer: PBS (1x) For Paraffin-embedded tissue sections :

Xylenes (mixed isomers) 100% denatured alcohol 95% denatured alcohol 70% denatured alcohol 50% denatured alcohol

OPTIONAL REAGENTS Antigen retrieval reagents (see page 17) DAB Enhancer (Catalog # CTS010)

MATERIALS Coverslips Hydrophobic barrier pen Slides with paraffin-embedded or cryostat tissue sections

SUPPLIES REQUIRED

IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS


ADD Primary Antibodies

ADDHSS-HRP

ADDDAB Chromogen Solution

INCUBATE THE SAMPLEACCORDING TO THEMANUFACTURER’S

RECOMMENDATIONS

INCUBATE FOR30-60 MINUTES

INCUBATE FOR 30 MINUTES

MOUNT WITHAqueous Mounting

Medium

RINSE 3 TIMES FOR 5 MINUTES EACH WITH Wash Buffer, AND DRAIN

RINSE 3 TIMES FOR 15 MINUTES EACHWITH Wash Buffer, AND DRAIN

RINSE 3 TIMES FOR 10 MINUTES EACHWITH Wash Buffer

& 1 TIME WITH Deionized H2O

COUNTERSTAINIF REQUIRED

INCUBATE 3-20 MINUTESMONITORING INTENSITY

OF TISSUE STAININGUNDER A MICROSCOPE

RINSE AND WASH 3 TIMES IN Wash Buffer FOR 2 MINUTES EACH

ADDBiotinylated Secondary

Antibodies

RINSE WITH Wash Buffer,DRAIN SLIDES

BLOCKING (FOLLOW STEPS 1-3)

Chromogenic Staining Using HRP-DAB Detection

PROCEDURE 1. Block the slides with 1-3 drops of serum blocking reagent for 15

minutes. Drain the slides and wipe away any excess blocking reagent before proceeding to the next step. Do not rinse.

2. Incubate the sample with 1-3 drops of avidin blocking reagent for 15 minutes. Rinse the sample with wash buffer, drain slides, and wipe away any excess wash buffer.

3. Incubate the sample with 1-3 drops of biotin blocking reagent for 15 minutes. Rinse with wash buffer, drain the slides, and wipe away any excess wash buffer.

4. Incubate the sample with primary antibodies in dilution buffer. Follow manufacturer’s recommendations regarding working dilution, incubation time, and temperature. These variables may need to be modified for your system.

5. Rinse the sample with wash buffer and then wash 3 times in wash buffer for 5 minutes each and drain the slides.

6. Incubate the sample with 1-3 drops of biotinylated secondary antibodies for 30-60 minutes, adjusting the incubation time depending on the thickness of the section (approximately 30 minutes for 5-10 mm thick sections and 60 minutes for 10-20 mm thick sections).

7. Rinse the sample with wash buffer then wash 3 times in wash buffer for 15 minutes each and drain the slides.

8. Incubate the sample with 1-3 drops of HSS-HRP for 30 minutes.

9. Rinse the sample with wash buffer then wash 3 times in wash buffer for 2 minutes each.

10. Calculate the working volume of DAB Chromogen Solution given that 100-200 mL is required to cover the entire tissue section on a slide. Add 1-5 drops of DAB Chromogen Solution to cover the en tire tissue section and incubate for 3-20 minutes. Monitor the inten sity of the tissue staining under a microscope.

Note: DAB Enhancer can be used to intensify the DAB Chromogen solution. DAB is hazardous. Refer to the MSDS for safe deactivation.

11. Rinse the sample with wash buffer 3 times for 10 minutes each.

12. Rinse in deionized H20 and drain the slides.

13. Stained tissue can be mounted either without counterstaining or counterstained with hematoxylin for better visualization of the tissue morphology.

14. Cover stained tissue with a coverslip of an appropriate size. Place slides vertically on a filter paper or towel to drain excess mounting medium and allow them to dry.

15. Visualize tissues under a light microscope.


IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

REAGENTS Primary Antibodies Anti-fade Mounting Medium

(i-BRITE Plus, Catalog # SF40000, Neuromics, Inc., or equivalent) Blocking buffer: 10% normal donkey serum, 0.3% Triton X-100 Dilution buffer: PBS (1x), 1% bovine serum albumin, 1% normal donkey serum,

0.3% Triton™ X-100, and 0.01% sodium azide NorthernLights Fluorescent Secondary Antibodies/Streptavidin Conjugates

(or equivalent) PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4 Wash buffer: PBS (1x)

MATERIALS Coverslips Slides with paraffin-embedded or cryostat tissue sections

ADDITIONAL SUPPLIES FOR FLUORESCENT IHC STAINING

IHC Staining Using Fluorescence Microscopy

PROCEDURE 1. Slide preparation (See Step 1 on page 14)

2. Block the slides using blocking buffer for 15 minutes at room temperature and rinse with wash buffer.

3. Make working dilutions of the primary antibodies in dilution buffer according to manufacturer’s instructions. Add small volumes of these dilutions to the slides and incubate at 4 ˚C overnight, or for 30-60 minutes at room temperature.

Note: Multiple primary antibodies to different antigens can be added in step 5 as long as care is taken to avoid the use of secondary reagents with overlapping spectra. If possible, primary antibodies should also be raised in different species. Please see page 8 for more details.

Note: A negative control and/or an isotype-matched control should be included to identify non-specific binding from the secondary antibody. Please see page 5 for more details about IHC/ICC controls.

4. Wash the slides 3 times for 15 minutes each in wash buffer.


RINSE WITH Wash Buffer

INCUBATE SAMPLEAT 4 ˚C OVERNIGHT

OR 1 HOUR ATROOM TEMPERATURE

INCUBATE FOR1 HOUR AT

ROOM TEMPERATURE

BLOCK THE SLIDE WITH Blocking Buffer

(STEP 2)

INCUBATE FOR15 MINUTES AT

ROOM TEMPERATURE

MOUNT WITHAnti-fade Medium

RINSE 3 TIMES IN Wash BufferFOR 15 MINUTES

RINSE 3 TIMES IN Wash BufferFOR 15 MINUTES

ADD Secondary Antibodies

Triton X-100 is a trademark of Dow Chemical Corporation.

D. IHC Staining of Tissue Sections for Fluorescence Microscopy The following protocol has been developed and optimized by R&D Systems IHC/ICC laboratory using the NorthernLights fluorescent secondary reagents (see page 110). Protocols may need to be modified depending on the type of tissue used. Each investigator should determine the optimal working dilution of an antibody. If using R&D Systems primary antibodies, refer to the product data sheets to obtain approximate working dilutions. For all other reagents follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

Caution: DAB is hazardous. Gloves and safety glasses should be worn, and all steps performed inside a fume hood.Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.

5. Incubate for 1 hour at room temperature with a NorthernLights-conjugated secondary antibody (or equivalent) in dilution buffer designed to recognize the host species of the primary antibody. Alternatively, a NorthernLights-streptavidin conjugate (or equivalent) can be used if the primary antibody is biotinylated.

Note: Some tissues may bind non-specifically to biotin-avidin labeling components resulting in high background staining. (See page 5)

6. Wash the slides 3 times for 15 minutes each in wash buffer.

7. Mount with an anti-fade mounting medium.


IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

HEAT SLIDES IN Antigen Retrieval Solution FOR 2-10 MINUTES

BEGIN STAINING PROCEDURE

92-95 ˚C

Water bath

Coplin Staining Jar

RINSE WITHDeionized H20

AND THENWITH PBS

AVOID VIGOROUSRINSING

ALLOW TO COOLAT ROOM TEMPERATURE

E. Antigen Retrieval Using Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER) Antigen retrieval can reveal epitopes masked during the preparation of tis sues for staining. The protocol below describes a technique used by R&D Systems and can be used on both cryostat and paraffin-embedded sections. The protocol can be used with R&D Systems Acidic, Basic, or Universal Antigen Retrieval Reagents. Pretreatment with these solutions may induce a dramatic enhancement of immunoreactivity. However, they also have the potential to affect tissue morphology. The optimal method of antigen retrieval must be determined experiment ally. For examples of IHC studies using antigen retrieval, see page 10.Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.

PROCEDURE 1. Make working dilutions by mixing 1 part of 10x Antigen

Retrieval concentrate with 9 parts of deionized water.

2. Preheat retrieval solution to 92-95 ˚C. This may be achieved by placing a polypropylene Coplin staining jar filled with retrieval solution into a water bath.

Note: Heating may cause cracking of glass staining dishes.

3. Immerse slides into preheated retrieval solution for 2-10 minutes.

Note: Since the effect of antigen retrieval reagents depends on their temperature (90-100 ˚C) and incubation time (up to 30 minutes), optimal conditions should be determined by the individual investigator.

Note: Cryostat sections are more sensitive to damage by retrieval solution than paraffin-embedded tissues. To avoid tissue damage, it may be necessary to shorten the incubation time to 2-5 minutes.

4. After the incubation is finished, remove the Coplin jar with retrieval solution and slides from the water bath, and let it cool to room temperature.

5. Gently rinse the slides with deionized water and then with PBS.

Note: Because tissues may be loosened after the retrieval procedure, avoid vigorous rinsing to prevent detachment from the slides.

6. Tissues are now ready for blocking and primary antibody incubation.

REAGENTS Antigen Retrieval Solution (10x):

Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (Catalog # CTS013) or Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Acidic (Catalog # CTS014) or Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Universal (Catalog # CTS015)

Deionized H2O PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4

EQUIPMENT Polypropylene Coplin staining jar (or equivalent) Water bath at 92-95 ˚C

MATERIALS Slides with paraffin-embedded or cryostat tissue sections

SUPPLIES REQUIRED


IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

PROCEDURE 1. Sterilize coverslips and place them into the wells of a 24-well

plate.

2. Add 400 mL of gelatin-coating solution and incubate the coverslips for 10 minutes at room temperature.

3. Remove the gelatin-coating solution and air dry the coverslips for 15 minutes.

4. The dried coverslips can now be stored at room temperature until use.

PROCEDURE 1. Culture cells by adding 0.5 mL of culture media containing

approximately 5,000 cells to the wells of a cell culture plate containing gelatin-coated coverslips.

2. When cells have reached the desired density/age, remove the culture media from each well and wash twice with PBS.

3. Add 300-400 mL of 2-4% formaldehyde to each well and incubate for 20 minutes at room temperature.

4. Wash the wells twice with PBS and then cover with 400 mL of wash buffer. The coverslips can be stored at 2-8 ˚C for up to 3 months or they may be stained immediately.

Note: Fixa tion can result in hydrophobic cross-linking of tissue proteins. The time, temperature, pH, and fixative used will determine the degree of cross-linking. Once the fixation protocol has been optimized, the same pro cedure should be used consistently.

Coverslip Preparation Using Gelatin

Many cultured cell types do not adhere well to glass coverslips. There are several techniques used to enhance cell adhesion including the use of poly-amino acids such as Polyornithine or Poly-L-Lysine, and/or extracellular matrix proteins such as Laminin or Fibronectin. Adding a thin layer of gelatin to a coverslip is also often used to enhance the adhesion of cultured cells to glass.

Preparation & Fixation of Cells on Coverslips

F. Preparation of Coverslips & Cell Fixation for ICC The fundamental principles of IHC experiments using tissue sections also apply to ICC experiments. However, these protocols must be specially adapted for use with cultured cells or cell suspensions. The following protocols describe how to prepare gelatin-coated coverslips and fix cultured cells for ICC experiments.Please read the protocols in its entirety before starting.

SUPPLIES REQUIREDREAGENTS

Fixative: 2-4% formaldehyde in PBS Wash buffer: 0.1% BSA in 1x PBS Cell culture medium PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4

MATERIALS

Gelatin-coated coverslips in a 24-well plate

WASH 2 TIMES WITH PBS

ADD 4% Formaldehyde

FOR 20 MINUTES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

WASH 2 TIMES WITH PBS

PLATE CELLS ONGELATIN-COATED

COVERSLIPS

CULTURE TODESIRED

DENSITY/AGESTAIN OR

STORE AT 2-8 °CFOR UP TO3 MONTHS

ADD 400 µL of Wash Buffer

REAGENTS Gelatin-coating solution: 0.1% gelatin in deionized H2O

MATERIALS Coverslips (Sterilized) Cell culture plate (6- or 24-well)

SUPPLIES REQUIRED


IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

PROCEDURE Note: This protocol is optimized for cells grown on coverslips in a

6- or 24-well plate but can be adapted accordingly.

1. Wash the coverslips or slides containing the fixed cells two times in 400 mL of wash buffer

2. Add 400 mL of blocking buffer and block for 45 minutes at room temp erature.

3. Remove blocking buffer. No rinsing is necessary.

4. Dilute the unconjugated primary antibody (or fluorescence-conjugated primary) in dilution buffer according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Incubate overnight at 2-8 ˚C, or alternatively, incubate at room temperature for 1 hour.

Note: Experimentation with both antibody concentration and incubation time may be required to achieve optimal labeling.

5. Wash two times in 400 mL of wash buffer. If using a primary antibody with a direct fluorescent conjugate, go to step 8.

6. Dilute the secondary antibody in dilution buffer according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Add 400 mL to the wells and incubate at room temperature for 1 hour in the dark. From this step forward samples should be protected from light.

7. Wash two times in 400 mL of wash buffer.

8. Add 300 ml of the diluted DAPI solution to each well and incubate 2-5 minutes at room temperature. DAPI binds to DNA and is a convenient nuclear counterstain. It has an absorption maximum at 358 nm and fluoresces blue at an emission maximum of 461 nm.

9. Wash once with PBS and once with water.

REAGENTS Primary Antibodies Blocking buffer: 10% normal donkey serum, 0.3% Triton X-100 DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) solution: add 1 mL of 14.3 mM stock for every

5 mL of PBS. Store any unused DAPI at 2-8 ˚C, wrapped in aluminum foil Deionized H2O Dilution buffer: PBS (1x), 1% bovine serum albumin, 1% normal donkey serum,

0.3% Triton™ X-100, and 0.01% sodium azide Anti-fade mounting medium NorthernLights-conjugated secondary reagents (see page 110), or equivalent PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4 Wash and antibody dilution buffer: 0.1% BSA in PBS (1x)

MATERIALS Cell-covered coverslips in a 6- or 24-well plate Fine tweezers

SUPPLIES REQUIRED

10. Carefully remove the coverslips from the wells and blot to remove any excess water. Dispense 1 drop of Anti-fade mounting medium onto the microscope slide per coverslip. Mount the coverslip with the cells facing towards the slide.

11. Visualize using a fluorescence microscope and filter sets appropriate for the label used. Slides can also be stored in a slide box at < -20 ˚C for later examination.

G. Fluorescent ICC Staining of Cultured Cells The following protocol has been developed and optimized using R&D Systems primary antibodies and NorthernLights fluorescent secondary antibodies (see page 8). This protocol may need to be optimized for each specific ICC experiment.Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.


ADDDAPI Counterstain

ADD Secondary Antibodies

INCUBATEOVERNIGHT AT 2-8 ˚C

OR FOR 1 HOUR AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

INCUBATE FOR 1 HOUR

INCUBATE 2-5 MINUTESAT ROOM TEMPERATURE

REMOVE THE COVERSLIP WITH A FINE TWEEZERS

MOUNT WITH THE CELLSFACING THE SLIDE

INCUBATE SAMPLE 45 MINUTESAT ROOM TEMPERATURE

RINSE FIXED CELLS WITH Wash Buffer

NO RINSING IS NECESSARY

RINSE 2 TIMES WITH Wash Buffer

RINSE 2 TIMES WITH Wash Buffer

RINSE 1 TIME WITH PBS

RINSE 1 TIME WITH Deionized H2O

BLOCK


IHC/ICC PROTOCOLS

H. Preparation of a Cell Smear for Non-adherent Cell ICC One method of preparing non-adherent cells for ICC involves smearing the sample across a gelatin-coated slide. This technique forms a monolayer of cells that can be easily visualized. Please read the protocol in its entirety before starting.

PROCEDURE 1. Fix the cells with 4% formaldehyde for 20 minutes at room

temperature by adding formaldehyde directly to the culture media (see page 4) and adjust to approximately 1 x 106 cells/mL.

2. Add 1 mL of the cell solution to a 1.5 mL microfuge tube.

3. Spin down the cells for 30 seconds in a microfuge.

4. Pour off the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of deionized H2O.

5. Spin down the cells for 30 seconds in the microfuge.

6. Pour off the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 200 mL of deionized H2O.

7. Add 5 mL of the cell suspension to a gelatin-coated slide (3 spots per slide) and smear with the side of a pipette tip.

8. Place the slide on a hot plate (low heat setting) and allow the liquid to evaporate.

9. Check the slide under a microscope and make sure that there are no salt crystals. If salt crystals are observed, wash the slide with water.

10. Surround the cell spot with a hydrophobic barrier using a barrier pen and air dry.

11. The slides can be stored at 2-8 ˚C for up to 3 months or they may be stained immediately.

REAGENTS Deionized H2O Fixative: 4% formaldehyde in PBS (1x) PBS (1x): 0.137 M NaCl, 0.05 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.4

MATERIALS Microfuge tube (1.5 mL) Gelatin-coated microscope slides Hot plate Hydrophobic barrier pen Microfuge

SUPPLIES REQUIRED

FIX CELLS FOR 20 MINUTES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

RESUSPEND IN 1 mL Deionized H

2O

RESUSPEND IN 200 µL Deionized H

2O

ADD 5 µL Cell SuspensionTO GELATIN-COATED SLIDE

SMEAR WITH A PIPETTE TIP

HEAT TO EVAPORATE THE LIQUID

SURROUND CELLSWITH A

Hydrophobic Barrier

SPIN DOWN CELLSFOR 30 SECONDS

SPIN DOWN CELLSFOR 30 SECONDS


TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

Problem: Lack of Staining Possible Source Test or Action

Lack of antigen. Check protein expression by in situ hybridization (in some rare cases translation may be blocked even though mRNA is detected).

Antibodies do not work due to improper storage. Follow storage instructions on the datasheet. In general, aliquot antibodies into smaller volumes sufficient to make a working solution for a single experiment. Store aliquots in a manual defrost freezer (-20 to -70 ˚C) and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Inactive primary or secondary antibodies. Test reporter system independently to assess reagent viability.

Inadequate tissue fixation. Try increasing the fixation time or try a different fixative.

Tissue overfixation. Reduce the duration of the immersion or post-fixation steps. If immersion fixation cannot be avoided (for example, collection of postmortem tissues or biopsies in pathology lab), antigens may be unmasked by treatment with antigen retrieval reagents.

Incompatible secondary and primary antibodies. Use a secondary antibody that will interact with the primary antibody. For example, if the primary antibody was raised in rabbits, use an anti-rabbit secondary antibody.

Antigen was destroyed before incubation with the primary antibody. If quenching of endogenous peroxidase was done prior to the addition of primary antibodies, block peroxidase after incubation with the primary antibody.

Epitope altered during fixation or embedding procedure. Try restoring immunoreactivity through various antigen retrieval techniques. Embed tissue at 58 ˚C or below.

Antigen retrieval was ineffective. Increase the time of treatment or change the treatment solution.

Reagents omitted or used in wrong order. Repeat staining and confirm that correct reagents are used and are added in the correct order.

Problem: High BackgroundPossible Source Test or Action

High concentration of primary and or secondary antibodies. Titer antibody to determine optimal concentration needed to promote a specific reaction of the primary and the secondary antibodies.

Hydrophobic interactions of the antibody and proteins in the tissue. Lower the ionic strength of the antibody diluent (particularly monoclonal antibodies respond well to reducing the salt concentration).

Non-specific binding of primary and/or secondary reagents to tissues. Use blocking step just prior to primary antibody incubation (we use 1% bovine serum albumin with 10% normal donkey serum, or non-fat dry milk is another option).

Non-specific binding of secondary antibody. Use an antibody that has cross-reactive IgG species removed (absorbed against sample species).

Tissue dried out. Avoid letting the tissue dry during the staining procedure.

Reagents sticking to old or poorly prepared slides. Start over with freshly prepared or purchased slides.

Background due to ionic interactions. Increase the ionic strength of the diluent buffer.

Problem: Cell/Tissue Morphology DestroyedPossible Source Test or Action

Antigen retrieval methods are too harsh. Empirically determine the conditions that preserve tissue morphology while restoring the immuno reactivity of the antigen.

Tissue sections falling off slide. (more common with frozen sections) Increase fixation time. Empirically determine an additional or alternative fixative. Use freshly prepared, adequately charged slides.

Tissue section appears torn or folded. Air bubbles under section. Re-cut sections using a sharp blade, or ignore damaged areas when analyzing the results.

Poor resolution of tissue morphology Cut thinner tissue sections. Ice crystals may have destroyed morphology of frozen sections.

Underfixation has physically damaged the tissue or cells during the staining process Increase fixation time and/or add a post-fixation step. Increase the fixative/tissue ratio. Cut smaller pieces of tissue for more thorough immersion fixation.

Autolysis of tissue leading to staining of necrotic debris. Increase the fixation time, ratio. Consider using cross-linking fixative.

Problem: Staining is Inappropriate Possible Source Test or Action

Fixation method is inappropriate for the antigen. Try a different fixative or increase the fixation time.

Antigen retrieval may be inappropriate for this antigen or tissue. Try different antigen retrieval conditions.

Electrostatic charge of the antigen has been altered. Try adjusting the pH or cation concentration of the antibody diluent.

Delay in fixation caused diffusion of the antigen. Fix tissue promptly. Try a cross-linking fixative rather than organic (alchohol) fixative.


R&D SYSTEMS IHC/ICC ANTIBODIES

MOLECULE SPECIES LABEL CLONE HOST/TYPE CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

2B4/CD244/SLAMF4

Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1039 100 µg $355

MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1050 100 µg $355

Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF1050 50 µg $380

4-1BB/TNFRSF9/CD137Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF838 100 µg $355

Human Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF838 50 µg $380

4-Hydroxynonenal Multi-species None 198960 Mouse IgG2B MAB3249 100 µg $240

5HT1B Human None 499325 Mouse IgG1 MAB5858 100 µg $240

5T4Human

None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4975 100 µg $355

None 524731 Mouse IgG1 MAB4975 100 µg $240

Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5049 100 µg $355

5T4 in Human Placenta. 5T4 was detected in paraf-fin-embedded human placenta sections using anti-human 5T4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4975). Tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Cata-log # CTS013). Tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

8-oxo-dG None 2E2 Mouse IgG2B 4354-MC-050 50 µL $415

A2B5 Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken None 105 Mouse IgM MAB1416 100 µg $295

A2B5 in Human differentiating NTera2 Cells. NTera2 neuronal carcinoma cells were differentiated with retinoic acid for 10 days. A2B5 was detected using anti-human/mouse/rat/chicken A2B5 mono-clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1416). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and the nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue).

a1-Acid Glycoprotein Human None 386131 Mouse IgG2A MAB3694 100 µg $240

a-2-Macroglobulin HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1938 100 µg $355


a2u-Globulin Rat

None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF586 100 µg $355

Biotin 129736 Mouse IgG1 BAM586 250 µg $380


A33Human


None 402104 Rat IgG2A MAB3080 100 µg $240

Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2756 100 µg $355

ABCG2 HumanBiotin 5D3 Mouse IgG2B BAM995 250 µg $380

None 5D3 Mouse IgG2B MAB995 500 µg $325

ACE/CD143Human




Mouse Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF1513 50 µg $380

ACE in Human Kidney. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) was detected in paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue sections using anti-human ACE polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF929). Tissues were stained using the Goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).




ACE-2Human



None 171606 Mouse IgG2A MAB933 500 µg $325


ACE-2 in Mouse Kidney. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) was detected in a cryostat section of mouse kidney using anti-mouse affinity-purified ACE-2 polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3437; red). The tissue was counterstained green.

Actin Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4000 100 µg $355

Activin A bA subunit Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF338 100 µg $355

Activin C bC subunit Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1629 100 µg $355

Activin RIA/ALK-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF637 100 µg $355


Activin RIB/ALK-4 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1477 100 µg $355

Activin RIIA Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF340 100 µg $355

Activin RIIB Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF339 100 µg $355

ADAM8 Ectodomain Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1031 100 µg $355

ADAM9 Ectodomain Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF949 100 µg $355

ADAM10 EctodomainHuman None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB936 1 mg $355

Mouse None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB946 1 mg $355

ADAM15 EctodomainHuman



None 23G9 Mouse IgG1 MAB935 500 µg $325


ADAM15 Expression in Mouse Cerebellum. A dis-integin and mettalloprotease domain 15 (ADAM15) was detected in cryostat sections of mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells using anti-mouse ADAM15 polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF945; red). The tissue was coun-terstained green.

ADAM23 aa 60-585 Human None 504425 Mouse IgG2A MAB4974 100 µg $240

ADAM23 in Human Spleen. A disintegrin and me-talloprotease domain 23 (ADAM23) was detected in paraffin-embedded human spleen sections using anti-human ADAM23 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4974). Tissue was subjected to antigen retriev-al using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

ADAM32 aa 17-476 Human None 539220 Mouse IgG1 MAB5380 100 µg $240




ADAMTS1 Propeptide Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3079 100 µg $355

ADAMTS1 in Human Placenta. A disintegrin-like and mettaloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS1) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human placenta section using anti-human ADAMTS1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3079). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Adiponectin/Acrp30Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1119 100 µg $355

Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3100 100 µg $355

Adiponutrin/ADPN Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5208 100 µg $355

ADPN in Human Adipocytes. Adiponutrin (ADPN) was detected in human adipocytes using anti-human ADPN affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5208). Cells were stained using Northern-Lights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL010; red) and the nuclei counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

a-Fetoprotein/AFP

HumanNone Polyclonal Chicken IgY AF1369 100 µg $355


Human/Mouse None 189502 Mouse IgG1 MAB1368 100 µg $240


Aggrecan G1-IGD-G2 Domains HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1220 100 µg $355

None 179509 Mouse IgG2B MAB1220 500 µg $325

AgRP/ARTHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF704 100 µg $355


AgRP in Mouse Thalamus. Agouti-Related Protein (AgRP) was detected in a cryostat section of mouse thalamus using anti-mouse AgRP monoclonal anti-body (MAB634; red). The tissue was counterstained green.

AIF Human/Mouse/RatNone Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1457 100 µg $285


a-Internexin Human None 529724 Mouse IgG1 MAB4844 100 µg $240

Akt Pan Specific Human/Mouse/Rat None 281046 Mouse IgG2B MAB2055 100 µg $240

Phospho-Akt (S473) Pan Specific Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF887 100 µg $285

Akt1 Human None 302407 Mouse IgG1 MAB17751 100 µg $240

Akt2Human None 302501 Mouse IgG1 MAB23152 100 µg $240

Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF23151 100 µg $355

Serum Albumin Human/Mouse None 188835 Mouse IgG2A MAB1455 100 µg $240

ALCAM/CD166 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1172 100 µg $355


ALK-7 RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF577 100 µg $355

Biotin 118311 Mouse IgG2A BAM5771 100 µg $240




Alkaline Phosphatase/ALPL Human/Mouse/RatBiotin B4-78 Mouse IgG1 BAM1448 100 µg $240

None B4-78 Mouse IgG1 MAB1448 100 µg $240

Alkaline Phosphatase and Oct-3/4 in Human BG01V Embryonic Stem Cells. Alkaline Phospha-tase was detected in the human BG01V embryonic stem cell line using anti-human/mouse/rat Alkaline Phosphatase monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1448). Oct-3/4 was detected using anti-human Oct-3/4 polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1759). The cells were stained for Alkaline Phosphatase using NorthernLights-557 anti-mouse secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; pseudocolored green) and stained for Oct-3/4 using NorthernLights-637 anti-goat sec-ondary antibody (Catalog # NL002; red).

AMIGO2 Human None 273610 Mouse IgG3 MAB20801 100 µg $240

AMIGO3 Mouse None 371301 Rat IgG2A MAB2375 100 µg $240

AMIGO3 in Mouse Cerebellum. Amphoterin-in-duced Gene and ORF 3 (AMIG03) was detected in Purkinje neuron cell bodies in a cryostat section of mouse cerebellum using anti-mouse AMIG03 mono-clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2375).

Aminopeptidase N/ANPEPHuman None 498001 Mouse IgG2A MAB3815 100 µg $240


Aminopeptidase N/CD13 in Human Liver Cancer. Aminopeptidase N (APN) was detected in paraffin-embedded human liver cancer sections using anti-human APN monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3815). Tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cata log # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Aminopeptidase O/ONPEP Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4647 100 µg $355

Aminopeptidase P1/XPNPEP1 Human None 409124 Mouse IgG1 MAB29701 100 µg $240

AmphiregulinHuman

None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB-262-NA 1 mg $355



AMPKa1 aa 340-550 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3197 100 µg $355

AMPKa2 aa 340-552 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2850 100 µg $355

AMPKb1 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2854 100 µg $355

Androgen R/NR3C4 Human None H7507 Mouse IgG2A PP-H7507-00 100 µg $380

Angiogenin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF265 100 µg $355

Angiopoietin-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF923 100 µg $355





Angiopoietin-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF623 100 µg $355

Angiopoietin-2 in Human Gastrointestinal Can-cer. Angiopoietin-2 was detected in paraffin-embed-ded human gastrointestinal cancer sections using anti-human Angiopoietin-2 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF623). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Angiopoietin-3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF738 100 µg $355

Angiopoietin-4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF964 100 µg $355

Angiopoietin-like 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2204 100 µg $355

Angiopoietin-like 2 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1444 100 µg $355

Angiopoietin-like 3 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF136 100 µg $355


ANP Human None 361101 Rat IgG2B MAB3366 100 µg $240

AP-2g Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5059 100 µg $355

APC C-Terminus Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3695 100 µg $355

APJ Human None 72133 Mouse IgG3 MAB856 500 µg $325

APLP-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3129 100 µg $355


Apolipoprotein B/ApoB HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3556 100 µg $355


APP Pan Specific Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1168 100 µg $355

Phospho-APP (T668) Human/Mouse None 304904 Mouse IgG1 MAB2508 100 µg $240

Phospho-Amyloid Precursor Protein (668T) in Hu-man Alzheimer’s Disease Brain. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) phosphorylated at T668 was detected in paraffin-embedded human Alzheimer’s disease brain sections using anti-human phospho-APP mono clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2508). Tissue was stained using anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tis-sue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and coun-terstained with hematoxylin (blue).

ARC aa 176-195 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF636 100 µg $285

b-Arrestin 1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4560 100 µg $355


b-Arrestin 2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4564 100 µg $355

Artemin


Mouse




Arylsulfatase A/ARSA Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2485 100 µg $355

ASK1 aa 1011-1196 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3575 100 µg $355

Phospho-ATF2 (S490/S498) Human/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS064 100 µL $355

Axl Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF154 100 µg $355




Phospho-Axl (Y779) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2228 100 µg $285

Phospho-Axl (Y779) in Human Stomach. Phospho-Axl was detected in paraffin-embedded human stomach sections using anti-human/mouse phos-pho-Axl affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF2228). Tissue was stained using anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS005; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

B220/CD45R MouseBiotin RA3-6B2 Rat IgG2A BAM1217 250 µg $380

None RA3-6B2 Rat IgG2A MAB1217 500 µg $325

B7-1/CD80

HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF140 100 µg $355



RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1214 100 µg $355


B7-2/CD86

Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-141-NA 200 µg $230



B7-H1/PD-L1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1019 100 µg $355

B7-H2 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF158 100 µg $355

B7-H3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1027 100 µg $355


BACE-1 Ectodomain Human/Mouse None 137612 Mouse IgG1 MAB931 500 µg $325

BACE-2 Ectodomain Human None 391017 Rat IgG2A MAB4097 100 µg $240

BAFF/BLyS/TNFSF13BHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF124 100 µg $355


BAI1 Human None 542515 Mouse IgG1 MAB4969 100 µg $240

BAI3 Human None 409633 Mouse IgG1 MAB39651 100 µg $240

BAMBI/NMA Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF921 100 µg $355

Bax aa 12-33 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF820 30 µg $285

Bax Minus C-Terminus Human None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB820 400 µg $395

Bcl-2 aa 1-208 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF810 100 µg $355

Bcl-w aa 1-172 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF8241 100 µg $355

Bcl-xL aa 3-14 Human/Mouse/Rat None YTH-2H12 Mouse IgG2A 2300-MC-100 100 µg $285

BDNF Human

None Polyclonal Chicken IgY AF248 100 µg $355

Biotin Polyclonal Chicken IgY BAF248 50 µg $380


BDNF in Rat Spinal Cord and Dorsal Root Ganglia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was de-tected in rat dorsal root ganglion using anti-human BDNF affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF248; red) and counterstained green.

Betacellulin/BTC




bIG-H3 Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF2559 100 µg $355




Biglycan Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2667 100 µg $355

Biglycan in Human Skin. Biglycan was detected in paraffin-embedded human skin sections using anti-human Biglycan affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2667). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

BIK Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5474 100 µg $355

BMI-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3334 100 µg $355

BMP-1/PCP Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1927 100 µg $355

Pro BMP-2 Human None 253717 Mouse IgG2A MAB2260 500 µg $325

BMP-2/BMP-4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF355 100 µg $355


BMP-3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF113 100 µg $355

BMP-3b/GDF-10 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1543 100 µg $355

BMP-5 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF615 100 µg $355



BMP-7 HumanNone 164311 Mouse IgG2B MAB3541 500 µg $325



BMP-15/GDF-9B aa 268-392 Human None 317809 Rat IgG2A MAB2925 100 µg $240

BMP-15/GDF-9b in Mouse Ovary. Bone Morphoge-netic Protein-15 (BMP-15) was detected in a frozen section of adult mouse ovary using anti-human BMP-15 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2925). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 goat anti-rat IgG secondary antibody (red; Catalog # NL013) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

BMPR-IA/ALK-3 Human None 550607 Mouse IgG2B MAB24061 100 µg $240

BMPR-IB/ALK-6 Human None 477914 Mouse IgG2B MAB5051 100 µg $240

BMPR-II HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF811 100 µg $355


BMPR-II in Mouse Embryo. BMPR-II was detected in a frozen section of E15 mouse ribs using anti-human BMPR-II affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF811; green).

BNP Precursor Human None 370124 Rat IgG2B MAB36041 100 µg $240

BOC Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2385 100 µg $355




Brachyury Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2085 100 µg $355

Brachyury in Differentiated Human Embryonic Stem cells. Brachyury was detected in differentiated human Embryonic Stem cells using anti-human Brachyury affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF2085). Cells were stained using an anti-goat secondary antibody (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Courtesy of Dr. Frank Solder from the Na-tional Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke & Stem Cell Unit at NIH.

Brachyury in Embryonic Mouse Notochord. Brachyury was detected in E9.5 mouse notochord us-ing anti-human Brachyury affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2085). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Cata-log # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Brachyury NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL557 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL2085R 500 µL $350

BRCA1Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2210 100 µg $355

Human/Mouse/Rat None 265402 Mouse IgG2A MAB2210 100 µg $240

Phospho-BRCA1 (S1423) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1386 100 µg $285

BRCA2 Human None 234403 Mouse IgG1 MAB2476 100 µg $240

Brevican HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4009 100 µg $355

Biotin Polyclonal Sheep IgG BAF4009 50 µg $380

Brk aa 1-70 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3966 100 µg $355

BSRP-A Mouse None 529805 Rat IgG2A MAB4916 100 µg $240

BSRP-A in Mouse Hippocampus. Brain-specific receptor-like protein A (BSRP-A) was detected in a cryostat section of mouse hippocampus using anti mouse BSRP-A monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4916). The tissue was stained using the anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

C1q R1/CD93Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2379 100 µg $355

Mouse None 223437 Rat IgG2B MAB1696 100 µg $240

C4.4A/LYPD3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5567 100 µg $355

Cadherin-6/KCAD Human




K-Cadherin in Human Liver Cancer. K-Cadherin was detected in paraffin-embedded human liver cancer sections using anti-human K-cadherin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB27151). The tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cadherin-11 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1790 100 µg $355

Cadherin-12 Human None 343621 Rat IgG1 MAB2240 100 µg $240




Cadherin-13 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3264 100 µg $355

Cadherin-13 in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Cad-herin-13 was detected in NCI-H460 human lung can-cer cell line using anti-human Cadherin-13 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3264). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Cadherin-17 Human




E-Cadherin

Human




Mouse




E-Cadherin and SOX2 in the BG01V Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line. E-Cadherin and SOX2 were detected in human BG01V cells using anti- human E-Cadherin affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF648; red) and anti-human/ mouse SOX2 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2018; green). Cells were stained using anti-goat NorthernLights-557 (Catalog # NL001) and anti-mouse NorthernLights-493 (Catalog # NL009). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

N-Cadherin Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF1388 100 µg $355

N-Cadherin in Human Hippocampus. N-Cadherin was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human hippocampus using anti-human N-Cadherin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1388). The tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB detection reagents (brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

P-Cadherin

Human None 104805 Mouse IgG1 MAB861 500 µg $325



VE-Cadherin HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF938 100 µg $355


Calbindin D HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3320 100 µg $355


Calbindin D in Rat Hypothalamus. Calbindin D was detected in a frozen rat hypothalamus section using anti-human calbindin D monoclonal antibody (Cata-log # MAB3320). Tissue was stained using anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).




Calretinin Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5065 100 µg $355

Calretinin/Calbindin-2 in Human Brain Cortex. Calretinin was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-man brain cortex sections using anti-human/mouse/rat Calretinin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5065). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Calsyntenin-3 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5244 100 µg $355

CaM Kinase IIa Human None 525501 Mouse IgG2B MAB5584 100 µg $240

CaM Kinase IId aa 402-478 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4176 100 µg $355

CaMKIId in Human Cerebral Cortex. Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta (CaMKIId) was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-m a n cerebral cortex tissue sections using anti-human CaMKIId affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF4176). Tissues were stained using anti- sheep HRP-DAB detection (brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

cAMP Multi-species None 250532 Mouse IgG1 MAB2146 500 µg $325

Cannabinoid R2/CB2/CNR2 Human None 352114 Mouse IgG2A MAB3655 100 µg $240

CAR/NR1I3 Human None N4111 Mouse IgG1 PP-N4111-00 100 µg $380

Carbonic Anhydrase II Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF2184 100 µg $355

Carbonic Anhydrase IVHuman




Carbonic Anhydrase IXHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2188 100 µg $355


Carnosine Dipeptidase 1/CNDP1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2489 100 µg $355


CART HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF163 100 µg $355


CART aa 28-116 Human None 113612 Mouse IgG2B MAB163 500 µg $325

Active Caspase-3 aa 163-175 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF835 50 µg $285

Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) Human/Mouse None 269518 Rabbit IgG MAB835 50 µg $270

Caspase-9 aa 1-134 Human None LAP6 Mouse IgG1 MAB8301 100 µg $240

Caspase-9 aa 139-330 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF8301 100 µg $355

Caspr2 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5145 100 µg $355

Caspr2 in Mouse Neurons. Caspr2 was detected in a frozen section of adult mouse brain using anti-human Caspr2 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF5145). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).




b-CateninHuman

None 196618 Mouse IgG3 MAB13291-050 50 µg $150



b-Catenin in Human Kidney Cancer. b-Catenin was detected in paraffin-embedded human kidney can-cer sections using anti-human/mouse/rat b-Catenin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1329). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cathepsin A/Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase AHuman




Cathepsin B





Cathepsin C/DPPI




Cathepsin D





Cathepsin E





Cathepsin FHuman




Cathepsin F in Human Heart. Cathepsin F was de-tected in paraffin-embedded human heart tissue sec-tions using anti-human Cathepsin F monoclonal anti-body (Catalog # MAB2075). Tissues were stained using anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cathepsin H Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1013 100 µg $355




Cathepsin L


None 204106 Rat IgG2B MAB952 500 µg $325

Human/Mouse None 204101 Rat IgG2A MAB9521 500 µg $325


Cathepsin L in Mouse Ovary. Cathepsin L was detected in frozen sections of mouse ovary using anti-mouse Cathepsin L affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1515). Tissue was stained us-ing anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cathepsin O Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1174 100 µg $355

Cathepsin S HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1183 100 µg $355


Cathepsin V HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1080 100 µg $355


Cathepsin X/Z/P





CBP Human/Mouse/Rat None 257003 Mouse IgG2B MAB2676 100 µg $240

Ccd1/DIXDC1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5599 100 µg $355

CCK4 aa 31-199 Human/Rat None 525222 Mouse IgG1 MAB4499 100 µg $240

CCK4 in Human Colon Cancer. Colon carcinoma kinase 4 (CCK4) was detected in a paraffin-emedded section of human colon cancer using anti-human CCK4 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4499). The tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

CCK-A R aa 256-267 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2680 50 µg $285

CCL2/JE/MCP-1Canine




Human None 23002 Mouse IgG2B MAB2791 500 µg $325

CCL3/MIP-1aHuman



Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-450-NA 100 µg $355

CCL4/MIP-1b

HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-271-NA 100 µg $355


MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-451-NA 100 µg $355


CCL5/RANTES







CCL11/Eotaxin



Mouse

None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-420-NA 100 µg $355


Biotin 42285 Rat IgG2A BAM420 250 µg $380


CCL16/HCC-4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF802 100 µg $355


CCL17/TARC Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF364 100 µg $355

CCL19/MIP-3bHuman None 54909 Mouse IgG2B MAB361 500 µg $325


CCL20/MIP-3a HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF360 100 µg $355


CCL21/6Ckine Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF366 100 µg $355

CCL24/Eotaxin-2/MPIF-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF343 100 µg $355

CCL25/TECK Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-481-NA 100 µg $355

CCL25/TECK Mouse None 89827 Rat IgG2A MAB4811 500 µg $325

CCL26/Eotaxin-3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF653 100 µg $355

CCL27/CTACK

Human




Mouse




CCL27/CTACK in Normal Human Skin. CCL27/CTACK was detected in a frozen tissue section of nor-mal human skin using anti-human CCL27/CTACK af-finity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF376). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-AEC Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS009; red) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

CCR1 Human None 53504 Mouse IgG2B MAB145 500 µg $325

CCR3 Human None 61828 Rat IgG2A MAB155 500 µg $325

CCR5 HumanNone 45523 Mouse IgG2B MAB181 500 µg $325


CCR6Human None 53103 Mouse IgG2B MAB195 500 µg $325

Mouse None 140706 Rat IgG2A MAB590 500 µg $325

CCR7Human None 150503 Mouse IgG2A MAB197 500 µg $325

Mouse None 4B12 Rat IgG2A MAB3477 100 µg $240

CCR7 in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. CCR7 was detected in human PBMCs using anti-human CCR7 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB197; red). Cells were counterstained green.

CCR9 HumanNone 112509 Mouse IgG2A MAB179 500 µg $325





CD2 Human None 299812 Mouse IgG1 MAB18561 100 µg $240

CD3 MouseBiotin 17A2 Rat IgG2B BAM4841 250 µg $380

None 17A2 Rat IgG2B MAB4841 500 µg $325

CD3-expressing Cells in Mouse Brain (perivascu-lar cuffing). Cells expressing CD3 were detected in inflamed mouse brain using anti-mouse CD3 affinity-purified (Catalog # MAB4841; green). The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

CD3e Human None UCHT1 Mouse IgG1 MAB100 500 µg $325

CD3e in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). CD3e was detected in human PBMCs using anti-human CD3e monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB100). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-mouse IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

CD4

Canine




FelineNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2597 100 µg $355




MouseBiotin GK1.5 Rat IgG2B BAM554 250 µg $380

None GK1.5 Rat IgG2B MAB554 500 µg $325

CD5


MouseBiotin 53-7.3 Rat IgG2A BAM115 250 µg $380

None 53-7.3 Rat IgG2A MAB115 500 µg $325

CD8a

Feline None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2598 100 µg $355

MouseBiotin 53-6.7 Rat IgG2A BAM116 250 µg $380

None 53-6.7 Rat IgG2A MAB116 500 µg $325

CD9 Mouse None 479608 Rat IgG2A MAB5218 100 µg $240

CD14 Human Biotin Polyclonal Sheep IgG BAF383 50 µg $380

CD23/Fce RII Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF123 100 µg $355

CD24 Human None 528807 Mouse IgG2B MAB5248 100 µg $240

CD27/TNFRSF7 Human Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF382 50 µg $380

CD27 Ligand/TNFSF7 Human None 301731 Mouse IgG2B MAB2738 100 µg $240

CD28 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-342-PB 200 µg $355

CD30/TNFRSF8 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF852 100 µg $355

CD31/PECAM-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF806 100 µg $355

None 9G11 Mouse IgG1 BBA7 100 µg $230

CD34 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4117 100 µg $355

CD38 Human None 240742 Mouse IgG2A MAB2404 500 µg $325

CD40/TNFRSF5Human None 82111 Mouse IgG2B MAB6321 500 µg $325





CD40 Ligand/TNFSF5





CD43 Human None 290111 Mouse IgG2B MAB2038 100 µg $240

CD44 H Human None 2C5 Mouse IgG2A BBA10 200 µg $315

CD44 v3 Human None 3G5 Mouse IgG2B BBA11 200 µg $315

CD44 v4/5 Human None 3D2 Mouse IgG1 BBA25 200 µg $315

CD44 v6 Human None 2F10 Mouse IgG1 BBA13 200 µg $315

CD45

HumanBiotin 2D1 Mouse IgG1 BAM1430 100 µg $295

None 2D1 Mouse IgG1 MAB1430 100 µg $240

Mouse


Biotin 30-F11 Rat IgG2B BAM114 250 µg $380

None 30-F11 Rat IgG2B MAB114 500 µg $325

CD46 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2005 100 µg $355

CD46 in Human Skin. CD46 was detected in paraf-fin-embedded human skin tissue sections using anti-human CD46 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2005). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

CD47 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4670 100 µg $355

CD47 N-terminal IgV-like Extracellular Domain MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1866 100 µg $355


CD48/SLAMF2Human None 394620 Mouse IgG2B MAB36441 100 µg $240


CD55/DAF HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2009 100 µg $355


CD58/LFA-3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1689 100 µg $355

CD59 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1987 100 µg $355


CD63 Mouse None 446703 Rat IgG1 MAB5417 100 µg $240

CD68/SR-D1 Human None 298807 Mouse IgG2B MAB20401 100 µg $240

CD69Human




Mouse None 310116 Rat IgG1 MAB23861 100 µg $240

CD72 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1279 100 µg $355


CD83Human None HB15e Mouse IgG1 MAB1774 500 µg $325





CD109 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4385 100 µg $355

CD109 in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma. CD109 was detected in paraffin-embedded human squamous cell carcinoma sections using anti-human CD109 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4385). Tissue was stained using the anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

CD151 Mouse None 455807 Rat IgG2A MAB4609 100 µg $240

CD155/PVR Human





CD200Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2724 100 µg $355


CD200 R1




Phospho-CDC2 (Y15) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF888 100 µg $285

CDC25A Human/Mouse/Rat None 336445 Mouse IgG2B MAB1648 100 µg $240

CDC25B aa 377-566 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1649 100 µg $355

CDCP1Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2666 100 µg $355


CDNF Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5097 100 µg $355

CDNF in Human Cortex. Conserved Dopamine Neu-rotrophic Factor (CDNF) was detected in paraffin-embedded human cortex sections using anti-human CDNF affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5097). Tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

CDOHuman None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4384 100 µg $355


CDO Expression in Embryonic Mouse Retina. CAM-related/Down-regulated by Oncogenes (CDO) was detected in a cryostat tissue section of embryonic mouse retina (13 d.p.c.) using anti-mouse CDO poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF2429) and anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown). Tissues were counter stained with hematoxylin (blue).

CDX2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3665 100 µg $355

CDX4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2807 100 µg $355


CEACAM-1/CD66a Human







CEACAM-5/CD66e HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4128 100 µg $355


Cerberus 1 Human None 162836 Mouse IgG2B MAB1075 500 µg $325

CFTR C-Terminus Human None 24-1 Mouse IgG2A MAB25031 50 µg $215

CFTR R Domain Human None 13-1 Mouse IgG1 MAB1660 50 µg $215

Chitinase 3-like 1 Human None 321806 Rat IgG2B MAB2599 100 µg $240

Chk2 aa 1-234 Mouse None 235303 Rat IgG2A MAB22851 100 µg $240

Phospho-Chk2 (T68) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1626 100 µg $285

CHL-1/L1CAM-2Human None 316223 Rat IgG1 MAB2126 100 µg $240


Choline Acetyltransferase/ChAT Isoform R Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3447 100 µg $355

Chondrolectin Human None 396305 Mouse IgG2B MAB2576 100 µg $240

Chordin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF758 100 µg $355

Chordin-Like 2/CHRDL2Human




Chorionic Gonadotropin, a Chain (a HCG) Human None 381012 Mouse IgG2A MAB4169 100 µg $240

CIS-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3194 100 µg $355

Claspin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3310 100 µg $355

Claudin-3 Human None 385021 Mouse IgG2A MAB4620 100 µg $240

Claudin-12 Human None 393314 Mouse IgG2A MAB4284 100 µg $240

Claudin-12 in Murine NS0 Cells. Claudin-12 was detected in a Claudin-12-transfected murine NS0 my-eloma cell line using anti-human Claudin-12 mono-clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4284). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

CL-P1/COLEC12 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2690 100 µg $355

Clusterin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2747 100 µg $355

Clusterin Isoform 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2937 100 µg $355

CNP Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3127 100 µg $355

CNP Propeptide Human None 347625 Rat IgG2A MAB3739 100 µg $240

CNTF Rat




CNTF Ra Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-559-NA 100 µg $355


CNTF Ra in Rat Brain. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor a (CNTF Ra) was detected in a cryostat tissue section of rat brain using biotinylated anti-rat CNTF Ra polyclonal antibody (Catalog # BAF559). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-AEC Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS009; red) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Antigen retrieval using Antigen retrieval-Basic Re-agent is recommended (Catalog # CTS013).

Coagulation Factor III/Tissue Factor Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2339 100 µg $355




Coagulation Factor VII Human




Coagulation Factor VII in Human PBMCs. Coagula-tion Factor VII was detected in PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using anti-human coagulation factor VII monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2338; red). Cells were coun-terstained (green).

Collagen II Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3615 100 µg $355

Collectrin Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4965 100 µg $355

Complement Component C1qC aa 115-245 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3337 100 µg $355

Complement Component C3d Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2655 100 µg $355

Contactin-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF904 100 µg $355

Contactin-2/TAG1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1714 100 µg $355


Corneodesmosin Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5725 100 µg $355

COUP-TF I/NR2F1 HumanNone H8132 Mouse IgG2A PP-H8132-00 100 µg $380

None H8132 Mouse IgG2A PP-H8132-10 100 µg $380

COUP-TF II/NR2F2 HumanNone H7147 Mouse IgG2A PP-H7147-00 100 µg $380


COX-2 aa 18-604 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4198 100 µg $355

C-Reactive Protein/CRP

HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF1707 100 µg $355




C-Reactive Protein in Human Kidney Cancer. C- Reactive Protein (CRP) was detected in paraffin- embedded human kidney cancer tissue sections us-ing anti-human CRP affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF1707). Tissues were stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

CREB aa 136-341 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2989 100 µg $355


CRELD1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4116 100 µg $355

CRHBPHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2796 100 µg $355


CRHR-1 Human None 343919 Mouse IgG2A MAB3930 100 µg $240

Cripto Mouse




Cripto 1 Human None 89646 Mouse IgG1 MAB2771 100 µg $240

CRISP-3 Human None 295203 Mouse IgG1 MAB23971 100 µg $240

CRY1 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3764 100 µg $355

Cryptic Mouse None 221428 Rat IgG2B MAB18401 100 µg $240

CSL Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4079 100 µg $355




CTGF/CCN2 C-Terminus HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF660 100 µg $355


CTLA-4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-386-PB 100 µg $355

Cubilin Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3700 100 µg $355

CX3CL1/Fractalkine Chemokine DomainHuman




CXADR Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2654 100 µg $355

CXCL1/GROa/KC/CINC-1 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-515-NA 100 µg $355

CXCL2/GROb/MIP-2/CINC-3 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-452-NA 100 µg $355


CXCL5/ENA-78 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF254 100 µg $355


CXCL7/Thymus Chemokine-1Mouse




CXCL8/IL-8

Canine





Human




CXCL8/IL-8 NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL637 6217 Mouse IgG1 NL208V 500 µL $345

CXCL9/MIG HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF392 100 µg $355


CXCL10/IP-10/CRG-2


MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-466-NA 100 µg $355


CXCL12/SDF-1 Human/Mouse None 79018 Mouse IgG1 MAB350 500 µg $325

CXCL13/BLC/BCA-1Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF801 100 µg $355


CXCL16 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF976 100 µg $355


CXCR4 Feline None 374606 Mouse IgG2A MAB4287 100 µg $240

CXCR4Human None 44716 Mouse IgG2B MAB172 500 µg $325


CXCR5 Human None 51505 Mouse IgG2B MAB190 500 µg $325

CXCR6 Human None 56811 Mouse IgG2B MAB699 500 µg $325

CXCR7/RDC-1 HumanNone 358426 Mouse IgG2A MAB4227 100 µg $240

None 11G8 Mouse IgG1 MAB42273 100 µg $240

Cyclin D1 Human None 328303 Mouse IgG1 MAB4314 100 µg $240




Cyr61/CCN1 MouseNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4055 100 µg $355


Cyr61 in Developing Embryonic Mouse Rib. Cyr61 was detected in cryostat sections of E13 mouse em-bryo using anti-mouse Cry61 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF4055). Tissues were stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cystatin A Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1407 100 µg $355

Cystatin BHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1408 100 µg $355


Cystatin B in Mouse Cerebellum. Cystatin B was de-tected in a frozen section of mouse cerebellum using anti-mouse Cystatin B monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB14091). Tissue was subjected to antigen re-trieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cystatin CHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1196 100 µg $355


Cystatin E/M Human




Cytochrome c Human/Equine None 2B5F8 Mouse IgG2A MAB898 100 µg $240

Cytokeratin 8 Human None LP3K Mouse IgG1 MAB3165 100 µg $240

Cytokeratin 14 Human None LL001 Mouse IgG2A MAB3164 100 µg $240

Cytokeratin 19 Human None BA17 Mouse IgG1 MAB3506 100 µg $240

DAN Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF955 100 µg $355

DANCE Human None 293904 Mouse IgG1 MAB3095 100 µg $240

DARC Human None 358307 Mouse IgG2A MAB4139 100 µg $240

DARPP-32 aa 51-204 Mouse/Rat None 375604 Rat IgG2A MAB4230 100 µg $240

DcR3/TNFRSF6B HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF142 100 µg $355


DC-SIGN Human None 120507 Mouse IgG2B MAB161 500 µg $325

DC-SIGN+DC-SIGNR Human None 120612 Mouse IgG2A MAB1621 500 µg $325

DcTRAIL R1/TNFRSF23 Mouse




DDR1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2396 100 µg $355

DDR2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2538 100 µg $355

DDR2 HumanNone 290814 Mouse IgG2B MAB2538 100 µg $240


DEC-205/CD205 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2047 100 µg $355

Decorin








Dectin-1/CLEC7A Human None 259931 Mouse IgG2B MAB1859 100 µg $240

b-Defensin 2/BD-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2758 100 µg $355

Desert Hedgehog C-Terminus Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF196 100 µg $355

Desert Hedgehog N-Terminus MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF733 100 µg $355


Desmin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3844 100 µg $355

Desmin in Human Heart. Desmin was detected in paraffin-embedded human heart sections using anti-human desmin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3844). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Desmoglein-1 Propeptide HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF944 100 µg $355


Desmoglein-3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1720 100 µg $355


Dishevelled-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3316 100 µg $355

Dishevelled-1 in Human Skeletal Muscle. Dishev-elled-1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded human skeletal muscle section using anti-human dishev-elled-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3316). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Dishevelled-3 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3754 100 µg $355

Dkk-1 Mouse


Biotin 259631 Rat IgG2B BAM1765 100 µg $380


Dkk-2 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2435 100 µg $355

Dkk-3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1118 100 µg $355


DLEC/CLEC4C/BDCA2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1376 100 µg $355

DLL1


Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5026 100 µg $355

Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3970 100 µg $355

DLL1 Expression in Mouse Embyronic Stomach. Delta-like 1 (DLL1) was detected in a cryostat tissue section of mouse E13.5 embryonic stomach using anti-rat DLL1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3970). Tissues were stained using NorthernLights-557-conjugated anti-sheep second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

DMC/VCC-1 Human None 422208 Mouse IgG2B MAB4207 100 µg $240




DMP-1 Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4386 100 µg $355

DMP-1 in Developing Mouse Teeth. Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP-1) was detected in a cryostat section of developing embryonic (E15.5) mouse teeth using anti-mouse DMP-1 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF4386). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

DNER




Biotin 298306 Rat IgG1 BAM2254 100 µg $380


DOK4 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4826 100 µg $355

DOK4 in Human Kidney. Downstream of kinase 4 (DOK4) was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human kidney using anti-human DOK4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4826). Tissues were stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB detection reagents (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Dopa Decarboxylase/DDC Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3564 100 µg $355

Dopamine Transporter C-Terminus Human/Mouse/Primate None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS068 100 µL $355

Dopamine Transporter Extracellular Loop 2 Human/Primate None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS069 100 µL $355

DPP6 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2360 100 µg $355

DPPA4Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3674 100 µg $355


DPPA5/ESG1




DPPIV/CD26




DR3/TNFRSF25 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2437 100 µg $355

DSCAM Long Isoform HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3666 100 µg $355


DSCAM in Human A172 Cells. Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) was detected in human A172 glioblastoma cell line using anti-human DSCAM affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3666). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

DSPG3 Human None 329707 Mouse IgG1 MAB3110 100 µg $240




Dtk


Mouse


Biotin 109646 Rat IgG1 BAM759 100 µg $380

None 109646 Rat IgG1 MAB759 500 µg $325

Phospho-Dynamin (S774) Human/Mouse/Rat/Bovine/Canine/Chicken/Primate

None Polyclonal Sheep IgG PPS004 100 µL $355

DYRK1A aa 438-571 Human/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5407 100 µg $355

E2F-1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4825 100 µg $355

EAR2/NR2F6 Human None N2025 Mouse IgG2A PP-N2025-00 100 µg $380

ECE-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1784 100 µg $355

ECE-2 Human None 233914 Rat IgG2A MAB16451 100 µg $240

ECM-1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3937 100 µg $355

ECM-1 in Human Colon Cancer. Extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM-1) was detected in paraffin-embed-ded sections of human colon cancer using anti- human ECM-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3937). Tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

EGF

Human






EGF R/ErbB1 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1280 100 µg $355


Phospho-EGF R/ErbB1 (Y1173) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1095 50 µg $285

Phospho-EGF R/ErbB1 (Y845) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3394 50 µg $285

EGR1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2818 100 µg $355


EGR1 in Human Prostate Cancer. Early growth re-sponse 1 (EGR1) was detected in a paraffin-embed-ded human prostate cancer tissue section using anti-human EGR1 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2818). Tissues were stained using the anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

eIF4E Human/Mouse/Rat None 299910 Mouse IgG2B MAB3228 100 µg $240

ELF3 aa 375-552 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5787 100 µg $355

EMAP-II Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1910 100 µg $355

EMAP-II in Human Colon Cancer. Endothelial Monocyte-activation Polypeptide II (EMAP-II) was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded human colon cancer section using anti-human EMAP-II affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1910). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).




EMMPRIN Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF972 100 µg $355

EMR1 Mouse None 521204 Rat IgG2A MAB5580 100 µg $240

Endoglin/CD105



Mouse




Endoglycan/PODLX2Human




Endoglycan in Mouse Testis. Endoglycan was de-tected in a cryostat section of mouse testis using anti-mouse Endoglycan affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF3534). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Endomucin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4666 100 µg $355

Endorepellin/Perlecan Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2364 100 µg $355

EndostatinHuman




EDNRB/Endothelin R Type B Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4496 100 µg $355

Endothelin-1 C-Terminus, aa 53-73 (EDN1) and 15-22 (Mature) Human None 3G10 Rat IgG2B MAB3440 100 µg $240

Engrailed-2 Human None 279122 Mouse IgG2B MAB2600 100 µg $240

Enolase 2 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5169 100 µg $355

ENPP-7/Alk-SMase Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5160 100 µg $355

EN-RAGE/S100A12 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1052 100 µg $355


EpCAM/TROP-1 Human None 158210 Mouse IgG2A MAB960 500 µg $325

EPCR

Human






EPCR in Normal Human Skin. Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR) was detected in a paraffin-embed-ded human skin section using anti-human EPCR monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB22451). The tis-sue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

EphA1







EphA2





EphA3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF640 100 µg $355

EphA4 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF641 100 µg $355

EphA5 RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF541 100 µg $355


EphA5 in Human U-118 MG Cells. EphA5 was detected in human U-118 MG glioblastoma cell line using anti-rat EphA5 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB541). Cells were stained using Northern-Lights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

EphB1 RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF542 100 µg $355


EphB2 Mouse




EphB2 in Embryonic Mouse Brain. EphB2 was de-tected in a frozen section of E15 mouse brain using anti-mouse EphB2 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF467). Tissues were stained using NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained (green).

EphB3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF432 100 µg $355

EphB4




Ephrin-A2 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF603 100 µg $355

Ephrin-A2 in Rat Embryonic Neurons. Ephrin-A2 was detected in rat embryonic hippocampal neurons using anti-mouse Ephrin-A2 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF603; green). Astrocytes were stained using an anti-GFAP antibody (red).

Ephrin-A5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3743 100 µg $355

Ephrin-B1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF473 100 µg $355

Ephrin-B2 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF496 100 µg $355


Ephrin-B3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF395 100 µg $355

Epigen Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1127 100 µg $355




Epimorphin/Syntaxin 2 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2568 100 µg $355


Epimorphin/Syntaxin 2 in Mouse Eye. Epimorphin was detected in frozen embryonic mouse eye cup sections using anti-mouse Epimorphin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2568). Tissue was stained using the anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Epiregulin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1195 100 µg $355

ErbB2/Her2 Human





Phospho-ErbB2 in Human Breast Cancer. Phos-pho-ErbB2 was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-man breast cancer tissue sections using anti-human phospho-ErbB2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1768). Tissues were stained using anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS005; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue)

Phospho-ErbB2/Her2 (Y1196) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF4438 100 µg $285

Phospho-ErbB2/Her2 (Y1248) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1768 50 µg $285

ErbB3/Her3Human




ERK1/ERK2 Human/Mouse/Rat None 216703 Mouse IgG1 MAB1576 100 µg $240

Phosphorylated ERK1/ERK2 Expression in Rat Brain Cortex. Phosphorylated ERK1/ERK2 was de-tected in cryostat tissue sections of rat brain cortex using anti-human/mouse/rat phospho-ERK1/ERK2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1018). Tissue was stained using the anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS005; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Phospho-ERK1/ERK2 (ERK1 T202/Y204, ERK2 T185/Y187) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1018 100 µg $285

ERK1 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1575 50 µg $285

ERK1 aa 1-28 Human None 250603 Mouse IgG2A MAB1940 100 µg $240

ERK2 Human/Mouse/Rat

None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1230 100 µg $285



ERK3 aa 344-721 Human None 335102 Mouse IgG2B MAB3196 100 µg $240

ERK4 aa 1-126 Human/Mouse/Rat None 355810 Rat IgG2A MAB3914 100 µg $240

ERK5/BMK1 aa 1-432 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2848 100 µg $355

ERRa/NR3B1 HumanNone H5844 Mouse IgG2A PP-H5844-00 100 µg $380


ERRb/NR3B2 Human None H6705 Mouse IgG2A PP-H6705-00 100 µg $380

ERRg/NR3B3 Human None H6812 Mouse IgG2A PP-H6812-00 100 µg $380




Erythropoietin Human None Polyclonal Total Rabbit IgG AB-286-NA 1 mg $355

Erythropoietin R MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1390 100 µg $355


ESAM

Human






ESAM in Human Kidney. Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (ESAM) was detected in paraffin-embed-ded human kidney sections using anti-human ESAM monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB42041). Tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Stain-ing Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown). Tissue was coun-terstained with hematoxylin (blue).

ESGP Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4580 100 µg $355

ERa/NR3A1 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5715 100 µg $355


EZH2 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4767 100 µg $355

FABP1





FABP2Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3078 100 µg $355


FABP3 Human




FABP4


Mouse




FABP4 in Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) was detected in mouse mesenchymal stem cells using anti-mouse FABP4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1443). Cells were stained using anti-goat North-ernLights-557 (Catalog # NL001; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

FABP5FABP5Human




FABP5 Mouse Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF1476 50 µg $380

FABP6 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3880 100 µg $355


FABP7 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3166 100 µg $355

FABP9 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2750 100 µg $355





FAK aa 213-412Human None 495919 Mouse IgG2B MAB4467 100 µg $240

Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4467 100 µg $355

FAK in Human Hippocampus. Focal adhesion ki-nase 1 (FAK) was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-man brain hippocampus sections using anti-human/mouse/rat FAK affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4467). The tissue was stained using the anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cat-alog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with he-matoxylin (blue).

Fibroblast Activation Protein a/FAP Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3715 100 µg $355

Fas/TNFRSF6/CD95



Human None DX2 Mouse IgG1 MAB142 500 µg $325



Fas Ligand/TNFSF6




FATP1 Human None 308420 Mouse IgG2B MAB3304 100 µg $240

Fcg RI/CD64 Human None 10.1 Mouse IgG1 MAB1257 500 µg $325

Fcg RII/RIII (CD32/CD16) Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1460 100 µg $355

Fcg RIIB/CD32b HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1330 100 µg $355


Fcg RIIIA/B (CD16) Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1960 100 µg $355

FCRL4/FcRH4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2426 100 µg $355


Fetuin A/AHSG Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1184 100 µg $355

FGF acidic Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF232 100 µg $355

FGF basic Human




FGF-3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1206 100 µg $355




FGF-5 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-237-NA 100 µg $355


KGF/FGF-7 Canine None 299026 Mouse IgG1 MAB1957 100 µg $240


FGF-8 Human/Mouse None 47109 Mouse IgG1 MAB323 500 µg $325

FGF-8b Isoform Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-423-NA 100 µg $355

FGF-9 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-273-NA 100 µg $355

FGF-10 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF345 100 µg $355

FGF-17 Human None 121630 Mouse IgG2B MAB319 500 µg $325

FGF-19 Human None 117601 Mouse IgG1 MAB969 500 µg $325



FGF-21 Human None 461804 Mouse IgG2B MAB25372 100 µg $240

FGF-23 Mouse None 283507 Rat IgG2A MAB26291 100 µg $240

FGF-BP Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1413 100 µg $355




FGF R2 Human None 98739 Mouse IgG1 MAB6843 500 µg $325

FGF R3 (IIIc) Human None 136312 Mouse IgG1 MAB7662 500 µg $325

FGF R4

Human None 240929 Rat IgG2A MAB6852 100 µg $240



FGF R5/FGFRL1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1899 100 µg $355

Fgr Human None 349331 Mouse IgG2A MAB32071 100 µg $240

Fgr aa 1-82 Human/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3207 100 µg $355

Fibronectin Human


None P1H11 Mouse IgG1 MAB1918 100 µg $240

None P1F11 Mouse IgM MAB19181 100 µg $240

Fibronectin in Human WS-1 Cells. Fibronectin was detected in WS-1 human dermal fibroblasts us-ing anti-human Fibronectin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB19181). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

FKBP38 aa 1-326 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3580 100 µg $355

FKBP51 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4094 100 µg $355

FKBP51 in Human Prostate. FK506 Binding Protein, 51 kDa molecular weight (FKBP51), was detected in paraffin-embedded human prostate sections using anti-human/mouse/rat FKBP51 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF4094). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

FKBP52 Human None 425123 Rat IgG1 MAB4095 100 µg $240

Follistatin-related Gene Protein/FLRG MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1255 100 µg $355


Flt-3/Flk-2 Mouse None 113308 Rat IgG2A MAB7681 100 µg $240

Phospho-Flt-3/Flk-2 (Y591) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF368 50 µg $285

Flt-3 Ligand Feline None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2467 100 µg $355

Follistatin HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF669 100 µg $355


Follistatin-like 1/FSL1Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1694 100 µg $355

Mouse/Rat None 228208 Rat IgG2B MAB17381 100 µg $240

FOLR1 Human None 548908 Mouse IgG1 MAB5646 100 µg $240

FosB/G0S3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2214 100 µg $355

FoxH1 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4248 100 µg $355


FoxJ1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3619 100 µg $355





FoxM1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3975 100 µg $355

FoxM1 in Human U2OS Cells. FoxM1 was detected in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells using anti- human FoxM1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3975). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counter-stained (green).

FoxP2 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5647 100 µg $355

FoxP3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3240 100 µg $355

FoxP3 in Human Tonsil. FoxP3 was detected in par-affin-embedded human tonsil sections using anti-human FoxP3 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3240). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Frizzled-1

Human/Mouse Biotin 162531 Rat IgG2A BAM11201 100 µg $240



Frizzled-1 Expression in Mouse Intestine. Friz-zled-1 was detected in a cryostat tissue section of embryonic mouse intestine (E13) using anti-mouse Frizzled-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF1120). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Frizzled-3

Human/MouseNone 169310 Rat IgG2A MAB1001-050 50 µg $150

None 169310 Rat IgG2A MAB1001-100 100 µg $240



Frizzled-4Human/Mouse





Frizzled-6 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1526 100 µg $355

Frizzled-7Human/Mouse









Frk aa 1-107Human None 393812 Rat IgG1 MAB3766 100 µg $240


Frk in Human Breast Cancer. Fyn-related kinase (Frk) was detected in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer sections using anti-human Frk mono-clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3766). Tissue was sub-jected to antigen retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013; brown). Tissue was stained using anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematox-ylin (blue).

FRS2 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4069 100 µg $355

Fucosyltransferase 8/FUT8 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5768 100 µg $355

Furin Human None 222728 Mouse IgG1 MAB15031 500 µg $325

FXR/NR1H4 Human None A9033A Mouse IgG2A PP-A9033A-00 100 µg $380

Fyn Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3574 100 µg $355

G9a/EHMT2 Human/Mouse None A8620A Mouse IgG2A PP-A8620A-00 100 µg $380

GABAA R d N-Terminus Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS090 100 µL $355

GABAB R2 N-Terminus Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1188 100 µg $355

GAD1/GAD67 aa 2-97 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2086 100 µg $355


GAD2/GAD65 aa 2-150 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2247 100 µg $355

Galectin-1


Mouse



Biotin 201002 Rat IgG2B BAM12451 250 µg $380


Galectin-3





Galectin-4Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1227 100 µg $355


Galectin-7





Galectin-8 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1305 100 µg $355

Galectin-9 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2045 100 µg $355


Galectin-9 Short Isoform Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3535 100 µg $355

Gas1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2644 100 µg $355

Gas6 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF885 100 µg $355

GASP-1/WFIKKNRP Human None 288518 Mouse IgG2B MAB20701 100 µg $240

GASP-2/WFIKKN Human None 289802 Mouse IgG2B MAB21363 100 µg $240

GATA-1 Human None 234732 Rat IgG2B MAB1779 100 µg $240

GATA-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2046 100 µg $355


GATA-3 Human None 291106 Mouse IgG1 MAB26051 100 µg $240

GATA-3 aa 135-258 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2605 100 µg $355





GATA-4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2606 100 µg $355


GATA-4 in Differentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells. GATA-4 was detected in differentiated human Embryonic Stem cells using anti-human GATA-4 poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF2606; green). The cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Courtesy of Dr. Frank Solder from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke & Stem Cell Unit at NIH.

GATA-5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2170 100 µg $355

GATA-6 Human




GCNF/NR6A1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3180 100 µg $355

GDF-3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF958 100 µg $355

GDF-5 Mouse




GDF-8/Myostatin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF788 100 µg $355


GDF-9 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF739 100 µg $355


GDNF Human/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-212-NA 100 µg $355

GFAP Human




GFAP in Rat Astrocytes. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected in astrocytes in differentia-ting cultures of rat cortical stem cells using anti- human GFAP affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2594). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-sheep secondary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

GFI-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3540 100 µg $355

GFRa-1/GDNF Ra-1


Rat




GFRa-1 and GDNF Expression in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia. GFRa-1 and GDNF were detected in rat dor-sal root ganglia using biotinylated anti-rat GFRa-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # BAF560; red) and anti-human GDNF affinity- purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF-212-NA; green).

GFRa-2/GDNF Ra-2Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF613 100 µg $355





GFRa-3/GDNF Ra-3




GFRa-3 in Mouse Embryonic Dorsal Root Gangli-on (DRG). Detection of Glial cell line-derived Factor Receptor alpha 3 (GFRa-3) in a cryostat section of E15 DRG mouse using anti-mouse GFRa-3 affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2645). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (brown; Catalog # CTS008 and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

GFRa-4/GDNF Ra-4 Mouse




GITR/TNFRSF18 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF689 100 µg $355

GLI-1 Human/Mouse None 388516 Rat IgG2A MAB3324 100 µg $240

GLI-1 aa 1-234 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3324 100 µg $355

GLI-1 aa 1-237 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3455 100 µg $355

GLI-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3526 100 µg $355


GLI-2 aa 1-416 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3635 100 µg $355

GLI-3 aa 1-479 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3690 100 µg $355

GLP/EHMT1 Human/Mouse None B0422 Mouse IgG2A PP-B0422-00 100 µg $380

GLP-1R Human None 419208 Mouse IgG2A MAB28141 100 µg $240

GLP-2R Human None 413801 Mouse IgG2A MAB4285 100 µg $240

Glucagon Human/Mouse None 181402 Mouse IgG2A MAB1249 100 µg $240

Glucagon in bTC6 Cells. Glucagon expression was detected in bTC6 mouse insulinoma cells using anti-human/mouse Glucagon monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1249). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody ( Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Glucagon NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Mouse NL557 181402 Mouse IgG2A NL1249R 500 µL $345

Glut1 Human None 202915 Mouse IgG2B MAB1418 200 µg $270

Glut2

Human None 199017 Mouse IgG2A MAB1414 200 µg $270

MouseBiotin 205115 Rat IgG2B BAM1440 200 µg $380


Glut3 HumanBiotin 202017 Mouse IgG2B BAM1415 200 µg $315


Glut4 RatBiotin 1F8 Mouse IgG1 BAM1262 250 µg $380

None 1F8 Mouse IgG1 MAB1262 200 µg $270

Glut5 HumanBiotin 195205 Mouse IgG2A BAM1349 200 µg $380





Glutathione Peroxidase 1 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3798 100 µg $355

GPX1 in Rat Liver. Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPX1)was detected in a cryostat section of rat liver using anti-human/mouse/rat GPX1 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF3798). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Glutathione Peroxidase 3 aa 74-226 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4199 100 µg $355

GPX3 in Human Kidney. Glutathione Peroxidase 3 (GPX3) was detected in paraffin-embedded human kidney sections using anti-human GPX3 affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4199). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

Glycine R Pan Specific Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS009 200 µg $355

Glycophorin A HumanBiotin R10 Mouse IgG1 BAM12281 250 µg $380

None R10 Mouse IgG1 MAB1228 500 µg $325

Glypican 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4519 100 µg $355

Glypican 2


Mouse




Glypican 3 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF2119 100 µg $355

Glypican 6 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1053 100 µg $355

GM-CSFCanine




GMF-b Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1276 100 µg $355

Goosecoid Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4086 100 µg $355

gp130 MouseBiotin 125623 Rat IgG2A BAM4681 100 µg $240


gp130 in Mouse Splenocytes. gp130 was detected in mouse splenocytes using anti-mouse gp130 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4681; red). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

GPR34 Human None 419859 Mouse IgG2A MAB4617 100 µg $240




GPR50 Human None 461129 Mouse IgG2A MAB4645 100 µg $240

GPR50 in Human Glioblastoma Cells. G protein-coupled receptor 50 (GPR50) was detected in human A172 glioblastoma cell line using anti-human GPR50 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4645). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

GPRC5A Human None 481906 Mouse IgG2A MAB5239 100 µg $240

GR/NR3C1 HumanNone H8004 Mouse IgG2A PP-H8004-00 100 µg $380


Gr-1/Ly-6G MouseBiotin RB6-8C5 Rat IgG2B BAM1037 250 µg $380

None RB6-8C5 Rat IgG2B MAB1037 500 µg $325

Granzyme A Human None 356412 Mouse IgG2B MAB29051 100 µg $240

Granzyme A in Human Peripheral Blood Mononu-clear Cells. Granzyme A was detected in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using anti- human Granzyme A monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB29051). Cells were stained using donkey anti-mouse NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained green.

Granzyme B

Human None 351927 Mouse IgG2A MAB2906 100 µg $240



Granzyme D Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1365 100 µg $355

Granzyme H HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1377 100 µg $355


GRB2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3846 100 µg $355

GRB2 in Human Breast Cancer. Growth Factor Re-ceptor Bound Protein 2 (GRB2) was detected in paraf-fin-embedded human breast cancer sections using anti-human/mouse/rat GRB2 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF3846). Tissue was sub-jected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cata-log # CTS008; brown). Tissue was counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Gremlin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF956 100 µg $355


GRK2 aa 468-689 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4339 100 µg $355

Growth Hormone



Rat







Growth Hormone R/GHR






GRP75/HSPA9B Human None 419605 Mouse IgG1 MAB35841 100 µg $240

GRP75 in Human Fibroblastic Meningioma. Glu-cose Regulated 75 kDa Protein (GRP75) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human fibroblastic meningi-oma section using anti-human GRP75 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB35841). Tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Stain-ing Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

GRP75/HSPA9B aa 542-679 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3584 100 µg $355

GSK-3a aa 90-483 Human None 288901 Mouse IgG2B MAB2986 100 µg $240

Phospho-GSK-3a (S21) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF4125 100 µg $285

Phosphorylated GSK-3a in Human Thymus. Phos-phorylated Glycogen Synthase kinase-3a (GSK-3a) was detected in paraffin-embedded human thymus tissue sections using anti-human/mouse/rat Phos-pho-GSK-3a (S27) affinity-purified poly clonal anti-body (Catalog # AF4125). Tissues were stained using anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cat-alog # CTS005; brown) and counterstained with he-matoxylin (blue).

Phospho-GSK-3a/b (S21/S9) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1590 100 µg $285

GSK-3b Human None 272535 Rat IgG2B MAB25061 100 µg $240

HAI-1 aa 30-433 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1141 100 µg $355


HAI-1 Ectodomain HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1048 100 µg $355


HAI-2 Ectodomain MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1107 100 µg $355


Hairless Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5708 100 µg $355

HAND1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3168 100 µg $355


HAND2 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3876 100 µg $355

HAPLN4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4085 100 µg $355

HB-EGF Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-259-NA 250 µg $355

HCRTR2 HumanNone 456738 Mouse IgG2A MAB5246 100 µg $240


Hepassocin RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1105 100 µg $355


HES-1 aa 93-280 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3317 100 µg $355

HES-4 aa 94-221 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3600 100 µg $355

HGFHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-294-NA 100 µg $355


HGF Activator Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1514 100 µg $355




HGF R/c-MET





Phospho-HGF R/c-MET (Y1003) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF4059 100 µg $285

Phospho-HGF R/c-MET (Y1234/Y1235) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2480 50 µg $285

Phospho-HGF R/c-MET (Y1349) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3950 50 µg $285

HIF-1a aa 575-826 Human/Mouse None 241812 Mouse IgG1 MAB1935 100 µg $240

HIF-2a aa 542-874 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2997 100 µg $355

Phospho-Histone H2AX (S139) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2288 50 µg $285

HMGA2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3184 100 µg $355

HNF-3b/FoxA2 aa 242-457 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2400 100 µg $355

HNF-3b in Human BG01V Cells. Hepatic Nuclear Factor 3 b (HNF-3b) was detected in endoderm dif-ferentiated human BG01V embryonic stem cell line using anti-human HNF-3b affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2400). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

HNF-4a/NR2A1 HumanNone H1415 Mouse IgG2A PP-H1415-00 100 µg $380

None K9218 Mouse IgG2A PP-K9218-00 100 µg $380

HNF-4g/NR2A2 Human None N3224 Mouse IgG2A PP-N3224-00 100 µg $380

HNF-4a/NR2A1 Isoform 7-9 Human None H6939 Mouse IgG1 PP-H6939-00 100 µg $380

HOXA1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5014 100 µg $355

HSP60 Human/Mouse/Rat None 264233 Mouse IgG2B MAB1800 100 µg $240

HSP70 Human/Mouse None 242707 Mouse IgG2A MAB1663 100 µg $240

HSPH1 aa 595-733 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4029 100 µg $355

HSPH1 in Rat Cerebellum. HSP (Heat Shock Protein) H1 was detected in a cryostat section of rat cerebel-lum using anti-human/mouse/rat HSPHI affinity- purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4029). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

HTRA2/OmiHuman None 229926 Mouse IgG2B MAB1458 100 µg $240

Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1458 100 µg $285

HVEM/TNFRSF14 Human None 94804 Mouse IgG1 MAB3561 500 µg $325

cIAP-1/HIAP-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF8181 100 µg $355

cIAP-2/HIAP-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF8171 100 µg $355


ICA1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4084 100 µg $355

ICAM-1/CD54

Human

None Polyclonal Goat Serum BBA17 500 µL $195

None BBIG-I1 Mouse IgG1 BBA3 100 µg $230

None BBIG-I1 Mouse IgG1 BBA4 1 mg $840







ICAM-2/CD102 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF774 100 µg $355


ICAM-3/CD50 Human None ICAM-3.3 Mouse IgG1 BBA15 200 µg $315

ICAM-5 Human None 283607 Mouse IgG2A MAB1950 100 µg $240

ICAM-5 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1173 100 µg $355


ICOS Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF169 100 µg $355

ID2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4660 100 µg $355

IFITM1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4827 100 µg $355

IFITM3/Fragilis Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3377 100 µg $355

IFITM3/Fragilis in Embryonic Mouse Ovary. Inter-feron-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) was detected in an E13.5 mouse embryonic ovary section using anti-mouse IFITM3 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3377). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

IFN-a

Human

None MMHA-3 Mouse IgG1 21101-1 50 µg $195


None MMHA-8 Mouse IgG2B 21110-1 50 µg $195


Fluorescein MMHA-11 Mouse IgG1 21112-3 50 Tests $300






None Polyclonal Sheep Serum 31100-1 100000 U $235

None Polyclonal Rabbit Serum 31101-1 100000 U $235


MouseFluorescein RMMA-1 Rat IgG1 22100-3 100 µL $355


PorcineNone K9 Mouse IgG1 27100-1 500 µg $315

None F17 Mouse IgG1 27105-1 500 µg $315

IFN-a/b R1 Mouse Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF3039 50 µg $380

Phospho-IFN-a/b R1 (S535/S539) Human/Mouse/Rat/Bovine/Canine/Primate/Sheep

None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS074 100 µL $355

IFN-a/b R2 HumanNone MMHAR-2 Mouse IgG2A 21385-1 50 µg $330

None Polyclonal Rabbit Serum 31385-1 50 µg $250




IFN-b

Human

Fluorescein MMHB-3 Mouse IgG1 21400-3 50 Tests $270

None MMHB-1 Mouse IgG2A 21405-1 50 µg $195

None MMHB-12 Mouse IgG1 21450-1 50 µg $195


None MMHB-14 Mouse IgG2A 21460-1 50 µg $195

None MMHB-15 Mouse IgG2B 21465-1 50 µg $195


None Polyclonal Sheep Serum 31400-1 20000 U $280


MouseFluorescein RMMB-1 Rat IgG1 22400-3 100 µL $320


IFN-g

BovineNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2300 100 µg $355


CanineNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF781 100 µg $355


Equine None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1586 100 µg $355

Human





Mouse None H22 Hamster IgG MAB4851 500 µg $325

Porcine Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF985 50 µg $380

Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-585-NA 100 µg $355

IFN-g in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Interferon g (IFN-g) was detected in PMA-, ionomyocin-, and monensin-activated human PBMC using anti-human IFN-g affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF-285-NA). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

IFN-g R1/CD119 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF673 100 µg $355

IgG NorthernLights-conjugated

Goat

NL557 Polyclonal Donkey IgG NL001 500 µL $115



Mouse




Rabbit




Rat

NL557 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL013 500 µL $115



Sheep




IgG2A Mouse None 133304 Mouse IgG2A MAB0031 500 µg $170

IgG2B Mouse None 73009 Mouse IgG2B MAB0042 500 µg $170




IgY NorthernLights-conjugated Chicken




IGFBP-1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1240 100 µg $355

IGFBP-3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF675 100 µg $355


IGFBP-4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF804 100 µg $355


IGFBP-5Human




IGFBP-5 in Mouse Ovary. Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5 (IGFBP-5) was detected in a cryostat section of mouse ovary (follicle with oocyte) using anti-mouse IGFBP-5 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF578). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

IGFBP-6 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF776 100 µg $355

IGFBP-L1 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4130 100 µg $355


IGFBP-rp1/IGFBP-7Human




IGF-IHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-291-NA 250 µg $355


IGF-I R Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-305-NA 100 µg $355

IGF-IIHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-292-NA 250 µg $355


IGF-II R Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2447 100 µg $355

IGSF2/CD101 Mouse Biotin 307707 Rat IgG2A BAM3368 100 µg $380

IGSF4B Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3678 100 µg $355

IGSF4C HumanNone 404619 Rat IgG1 MAB4164 100 µg $240


IGSF8 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3117 100 µg $355


Ikaros Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4984 100 µg $355

IKKa aa 375-745 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3768 100 µg $355

IKKg Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2684 100 µg $355

IKKeHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3199 100 µg $355

Human/Mouse/Rat None 346909 Mouse IgG1 MAB3199 100 µg $240

IL-1a/IL-1F1Human








IL-1b/IL-1F2



Human







Rat




IL-1b in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) was detected in LPS-stimulated human PBMCs using anti-human IL-1b affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF-201-NA). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-goat secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

IL-1b in Rat Splenocytes. Interleukin 1b (IL-1b) was detected in LPS-stimulated rat splenocytes using anti-rat IL-1b affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF-501-NA). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-goat IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained (green).

IL-1b/IL-1F2 NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL557 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL201R 500 µL $350

IL-1ra/IL-1F3



Porcine None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF780 100 µg $355

IL-1F5/FIL1d Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1275 100 µg $355

IL-1F6/FIL1e HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1078 100 µg $355


IL-1F8/FIL1η HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1099 100 µg $355


IL-1 RI Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF771 100 µg $355

IL-1 RIIHuman




IL-1 RII in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Interleukin-1 receptor II (IL-1 RII) was detected in human PBMCs by indirect immunofluo-rescent staining using anti-human IL-1 RII affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF-263-NA) and counterstained (green).

IL-1 RAPL2/IL-1 R9 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1007 100 µg $355




IL-2

Bovine None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2465 100 µg $355

Canine Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF1815 50 µg $380

EquineNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1613 100 µg $355




Human





PorcineNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF652 100 µg $355



IL-2 in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was detected in PMA- and ionomycin-stimulated human PBMCs using biotinylated anti-human IL-2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # BAF202; red) and counterstained green.

IL-2 Ra

HumanNone 22722 Mouse IgG1 MAB223 500 µg $325



Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5156 100 µg $355

IL-2 Ra in Mouse Spleen. Interleukin-2 Receptor a (IL-2 Ra) was detected in cryostat tissue sections of mouse spleen using anti-mouse IL-2 Ra affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2438). Tissues were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red). Tissues were counterstained green.

IL-2 Rb Human None 27302 Mouse IgG1 MAB224 500 µg $325

IL-3

Human






IL-3 Ra Human None 32703 Mouse IgG1 MAB301 500 µg $325




IL-4

Bovine None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2469 100 µg $355


HumanBiotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF204 50 µg $380



Rat Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF504 50 µg $380

IL-4 in Human Lymph Node. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) was detected in a cryostat tissue section of frozen human lymph node using anti-human IL-4 monoclonal anti-body (Catalog # MAB304). Tissues were stained using anti-mouse secondary antibody (brown) and coun-terstained with hematoxylin (blue).

IL-4 Ra Human None 25463 Mouse IgG2A MAB230 500 µg $325

IL-5

Canine None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1964 100 µg $355








IL-6

Canine







Human





Porcine None 77830 Mouse IgG1 MAB686 500 µg $325


IL-6 in Porcine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was detected in porcine PBMCs using anti-porcine IL-6 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB686). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

IL-6 Ra Mouse








IL-7 Human None 7417 Mouse IgG1 MAB207 500 µg $325

CXCR1/IL-8 RA Human None 42705 Mouse IgG2A MAB330 500 µg $325

CXCR2/IL-8 RB Human None 48311 Mouse IgG2A MAB331 500 µg $325

IL-10






IL-10 Ra Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-274-NA 100 µg $355

IL-12 Human




IL-12 p70 Human None 24945 Mouse IgG1 MAB611 500 µg $325

IL-12/IL-23 p40 Feline None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1954 100 µg $355

IL-13Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-413-NA 100 µg $355

Rat Biotin 296202 Mouse IgG2B BAM1945 100 µg $380

IL-13 Ra1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF152 100 µg $355

IL-13 Ra2Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF146 100 µg $355


IL-15




IL-15 Ra Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF247 100 µg $355

IL-16 C-terminal Peptide Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-316-PB 100 µg $355

IL-17 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-317-NA 100 µg $355

IL-17B RHuman




IL-17C Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1234 100 µg $355

IL-17D HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1504 100 µg $355


IL-17D in Human Heart. Interleukin-17D (IL-17D) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human heart section using anti-human IL-17D monoclonal anti-body (Catalog # MAB15041). The tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Stain-ing Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

IL-17FHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1335 100 µg $355





IL-17 RD/SEF




IL-17 RD in Mouse Liver. Interleukin-17 Receptor D (IL-17 RD) was detected in frozen mouse liver sec-tions using anti-mouse IL-17 RD monoclonal anti-body (Catalog # MAB2276; red) and counterstained green.

IL-17 RD in Human Kidney. Interleukin-17 Receptor D (IL-17 RD) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human kidney sections using anti-human IL-17 RD affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2275). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

IL-18/IL-1F4




Rhesus Macaque None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2548 100 µg $355

IL-18 Ra/IL-1 R5 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF840 100 µg $355


IL-18 R in Human Skin. Interleukin-18 Receptor (IL-18 R) was detected in frozen sections of human skin using anti-human IL-18 R affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF840). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-AEC Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS009; red) and counterstained with he-matoxylin (blue).

IL-20 Ra Human None 173707 Mouse IgG1 MAB11761 500 µg $325

IL-21 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF594 100 µg $355

IL-21 in Mouse Splenocytes. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) was detected in mouse splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A using anti-mouse IL-21 affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF594). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-goat secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and coun-terstained green.

IL-21 R Subunit Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF596 100 µg $355

IL-22 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF782 100 µg $355

IL-22 Ra1Human None 305405 Mouse IgG1 MAB2770 100 µg $240


IL-24




IL-27 p28 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1834 100 µg $355

IL-28A/IFN-λ2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1587 100 µg $355

IL-31 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2824 100 µg $355


IL-31 RA Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2769 100 µg $355




IL-33Human




IL-33 PropeptideHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4810 100 µg $355


IL-33 Propeptide in Human Umbilical Vein Endo-thelial Cells. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Propeptide was detected in HUVECs using anti-human IL-33 Propep-tide affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4810). Cells were stained using Northern-Lights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Indian Hedgehog N-Terminus Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1705 100 µg $355

ING1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5758 100 µg $355

Insulin Human/Mouse/Bovine None 182410 Rat IgG2A MAB1417 100 µg $240

Proinsulin Human/MouseBiotin 253627 Mouse IgG2A BAM13361 100 µg $240


Insulin R/CD220 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1544 100 µg $355


INSRR Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3055 100 µg $355

Integrin a1/CD49a Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5676 100 µg $355

Integrin a2/CD49b

Human

Biotin HAS3 Mouse IgG2A BAM1233 100 µg $295

None HAS3 Mouse IgG2A MAB1233 500 µg $325


MouseNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF1740 100 µg $355


Integrin a2b/CD41 Mouse None 386629 Rat IgG2A MAB41181 100 µg $240

Integrin a3/CD49c HumanBiotin IA3 Mouse IgG1 BAM1345 100 µg $295

None IA3 Mouse IgG1 MAB1345 500 µg $325

Integrin a4/CD49d HumanBiotin 7.2R Mouse IgG1 BAM1354 100 µg $295

None 7.2R Mouse IgG1 MAB1354 500 µg $325

Integrin a4/CD49d in Human U937 Cells. Integrin a4/CD49d was detected in human U937 lymphoma cell line using anti-human integrin a4/CD49d monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1354). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Integrin a5/CD49eHuman None 238307 Mouse IgG1 MAB1864 100 µg $240


Integrin a5 in Human Fibrosarcoma Cell Line (HT1080). Integrin a5 was detected in HT1080 hu-man fibrosarcoma cells using anti-human integrin a5 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1219). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).




Integrin a6/CD49fHuman None MP4F10 Mouse IgG2B MAB1350 500 µg $325

Human/Mouse/Bovine None GoH3 Rat IgG2A MAB13501 100 µg $240

Integrin a8 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4076 100 µg $355


Integrin aM/CD11b

Human

Biotin ICRF44 Mouse IgG1 BAM1699 100 µg $240

None ICRF44 Mouse IgG1 MAB1699 500 µg $325


MouseBiotin M1/70 Rat IgG2B BAM1124 250 µg $380

None M1/70 Rat IgG2B MAB1124 500 µg $325

Integrin aV/CD51 Human



None P2W7 Mouse IgG1 MAB1219 500 µg $325


Integrin aVb3 Human None 23C6 Mouse IgG1 MAB3050 100 µg $240

Integrin aVb5 Human None P5H9 Mouse IgG1 MAB2528 100 µg $240

Integrin b1/CD29 Human None 4B7R Mouse IgG1 MAB1778 100 µg $240

Integrin b1/CD29

Human

None P5D2 Mouse IgG1 MAB17781 100 µg $240

None P4G11 Mouse IgG1 MAB17782 100 µg $240




Integrin b1, Orexin b, and p38a in Mouse Brainstem. Cryostat sections of mouse brainstem were labeled with anti-human Orexin B monoclonal antibody (Cata-log # MAB734), anti-human/mouse/rat p38a affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF8691), and anti-mouse Integrin b1 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog #AF2405). Tissue was stained with North-ernLights (NL)-conjugated secondary polyclonal anti-bodies: NL-493 donkey anti-rabbit (Catalog # NL006; green), NL-557 donkey anti-mouse (Catalog # NL007; red), and NL-637 donkey anti-goat (Catalog # NL002; blue). Immunohistochemical image of integrin b1 ex-pression is pseudo-colored for presentation.

Integrin b2/CD18 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1730 100 µg $355

Integrin b4/CD104Human




Integrin b5 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3824 100 µg $355


Integrin b6

Human




Mouse




Integrin b7 Human None 473207 Mouse IgG1 MAB4669 100 µg $240




Integrin b8 Human None 416911 Mouse IgG1 MAB47751 100 µg $240

Integrin b8 in Human A172 Cells. Integrin b8 was detected in regions of membrane ruffling in A172 human glioblastoma cells using anti-human Integrin b8 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4775). Cells were stained using Northern-Lights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL007; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Intelectin-1/Omentin Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4254 100 µg $355

Intelectin-1 in Mouse Intestine. Intelectin-1 was detected in a section of mouse intestine using anti-mouse Intelectin-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4254; red). The tissue was stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-sheep sec-ondary antibody (Catalog # NL010) and the nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue).

IRAK4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3919 100 µg $355

IRF3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4019 100 µg $355

IRF5 aa 214-395 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4508 100 µg $355

IRF8 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5117 100 µg $355

IRS-1 Human None 395601 Mouse IgG1 MAB39781 100 µg $240

ISG15/UCRP aa 2-157 Human None 539442 Mouse IgG2B MAB4845 100 µg $240

Islet-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1837 100 µg $355

Islet-1 NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL557 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL1837R 500 µL $350

Islet-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4244 100 µg $355


Islet-2 and Plexin A3 in Embryonic Mouse Spinal Cord. Islet-2 and Plexin A3 were detected in a section of embryonic mouse spinal cord using biotinylated anti-human Islet-2 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # BAF4244) and anti-mouse Plexin A3 (Catalog # AF4075). The tissue was stained using NorthernLights-493 streptavidin (Catalog # NL997; green) and NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # NL001; red), respectively. The nuclei were stained using DAPI (blue).

ISLR-2 Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4650 100 µg $355

Jagged 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1277 100 µg $355

Jagged 2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1726 100 µg $355

Jak1 aa 14-55 Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF602 100 µg $355

Jak1 aa 20-274 Human/Mouse/Rat None 413104 Rat IgG2B MAB4260 100 µg $240

Jak1 in Human Skin. Jak1 was detected in a section of paraffin-embedded human epidermis using anti-human Jak1 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4260). Tissue was stained using anti-rat HRP-DAB reagents (brown) and counterstained with hematox-ylin (blue).




JAM-AHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1103 100 µg $355


JAM-C Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1213 100 µg $355

JNK Pan Specific Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1387 100 µg $285

Phospho-JNK (T183/Y185) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1205 50 µg $285

JNK1/JNK2 Human/Mouse/Rat None 252323 Mouse IgG2A MAB2076 100 µg $240

JNK1 Human/Mouse/Rat None 228601 Mouse IgG1 MAB17761 100 µg $240

JNK2 Human/Mouse/Rat None 252320 Mouse IgG2B MAB1846 100 µg $240

c-Jun aa 1-331 Human/Mouse None 320831 Mouse IgG1 MAB2670 100 µg $240

Kallikrein 3/PSA Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1344 100 µg $355

Kallikrein 5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1108 100 µg $355

Kallikrein 6/Neurosin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2008 100 µg $355

Kallikrein 6 in Human Breast Cancer. Kallikrein 6/Neurosin was detected in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue sections using anti-human Kalli-krein 6 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2008). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).


Kallikrein 7 in Normal Human Skin. Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) was detected in paraffin-embedded normal human skin sections using anti-human KLK7 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2624). Tis-sue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).


Kallikrein 9 in Human Ovarian Cancer. Kallikrein 9 (KLK9) was detected in paraffin-embedded human ovarian cancer sections using anti-human KLK9 affin-ity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3486). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Kallikrein 11 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1595 100 µg $355


Kallikrein 12 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3095 100 µg $355


Kallikrein 13 in Human Prostate Cancer. Kallikrein 13 (KLK13) was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-man prostate cancer sections using anti-human KLK13 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2625). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).





KLF4Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3640 100 µg $355


KLF5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3758 100 µg $355

Klotho MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1819 100 µg $355


Klotho in Mouse Kidney. Klotho was detected in a frozen section of mouse kidney tissue using anti-mouse Klotho affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1819). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cata-log # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hema-toxylin (blue).

KOR HumanNone 387301 Mouse IgG1 MAB3895 100 µg $240


Kremen-1Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2127 100 µg $355


Kremen-1 Mouse Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF1647 50 µg $380

Laminin a1 Mouse None AL-4 Rat IgG2A MAB4656 100 µg $240

Laminin a1 in Mouse Decidua. Laminin a1 was detected in frozen sections of mouse E10.5 decidua using anti-mouse laminin a1 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4656; red). Tissue was counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Laminin a1 N-Terminus Domain VI Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4187 100 µg $355

Laminin a4 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3837 100 µg $355


Laminin g1 Human/Rat None D18 Mouse IgG2A MAB2139 100 µg $240

Laminin S Human/Rat/Chicken None C4 Mouse IgG1 MAB2066 100 µg $295

Laminin-1 MouseNone AL-2 Rat IgG1 MAB2549 100 µg $240

None AL-3 Rat IgG1 MAB25491 100 µg $240

Laminin-5 Human None P3H9-2 Mouse IgG1 MAB2144 250 µg $240

Laminin-5 in Human MCF10A Cells. Laminin-5 was detected in human MCF10A breast epithelial cell line using anti-human Laminin-5 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2144). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

LAMP1/CD107a Lumenal Domain Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4800 100 µg $355

Langerin/CD207 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2088 100 µg $355

Lck Human None 355713 Mouse IgG2B MAB3704 100 µg $240

LDL R







LEDGF Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3468 100 µg $355

Leptin/OBHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF398 100 µg $355


Leptin RHuman




Leptin Receptor in Rat Brain. Leptin Receptor was detected in cryostat tissue sections of rat brain using anti-mouse Leptin Receptor affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF497). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

LIFHuman



Mouse None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB-449-NA 1 mg $355

LILRC1 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4074 100 µg $355

LIM1 Human None 320416 Mouse IgG2A MAB2725 100 µg $240

Limitin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF597 100 µg $355


LIN-28 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3757 100 µg $355

LIN-41 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5104 100 µg $355

LINGO-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3086 100 µg $355

LINGO-1 aa 40-556 Human None 332237 Mouse IgG1 MAB30861 100 µg $240

LINGO-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3679 100 µg $355


Lipin 1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3885 100 µg $355


Lipin 3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4064 100 µg $355

Lipocalin-2/NGAL HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1757 100 µg $355


LMIR3/CD300LF Human None 234903 Rat IgG2B MAB2774 100 µg $240

LMO2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2726 100 µg $355


LRRC4 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4995 100 µg $355

LRRC4 in Human Cerebellum. Leucine rich repeat/LRR-containing protein 4 (LRRC4) was detected in paraffin-embedded sections of human cerebellum using anti-human LRRC4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4995). Tissue was stained us-ing anti-sheep HRP-DAB secondary reagents (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematox-ylin (blue).




LRRN1/NLRR-1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4990 100 µg $355

LRRN1 in Mouse Somites. Leucine rich repeat neu-ronal 1 (LRRN1) was detected in a frozen section from E9.5 mouse somite using anti-human LRRN1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4990). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

LRRTM2 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5589 100 µg $355

LumicanHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2846 100 µg $355


LXRa/NR1H3 Ligand Binding Domain HumanNone PPZ0412 Mouse IgG2A PP-PPZ0412-00 100 µg $380

None PPZ0412 Mouse IgG2A PP-PPZ0412-10 100 µg $380

Lymphotoxin bR/TNFRSF3 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1008 100 µg $355


Lyn aa 1-67Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3206 100 µg $355

Human/Rat None 338716 Mouse IgG2B MAB3206 100 µg $240

Lyp HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3428 100 µg $355


LYVE-1



Mouse




MAdCAM-1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF993 100 µg $355

MafF Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3917 100 µg $355

MAG/Siglec-4a RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF538 100 µg $355


MAG/Siglec-4a in Rat Cerebellum. Myelin-associat-ed Glycoprotein (MAG/Siglec-4a) was detected in cryostat sections of rat cerebellum using anti-rat MAG affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF538). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008); brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Mash1 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2567 100 µg $355


Matrilin-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3044 100 µg $355

MCAM/CD146 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF932 100 µg $355


Mcl-1 aa 1-230 Human None 542808 Mouse IgG2B MAB828 100 µg $240

M-CSF R Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3818 100 µg $355

Phospho-M-CSF R (Y723) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3268 50 µg $285

MD-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF925 100 µg $355

MD-2 Human Biotin Polyclonal Sheep IgG BAF1787 50 µg $380

MDM2 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1244 100 µg $285

MEK1/MEK2 Human/Mouse/Rat None 239416 Mouse IgG2B MAB2678 100 µg $240

Phospho-MEK1/MEK2 (MEK1 S218/S2220, MEK2 S222/S226) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2506 100 µg $285




MEK2 Human/Mouse/Rat None 300317 Mouse IgG2A MAB2855 100 µg $240

MELK Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4820 100 µg $355

Melusin HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2740 100 µg $355


Meprin a Subunit/MEP1A Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3220 100 µg $355

Meprin b Subunit/MEP1BHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2895 100 µg $355


Meprin b Subunit in Mouse Intestine. Meprin b Subunit (MEP1B) was detected in a frozen section of mouse intestine using anti-mouse MEP1B affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3300). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

MESDC2Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5577 100 µg $355


MESDC2 in Adult Mouse Testis. Mesoderm devel-opment candidate 2 (MESDC2) was detected in section of mouse testis using anti-mouse MESDC2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody Catalog # AF4545). The tissue was stained using anti-goat NorthernLight-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001, red) and the nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Mesothelin Isoform 1, aa 296-580 Human None 420404 Rat IgG2A MAB32651 100 µg $240

Meteorin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3475 100 µg $355


Meteorin in Rat Cortical Stem Cells. Meteorin was detected in 7-day differentiated rat cortical stem cells using anti-mouse Meteorin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3475). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 goat anti-rat IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL013; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

MFRPHuman None 291204 Rat IgG1 MAB19151 100 µg $240


mGluR1a C-Terminus Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS077 100 µL $355

mGluR3 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4668 100 µg $355

mGluR5 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4514 100 µg $355


mGluR5 in Human Brain (Putamen). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human brain (putamen) section using anti-human mGluR5 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF4514). The tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB detection re-agents (brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).




mGluR5/1a Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS079 100 µL $355

mGluR8 Human None 476410 Mouse IgG2B MAB5277 100 µg $240

MIA HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2050 100 µg $355


MICA HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1300 100 µg $355


MICL/CLEC12AHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2946 100 µg $355


Midkine Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-258-PB 100 µg $355

Mineralocorticoid R/NR3C2 Human None H3122 Mouse IgG2A PP-H3122-00 100 µg $380

Mineralocorticoid R/NR3C2 aa 1-670 Human None 385707 Mouse IgG2B MAB4369 100 µg $240

MIS/AMH Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1446 100 µg $355

MIS/AMH Propeptide Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2748 100 µg $355

MIS RIIHuman None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4749 100 µg $355


MITF Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5769 100 µg $355

MIXL1 Human None 319919 Mouse IgG2A MAB2610 100 µg $240

MKK3 Human/Mouse/Rat None 275909 Mouse IgG2B MAB2515 100 µg $240

MKK4 Human None 323042 Mouse IgG2B MAB3390 100 µg $240

Phospho-MKK4 (S257/T261) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2990 100 µg $285

MKK6 Human/Mouse/Rat None 304328 Rat IgG2B MAB1604 100 µg $240

MKK7 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3579 100 µg $355


MLK4a aa 560-570 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3435 100 µg $285

Pan MLK-4 in Human Colon Cancer. Mixed lineage Kinase-4 (MLK-4) was detected in paraffin-embedded human colon cancer sections using anti-human/mouse/rat pan MLK-4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3435). Tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS005; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

MLX Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4186 100 µg $355

MMP-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF901 100 µg $355


Pro MMP-1 Human None 36660 Mouse IgG1 MAB900 200 µg $295

MMP-2Human



Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1488 100 µg $355

MMP-3 Human



None 10D6 Mouse IgG1 MAB905 200 µg $295

MMP-3 in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Line (MG-63). Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) was detect-ed in MG-63 cells using anti-human MMP-3 monoclo-nal antibody (Catalog # MAB513). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and coun-terstained with DAPI (blue).




MMP-7Human




Pro MMP-7 Human None 6A4 Mouse IgG1 MAB907 200 µg $295

MMP-8 Human




MMP-9

Human

None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB911 1 mg $355


None 4H3 Mouse IgG1 MAB911 200 µg $295




MMP-10 Human





MMP-12 Catalytic Domain Human None 82902 Mouse IgG2B MAB919 500 µg $325

MMP-12 Hemopexin Domain Human None 4D2 Mouse IgG1 MAB917 200 µg $295



MMP-13 in Human Ovarian Cancer Tissue. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) producing cells in human ovarian cancer tissue were detected using anti-human MMP-13 affinity-purified antibody (Cata-log # AF511). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and Hematoxylin (blue) counter-stain.

Pro MMP-13 Human None 87518 Mouse IgG2B MAB913 500 µg $325



MMP-14 aa 165-175 Human None 5H2 Mouse IgG1 MAB918 500 µg $325

MMP-15 Human None 130522 Mouse IgG1 MAB9161 500 µg $325

MMP-15 Catalytic Domain Human None 130516 Mouse IgG1 MAB916 500 µg $325

MMP-24/MT5-MMP Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Total Rabbit IgG AB924 200 µg $355

MMP-25/MT6-MMP Hemopexin Domain Human None 141825 Mouse IgG1 MAB11421 500 µg $325

MMR HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2534 100 µg $355


MOG


Human/Mouse Biotin 296829 Rat IgG2B BAM2439 100 µg $380



MRP1 Human None QCRL Mouse IgG1 MAB19291 100 µg $240

MSK1Human None 252608 Mouse IgG2B MAB2518 100 µg $240

Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2518 100 µg $355

Phospho-MSK1 (S212) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1036 100 µg $285

Phospho-MSK2 (S196) Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF189 100 µg $285

MUCDHL Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3826 100 µg $355




Musashi-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2628 100 µg $355


Musashi-1 in Human Intestine. Musashi-1 was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded human intestine sec-tion using anti-human Musashi-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2628). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

Mxi1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4185 100 µg $355

c-Myc aa 66-201 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3696 100 µg $355

MyD88





Myeloperoxidase/MPOHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3174 100 µg $355


Myeloperoxidase/MPO aa 279-745 Human/Mouse None 392105 Mouse IgG2B MAB3174 100 µg $240

Myeloperoxidase in Human Spleen. Myeloperoxi-dase (MPO) was detected in paraffin-embedded hu-man spleen tissue sections using anti-human/mouse MPO monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3174) and Antigen Retrieval Reagent - Basic (Catalog # CTS013). The tissue was stained using anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Myosin Heavy Chain Human None MF20 Mouse IgG2B MAB4470 100 µg $240

NAALADase-like 2/NAALADL2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4665 100 µg $355

NanogHuman




Nanog in Human BG01V Embryonic Stem Cells. Nanog was detected in human BG01V embryonic stem cells using anti-human Nanog affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1997). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Nanog NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL493 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL1997G 500 µL $350

NCAM-1/CD56 Human None 301021 Mouse IgG2B MAB24081 100 µg $240

NCAM-L1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF277 100 µg $355

Nectin-3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3064 100 µg $355

Nectin-4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2659 100 µg $355





NEDD8 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4936 100 µg $355

NEDD8 in Human Skeletal Muscle. Neural precur-sor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 8 (NEDD8) was detected in paraffin-embedded human skeletal muscle sections using anti-human/mouse/rat NEDD8 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF4936). Tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Neogenin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1079 100 µg $355

NephrinHuman None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4269 100 µg $355


Nephrin in Mouse Kidney. Nephrin was detected in frozen sections of mouse kidney using anti-mouse nephrin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF3159). Tissue was stained using anti-goat IgG NorthernLights-557-conjugated secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained green.

Neprilysin/CD10



Human/Mouse None 200103 Rat IgG2B MAB1126 500 µg $325


Nestin




Nestin in Undifferentiated Rat Neural Stem Cells. Nestin was detected in rat cortical stem cells using anti-rat Nestin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2736). The cells were stained using anti-mouse NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and the nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Nestin NorthernLights-conjugatedHuman NL637 196908 Mouse IgG1 NL1259V 500 µL $345

Rat NL557 307501 Mouse IgG2A NL2736R 500 µL $345

Netrin-4





Netrin-4 in Mouse Brain. Netrin-4 was detected in frozen sections of mouse brain (cerebellum) using anti-mouse Netrin-4 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF1132). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Netrin-G2a Mouse None 349724 Rat IgG2A MAB27441 100 µg $240




NRG1-a/HRG1-a EGF Domain Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-296-NA 100 µg $355

NRG1-b1/HRG1-b1 EGF Domain Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-396-NA 100 µg $355

Neuregulin-3/NRG3 EGF-like Domain Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF753 100 µg $355

Neurexin 3/NRXN3 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5269 100 µg $355

Neuritin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF283 100 µg $355

Neurocan Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5800 100 µg $355

NeuroD1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2746 100 µg $355


NF-H Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3108 100 µg $355

Neurofilament-H in Human Brain. Neurofilament-H (NF-H) was detected in paraffin-embedded human brain (cerebellum) tissue sections using anti-human NF-H affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3108). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

NF-L Human None 268014 Mouse IgG2B MAB2216 100 µg $240

NF-M Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3029 100 µg $355

Neurogenin-2 Human/Rat None 7G4 Mouse IgG2A MAB3314 100 µg $240

Neuroglycan C/CSPG5Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5685 100 µg $355


Neuroglycan C in Mouse Cerebellum. Neuroglycan C was detected in a section of adult mouse cerebel-lum using anti-mouse/rat Neuroglycan affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5665). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-goat lgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and the nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Neuronal Pentraxin R Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4414 100 µg $355

Neurophysin II Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF009 100 µg $355

Neuropilin-1/BDCA4

Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3870 100 µg $355



Neuropilin-1 Expression in Mouse Embryonic Spi-nal Cord. Neuropilin-1 was detected in a cryostat section of mouse embryonic spinal cord (E15) using anti-rat Neuropilin-1 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF566). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cata-log # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hema-toxylin (blue).

Neuropilin-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2215 100 µg $355




Neuroplastin Isoform 1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5174 100 µg $355

Neuroplastin in Human Cerebellum. Neuroplastin was detected in a paraffin-embedded human cere-bellum section using anti-human Neuroplastin affini-ty-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5174). The tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Neuroplastin 65 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5360 100 µg $355

Neurotrimin HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1235 100 µg $355


NeurturinHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF387 100 µg $355


NF2/Merlin aa 363-578 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5616 100 µg $355

NFκB2 aa 1-447 Human None 291319 Mouse IgG1 MAB28881 100 µg $240

NG2/MCSP Human None LHM-2 Mouse IgG1 MAB2585 100 µg $240

b-NGFHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-256-NA 100 µg $355


NGF R/TNFRSF16




Nicastrin Isoform 1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5378 100 µg $355

Nidogen-1/Entactin Human




Nidogen-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3385 100 µg $355


Ninjurin-2 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5056 100 µg $355

NKG2D/CD314 Mouse Biotin 191004 Rat IgG2B BAM1547 100 µg $380

NKp46/NCR1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1850 100 µg $355


NKX2.5 Human




NKX6.1 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5857 100 µg $355

NMDA R, NR1 Subunit C1 Splice Variant Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS080 25 µg $355

NMDA R, NR1 Subunit C2 Splice VariantHuman/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS082 25 µg $355

Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS081 25 µg $355

NMDA R, NR1 Subunit N1 Splice Variant Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS083 25 µg $355

NMDA R, NR2A Subunit Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS012 10 µg $355

NMDA R, NR2B Subunit Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS013 10 µg $355

NMDA R, NR2C Subunit Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS033 10 µg $355

N-Me-6,7-diOH-TIQ Multispecies None 106814 Mouse IgG2B MAB167 500 µg $325

Noggin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF719 100 µg $355

Nogo-A aa 2-172 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3098 100 µg $355




Nogo-A aa 566-748 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3515 100 µg $355

Nogo-A in differentiated rat cortical stem cells. Nogo-A was detected in 7-day differentiated rat cor-tical stem cells using anti-human Nogo-A affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3515). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Nogo-C Human None 499825 Mouse IgG3 MAB5766 100 µg $240

Norrin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3014 100 µg $355

eNOS aa 1030-1203 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF950 100 µg $355


iNOS aa 781-798 Human None 2D2-B2 Mouse IgG1 MAB9502 100 µg $240

nNOS Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2416 100 µg $355

Notch-1 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1057 100 µg $355

Notch-1 Intracellular Domain, aa 2428-2556 HumanNone 433802 Mouse IgG2A MAB3647 100 µg $240


Notch-1 in Human SAOS-2 Cells. Notch-1 was de-tected in human SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells using anti-human Notch-1 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF3647). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

Notch-2 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1190 100 µg $355

Notch-2 in Rat Brain. Notch-2 was detected in cryo-stat sections of rat brain (choroid plexus) using anti-rat Notch-2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1190). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Notch-2 Intracellular Domain Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3735 100 µg $355

Notch-3 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1308 100 µg $355


Notch-4 Intracellular Domain HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3847 100 µg $355


NOV/CCN3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1640 100 µg $355


NRAGE Human None 353124 Mouse IgG2B MAB3835 100 µg $240

NrCAM Isoform 3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2034 100 µg $355




NT-3 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-267-NA 100 µg $355

NT-3 in Rat Cerebellum. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was detected in a cryostat section of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons using anti-human NT-3 affinity- purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF-267-NA). Tissues were stained with AEC substrate (red) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

NT-4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-268-NA 100 µg $355

Nucleostemin Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1638 100 µg $355

Nucleostemin in Human U2OS Cells. Nucleostemin was detected in the nucleoli of the U2OS human osteosarcoma cell line using anti-human/mouse/ rat Nucleostemin affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF1638). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-goat IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Numb Human




Nurr-1/NR4A2Human None N1404 Mouse IgG2A PP-N1404-00 100 µg $380


N-WASP Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3854 100 µg $355

OAS2 Human None HLS56/3 Mouse N/A MAB1925 100 µg $240

OBCAM Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2777 100 µg $355

Oct-3/4Human




Oct-3/4 and Alkaline Phosphatase in Human BG01V Cells. Oct-3/4 was detected in BG01V embryonic stem cells using anti-human Oct-3/4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1759). Alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) was detected using anti-human/mouse/rat ALPL mono clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1448). Cells were stained for Oct-3/4 using NorthernLights-637 don key anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL002; red) and stained for ALPL using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (pseudo-stained green; Catalog # NL007).

Oct-3/4 NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Mouse NL493 240408 Rat IgG2B NL1759G 500 µL $345

Olig1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2417 100 µg $355


Olig 1, 2, 3 Human None 257224 Mouse IgG2A MAB2230 100 µg $295




Olig2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2418 100 µg $355


Olig2 and Oligodendrocyte Marker O4 in Rat Cor-tical Stem Cells (RCSC). Olig2 and O4 were detected in 7 day differentiated RCSC using anti-human Olig2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2418) and anti-human/mouse/rat/chicken O4 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1326). Cells were stained for Olig2 using NorthernLights-637 an-ti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL002; red) and for O4 using an anti-mouse IgM Secondary antibody (green).

Olig3Human




Oligodendrocyte Marker O1 Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken None O1 Mouse IgM MAB1327 50 µg $200

Oligodendrocyte Marker O4 Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken None O4 Mouse IgM MAB1326 50 µg $2040

Oligodendrocyte Marker O4 in Rat Cortical Stem Cells (RCSC). Oligodendrocyte marker O4 (O4) was detected in 7-day differentiated RCSC using anti-hu-man/mouse/rat/chicken O4 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1326). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

Oligodendrocyte Marker O4 NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken NL637 O4 Mouse IgM NL1326V 500 µL $345

Orexin A Human/Mouse/RatBiotin 97505 Mouse IgG1 BAM763 250 µg $380


Orexin B Human None 145202 Mouse IgG1 MAB734 500 µg $325

Orexin B, p38a, & Integrin b1 in Mouse Brain Stem. Orexin B, p38a, and Integrin b 1 were detected in frozen sections of mouse brain stem using anti-human Orexin B monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB734), anti-human/mouse/rat p38a affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF8691), and anti-mouse Integrin b1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2405). Tissue was stained with NorthernLights (NL) secondary polyclonal antibod-ies: NL-493 anti-rabbit IgG (Catalog # NL006; green), NL-557 anti-mouse IgG (Catalog # NL007; red), and NL-637 anti-goat IgG (Catalog # NL002; blue).

Oncostatin M/OSM Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-495-NA 100 µg $355

OSM Rb


Mouse




Osteoactivin/GPNMB Human None 303822 Mouse IgG2B MAB25501 100 µg $240

Osteocalcin Human None 190125 Mouse IgG1 MAB1419 100 µg $240

Osteopontin/OPNHuman





Osteoprotegerin/TNFRSF11BHuman







Otx2 Human




OV-6 Human/Rat None OV-6 Mouse IgG1 MAB2020 100 µg $295

OX40 Ligand/TNFSF4Human None 159403 Mouse IgG1 MAB10541 500 µg $325


p21/CIP1/CDKN1A Human




p21 in Human Breast Cancer. p21 was detected in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue sec-tions using anti-human p21 affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF1047). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with haematoxylin (blue).

p27/Kip1Human None Polyclonal CTS2256 50 Tests $425

Human/Mouse/Rat None 341116 Rat IgG2A MAB22561 100 µg $240

Phospho-p38 MAP Kinase (T180/Y182) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF869 100 µg $285

Phosphorylated p38 in Embryonic Mouse Eye. Phosphorylated p38 was detected in a frozen section of E15 mouse eye cup using anti-phospho-p38 (T180/Y182) affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF869). The tissue was stained using anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS005; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

p38a Human/Mouse/RatNone Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF8691 100 µg $285


p38b Human None 280071 Mouse IgG2B MAB3274 100 µg $240

p38g Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1347 100 µg $285

p38d Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1519 100 µg $285

Phospho-p53 (S15) HumanNone Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1043 100 µg $285


Phospho-p53 (S46) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1489 100 µg $285

p63/TP73L Human




p70 S6 Kinase Human/Mouse/Rat

None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF8962 100 µg $285



Phospho-p70 S6 Kinase (T229) Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF896 100 µg $285




PAK7 Human/Rat None 444703 Mouse IgG2B MAB4696 100 µg $240

PAK7 in Human Cerebellum. p21-activated kinase 7 (PAK7) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human cerebellum section using anti-human PAK7 monoclo-nal antibody (Catalog # MAB4696). Tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Stain-ing Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Park7/DJ-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3995 100 µg $355

Parkin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1438 100 µg $355

PARP Multi-species None C2-10 Mouse IgG1 4338-MC-50 50 µg $195

Parvalbumin a Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5058 100 µg $355

Parvalbumin a in Human Cortex. Parvalbumin a was detected in paraffin-embedded sections of hu-man cortex using anti-human/mouse/rat Parvalbu-min a monoclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5058). Tis-sue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Patched (First Extracellular Loop) Mouse None 413220 Rat IgG2A MAB41051 100 µg $240

Patched in Embryonic Mouse Spinal Cord. Patched was detected in ventral E13.5 mouse spinal cord using anti-mouse Patched monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB41051; red). Tissue was counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

Patched 2 (First Extracellular Loop) Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4078 100 µg $355

Pax3Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2457 100 µg $355

Human/Mouse None 274212 Mouse IgG2A MAB2457 100 µg $240

Pax4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2614 100 µg $355

Pax5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3487 100 µg $355

Pax6 Mouse/Rat/ChickenBiotin PAX6 Mouse IgG1 BAM1260 100 µg $260

None PAX6 Mouse IgG1 MAB1260 100 µg $240

Pax7 Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken None PAX7 Mouse IgG1 MAB1675 100 µg $240

PBRHuman/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG 6361-PC-100 100 µL $310

Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG 6362-PC-100 100 µL $310

PD-1




PD-ECGF HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1143 100 µg $355


PDGF-AAHuman




PDGF-CHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1560 100 µg $355





PDGF-D Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1159 100 µg $355

PDGF Ra





Phospho-PDGF Ra (Y742) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2114 50 µg $285

Phospho-PDGF Ra (Y762) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF21141 50 µg $285

PDGF Rb


None PR7212 Mouse IgG1 MAB1263 250 µg $230



PDGF Rb in Mouse Embryo. Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor b (PDGF Rb) was detected in a cryo-stat tissue section of E13 mouse spinal cord using anti-mouse PDGF Rb affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF1042). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

PD-L2





PDX-1/IPF1Human



Human/Mouse None 267712 Mouse IgG2B MAB2419 100 µg $240

PDZK1 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4997 100 µg $355

PEDF R Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5365 100 µg $355

PER1 aa 159-365 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4565 100 µg $355

Periostin/OSF-2 Mouse None 345613 Rat IgG2A MAB3548 100 µg $240

Periostin/OSF-2 Isoform 2 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2955 100 µg $355

Persephin Human None 275508 Mouse IgG2B MAB2388 100 µg $240

PIBF1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5559 100 µg $355

pIgR Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2800 100 µg $355

PIN Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF877 100 µg $355

Pin1 aa 2-163 Human/Mouse None 257417 Mouse IgG2B MAB2294 100 µg $240

PINK1 Human None 420920 Rat IgG2A MAB4357 100 µg $240

PKCb1 Human/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3759 100 µg $355

PKCι/λ PKC ι/λ/ζ Cross-reactive, aa 446-587 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4465 100 µg $355

PKR Human None HL71/10 Mouse IgG1 MAB1980 100 µg $295

Plasminogen Kringle 5 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF742 100 µg $355

PLC-g2 aa 400-600 Human/Mouse None 346404 Mouse IgG1 MAB3716 100 µg $240

Plexin A1 Mouse None 408305 Rat IgG2A MAB4309 100 µg $240




Plexin A3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4075 100 µg $355

Plexin A3 Expression in Embryonic Spinal Cord. Plexin A3 was detected in mouse embryonic (E13.5) spinal cord using anti-mouse Plexin A3 affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4075). Cells were stained using a NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Plexin B1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3749 100 µg $355

Plexin B2 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5329 100 µg $355


Plexin B2 in Embryonic Mouse Choroid Plexus. Plexin B2 was detected in a section of embryonic (E13.5) mouse choroid plexus using anti-human Plexin B2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF5329). The tissue was stained using anti-sheep NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Cat-alog # NL010; red) and the nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Plexin B2 in Human Colon Cancer. Plexin B2 was detected in paraffin-embedded human colon cancer sections using anti-human Plexin B2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5329). The tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using the anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Stain-ing Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown). The tissue was counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

PNR/NR2E3 Human None H7223 Mouse IgG2A PP-H7223-00 100 µg $380

Podocalyxin

Human




Mouse




Podocalyxin in Human Kidney. Podocalyxin was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue section using anti-human Podocalyxin affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1658). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Podocalyxin in Human Embryonic Stem Cells (BGO1V). Podocalyxin was detected in the BGO1V human embryonic stem cell line cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts using anti-human Podocalyxin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1658). The cells were stained with anti-mouse NorthernLights-557 secondary antibody (Catalog # NL007; red) and coun-terstained with DAPI (blue).

Podocalyxin NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL557 222328 Mouse IgG2A NL1658R 500 µL $345

PodocanHuman None 390117 Mouse IgG2B MAB42201 100 µg $240


PodoplaninHuman None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3670 100 µg $355


Potassium Channel Kv2.2 Rat/Xenopus None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS015 100 µL $355

Phospho-Potassium Channel Kv3.1 (S503) Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS016 100 µL $355

PP2A Catalytic Subunit, aa 209-309 Human None 234532 Rat IgG2B MAB16531 100 µg $240

PP2Cg/PPM1G Human None 528322 Mouse IgG1 MAB5595 100 µg $240

PPARg/NR1C3 Human None A3409A Mouse IgG2A PP-A3409A-00 100 µg $380

Presenilin-1 C-Terminal Fragment, aa 298-407 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF166 100 µg $355


Presenilin-1 N-Terminal Fragment, aa 1- 80 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF149 100 µg $355


Presenilin-2 C-Terminal Fragment, aa 322-388 Human Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF197 50 µg $380




Presenilin-2 N-Terminal Fragment, aa 1- 80 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF153 100 µg $355

PRL/PTP4A Pan Specific Human None 334407 Mouse IgG2B MAB32191 100 µg $240

Progesterone R/NR3C3Human

None A9621A Mouse IgG2A PP-A9621A-00 100 µg $380

None 1154 Mouse IgG1 PPS017 100 µL $355

Human/Mouse/Rat/Primate None 608 Mouse IgG1 PPS018 100 µL $355

Progesterone R/NR3C3 B Human None H5344 Mouse IgG2A PP-H5344-00 100 µg $380

Progesterone Receptor-B/NR3C3 in Human Endo-metrium. Progesterone Receptor isoform B was de-tected in paraffin-embedded human endometrial epithelial cells using anti-human Progesterone Re-ceptor isoform B monoclonal antibody (Catalog # PP-H5344-00). Tissues were stained with a 0.01% DAB solution (brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Progranulin




Prohibitin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3470 100 µg $355

Prolactin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1445 100 µg $355


Prolactin RHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1167 100 µg $355


Prominin 2 Human None 244029 Mouse IgG2B MAB2024 100 µg $295

Prostasin/Prss8 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4599 100 µg $355

Prostasin in Human Prostate Cancer. Prostasin was detected in a paraffin-embedded human prostate cancer section using anti-human Prostasin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4599). The tissue was subjected to antigen retriev-al using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). The section was stained using the anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

Protocadherin a1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5064 100 µg $355

Protocadherin a1 in Mouse Cerebellum. Proto-cadherin a1 was detected in a section of adult mouse cerebellum using anti-mouse affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF5064). The tissue was stained using anti-sheep NorthernLights-557 sec-ondary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and the nu-clei counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Protocadherin-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5899 100 µg $355




Protogenin Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4919 100 µg $355

Protogenin in Embryonic Neural Tube. Protogenin (PRTG) was detected in a section of E9 mouse neural tube using anti-mouse PRTG affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF4919). The tissue was stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-sheep poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # NL101; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

Prox1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2727 100 µg $355

PSMA/FOLH1/NAALADase I Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4234 100 µg $355

PTEN Human/Mouse/Rat None 217702 Mouse IgG1 MAB847 100 µg $240

PTEN aa 385-403 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF847 100 µg $285

PTH1 R Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5709 100 µg $355

PTP1B Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1366 100 µg $285

PTP b/ζ aa 302-754 Human None 279245 Rat IgG2A MAB26881 100 µg $240

PTP-MEG2 Human/Mouse/Rat None 291835 Mouse IgG2B MAB2668 100 µg $240

PTPRg aa 111-541 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4608 100 µg $355

PTPRg in Human Kidney. Protein Tyrosine Phospha-tase, Receptor type g (PTPRg) was detected in paraf-fin-embedded normal human kidney tissue sections using anti-human PTPRg affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4608). Tissues were stained us-ing anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

PTPRσ aa 30-1260 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3430 100 µg $355

RACK1 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3434 100 µg $355

Rae-1g Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1136 100 µg $355

RAGE



Mouse/Rat None 175410 Rat IgG2A MAB1179 500 µg $325

RAGE Expression in Human Alzheimer’s Brain. Re-ceptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) was detected in paraffin-embedded Alzheimer’s dis-ease human cerebellum sections using anti-human RAGE affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF1145). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

RANK/TNFRSF11AHuman None 80707 Mouse IgG2A MAB6831 500 µg $325


Rap1A/B Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3767 100 µg $355

RARRES1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4657 100 µg $355

Reelin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3820 100 µg $355

Reg II Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2035 100 µg $355

Reg 2/PAP Rat None 293523 Mouse IgG1 MAB1996 100 µg $240




Reg IIIb Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5110 100 µg $355

Reg IIIb in Mouse Small Intestine. Reg IIIb was de-tected in adult mouse small intestine sections using anti-mouse Reg IIIb affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF5110). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL010; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

Reg IIId Mouse None 518818 Rat IgG2A MAB5678 100 µg $240

Reg IV Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1379 100 µg $355

RelB aa 382-579 Human None 315206 Mouse IgG2B MAB2698 100 µg $240

RelB in Human Lymphoma. RelB was detected in a paraffin-embedded human lymphoma section using anti-human RelB monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2698). Tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

c-Rel Human None 321422 Rat IgG2A MAB4606 50 µg $240

c-Rel aa 1-588Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2699 100 µg $355

Mouse Biotin 290512 Rat IgG2A BAM2699 100 µg $380

c-Rel in Mouse Splenocytes. c-Rel was detected in mouse splenocytes using anti-mouse c-Rel biotinyl-ated monoclonal antibody (Catalog # BAM2699).Cells were stained using NorthernLights Streptavidin-557 (Catalog # NL999; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue)..

Renin Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4090 100 µg $355

Renin 1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4277 100 µg $355

Renin 1 Propeptide Mouse None 434703 Rat IgG2A MAB42771 100 µg $240

Renin Propeptide Human None 411507 Mouse IgG1 MAB4447 100 µg $240

Resistin Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1069 100 µg $355

RetHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1485 100 µg $355


REVERBb/NR1D2 Human None H2729 Mouse IgG3 PP-H2729-00 100 µg $380

Rex-1 Human




Rex-1 in Human NTera2 Cells. Rex-1 was detected in human NTera2 embryonic carcinoma cell line using anti-human monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3598). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 goat anti-rat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL013; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).




Repulsive Guidance Molecule A/RGM-A




RGM-BHuman/Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3597 100 µg $355

Mouse Biotin Polyclonal Sheep IgG BAF3597 50 µg $380

RGM-B in Mouse Brain. Repulsive Guidance Mole-cule B (RGM-B) was detected in a cryostat section of mouse brain (trigeminal ganglia) using anti-mouse RGM-B affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3597). Tissues were stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB detection (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Rheb Human/Mouse/Rat None 344912 Mouse IgG2B MAB3426 100 µg $240

Phospho-Ribosomal Protein S6 (S235/S236) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3918 100 µg $285

Phospho-RPS6 in Human Colon Cancer. Phospho-Ribosomal Protein S6 (S235/S236) was detected in paraffin-embedded human colon cancer tissue sec-tions using anti-human/mouse/rat affinity-purified phospho-RPS6 (S235/S236) affinity-purified poly-clonal antibody (Catalog # AF3918). The tissue was stained using anti-rabbit HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS005; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

ROBO1 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1749 100 µg $355

ROBO2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3147 100 µg $355


ROBO3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3076 100 µg $355


ROR/NR1F1-3 Pan Specific Human None H3925 Mouse IgG2A PP-H3925-00 100 µg $380

Phospho-RSK (S380) Pan Specific Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF889 100 µg $285

Phospho-RSK1/RSK2 (RSK1 S221, RSK2 S227) Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF892 100 µg $285

RSK1 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF992 100 µg $285

RSK2 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF1518 50 µg $285

Phospho-RSK3 (S218) Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF893 100 µg $285

RUNX2/CBFA1Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2006 100 µg $355


RUNX3/CBFA3 aa 186-415 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3765 100 µg $355

RXRa/NR2B1 HumanNone K8508 Mouse IgG2A PP-K8508-00 100 µg $380

None K8508 Mouse IgG2A PP-K8508-10 100 µg $380

Ryk Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4649 100 µg $355

S100A2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4870 100 µg $355

S100A4 Mouse None 438709 Rat IgG2B MAB4138 100 µg $240




S100A8 Mouse




S100A8 in Mouse NIH-3T3 Cells. S100A8 was de-tected in mouse NIH-3T3 embryonic fibroblast cell line using anti-mouse S100A8 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3059; red). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

S100A9Human None 474315 Mouse IgG2B MAB5578 100 µg $240


S100A9 in Mouse XB2 Cells. S100A9 was detected in mouse XB2 teratoma cell line using anti-mouse S100A9 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2065). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

S100A10


Mouse




S100A11 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4874 100 µg $355

S100A13 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4328 100 µg $355

S100A13 in Embryonic Mouse Cartilage. S100A13 was detected in a cryostat section of developing em-bryonic mouse (E13) cartilage using anti-mouse S100A13 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cata-log # AF4328). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

S100A16 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5180 100 µg $355

S100A16 in Human Brain Cortex. S100A16 was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded human brain cortex section using anti-human S100A16 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5180). The tissue was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013). The section was stained using the anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

S100B Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1820 100 µg $355




S100P HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2957 100 µg $355


S100P in Human Liver. S100P was detected in par-affin-embedded human liver sections using anti- human S100P affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2957). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

SALL1 aa 258-499 Human None K9814 Mouse IgG2A PP-K9814-00 100 µg $380

d-Sarcoglycan Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2778 100 µg $355

Sca-1/Ly6 Mouse





SCARA5 Mouse None 462002 Rat IgG2A MAB4754 100 µg $240

SCF/c-kit LigandCanine None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2278 100 µg $355


Phospho-SCF R/c-kit (Y730) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3527 50 µg $285

SCF R/c-kit


Mouse





SCF R in Mouse Cerebellum. Stem Cell Factor Re-ceptor (SCF R) was detected in frozen sections of mouse cerebellum using anti-mouse SCF R monoclo-nal antibody (Catalog # MAB1356). Tissue was stained using anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

SCF R/c-kit aa 716-726 Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3267 50 µg $285

SCGF/CLEC11a Human None 239029 Mouse IgG2A MAB1904 500 µg $325

SCL/Tal1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3360 100 µg $355

SCL/Tal1 Human None 333803 Mouse IgG2B MAB3360 100 µg $240

SDNSF/MCFD2


Mouse




E-Selectin/CD62E

Human

None BBIG-E6 Mouse IgG1 BBA1 100 µg $230

None BBIG-E4 Mouse IgG1 BBA16 200 µg $230


None BBIG-E4 Mouse IgG1 BBA2 1 mg $840

MouseNone Polyclonal Chicken IgY AF575 100 µg $355



L-Selectin/CD62L RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1534 100 µg $355





P-Selectin/CD62P Human None 9.00E+01 Mouse IgG1 BBA30 200 µg $315

Semaphorin 3C MouseNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF1728 100 µg $355


Semaphorin 3E Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3239 100 µg $355

Semaphorin 4D/CD100 Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5235 100 µg $355

Semaphorin 6A




Semaphorin 6B Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2094 100 µg $355

Semaphorin 6C MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2108 100 µg $355


Serpin A4/Kallistatin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1669 100 µg $355

Serpin A6 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4065 100 µg $355

Serpin A8/Angiotensinogen Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3156 100 µg $355

Serpin E1/PAI-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1786 100 µg $355

Serpin F1/PEDF HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1177 100 µg $355


Serpin F2/a2-Antiplasmin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1239 100 µg $355


Serum Amyloid A1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2948 100 µg $355

Serum Amyloid A4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3856 100 µg $355

Serum Amyloid A4 in Human Liver. Serum amyloid A4 (SAA4) was detected in paraffin-embedded human liver tissue sections using anti-human serum amyloid A4 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3856) and Antigen Retrieval Reagent - Basic (Cata-log # CTS013). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

SF-1/NR5A1 Human None N1665 Mouse IgG1 PP-N1665-00 100 µg $380

sFRP-3 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF592 100 µg $355


SHBG HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2656 100 µg $355


SHIP aa 874-941 Human/Mouse/Rat None 257812 Rat IgG2A MAB2317 100 µg $240

SHP-1 aa 205-595Human None 255402 Rat IgG2A MAB1878 100 µg $240

Human/Mouse/Rat None 427043 Mouse IgG2B MAB18781 100 µg $240

SHP-1 in Human Thymus. Src-Homology 2 domain Phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human thymus section using anti- human/mouse/rat SHP-1 monoclonal antibody (Cat-alog # MAB18781). The tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Phospho-SHP-2 (Y542) Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3790 100 µg $285

Siglec-2/CD22Human None 219934 Mouse IgG1 MAB1968 100 µg $240


Siglec-5 Human None 194117 Mouse IgG2B MAB1072 500 µg $325




Siglec-5/14 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1072 100 µg $355

Siglec-7 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1138 100 µg $355


Siglec-9 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1139 100 µg $355


SKI Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4025 100 µg $355

SLAIN1 aa 262-483 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5638 100 µg $355

SLAIN1 in Mouse D3 Cells. SLAIN1 was detected in the D3 mouse embryonic stem cell line using anti-human/mouse SLAIN1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5638). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

Sleeping Beauty Transposase Multi-speciesNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2798 100 µg $355


SLITRK1 Human None 327829 Mouse IgG2B MAB30091 100 µg $240

SLPI Human




SMAC/Diablo Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF7891 100 µg $355

Smad1 aa 2-454 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2039 100 µg $355

Smad2 aa 20-108 Human None 376520 Mouse IgG2B MAB4037 100 µg $240

Smad3 aa 2-230 Human None 378611 Rat IgG1 MAB4038 100 µg $240

Smad3 in Human Pancreatic Cancer. Smad3 was detected in paraffin-embedded human pancreatic cancer sections using anti-human Smad3 monoclo-nal antibody (Catalog # MAB4038). Tissue was sub-jected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using the anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown). Tissue was counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).


Smad4 aa 139-332 Human None 253343 Mouse IgG2B MAB2097 100 µg $240


Smad5 in Human Colon. Smad5 was detected in paraffin-embedded human colon tissue sections using anti-human Smad5 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2250). Tissues were stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).




Smad7 aa 320-398 Human/Mouse/Rat None 293039 Mouse IgG2B MAB2029 100 µg $240

Smad7 in Human Liver Cancer. Smad7 was detect-ed in paraffin-embedded human liver cancer sec-tions using anti-human/mouse/rat Smad7 monoclo-nal antibody (Catalog # MAB2029). Tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Stain-ing Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).


SMAGPHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3959 100 µg $355


SMAGP in Human Colon. Small Transmembrane and Glycosylated Protein (SMAGP) was detected in paraf-fin-embedded human colon sections using anti- human SMAGP affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3959). Tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

a-Smooth Muscle Actin N-terminal Synthetic Decapeptide Human None 1A4 Mouse IgG2A MAB1420 100 µg $240

Snail Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3639 100 µg $355

SNF1LK2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5737 100 µg $355

SOCS-3 aa 1-225 Human/Mouse None 516919 Mouse IgG2B MAB5696 100 µg $240

SOCS-5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4796 100 µg $355

SOD1/Cu-Zn SOD Human None 348808 Mouse IgG2A MAB3418 100 µg $240

SOD2/Mn-SOD aa 25-222 Human/Mouse/Rat None 349810 Mouse IgG1 MAB3419 100 µg $240

Somatostatin R2/SSTR2 Human None 402038 Mouse IgG2A MAB4224 100 µg $240

Sonic Hedgehog C-Terminus Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF445 100 µg $355

Sonic Hedgehog N-Terminus MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF464 100 µg $355


SorCS1 aa 111-1099 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3457 100 µg $355

SorCS2 Mouse None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4237 100 µg $355

SorCS3 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3067 100 µg $355

SorCS3 aa 34-1122 Mouse None 339615 Rat IgG2A MAB30671 100 µg $240

SorLA Human None 525122 Mouse IgG1 MAB5699 100 µg $240

SortilinHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3154 100 µg $355


SOST/Sclerostin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1589 100 µg $355


SOX1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3369 100 µg $355

SOX2Human



Human/Mouse None 245610 Mouse IgG2A MAB2018 100 µg $240




SOX2 NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Mouse

NL493 245610 Mouse IgG2A NL2018G 500 µL $345

NL557 245610 Mouse IgG2A NL2018R 500 µL $345

NL637 245610 Mouse IgG2A NL2018V 500 µL $345

SOX2 in Human BG01V Cells. SOX2 was detected in the human BG01V embryonic stem cell line using anti-human/mouse SOX2 NorthernLights-637-conju-gated monoclonal antibody (Catalog # NL2018V; red). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue). The human BG01V embryonic stem cell line was grown on Irradiated Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (iMEF; Catalog # PSC001).

SOX3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2569 100 µg $355



SOX9 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3075 100 µg $355


SOX9 in Human HEK293 Cells. SOX9 was detected in human HEK293 embryonic kidney cell line using anti-human SOX9 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF3075). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

SOX9 NorthernLights-conjugated Human NL557 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL3075R 500 µL $350

SOX10Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2864 100 µg $355

Human/Rat None 20B7 Mouse IgG1 MAB2864 100 µg $240

SOX10 NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Rat NL557 20B7 Mouse IgG1 NL2864R 500 µL $345

SOX15 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4070 100 µg $355

SOX17 Human




SOX17 NorthernLights-conjugated, aa 177-144 Human NL557 Polyclonal Goat IgG NL1924R 500 µL $350

SOX17 in Mouse Melanoma Cells. SOX17 was de-tected in the B16 mouse melanoma cell line using anti-human SOX17 affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF1924). The cells were stained with NorthernLights-557 anti goat secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).


SPARC/OsteonectinHuman




Spinesin




Phospho-Src (Y419) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF2685 100 µg $285




Src Human None 327554 Mouse IgG2A MAB3807 100 µg $240

Src aa 1-79 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3389 100 µg $355

Src in Human Colon. Src was detected in paraffin-embedded normal human colon sections using anti-human/rat/mouse Src affinity-purified polyclon al antibody (Catalog # AF3389). Tissue was stained us-ing anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

SSEA-1 Human/Mouse None MC-480 Mouse IgM MAB2155 100 µg $240

SSEA-1 NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Mouse NL557 MC-480 Mouse IgM NL2155R 500 µL $345

SSEA-3 Human/Mouse None MC-631 Rat IgM MAB1434 100 µg $230

SSEA-4 Human/MouseBiotin MC-813-70 Mouse IgG3 BAM1435 100 µg $295

None MC-813-70 Mouse IgG3 MAB1435 100 µg $230

STAT1 Human None 246523 Rat IgG2B MAB1490 100 µg $240

STAT2 Human None 545103 Mouse IgG2B MAB16661 100 µg $240

Phospho-STAT3 (Y705) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF4607 100 µg $285

Phospho-STAT3 in Human Daudi Cells. Phospho-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) was detected in human INF-a-treated Daudi human cells (Y705) treated with IFN-a using anti- human phospho-STAT3 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4607). Cells were stained us ing NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-rabbit IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL004; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

STAT3 aa 1-175 HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF17991 100 µg $355


STAT3 aa 688-770 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1799 100 µg $355

STAT3 NorthernLights-conjugated Human/Mouse/Rat NL557 232209 Mouse IgG2B NL1799R 500 µL $345

Phospho-STAT5a/b (Y699) Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF4190 100 µg $285

Phospho-STAT5 (Y699) in IFN-a-treated Daudi cells. Phospho-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (Y699) was detected in IFN-a treated Daudi BurKitt’s lymphoma human cells using anti-human/mouse phosphor-STAT5 (Y699) polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4190). The cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 anti-rabbit secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL004; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

STAT5a aa 774-794Human None 251610 Mouse IgG1 MAB21741 100 µg $240


STAT6 aa 342-640 Human None 253906 Mouse IgG2A MAB2167 100 µg $240

STAT6 in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Signal Transducer and Acti vator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) was detected in PHA-stimu-lated human PBMCs using anti-human/mouse STAT6 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2167; red). Cells were counterstained (green).




Stella/Dppa3 Mouse




STRA6 Human None 496613 Mouse IgG1 MAB5904 100 µg $240

STRO-1 Human None STRO-1 Mouse IgM MAB1038 100 µg $295

Substance P Human/Mouse/Rat None 266815 Mouse IgG1 MAB4375 100 µg $240

SUMO3 Human None 401513 Rat IgG2A MAB2959 100 µg $240

Survivin Human None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF886 100 µg $285

SUZ12 Human None 448909 Mouse IgG1 MAB4184 100 µg $240

Synapsin I Pan Specific Human/Mouse/Rat/Bovine None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS035 10 µg $355

Synaptophysin Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5555 100 µg $355

Synaptotagmin RatNone ASV48 Mouse IgG2B MAB4364 100 µg $240

None ASV30 Mouse IgG2A MAB43641 100 µg $240

Synaptotagmin I in Rat Spinal Cord. Synapto-tagmin I was detected in a cryostat section of rat spi-nal cord using anti-rat Synaptotagmin I monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB43641; red). The tissue was counterstained green.

Syndecan-1/CD138 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2780 100 µg $355

Syndecan-1/CD138

HumanBiotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF2780 50 µg $380




Syndecan-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2965 100 µg $355


Syndecan-3Human None 374412 Rat IgG2A MAB35391 100 µg $240


Syndecan-3 Isoform 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3539 100 µg $355

Syndecan-4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2918 100 µg $355

Syntaxin-BP1 Human/Mouse/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5675 100 µg $355

Synuclein-a Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1338 100 µg $355

Synuclein-b HumanNone Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5528 100 µg $355


Synuclein-g Human None 514304 Mouse IgG1 MAB5745 100 µg $240

TAB1 aa 7-159 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3578 100 µg $355

TACE/ADAM17 Cytosolic Domain Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2129 100 µg $355

TACE/ADAM17 Ectodomain HumanNone Polyclonal Chicken IgY AF930 100 µg $355


TACI/TNFRSF13B

Human






Tau Multi-species None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3494 100 µg $355

T-bet/TBX21 Human None 525803 Mouse IgG1 MAB5385 100 µg $240

TBX2 Human None 393720 Rat IgG2A MAB50401 100 µg $240

TBX3 aa 321-483 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4509 100 µg $355




TBX6 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4744 100 µg $355

TBX6 in Mouse Embryonic Mesoderm. T-box Pro-tein 6 (TBX6) was detected in E9.5 mouse embryonic tailbud presomitic mesoderm sections using anti-human TBX6 affinity-purified polyclonal anti body (Catalog # AF4744). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG second-ary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

TC21/R-Ras2 Human/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3605 100 µg $355

TCCR/WSX-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1479 100 µg $355

TCF-2/HNF-1b Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3330 100 µg $355

TCF-7/TCF-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5596 100 µg $355

TCL1A Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4847 100 µg $355

TEM8 Isoform 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3886 100 µg $355

Tenascin CHuman



Human/Mouse None 578 Rat IgG2A MAB2138 100 µg $240

Tenascin RHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3865 100 µg $355

Mouse/Rat None 619 Mouse IgG1 MAB1624 100 µg $240

Tenascin R in Human Brainstem. Tenascin R was detected in paraffin-embedded human brainstem (medulla) tissue sections using anti-human Tenascin R affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3865). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

TER-119 MouseBiotin TER-119 Rat IgG2B BAM1125 250 µg $380

None TER-119 Rat IgG2B MAB1125 500 µg $325

TFF3 Human None 415909 Mouse IgG1 MAB4407 100 µg $240

TFF3 in Human Colon. Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human colon sec-tion using anti-human TFF3 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB4407). The tissue was stained using the anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

TFPI-2 Human None 243220 Mouse IgG2A MAB2545 500 µg $325

TGF-a HumanNone Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB-239-NA 1 mg $355


LAP TGF-b1 HumanNone Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB-246-NA 1 mg $355


TGF-b1 Multi-species None 9016 Mouse IgG1 MAB240 500 µg $325

TGF-b1, 2, 3 Multi-species None 1D11 Mouse IgG1 MAB1835 500 µg $325

TGF-b2 Multi-species None 8607 Mouse IgG2B MAB612 500 µg $325

TGF-b2/1.2 Multi-species None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-302-NA 100 µg $355

TGF-b3 Multi-species







TGF-b RI/ALK-5 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3025 100 µg $355

TGF-b RII Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-241-NA 250 µg $355

Thioredoxin-1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1970 100 µg $355

Thioredoxin Reductase 2/TRXR2 aa 268-393 Human/Mouse None 575322 Mouse IgG1 MAB5815 100 µg $240

Thimet Oligopeptidase/THOP1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3439 100 µg $355

Thrombomodulin/THBD/CD141




Thrombospondin-1 Human None 301221 Mouse IgG2B MAB3074 500 µg $325

Tie-1 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF619 100 µg $355


Phospho-Tie-2 (Y1100) Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG AF3909 100 µg $285

Tie-2Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF313 100 µg $355

Zebrafish None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF928 100 µg $355

Tie-2 in Developing Blood Vessels of Zebrafish. Tie-2 was detected in the blood vessels of an embry-onic zebrafish using anti-zebrafish Tie-2 affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF928). The tissue was stained using NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-goat IgG secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCRHuman None 219211 Mouse IgG2B MAB1750 500 µg $325


TIM-1 in Rat Kidney. T cell Immunoglobulin and Mu-cin domain-containing (TIM-1), also known as Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1), was detected in frozen sec-tions of rat kidney using anti-rat TIM-1 affinity-puri-fied polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3689). Tissue was stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

TIMP-1




TIMP-2 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF971 100 µg $355


TIMP-2 in Human Ovarian Cancer. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) was detected in a paraffin-embedded tissue section of human ovarian cancer using anti-human TIMP-2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF971). Tissues were stained with the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown), and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

TIMP-3 Human None 183551 Mouse IgG1 MAB973 500 µg $325

TIMP-4 Human None 153934 Mouse IgG1 MAB974 500 µg $325

TLR4 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1478 100 µg $355

TMEFF1/Tomoregulin-1 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1995 100 µg $355





TNF-a

BovineNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2279 100 µg $355


Canine





Human








TNF-b/TNFSF1Human None 5802 Mouse IgG1 MAB211 500 µg $325


TNF RI/TNFRSF1AHuman None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF225 100 µg $355

Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-425-PB 100 µg $355

TNF RI in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (TNF RI) was de-tected in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using anti-human TNF RI affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF225; red) and cells were counter-stained green.

TNF RII/TNFRSF1BHuman

None Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB-226-PB 1 mg $355


Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF-426-PB 100 µg $355

TOR Human/Mouse None 303728 Rat IgG2A MAB1537 100 µg $240

TOR in HEK293 cells. Target of rapamycin (TOR) ex-pression was detected in HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells using anti-human TOR monoclonal anti-body (Catalog # MAB1537). Cells were stained using NorthernLights-557 goat anti-rat IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL013; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

TRa/NR1A1 Human None H2804 Mouse IgG2A PP-H2804-00 100 µg $380

TR4/NR2C2 Human None H0107B Mouse IgG2A PP-H0107B-00 100 µg $380

TRA-1-85 HumanBiotin TRA-1-85 Mouse IgG1 BAM3195 100 µg $240

None TRA-1-85 Mouse IgG1 MAB3195 100 µg $240

TRADD Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2658 100 µg $355

TRAIL/TNFSF10

Human






TRAIL R1/TNFRSF10A Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF347 100 µg $355

TRAIL R2/TNFRSF10B Mouse None 118929 Rat IgG2A MAB1540 500 µg $325




TRAIL R3/TNFRSF10C HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF630 100 µg $355


TRAIL Receptor 3 in Human Spleen. Tumor Necro-sis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Recep-tor 3 (TRAIL R3) was detected in paraffin-embedded human spleen tissue sections using anti-human TRAIL Receptor 3 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB630). Tissues were subjected to antigen retrieval using basic reagent (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using anti-mouse HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS002; brown). Tissues were counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

TRAIL R4/TNFRSF10D Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF633 100 µg $355

TRANCE/TNFSF11/RANK L Human None 70525 Mouse IgG2B MAB626 500 µg $325

TRANCE/TNFSF11/RANK L Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF462 100 µg $355

TfR (Transferrin R) Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2474 100 µg $355

TREM-1 Mouse




TREM-2





TrkA




TrkB


Mouse




TrkC





TrkC in Rat Spinal Cord. TrkC was detected in a cryostat tissue section of rat spinal cord using anti-human TrkC monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB373; red).




TROP-2





Troponin T (Cardiac) Human None 200805 Mouse IgG2A MAB1874 100 µg $240

TROY/TNFRSF19 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF723 100 µg $355


Trypsin Pan Specific (PRSS1/2/3) Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3586 100 µg $355

Trypsin 1/PRSS1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF3848 100 µg $355

Trypsin 3/PRSS3 MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3565 100 µg $355


Trypsin 3 in Mouse Pancreas. Trypsin 3 was detect-ed in a frozen section of mouse pancreas using anti-mouse Trypsin-3 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3565). Tissues were stained using anti-rat HRP-DAB reagents (brown) and counterstained with he-matoxylin (blue).

Trypsin-3 in Mouse Kidney. Trypsin-3 was detected in frozen mouse kidney sections using anti-mouse Trypsin-3 monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB3565). Tissue was stained using the anti-rat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS017; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Tryptophan Hydroxylase Pan Specific Multi-species None Polyclonal Sheep IgG PPS038 100 µL $355

Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF5276 100 µg $355

TSG Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF756 100 µg $355

TSG MouseBiotin 120024 Rat IgG2A BAM756 250 µg $380


TSG-6




TSH b Human None 512913 Mouse IgG1 MAB5794 100 µg $240

TSLP R Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF981 100 µg $355

TSPAN8 Human None 458811 Rat IgG2B MAB4734 100 µg $240

Neuron-specific b-III Tubulin Multi-speciesBiotin TuJ-1 Mouse IgG2A BAM1195 100 µg $380

None TuJ-1 Mouse IgG2A MAB1195 100 µg $240

b-III Tubulin and Nestin in Rat Cortical Stem Cells.b-III Tubulin and Nestin were detected in rat cortical stem cells (Catalog # NSC001) using anti-neuron spe-cific b-III Tubulin monoclonal (clone TuJ-1) antibody (Catalog # MAB1195; red) and anti rat Nestin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF2736; green). Cells were stained with NorthernLights-557 donkey anti-mouse IgG (Catalog # NL007) and NorthernLights-493 donkey anti-goat IgG (Catalog # NL003) secondary antibodies. Tissue was counter-stained with DAPI (blue).

b-III Tubulin and GFAP in Adult Mouse Brain. Neu-ronal b-III Tubulin and astrocytic GFAP were detected in adult mouse brain sections using anti-b-III Tubulin monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MAB1195; Tuj1) and anti-human GFAP affinity-purified polyclonal anti-body (Catalog # AF2594). The tissue was stained us-ing NorthernLights-493 donkey anti-mouse (Catalog # NL009; green) and NorthernLights-557 donkey an-ti-sheep IgG (Catalog # NL010; red) secondary anti-bodies, respectively. The nuclei were stained using DAPI (blue)

Neuron-specific b-III Tubulin NorthernLights-conjugated Multi-species

NL557 TuJ-1 Mouse IgG2A NL1195R 500 µL $345

NL637 TuJ-1 Mouse IgG2A NL1195V 500 µL $345

TWEAK/TNFSF12 Human Biotin Polyclonal Goat IgG BAF1090 50 µg $380

TWEAK R/TNFRSF12Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1199 100 µg $355


Phospho-Phospho-Tyrosine Multi-speciesNone 179003 Mouse IgG1 MAB1676 500 µg $325





Phospho-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (S19) Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS087 100 µL $355

Phospho-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (S31) Mouse/Rat/Primate None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS088 100 µL $355

Phospho-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (S40) Rat None Polyclonal Rabbit IgG PPS041 100 µL $355

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Multi-speciesNone TH-2 Mouse IgG1 MAB1423 100 µg $240

None 6D7 Mouse IgG1 PPS040 100 µL $355

Ubiquitin/Ubiquitin+1 Human None 83406 Mouse IgG2B MAB701 100 µg $240

Ubiquitin+1 Human None 82001 Mouse IgG2A MAB703 100 µg $240

ULBP-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1298 100 µg $355

UNC5H1 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1405 100 µg $355

UNC5H2 RatNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1006 100 µg $355


UNC5H3 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1005 100 µg $355


u-Plasminogen Activator (uPA)/Urokinase Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1310 100 µg $355

uPAR Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF534 100 µg $355

Uromodulin Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF5144 100 µg $355

Uromodulin in Human Kidney. Uromodulin was detected in paraffin-embedded human kidney sec-tions using anti-human Uromodulin affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF5144). Tissue was stained using anti-sheep HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS019; brown) and counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

Uteroglobin/SCGB1A1 Human None 394324 Rat IgG1 MAB4218 100 µg $240

UTF1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3958 100 µg $355

VAMP-1 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4828 100 µg $355

VAMP-1 in Mouse Brain. Vesicle-associated mem-brane protein 1 (VAMP-1) was detected in frozen sec-tions of mouse brain (spinal cord) using anti-human/mouse VAMP-1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4828). The tissue was stained using anti-goat IgG NorthernLights-557-conjugat ed secondary antibody (Catalog # NL001; red) and counterstained green.

Vang-like Protein 1/VANGL1 Human None 497707 Mouse IgG2B MAB5476 100 µg $240

Vanilloid R1/TRPV1 Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3066 100 µg $355

Vanilloid R1 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion. Vanilloid R1 was detected in a frozen section of rat dorsal root ganglion using anti-rat Vanilloid R1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3066; red) and counterstained green.

Vanilloid R-like 3/TRPV3 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4167 100 µg $355

VASA Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2030 100 µg $355




VCAM-1/CD106Human


None BBIG-V1 Mouse IgG1 BBA5 100 µg $230

None BBIG-V1 Mouse IgG1 BBA6 1 mg $840


VDR/NR1I1 Human None H4537 Mouse IgG2A PP-H4537-00 100 µg $380

VEGFCanine None 247109 Mouse IgG1 MAB1603 500 µg $325


VEGF 164





VEGF in Mouse Kidney. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) was detected in a cryostat section of mouse kidney glomerulus using anti-mouse VEGF affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF-493-NA; red) and counterstained green.

VEGF in Rat Kidney. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) was detected in a cryostat section of rat kidney glomerulus using anti-rat VEGF 164 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF564). Tissues were stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

VEGF 165 HumanNone Polyclonal Total Goat IgG AB-293-NA 1 mg $355


VEGF 165b Human None 56-1 Mouse IgG1 MAB3045 500 µg $325

VEGF-B 167/186 Human/Mouse None 58013 Mouse IgG1 MAB751 500 µg $325

VEGF-B 186 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF767 100 µg $355

VEGF-C Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF752 100 µg $355

VEGF-DHuman




VEGF R1/Flt-1Human




VEGF R2/KDR/Flk-1





VEGF R3/Flt-4 HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF349 100 µg $355


Versican Isoform V0 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3054 100 µg $355

VG5Q Mouse None 368011 Rat IgG2A MAB30481 100 µg $240

VHR Human None 237018 Mouse IgG1 MAB16541 100 µg $240

Vimentin HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2105 100 µg $355


Vimentin in Human Lung Carcinoma Cells. Vimen-tin was detected in cultured A549 human lung carci-noma cells cells using anti-human Vimentin mono-clonal antibody (Catalog # MAB2105). The Cells were stained using NorthernLights-493 anti-rat secondary antibodies (Catalog # NL015; green) and the nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue).


IHC/ICC SUPPLEMENTAL REAGENTS


VIP R2 Human None 476031 Mouse IgG1 MAB5416 100 µg $240

VitronectinHuman None 342603 Mouse IgG2B MAB2349 100 µg $240


VLDL R Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2258 100 µg $355

VSIG1 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4818 100 µg $355

VSIG1 in Human Testis. V-set and Ig domain-con-taining protein 1 (VSIG1) was detected in frozen a section of human testis using anti-human VSIG1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4818). Cells were stained using Northern-Lights-557 donkey anti-sheep IgG secondary anti-body (Catalog # NL010; red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue).

WASPHuman None 336925 Mouse IgG1 MAB3070 100 µg $240


WIF-1 HumanNone 133015 Mouse IgG1 MAB134-050 50 µg $150


WISP-1/CCN4




Wnt-1 Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF1620 100 µg $355

Wnt-2 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3464 100 µg $355

Wnt-2 in Human Stomach Cancer. Wnt-2 was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded human stomach can-cer section using anti-human Wnt-2 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3464). The section was subjected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown). The tissue was coun-terstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Wnt-2b Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3900 100 µg $355


Wnt-5a Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF645 100 µg $355

Wnt-5a in Embryonic Mouse Rib. Wnt-5a was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded tissue section of E15 mouse rib using anti-mouse Wnt-5a affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF645). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB (brown) Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008) and coun-terstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Wnt-5b Mouse None 325004 Rat IgG2A MAB3006 100 µg $240

Wnt-6 Human None Polyclonal Sheep IgG AF4109 100 µg $355

Wnt-7a Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3008 100 µg $355

Wnt-7b Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3460 100 µg $355

Wnt-8a Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF2248 100 µg $355

Wnt-8b Human/Mouse None 341504 Rat IgG2A MAB3367 100 µg $240




Wnt-9a HumanNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3157 100 µg $355


Wnt-9a in Human Breast Cancer. Wnt-9a was de-tected in a paraffin-embedded human breast cancer section using anti-human Wnt-9a monoclonal anti-body (Catalog # MAB31571). The section was sub-jected to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cata-log # CTS002; brown). The tissue was counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Wnt-9b Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3669 100 µg $355


XCL1/Lymphotactin MouseNone Polyclonal Goat IgG AF486 100 µg $355


XCR1 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF857 100 µg $355

XIAPHuman None 117318 Mouse IgG1 MAB8221 100 µg $240


Yes aa 1-88 Human/Mouse/Rat None 339827 Mouse IgG2B MAB32051 100 µg $240

Human/Rat None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3205 100 µg $355

ZAP70 aa 163-254 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3709 100 µg $355

ZAP70 in Human Lymphoma. Zeta-chain (TCR) associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) was detected in a paraffin-embedded human lymphoma section using anti-human ZAP70 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF3709). The tissue was subject-ed to antigen retrieval using the Basic Antigen Retrieval Kit (Catalog # CTS013) and stained using anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Cata-log # CTS008; brown). The section was counter-stained with hematoxylin (blue).

ZIC1 Human/Mouse None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4978 100 µg $355

ZIC1 in Embryonic Mouse Brain. Zinc-finger protein of the cerebellum 1 (ZIC1) was detected in a frozen section of E13 mouse brain using anti-human ZIC1 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Catalog # AF4978). The tissue was stained using the anti-goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxy-lin (blue).

ZNF24 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF3637 100 µg $355

ZNF206 Human None Polyclonal Goat IgG AF4020 100 µg $355



SECONDARY ANTIBODIESANALYTE LABEL TYPE APPLICATIONS CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Chicken IgYNone Chicken IgY specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot AF010 500 µg $75

Biotin Chicken IgY specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot BAF010 250 µg $75

Goat IgG

None Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot AF109 500 µg $75

Biotin Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot BAF109 250 µg $75

Biotin Goat IgG specific polyclonal rabbit IgG Western blot BAF017 250 µg $75

Biotin Goat IgG specific polyclonal chicken IgY Western blot BAF019 250 µg $75

HRP Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot HAF109 1 mL $95

HRP Goat IgG specific polyclonal rabbit IgG Western blot HAF017 1 mL $95

HRP Goat IgG specific polyclonal chicken IgG Western blot HAF019 1 mL $95

APC Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Flow Cytometry F0108 100 Tests $220

Fluorescein Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Flow Cytometry F0109 100 Tests $140

PE Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Flow Cytometry F0107 100 Tests $175

None Goat IgG specific polyclonal rabbit IgG Western blot R-401-C-ABS 500 µg $75

Goat IgG (H+L) PerCP Goat IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG (H+L) chains Flow Cytometry F0124 100 Tests $190

Hamster IgG

APC Monoclonal mouse IgG2B, clone # MAH1.12 Flow Cytometry F0121 100 Tests $220

PE Monoclonal mouse IgG2B, clone # MAH1.12 Flow Cytometry F0120 100 Tests $175

None Monoclonal mouse IgG2B, clone # MAH1.12 Western blot MAB011 500 µg $165

Biotin Monoclonal mouse IgG2B, clone # MAH1.12 Western blot BAM011 250 µg $180

Human IgG Fc None Human IgG Fc specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot G-102-C 100 µg $355

Human IgG1 Fc None Human IgG1 Fc specific monoclonal mouse IgG1 Western blot MAB110 500 µg $325

Human IgM None Human IgM specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot G-105-C 100 µg $355

Human IgE None Human IgE specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot G-107-C 100 µg $355

Human IgG (H+L) None Human IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG (H+L) chains Western blot G-101-C-ABS 500 µg $75

Mouse IgG

PerCP Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab')2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0114 100 Tests $155

None Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot AF007 500 µg $99

Biotin Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot BAF007 250 µg $100

Biotin Mouse IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot BAF018 250 µg $75

HRP Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot HAF007 1 mL $105

HRP Mouse IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot HAF018 1 mL $95

Mouse IgG Fc None Mouse IgG Fc specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot G-202-C 100 µg $355

Mouse IgG None Mouse IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot D-201-C-ABS2 500 µg $75

Mouse IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L)

APC Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0101B 100 Tests $175

Fluorescein Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0103B 100 Tests $105

PE Mouse IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0102B 100 Tests $135

Rabbit IgG

None Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot AF008 500 µg $75

Biotin Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot BAF008 250 µg $75

HRP Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot HAF008 1 mL $95

APC Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0111 100 Tests $220

Fluorescein Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0112 100 Tests $140

PE Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0110 100 Tests $175

None Rabbit IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot D-301-C-ABS2 500 µg $75

Rat IgG

HRP Rat specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot HAF005 1 mL $105

None Rat IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot AF005 500 µg $100

PerCP Rat IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab')2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0115 100 Tests $190

Biotin Rat IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG Western blot BAF005 250 µg $100

Rat IgG F(ab’)2 APC Rat IgG specific polyclonal goat IgGF(ab’)2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0113 100 Tests $210

Rat IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L)Fluorescein Rat IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0104B 100 Tests $120

PE Rat IgG specific polyclonal goat IgG F(ab’)2 (H+L) Fragment Flow Cytometry F0105B 100 Tests $175

Secondary & Control Antibodies for IHC/ICC



DESCRIPTION CONJUGATE CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Donkey Anti-Goat IgG, Cross-adsorbed

NorthernLights-557 NL001 500 µL $115



Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG, Cross-adjusted




Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG, Cross-adsorbed




Donkey Anti-Sheep IgG, Cross-adsorbed




Goat Anti-Rat IgG




Goat Anti-Chicken IgY




Streptavidin NL493 NorthernLights-493 NL997 500 µL $115



NorthernLights™ A line of fluorochrome-conjugated secondary reagents for IHC/ICC NorthernLights secondary antibodies are bright and fade-resistant, recognizing mouse, goat, sheep, rat, and rabbit IgG and chicken IgY. Like all R&D Systems antibodies, NorthernLights antibody conjugates are specific and deliver a high signal-to-noise ratio. Also available are streptavidin conjugates for labeling biotinylated antibodies.

ANTIBODY CONTROLSCONTROL LABEL TYPE CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Goat IgG

Fluorescein Normal goat IgG IC108F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal goat IgG IC108P 200 Tests $165

PerCP Normal goat IgG IC108C 200 Tests $165

None Normal goat IgG AB-108-C 1 mg $75

Biotin Normal goat IgG BAF108 100 µg $75

Human IgG1 Fc None NS0-expressed recombinant protein 110-HG-100 100 µg $325

Human IgG None Normal human IgG 1-001-A 1 mg $75

Sheep IgG

None Normal sheep IgG 5-001-A 1 mg $75

APC Normal sheep IgG IC016A 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal sheep IgG IC016F 200 Tests $165

SECONDARY ANTIBODIESANALYTE LABEL TYPE APPLICATIONS CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Sheep IgG

Biotin Sheep IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot BAF016 250 µg $75

HRP Sheep IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot HAF016 1 mL $95

None Sheep IgG specific polyclonal donkey IgG Western blot D-501-C-ABS 500 µg $75

Mouse IgM

APC Mouse IgM specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0117 100 Tests $220

Fluorescein Mouse IgM specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0118 100 Tests $140

PerCP Mouse IgM specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0119 100 Tests $190

PE Mouse IgM specific polyclonal goat IgG Flow Cytometry F0116 100 Tests $175


IHC PROTOCOL GUIDE

ANTIBODY CONTROLS, continuedCONTROL LABEL TYPE CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Mouse IgG1

PerCP Normal mouse IgG1, clone # 11711 IC002C 200 Tests $165

APC Normal mouse IgG1, clone # 11711 IC002A 200 Tests $165

None Normal mouse IgG1, clone # 11711 MAB002 500 µg $170

Biotin Normal mouse IgG1, clone # 11711 IC002B 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal mouse IgG1, clone # 11711 IC002F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal mouse IgG1, clone # 11711 IC002P 200 Tests $165

Mouse IgG2A

None Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 20102 MAB003 500 µg $170


PerCP Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 20102 IC003C 200 Tests $165

APC Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 20102 IC003A 200 Tests $165

Biotin Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 20102 IC003B 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 20102 IC003F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 20102 IC003P 200 Tests $165

Mouse IgG2A Fc None NS0-expressed recombinant protein 4460-MG-100 100 µg $325

Mouse IgG2B



None Normal mouse IgG2BB, clone # 73009 MAB0042 500 µg $170

APC Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 133303 IC0041A 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 133303 IC0041F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 133303 IC0041P 200 Tests $165

PerCP Normal mouse IgG2B, clone # 133303 IC0041C 200 Tests $165

Mouse IgG3

None Normal mouse IgG3, clone # 133316 MAB007 500 µg $170

APC Normal Mouse IgG3, clone # 133316 IC007A 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal Mouse IgG3, clone # 133316 IC007F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal Mouse IgG3, clone # 133316 IC007P 200 Tests $165

Rabbit IgG

APC Normal rabbit IgG IC105A 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal rabbit IgG IC105F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal rabbit IgG IC105P 200 Tests $165

None Normal rabbit IgG AB-105-C 1 mg $75

Rat IgG None Normal rat IgG 6-001-A 1 mg $75

Rat IgG1

None Normal rat IgG1, clone # 43414 MAB005 500 µg $170

APC Normal rat IgG1, clone # 43414 IC005A 200 Tests $165

Biotin Normal rat IgG1, clone # 43414 IC005B 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal rat IgG1, clone # 43414 IC005F 200 Tests $160

PE Normal rat IgG1, clone # 43414 IC005P 200 Tests $165

Rat IgG2A

None Normal rat IgG2A, clone # 54447 MAB006 500 µg $170

APC Normal rat IgG2A, clone # 54447 IC006A 50 µg $165

Biotin Normal rat IgG2A, clone # 54447 IC006B 50 µg $165

Fluorescein Normal rat IgG2A, clone # 54447 IC006F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal rat IgG2A, clone # 54447 IC006P 200 Tests $165

PerCP Normal rat IgG, clone # 54447 IC006C 200 Tests $165

Rat IgG2B

PerCP Normal rat IgG, clone # 141945 IC013C 200 Tests $165

APC Normal rat IgG2B, clone # 141945 IC013A 200 Tests $165

Biotin Normal rat IgG2B, clone # 141945 IC013B 200 Tests $165

Fluorescein Normal rat IgG2B, clone # 141945 IC013F 200 Tests $165

PE Normal rat IgG2B, clone # 141945 IC013P 200 Tests $165

None Normal rat IgG2B, clone # 141945 MAB0061 500 µg $170

Mouse IgG3 PerCP Normal mouse IgG, clone # 133316 IC007C 200 Tests $165

Mouse IgM PerCP Normal mouse IgM IC015C 200 Tests $165

Chicken IgY None Normal chicken IgY AB-101-C 1 mg $75


IHC PROTOCOL GUIDE

Cell & Tissue Staining KitsSPECIES LABEL COMPONENTS CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Anti-goatAnti-mouseAnti-rabbitAnti-ratAnti-sheep

HRP-DAB System Secondary Biotinylated Antibody, Streptavidin-HRP Conjugate, DAB Chromogen, DAB Chromogen Buffer, Blocking Reagents

CTS008CTS002CTS005CTS017CTS019

50 Tests $240

Anti-goatAnti-mouseAnti-rabbitAnti-ratAnti-sheep

HRP-AEC System Secondary Biotinylated Antibody, Streptavidin-HRP Conjugate, AEC Chromogen, AEC Chromogen Buffer, Blocking Reagents

CTS009CTS003CTS006CTS018CTS020

50 Tests $240

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

p27/Kip1 IHC Detection Kit Includes reagents for antigen retrieval, blocking reagent, detection reagents, and a specific monoclonal primary antibody for human p27 antigen CTS2256 50 Tests $425

p27 in Human Prostate Cancer. p27 was detected in paraffin-embedded human prostate cancer sections using the Human p27 Immunohistochemistry Detec-tion Kit (Catalog # CTS2256). Tissue was stained using anti-mouse HRP-DAB (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Cell & Tissue Staining ReagentsPRODUCT DESCRIPTION CATALOG # SIZE PRICE

Basic Antigen Retrieval Reagent Antigen retrieval system that utilizes a heat-induced recovery of cell and tissue antigens. CTS013 50 mL $60

Acidic Antigen Retrieval Reagent Antigen retrieval system that utilizes a heat-induced recovery of cell and tissue antigens. CTS014 50 mL $60

Universal Antigen Retrieval Reagent Antigen retrieval system that utilizes a heat-induced recovery of cell and tissue antigens. CTS015 50 mL $60

Antigen Retrieval Reagent Sampler All three reagents (CTS013, CTS014, CTS015) in one convenient pack. CTS016 50 mL $120

Avidin-Fluorescein For use as a secondary reagent in immunofluorescent assays in conjunction with biotinylated primary labeling reagents.

F0030 100 Tests $65

Streptavidin-Allophycocyanin For use as a secondary reagent in immunofluorescent assays in conjunction with biotinylated primary labeling reagents.

F0050 100 Tests $85

Streptavidin-Phycoerythrin For use as a secondary reagent in immunofluorescent assays in conjunction with biotinylated primary labeling reagents.

F0040 100 Tests $75

Streptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase For use in ELISA or Western blot assays. AR001 1 mL $145

DAB Enhancer DAB Enhancer is a concentrated 50X metal based solution used to intensify the DABChro-mogen (Catalog Numbers # CTS002, CTS005, CTS008, CTS017). In the presence of the DAB Enhancer, the DAB Chromogen produces a clear brown-black staining with minimal background.

CTS010 3 mL $45

Mounting Medium Permanent aqueous mounting medium CTS011 15 mL $35

Control Antigen RetrievalAntigen Retrieval Improves Detection of Neuro-plastin 65. Neuroplastin 65 was detected in human cerebellar tissue using anti-human/mouse Neuro-plastin 65 affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Cat-alog # AF5360). Tissue was pretreated with Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using the anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell and Tissue Staining Kit (Catalog # CTS008; brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue).

Staining Kits & Reagents for Cells & Tissues Cell and Tissue Staining Kits are intended for localization of antigens in a broad range of histological and cytological specimens. These kits are based on the formation of the Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) with primary antibodies that react with the tissue antigens under study. The kits are made in ready-to-use format including prediluted Secondary Biotinylated Antibodies, and HSS-HRP that eliminates the need for extra steps in the procedure, mini-mizes hands-on time, maximizes convenience, and reduces the risk of erroneous calculations.

CuSTOMERS IN uSA & CANADA

Online ordering is available for customers in the U.S.A. and Canada. After finding your products, click the shopping cart symbol to create an account or to make an online purchase.

Website: www.RnDSystems.com

Phone: 1-800-343-7475

Fax: 1-612-656-4400

Mail: R&D Systems, Inc. 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413

INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBuTORS

Please visit www.RnDSystems.com for a full list of international distributors.

FOR ALL PuRCHASES, PLEASE INCLuDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION WITH yOuR ORDER

• Name & Contact Information

• Name of Institution

• Delivery Address

• Invoice Address

• Purchase Order Number* or Credit Card Number

• Quantity and Product Size

• Product Catalog Number and Description

• Name of Principal Investigator (optional)

• Telephone Number

• E-mail Address (optional)

For European Customers: VAT Exemption Certificate (UK) or E.C. equivalent

Ordering Information

* New customers wishing to use a P.O. number, please call customer service at 1-800-343-7475 to set up an account.

USA & Canada R&D Systems, Inc. 614 McKinley Place NE

Minneapolis, MN 55413, USATEL: (800) 343-7475 (612) 379-2956

FAX: (612) 656-4400E-MAIL: [email protected]

www.RnDSystems.com

Europe R&D Systems Europe Ltd. 19 Barton Lane, Abingdon Science Park

Abingdon OX14 3NB, UKTEL: +44 (0)1235 529449FAX: +44 (0)1235 533420

E-MAIL: [email protected]. RnDSystems.com

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726 West Yan An Road, Shanghai, PRC 200050TEL: +86 (21) 52380373FAX: +86 (21) 52371001

E-MAIL: [email protected]

International Distributors Please visit www.RnDSystems.com/go/Distributors for a full list of international distributors.

CA103_IHCprotocol_MAR

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