igcs bulletin · dr kristin steger attended the igs winter school in febru-ary 2013 at iitm,...

VOL 2 ISSUE 3 JULY 2013

Contents

Dear Reader

Several important develop-ments have taken place in the last quarter The synergism of research between IITM and German Universities is poised to take-off Research proposals have been sought in the areas of Energy Water and Waste management to be funded by the Department of Science and Technology Government of India The review and selection process will be completed by end of August 2013

Dr Paul Wagner has joined IGCS as a Post Doctoral Fellow in June 2013 for a four month stay to work on Land use change impacts on water re-sources in India Dr Sibylle Petrak the IGCS long-term Professor in the area of Ener-gy has returned to Germany

after concluding her fifteen month tenure at IGCS

We are happy to include a fea-ture article titled lsquoLand Use Planning as if Water Mattered the Case of Chennairsquo by Dr RJ Ranjit Daniels The author pre-sents the subject matter in a lucid style and suggests five approaches for a better Land Use planning for Chennai Dr RJ Ranjit Daniels started the Care Earth Organization in Chennai with a mission of con-serving biodiversity We hope readers will benefit immensely by this article

Dr Sasidhar Senior Consultant in IGCS has joined the Editorial team of IGCS Bulletin

Thanking You

Ajit Kumar Kolar amp P Sasidhar

Editors

IGCS NEWS 2

FEATURE 5

Land Use Planning as if Water Mattered the Case of Chennai

IGCS BULLETIN From the Editorsrsquo Desk

Prof Ajit Kumar Kolar Dr P Sasidhar

Volume 2 Issue 3 July 2013

2

Research Proposals from the IITM Faculty and German Academic Partners under the DST funded Project

The IGCS will receive Rupees 5337 million (066 mil-lion Euro) during 2013-16 from the NMSKCC of the Department of Science and Technology Government of India to carry out the Climate Change related re-search programs IIT Madras will provide the infra-structure facilities for the projects as well as host the German scientists as visiting faculty of the Institute

Over the next three years IGCS will identify and carry out five research projects in four thematic areas - energy land-use waste and water - around sustaina-bility challenges that will be exacerbated by climate change These projects will focus on the following areas sustaining urban water bodies and improving public sanitation ensuring local air quality improving access to energy services setting a framework for sustainable urban and peri-urban land-use helping frame sustainable climate policy with emphasis on integrated solutions for climate adaptation

The IIT Madras faculty have been invited to apply for funding of 2 year projects with a maximum funding of Rupees 5 million (62500 Euro) per project in the above five challenge areas with the stipulation that they propose collaborative projects with German counterparts who could be invited to come to IIT Madras either for short visits or as long-term visiting faculty The project proposals will be reviewed and approved by the Project Appraisal Committee Further details are available at httpwwwigcs-chennaiorgpage_id=102

IGCS Summer School 2013

The IGCS Summer School (the fourth in the series) on Sustainable Water and Waste Management was held in RWTH University Aachen Germany from 2 July to 14 July 2013 The Summer School was inaugurated by Prof Dr Schmachtenberg Rector RWTH Aachen University

Welcome address was given by Prof Rafiq Azzam Centre Coordinator IGCS RWTH Aachen University and Prof Ajit Kolar Energy Coordinator IGCS IITM Chennai The vote of thanks was proposed by Ms Eva Portius Project Manager RWTH Aachen University Germany

The ten-day programme was attended by ten

students from India and ten students from Germany The programme included Keynote lectures by special-ists field visits and project and case studies

IGCS Steering Committee Meeting The IGCS steering Committee Meeting was held on July 4 2013 at the office of Prof Rafiq Azzam IGCS

Centre Coordinator RWTH University He also presid-ed over the meeting which was attended by

Prof Sudhir Chella Rajan Prof Ajit Kolar Prof BS Murty Prof Ligy Phillip Prof M Kranert Prof F Behrendt Ms Miriam Conde Dr P Sasidhar and Ms Eva Portius

IGCS NEWS


3

One of the decisions taken by the committee was to con-

duct the next yearrsquos Winter and Summer School 2014 at IIT

Madras Chennai and at University of Stuttgart Germany

respectively

IGCS Research News

Dr Paul Wagner joined IGCS in June

2013 for a four month tenure as a post-

doctoral fellow to work in the area of

Land use change impacts on water re-

sources in India A case study on possible

future developments in the Mula and

Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of

Pune

Dr Paul Wagner obtained his PhD in 2013 from University

of Cologne His research interests include impacts of land

use change and climate change on water resources and

hydrologic modelling in data scarce regions using SWAT

(Soil amp Water Assessment Tool) IGCS welcomes him to its

midst For more information visit http

wwwgeographieuni-koelndewagner-paul450enhtml

IGCS Lecture Series

Dr P Sasidhar Senior Project Consultant IGCS Chennai delivered a lecture on lsquoRadioactive Waste

Managementndash A Perspectiversquo on 21st April 2013 to the faculty and students of Environmental Engineering

at IIT Madras

Environment News

Indiarsquos grid-connected wind and solar power capacity reaches 27 GW April 17 2013

According to reports Indiarsquos grid-connected renewable energy deployment mainly wind small hydel

and biomass has reached 27 Giga Watt (GW) according to a top official of the ministry of new and

renewable energy Indiarsquos total grid connected power generation capacity is about 215 GW

RP Watal Secretary to the MNRE said India plans to add another 25 GW to its wind and solar power

generation capacity by 2017 doubling total capacity to about 50 GW He said that grid-balancing prob-

lems have limited Indiarsquos deployment of grid-connected solar and wind power plants and the country

is in talks with Germany which has state-of-the-art technology in this field to obtain the know-how

India targets to increase its solar power capacity to about 10 GW by 2017 from about 12 GW at the

end of 2012

(httppanchabutacom20130417indias-grid-connected-wind-and-solar-power-capacity-reaches-

27-gw)


4

IGCS Alumni Professors

Dr Kristin Steger (IGCS Professor 2010-12)

Dr Kristin Steger is working

since March 2013 at the

Institute for Modeling Hy-

draulic and Environmental

Systems in Hydraulic Engi-

neering amp Water Resources

Management Group at the

University of Stuttgart She is involved in a project on the

complete life cycle of anthropogenic trace compounds in

urban water catchments The project addresses research

topics such as their dynamics (sourcessinks occurrence

transport) behavior (impact mitigation) and detection

methods to allow rapid reliable and low-cost analytics in

urban water catchments

Dr Kristin Steger attended the IGCS Winter School in Febru-

ary 2013 at IITM Chennai She delivered a lecture on

Wastewater treatment and low-cost alternative manage-

ment systems Further she is still actively involved in the

IGCS project Effects of soil organic carbon redistribution

upon green house gas fluxes from terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems in a small agricultural catchment in South-East

India

Dr Peter Fiener (IGCS Professor 2010-12)

Dr Peter Fiener is at Geog-

raphy Institute University

of Cologne as a Post Doc-

toral Fellow since the

beginning of 2013 His spe-

cialisation is in the area of

Water Resources and its

Protection His research interests include effects of patterns

and structures in agricultural landscapes upon water and

matter fluxes measuring and modeling water and matter

fluxes in agricultural landscapes measuring and modeling

the effects of local soil conservation measures eg grassed

waterways vegetated filter strips small detention ponds

analysis of decentralized flood protection measures and soil

redistribution and carbon fluxes in agricultural landscapes

Forthcoming Conferences 1 8th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy

Water and Environment Systems ndash SDEWES Conference

September 22-27 2013

Dubrovnik Croatia

Website httpwwwdubrovnik2013 sdewesorgindexphp

Organized by United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultur-

al Organization (UNESCO)

Conference Theme

The Conference is dedicated to the improvement and dissemina-

tion of knowledge on methods policies and technologies for

increasing the sustainability of development by de-coupling

growth from natural resources and replacing them with

knowledge based economy taking into account its economic

environmental and social pillars

2 National Conference on Environment amp Biodiversity of India

6 October 2013 Pune India

Website httpwwwebiconferencecom

Organized by North East Centre for Environmental Education

and Research (NECEER) India

Conference Themes

Climate Change Environmental Pollution E-waste and Solid

waste management Environmental laws amp policies Freshwater

amp marine ecosystem

3 8th International Conference on Hydraulics Water Re-

sources Coastal and Environmental Engineering

4-6 December 2013 Indian Institute of Technology Madras

(IITM) Chennai India

Website httpwwwhydro13intlcom

Conference Sessions

Environmental Hydraulics Environmental Impact Assessment

Impact of climate change on coastal infrastructure Hydrological

impacts of climate

4 Climate Change Sustainability and Ethics of an Open Future

22-25 August 2013

Soesterberg Netherlands

Website httpwwwsocietasethicainfo

Organized by ESF Network ldquoRights to a Green Futurerdquo and the

Ethics

Conference Themes

Climate change and scarcity of resources as ethical challenges

Sustainability future generations and human rights Democracy

global governance and political ethics An open future philo-

sophical and theological responses Reflections from different

cultural and religious perspectives


5

FEATURE Land Use Planning as if Water Mattered the Case of Chennai

RJ Ranjit Daniels Managing Trustee Care Earth Trust Chennai India

E-mail ranjitdanielsgmailcom

Biodiversity in tropical urban landscapes is ecological-ly more resilient than those with comparable history in Mediterranean and temperate regions As a result despite the heavy impacts of human exploitation and transformation of the topography and hydrology (that is guided by the common global standards of urbani-zation) plants and animals persist locally Persistent plants and animals are normally of four kinds native introduced (more often in plants) naturalized and invasive What might however be a biological trait common to the four forms of persistent biodiversity is that they all survive through symbiosis - symbiosis amongst themselves and symbiosis with the human residents and colonizers of the landscape

Biodiversity persistence and levels of symbiosis in any urban landscape is directly linked to its past history Land use planning often fails to acknowledge this as-pect Like all natural landscapes the character of ur-ban landscapes can be recognized by the way ecologi-cal elements are organized in space and time In land-scape ecological jargon these elements are known as nodes networks and multiple-use modules (MUM) And the way in which they are organized spatially and temporally is described as lsquoshifting mosaicsrsquo

Nodes are ecological patches with or without human presence that serve as reservoirs of history that the landscape has witnessed For instance a small wood-lot or a patch of cultivation or even a lake or fishing hamlet that forms an enclave within the landscape is an ecological node Yet another node that is also a natural sink is a water body such as a lake It has a carrying capacity and is sustained by associated biodi-versity It contains historical information of local hy-drology Similarly the node that is a patch of cultiva-tion is an indicator of the soil type hydrology and past climate and land use Nodes should therefore be the main sources of ecological information that is vital to sustainable land use planning Sound planning should begin with an assessment of the ecological character of such nodes

Nodes are however not islands There is connectivity

between the nodes that makes them interactive and thus sustainable Connectivity is often established in the form of roads and pathways hedgerows and ave-nues canals and gullies and sometimes through not-so-evident forms of conduits such as mobile animals (like birds) that utilize as habitats two distant nodes The utilization may be as simple as a cyclic movement between a feeding habitat and roosting habitat The bird may carry with it some seeds that aid dispersal and regeneration of certain plants It may also be car-rying with it some infectious organisms such as the dreaded avian influenza This is a form of symbiosis that humans (and planners too) have little control over Such symbiosis however has created and sus-tained ecological networks within urban landscapes

Nodes that are part of a larger network serve as MUM The lake for instance that serves as a sink has other ecological functions as well It recharges groundwater it moderates the local climate through evapo-transpiration it mitigates flood locally pro-vides habitat to thousands of living organisms it is a source of drinking water it adds to the aesthetic ap-peal of the landscape and offers many other ecologi-cal services

In vast natural landscapes nodes networks and MUM do shift in space and time Perimeter and water-holding capacity of lakes do change even without hu-man influence Patches of forests or grasslands shift spatially due to incidence of grazing fire pests and prolonged climate induced water stress However unlike in vast natural areas shifting mosaics often lead to permanent changes in the character of urban landscapes due to the rather rigid political and admin-istrative boundaries

Against this backdrop what does land use planning in Chennai suggest The city of Chennai began as a much smaller town better known as Madras At least 200 years of history of the transformation this small coastal town has undergone may be traced However for the purpose of the present discussion the follow-ing are more pertinent


6

1The city is both tropical and maritime ndash as such gov-erned by the vagaries of climatic shifts over the Bay of Bengal (primarily) and also the southern Arabian Sea ndash and hence the monsoons

2It receives an average annual rainfall of around 1400mm which places the city within the moist bio-climatic regime (and not dry as often mistakenly classified and treated) it is nevertheless drought-prone with rather severe summers

3A good part of the city has mushroomed on low-lying flood plains ndash some of which may well be be-low sea level

4The greatest ecological asset of the landscape that is now Chennai is its numerous water bodies (including the rivers and other wetlands) and the associated aquatic biodiversity (much of which is now lost)

5And barring the small hillocks most parts of the low-lying areas had historically supported low-statured scrub type of vegetation interspersed with wild date and palmyra palms landward boundaries of the mangrove were historically dominated by littoral vegetation consisting of large trees exten-sive patches of grasslands were scattered through-out the landscape at least during the dry season ndash an inference drawn from the observations made on certain species of plants and animals that have per-sisted in the landscape

Sound land use planning in Chennai would have bene-fitted by acknowledging these five pertinent concerns rather early in history More specifically the ecosys-tem services provided by water (rain and sea) wind (the sea breeze that prevents smog over the city to a considerable extent) and the hot sun that desiccates the soil (and along with that a lot of harmful microor-ganisms) have not been utilized to the extent required while developing the urban landscape Lack of sensi-tivity to the ecosystem services offered by the natural elements has rendered Chennairsquos development as one that is high in energy and water demands While the hundreds of water bodies that have survived the de-velopment onslaught are capable (when managed properly) of mitigating floods and moderating sum-mer temperatures these are being used as waste disposal sites To worsen the situation there is a great desire in the so-called lsquogreen-minded publicrsquo that drives them to further burden the landscape with trees guided by unscientific suggestions that a certain percentage of the landscape should be covered with

trees

High density planting of trees as it is in the Guindy Na-tional Park IIT Madras Adyar Poonga Madras Chris-tian College and the hillocks of Pallavaram and Vanda-lur has its merits These enclaves function as ecological nodes in the otherwise biodiversity-denuded urban landscape However with less human presence as in the Guindy National Park or in the wooded hillocks the nodes serve as refuges of biodiversity some of which come into conflict with residents locally The conflict further escalates in nodes like IIT Madras or Madras Christian College where due to the greater human presence the enclaves function as MUM

This discussion is not intended to be a critique of tree-lovers and those naturalists happy to see urban land-scapes teeming with biodiversity It is however intend-ed to caution future land use planners about the diffi-culty in managing certain forms of invasive biodiversity that Chennairsquos landscapes are already burdened with This becomes more relevant when land use planners are confronted with the issue of dealing with free-ranging monkeys deer and other animals including dogs and cattle in Chennai

Indian wildlife and animal welfare laws (and rules) do not permit culling of animals And in the absence of natural predators that keep the population of certain animals under control increasing the number of ter-restrial ecological nodes by way of lsquogreeningrsquo can be rather unsustainable in the long-term Avenues of trees and corridors of vegetation increase the connec-tivity between nodes and MUM creating ecological networks enabling the spread of native naturalized and invasive biodiversity Unfortunately however con-servation experience has taught land use planners around the world that naturalized and invasive biodi-versity are faster (and more successful) in evolving symbiotic relationships with humans locally that keep-ing their numbers under check is more difficult and expensive

In Chennairsquos urban landscape a small number of Chital (spotted deer) that was introduced in the Guindy Deer Park some 60 years ago is now considerably larger and spread across south Chennai The estimated size of the meta-population of the deer in Chennai today is be-tween 2000 and 2500 amounting to 10 of the entire population of the species in the state of Tamil Nadu An exponential increase in the size of the meta-population of the deer and consequently its geograph-ical range is what is foreseen A similar rise in the num-bers of other invasive animals like the bonnet macaque and common pigeon is also predicted


7

Public anxiety over climate change mitigation and green development has focused on the terrestrial eco-system The influence of the maritime and aquatic eco-systems that is far more significant on the landscape has been totally neglected With increasing emphasis on greening terrestrial habitats within the landscape the likelihood of more animals becoming invasive is inevitable The rapid increase in population size and geographical spread of animals like the deer and ma-caque has been aided by the unprecedented prolifera-tion of the invasive alien tree the tropical American mesquite

It is however intended to caution future land use plan-ners about the difficulty in managing certain forms of invasive biodiversity that Chennairsquos landscapes are already burdened with This becomes more relevant when land use planners are confronted with the issue of dealing with free-ranging monkeys deer and other animals including dogs and cattle in Chennai



Public anxiety over climate change mitigation and green development has focused on the terrestrial eco-system The influence of the maritime and aquatic eco-systems that is far more significant on the landscape

has been totally neglected With increasing emphasis on greening terrestrial habitats within the landscape the likelihood of more animals becoming invasive is inevitable The rapid increase in population size and geographical spread of animals like the deer and ma-caque has been aided by the unprecedented prolifera-tion of the invasive alien tree the tropical American mesquite

In Chennai the dynamics of shifting mosaics that in-volve nodes and MUM are primarily limited by its to-pography (the sea being a rigid eastern boundary) Future land use planning in Chennai should focus on adopting a lsquobluersquo strategy ndash a strategy that restores its hydrology While harvesting rainwater and restoring the water holding capacity of the landscape is im-portant development interventions that interfere with the minimum hydrological flows should be shunned Existing water bodies should be restored and con-served as nodes and MUM (in addition to the existing terrestrial elements) The aquatic nodes and MUM should be properly networked such that flood mitiga-tion capacity of the landscape is enhanced The net-work should also drain the surface runoff water appro-priately through the existing rivers and waterways such that the minimum hydrological flows needed to sustain the productivity of the estuaries and near shore habi-tats of the Bay of Bengal are not disrupted Chennai has historically been home to around a 100 species of freshwater fishes and thousands of aquatic birds Land use planning as if water mattered is the only sustaina-ble strategy for Chennai

In Chennai the dynamics of shifting mosaics that in-volve nodes and MUM are primarily limited by its to-pography (the sea being a rigid eastern boundary) Future land use planning in Chennai should focus on adopting a lsquobluersquo strategy ndash a strategy that restores its hydrology While harvesting rainwater and restoring the water holding capacity of the landscape is im-portant development interventions that interfere with the minimum hydrological flows should be shunned Existing water bodies should be restored and con-served as nodes and MUM (in addition to the existing terrestrial elements)

The aquatic nodes and MUM should be properly net-worked such that flood mitigation capacity of the land-scape is enhanced The network should also drain the surface runoff water appropriately through the existing rivers and waterways such that the minimum hydro-logical flows needed to sustain the productivity of the estuaries and near shore habitats of the Bay of Bengal are not disrupted

Chennai has historically been home to around a 100

species of freshwater fishes and thousands of aquatic

birds Land use planning as if water mattered is the only

sustainable strategy for Chennai

Thanks to the growing strength of environmental organizations there will

always be some back country to provide us with a touch of wonder and a

breath of fresh air

- Wallace Stegner 1991

Forthcoming Conferences

5 Water and Society 2013

4 - 6 September 2013 New Forest UK

Website http wessexacukwatersoc2013

Contact person Genna West gwestwessexacuk

Organized by Wessex Institute of Technology UK

Conference Topics

Water in a changing climate Future water demands and adaptation

strategies Water resources contamination Water resources man-

agement Water sanitation and health Water and disaster manage-

ment

6 International Conference on Sustainable Development 2013

4-6 December 2013 Chandigarh India

Contact person Assistant Prof Shveta Dhaliwal shvetadhali-

walgmailcom Websitehttp

wwwontariointernationalorgIndia2013ICSD-

Indiahtm

Conference Sessions

International Conference on Sustainable Social and Human Develop-

ment International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities

International Conference on Human Rights and Good Governance

International Conference on Sustainable Development

The IGCS Bulletin appears quarterly in the months of JanuaryAprilJulyOctober

Please contribute news items or features at least 15 days in advance of publication

Postal address Indo-German Centre for Sustainability

MSRC Building IIT Madras

Chennai 600 036 India

EDITORS

Prof Ajit Kumar Kolar

+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin

Dr Sasidhar Palagummi

+91 44 2257 4306

sasidharpalagummigmailcom


2

Research Proposals from the IITM Faculty and German Academic Partners under the DST funded Project

The IGCS will receive Rupees 5337 million (066 mil-lion Euro) during 2013-16 from the NMSKCC of the Department of Science and Technology Government of India to carry out the Climate Change related re-search programs IIT Madras will provide the infra-structure facilities for the projects as well as host the German scientists as visiting faculty of the Institute

Over the next three years IGCS will identify and carry out five research projects in four thematic areas - energy land-use waste and water - around sustaina-bility challenges that will be exacerbated by climate change These projects will focus on the following areas sustaining urban water bodies and improving public sanitation ensuring local air quality improving access to energy services setting a framework for sustainable urban and peri-urban land-use helping frame sustainable climate policy with emphasis on integrated solutions for climate adaptation

The IIT Madras faculty have been invited to apply for funding of 2 year projects with a maximum funding of Rupees 5 million (62500 Euro) per project in the above five challenge areas with the stipulation that they propose collaborative projects with German counterparts who could be invited to come to IIT Madras either for short visits or as long-term visiting faculty The project proposals will be reviewed and approved by the Project Appraisal Committee Further details are available at httpwwwigcs-chennaiorgpage_id=102

IGCS Summer School 2013

The IGCS Summer School (the fourth in the series) on Sustainable Water and Waste Management was held in RWTH University Aachen Germany from 2 July to 14 July 2013 The Summer School was inaugurated by Prof Dr Schmachtenberg Rector RWTH Aachen University

Welcome address was given by Prof Rafiq Azzam Centre Coordinator IGCS RWTH Aachen University and Prof Ajit Kolar Energy Coordinator IGCS IITM Chennai The vote of thanks was proposed by Ms Eva Portius Project Manager RWTH Aachen University Germany

The ten-day programme was attended by ten

students from India and ten students from Germany The programme included Keynote lectures by special-ists field visits and project and case studies

IGCS Steering Committee Meeting The IGCS steering Committee Meeting was held on July 4 2013 at the office of Prof Rafiq Azzam IGCS

Centre Coordinator RWTH University He also presid-ed over the meeting which was attended by

Prof Sudhir Chella Rajan Prof Ajit Kolar Prof BS Murty Prof Ligy Phillip Prof M Kranert Prof F Behrendt Ms Miriam Conde Dr P Sasidhar and Ms Eva Portius

IGCS NEWS


3




respectively

IGCS Research News








Pune








IGCS Lecture Series



at IIT Madras

Environment News










end of 2012


27-gw)


4
























India




















Dubrovnik Croatia




Conference Theme












Conference Themes









Conference Sessions



impacts of climate


22-25 August 2013




Ethics

Conference Themes







5













6







trees






7
















breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306



3




respectively

IGCS Research News








Pune








IGCS Lecture Series



at IIT Madras

Environment News










end of 2012


27-gw)


4
























India




















Dubrovnik Croatia




Conference Theme












Conference Themes









Conference Sessions



impacts of climate


22-25 August 2013




Ethics

Conference Themes







5













6







trees






7
















breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306



4
























India




















Dubrovnik Croatia




Conference Theme












Conference Themes









Conference Sessions



impacts of climate


22-25 August 2013




Ethics

Conference Themes







5













6







trees






7
















breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306



5













6







trees






7
















breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306



6







trees






7
















breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306



7
















breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306








breath of fresh air








Conference Topics




ment






Indiahtm

Conference Sessions










EDITORS


+91 44 2257 4901

kolariitmacin


+91 44 2257 4306


igcs bulletin · dr kristin steger attended the igs winter school in febru-ary 2013 at iitm,...

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