igcse biology chapter 13- the nervous system
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BY:ADELINE LAUREN
CLARISSAGERALVIN M NORALIM
JASON JAYALIEOWEN J ONG
RUIZ ORLANDO
Biology Chapter 13 : The Nervous
System
![Page 2: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sensitivity
A living organism is able to react to changes in the surrounding.
The change in the environment that cause an organism to react is called a stimulus.
An organism’s reaction to a stimulus is called a response.
The ability to respond to a stimulus is known as sensitivity or irritability.
![Page 3: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
An organism usually responds to a stimulus by moving in a way that benefits itself. For example:
Plant needs light for photosynthesis, so they grow towards the light. This response occurs over time.
Euglena, a single-celled organism, makes food by photosynthesis. Euglena swims towards the light.
Cockroaches, move away from the light. They hide in dark areas during the day.
![Page 4: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is the role of the nervous system in humans?
The nervous system in humans controls the activities of the body and how it reacts to the surroundings.
The nervous system consist of a brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and highly specialized sense organs.
Sense organs:• help the body to adjust to any
changes in the environment • Enable the various parts of the
body to coordinate with one another
![Page 5: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
In humans, many activities such as the heartbeat, peristalsis and breathing movements are automatic and are not controlled consciously. They are called involuntary actions.
Activities that are controlled consciously are called voluntary actions.
Voluntary and involuntary actions
![Page 6: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thoughtless action
Sea anemone are some of the simplest animals under the sea, they do not even have brains.
When a prey such as small fish brush against a sea anemone’s tentacles, stinging cells in the tentacles are stimulated. The sea anemone responds by stinging the prey. This is called as involuntary action.
![Page 7: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Human nervous systemComponent of the human nervous system:-The central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and the spinal cord-The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of the cranial nerves (nerves from the brain) and spinal nerves (nerves from the spinal cord) and the sense organs.
![Page 8: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
-Sense organs are used to detect stimuli, they are also called receptors. They inform the central nervous system about changes in the surroundings, by producing electrical messages called nerve impulses. These nerve impulses are transmitted through the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
![Page 9: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nervous tissue
![Page 10: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Motor end plate
Dendron
Cell body contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell surface membrane and organelles.
The nerve fibers that transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body are called dendrons.The dendrites of a dendron of a motor neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons
The nerve fibers that transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body are called axons
The layer of fatty substances enclosing many nerve fibers is the myelin sheath.
The region where the myelin sheath is absent are called nodes of ranvier.
The axon terminals of a motor neuron transmit nerve impulses to the effector.
The junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber is the motor end plate.
![Page 11: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Structure of sensory neurone
Direction of nerve impulse
![Page 12: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What is a synapse?
Definition of synapse:A synapse is a junction between 2
neurones, or a junction between a neurone and an effector such as a muscle or a
gland
At a synapse, impulses are transmitted from the axon of one neurone to the dendron of another neuron ( or the cells of the effector) across the tiny space
Nerve impulse are transmitted across the synapse by certain chemicals released by the neurone. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters
![Page 13: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What are nerves?
A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue.
Nerve may emerge from the brain (cranial nerve) or spinal cord (spinal nerve). They may contain:
• Sensory nerve only – conduct nerve impulses from sense organs.
• Motor nerve fibres only – conduct nerve
impulses from effectors.
• Mixed fibres (both sensory and motor nerve fibres) – located in spinal nerves.
![Page 14: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Brain
Forebrain:• Concerned with
intelligence, memory, learning
sensations and overall control of all voluntary actions in
human• Concerned with the
regulation of body temperature and water potential of blood, appetite,
sleep and emotions• Produces and relase
many important hormones includiing
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
The human brain can be divided into 3 parts: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain
Midbrain:•Concerne
d with sight and
visual reflexes,
e.g. movement of the eyeballs
Forebrain:• Controls muscular coordination, especially maintaining balance• Controls involuntary actions, e.g. the heartbeat, peristalsis, the rate of respiratory movements and the contraction and dilation of blood vessels.
![Page 15: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Distribution of the grey matter and white matter in the central nervous system
Grey matterThe grey matter consist of mainly of the cell bodies of the neurones .
It forms the outer layers of the brain and the central parts of spinal cord
White matterThe white matter consist of mainly of nerve fibres .
It forms the central parts of the brain, and the outer layers of the spinal cord.
Central canalThe central canal
contains a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid that
brings nutrients to spinal cord
![Page 16: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
As the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord, it branches itself into nerve fibres which is supplied to different parts of our body
• Before the spinal nerve joins the spinal cord, it is divided into two roots :
a) Dorsal root ( towards the back ) b) Ventral root ( towards the front )
Spinal cord and spinal nerves in humans
![Page 17: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1. Sensory neuron in the spinal cord transmit impulses to the relay
neuron in the brain
2. Relay neuron in the brain transmit impulses back to the
motor neuron in the spinal cord Remember !
The relay neurons synapse with the
sensory and motor neurons to enable the transmission of
nerve impulses from the sensory to motor
neurons
![Page 18: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dorsal root ganglion • A small swelling in the
dorsal root containing cell bodies of sensory
neurons
Dorsal root • Joints the back
part of the spinal cord
• It contains nerve fibres of sensory
neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord
Ventral root• Joins the front part
of the spinal cord• It contains only
nerve fibres of motor neurons that transmit impulses
from the spinal cord
Spinal nerve (mixed nerve) • Form by the joining of dorsal and ventral root • Contains both
sensory and motor neurons
![Page 19: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sensation
When you touch a piece of ice, you can feel its coldness. This is because the temperature receptor in in your skin is stimulated. Impulses are produced. Impulses are transmitted to the forebrain. The brain interprets the impulses, and you have a sensation of coldness.
The pathway of impulses is as follows:
Receptor in skin sensory neurone relay neurone in spinal cord forebrain
![Page 20: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
voluntary actions
Voluntary action is a deliberate action, for example, you decide to raise your hand to answer a question in class.
The pathway of impulses is as follow:
Forebrain relay neurone in spinal cord motor neurone effector
![Page 21: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Reflex Action
Reflex action is an immediate response to a specific stimulus without conscious control
It is an involuntary action
Classified into : - Cranial reflexes - Spinal reflexes
The spinal cord and the brain are reflex centres
![Page 22: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Knee Jerk Reflex
![Page 23: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Reflex arc
A reflex arc is the shortest pathway by which nerve impulses travel from the receptor to the effector in a reflex action
![Page 25: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conditioned Reflex
![Page 26: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Brain Spinal cord Receptors Nerves - Controls
voluntary actions
by generating nerve
- Controls cranial reflexes
e.g. salivation
- transmit nerve
impulses to and from brain
- controls spinal
reflexes .e.g. knee-jerk
reflex
Receive stimuli from
the environment
Cranial nerves -sensory nerves
transmit impulses from receptors to
the brain.-Motor nerves
transmit impulses from brain to
effectors
Spinal nerves -sensory nerves
transmit impulses from receptors to
spinal cords .- Motor nerves
transmit impulses from spinal cord
to effectors
![Page 27: IGCSE biology chapter 13- the nervous system](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062223/5870cadb1a28ab64768b45a1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Nervous Tissues
Neurons
Sensory (receptor) neuron-Transmits nerve
impulses from receptors to CNS
Relay (intermediate) neurons
-found within CNS-Transmits nerve
impulses from sensory neurons to
motor neurons
Motor (effectors) neuron
-transmits nerve impulses from CNS
to effectors
Components of reflex arc
A sense organ
(receptor)
A sensory neuron
A relay neuron in a
reflex center
(brain or spinal cord)
A motor neuron
An effector