igad regional migration policy...

IGAD REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORK


Adopted by the 45th Ordinary Session of the IGAD Council of MinistersJuly 11th, 2012Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................... ivACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... vFOREWARD ........................................................................................................................... v1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 11.1 Regional African Migration Policy Framework: the AU Agenda ........................................................2��0LJUDWLRQ�LQ�,*$'·V�5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWDWLYH�3URFHVVHV .....................................................................51.3 Rationale for the IGAD Regional Migration Policy Framework .........................................................51.4 Important issues to note in the IGAD-RMPF ...................................................................................6

1.4.1 Peace in IGAD Member States after a traumatic past ............................................................61.4.2 IGAD and neighbouring RECs ................................................................................................71.4.3 Assessment of IGAD in the context of Regional Integration ....................................................7

1.5 Major IGAD Institutions of importance to the IGAD-RMPF...............................................................7��&RQÁLFW�(DUO\�:DUQLQJ�DQG�5HVSRQVH�0HFKDQLVP� ................................................................71.5.2 Conference on Internal Displacement in the IGAD sub-Region – Include the Kampala &RQYHQWLRQ .......................................................................................................................................81.5.3 IGAD Peace and Security Strategy .........................................................................................81.5.4 IGAD Capacity Building Programme against Terrorism ..........................................................8

��0HWKRGRORJ\�DQG�/LPLWDWLRQV�LQ�'HYHORSLQJ�WKH�,*$'�503) ..........................................................9

2. MIGRATION REALITIES AND CHALLENGES IN IGAD ................................................. 102.1 Typology of Migration in IGAD ........................................................................................................103. PERTINENT ISSUES IN THE REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORK .........................183.3.1 National and International Security and Stability ........................................................................18��&ULVLV�3UHYHQWLRQ��0DQDJHPHQW�DQG�&RQÁLFW�5HVROXWLRQ� ...........................................................193.3.3 Rights of Migrants........................................................................................................................19��0LJUDWLRQ��3RYHUW\�DQG�&RQÁLFW�...................................................................................................20��0LJUDWLRQ��&OLPDWH�FKDQJH��(QYLURQPHQW�DQG�$GDSWDWLRQ� ..........................................................213.3.6 Migration and Gender ................................................................................................................22��0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�YXOQHUDEOH�JURXSV ...........................................................................................234. LABOUR MIGRATION ....................................................................................................................264.1 National Labour Migration Policies, Structures and Legislation .....................................................264.2 Regional Co-operation and Harmonization of Labour Migration Policies .......................................275. BORDER MANAGEMENT ..............................................................................................................295.1 Border Management Issues ...........................................................................................................296. IRREGULAR MIGRATION ...............................................................................................................316.1 Migrant Smuggling..........................................................................................................................31��+XPDQ�7UDIÀFNLQJ...........................................................................................................................326.3 Return, Re-Admission and Reintegration .......................................................................................347. FORCED DISPLACEMENT ............................................................................................................367.1 Refugees and Asylum-Seekers ......................................................................................................367.2 Internally Displaced Persons ..........................................................................................................38

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7.3 Protracted Displacement Situations ...............................................................................................397.4 Principles of Non-Discrimination.....................................................................................................407.5 Integration and Re-integration .......................................................................................................417.6 Stateless Persons...........................................................................................................................428. INTERNAL MIGRATION ..................................................................................................................448.1 Voluntary Migration .........................................................................................................................448.2 Internal Displacement .....................................................................................................................459. MIGRATION DATA ..........................................................................................................................469.1 Collection and Analysis of Migration Data: IGAD and National Obligations ...................................469.2 Regional Migration Data Exchange ................................................................................................4710. MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................48��&ROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�DQG�RWKHU�$IULFDQ�'LDVSRUD .........................................48��%UDLQ�'UDLQ��%UDLQ�&LUFXODWLRQ��%UDLQ�:DVWH�DQG�%UDLQ�*DLQ� ........................................................4910.3 Diaspora Remittances .................................................................................................................5010.4 Dual Citizenship and Trans-nationalism .......................................................................................5211. INTER-STATE AND INTER-REGIONAL COOPERATION ...........................................................5311.1 Intra-IGAD Co-operation in Migration Management .....................................................................53��,*$'��1HLJKERXULQJ�5(&V��5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWDWLYH�3URFHVVHV�DQG�RWKHU�)RUD ...........................5412. OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES DESERVING ATTENTION ....................................5512.1 Migration and Health ....................................................................................................................5512.2 Migration and Education and Human Resources .........................................................................5612.3 Nomadic Pastoralism....................................................................................................................5712.4 Migration and Culture ...................................................................................................................5812.5 Migration and Tourism ..................................................................................................................5812.6 Migration and Trade .....................................................................................................................5912.7 Migration, Human Security and Social Protection ........................................................................5913. PRIORITIZATION OF MIGRATION ISSUES ................................................................................6114. IGAD INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .........................................................................................6315. HARMONIZING MIGRATION LEGISLATION AND POLICIES OF IGAD MEMBER STATES .....6516. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MECHANISM ........................................................................66APPENDIX ...........................................................................................................................................67

List of Tables and FiguresTable 1: Migration issues in the AU Continental Migration Policy Framework, 2006 ..............................3Table 2: Stock of international migration, refugees and IDPs in IGAD Member States 2005-2010 ..... 11Table 3: Refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, returnees (refugees and IDPs) and others of concern to UNHCR in IGAD Member States, end-2009.................................................127DEOH��6LJQLÀFDQW�PLJUDWLRQ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��DFKLHYHPHQWV�DQG� challenges/opportunities of IGAD Member States................................................................................13Figure 1: Institutional Arrangements .....................................................................................................64

iv

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

$'%� $IULFDQ�'HYHORSPHQW�%DQNAU African Union$350� $IULFDQ�3HHU�5HYLHZ�0HFKDQLVP$59� $QWL��5HWURYLUDOCOMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaEAC East African CommunityECA Economic Commission for Africa)023� )UHH�0RYHPHQW�RI�3HUVRQV*$76� *HQHUDO�$JUHHPHQW�RQ�7UDGH�DQG�6HUYLFHVHIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeICRC International Committee of Red Cross/Red CrescentIDP Internally Displaced Person,*$'� ,QWHU�*RYHUQPHQWDO�$XWKRULW\�RQ�'HYHORSPHQWILO International Labour OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundIOM International Organization for Migration,3)� ,*$'�3DUWQHUV·�)RUXP0,'$� 0LJUDWLRQ�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW�LQ�$IULFDMMM Migration Management Mechanism1(3$'� 1HZ�3DUWQHUVKLS�IRU�$IULFD·V�'HYHORSPHQWNMP National Migration PolicyOCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs2(&'� 2UJDQLVDWLRQ�RI�(FRQRPLF�&RRSHUDWLRQ�DQG�'HYHORSPHQW5&3� 5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWDWLYH�3URFHVVREC Regional Economic CommunityRMPF Regional Migration Policy FrameworkSTI Sexually Transmitted InfectionTB Tuberculosis bacillus7,&$'� 7RN\R�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&RQIHUHQFH�RQ�$IULFDQ�'HYHORSPHQWTOKTEN Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate NationalsUNAIDS United Nations AIDSUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees:+2� :RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

7KLV�SXEOLFDWLRQ�ZDV�PDGH�SRVVLEOH�ZLWK� WKH� ILQDQFLDO�VXSSRUW�SURYLGHG�E\� WKH� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO�2UJDQL]DWLRQ�IRU�0LJUDWLRQ·V��,20��)DFLOLW\�DQG�WKH�FRQWULEXWLRQ�RI�WKH�,QWHU�*RYHUQPHQ-WDO�$XWKRULW\�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW��,*$'��

7KH�,20��)DFLOLW\�JLYHV�VXSSRUW�WR�,20�'HYHORSLQJ�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�(FRQRP\�LQ�7UDQVLWLRQ�IRU�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�MRLQW�JRYHUQPHQW�,20�projects to address particular areas of migration management.

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and so-ciety. As the leading international organization for migration, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: Assist in meeting the growing operational challenges of migration PDQDJHPHQW��$GYDQFH�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ� LVVXHV��(QFRXUDJH�VRFLDO�DQG�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW�WKURXJK�PLJUDWLRQ��8SKROG�WKH�KXPDQ�GLJQLW\�DQG�ZHOO�EHLQJ�RI�PLJUDQWV�

Opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the YLHZV�RI�WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�2UJDQL]DWLRQ�IRU�0LJUDWLRQ��,20��

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FOREWARD

6LQFH�LWV�LQFHSWLRQ�LQ��WKH�,QWHU�JRYHUQPHQWDO�$XWKRULW\�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW��,*$'��KDV�GH-YHORSHG�D�QXPEHU�RI�LPSRUWDQW�VHFWRUDO�SROLF\�SDSHUV�DQG�IUDPHZRUNV�LQ�RUGHU�WR�VXSSRUW�LWV�VWUDWHJLHV�ZLWK�WKH�YLHZ�WR�UHVSRQGLQJ�HIIHFWLYHO\�WR�LWV�PDQGDWH��YLVLRQ�DQG�PLVVLRQ��

This has been the case for main priority areas of cooperation as outlined in the Agreement (VWDEOLVKLQJ� ,*$'��7KH� IRFXV�RI� WKHVH�HIIRUWV�KDV�DOZD\V�EHHQ�RQ� LVVXHV�RI� UHOHYDQFH�DQG�importance to the member states. Migration has increasingly become a key phenomenon in the African continent and the African Union has been at the fore front in recognizing the con-WULEXWLRQ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�WR�VRFLR�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�DV�SRYHUW\�UHGXFWLRQ�VWUDWHJ\��WKXV�inspiring the continental body to adopted the Migration Policy framework for Africa (2006) DV�D�EDVLF�JXLGHOLQH�DQG�UHIHUHQFH�GRFXPHQW�WR�DVVLVW�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�5(&V�WR�GHYHORS�national and regional migration policies as well as, their implementation in accordance with their own priorities and resources.

In this regard, the IGAD Regional Migration Policy Framework (IRMPF) was inspired by and GHYHORSHG�LQ�UHVSRQVH�WR�WKH�$8�%DQMXO�'HFLVLRQ�(;�&/�'HF��,;��DQG�SODFHV�SDUWLFXODU�focus on regional specific concerns such as migration and pastoralism, migration and human VHFXULW\�DQG�LQWHUQDO�GLVSODFHPHQW�GXH�WR�SROLWLFDO�LQVWDELOLW\�DPRQJVW�PDQ\�RWKHUV��7KH�RYHU-DOO�REMHFWLYH�RI�WKLV�SROLF\�IUDPHZRUN�LV�WR�LPSOHPHQW�D�VHULHV�RI�LQLWLDWLYHV�WR�DGGUHVV�VSHFLILF�QHHGV�RI�,*$'�PHPEHU�VWDWHV�ZLWK�WKH�VXSSRUW�RI�UHOHYDQW�VWDNHKROGHUV��

In response to the Banjul Decision which requested the AU Commission in consultation with WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�2UJDQL]DWLRQ�IRU�0LJUDWLRQ��,20��DQG�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�SDUWQHUV��WR�DVVLVW�0HP-EHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�VRXQG�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLFLHV��,20�LQ�WKH�VSLULW�RI�H[LVWLQJ�FRRSHUDWLRQ�DQG�LQ�FORVH�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�,*$'�SURYLGHG�WKH�ILQDQFLDO��WHFK-QLFDO�H[SHUWLVH�DQG�VXSSRUW�WRZDUGV�WKH�IRUPXODWLRQ�RI�WKH�,503)��7KH�IUDPHZRUN�SURYLGHV�D�coherent strategy aimed at guiding IGAD priorities in migration management programmes in SXUVXLW�RI�LWV�PDQGDWH��DQG�LQ�PRYLQJ�LW�IRUZDUG�DV�WKH�SUHPLHU�UHJLRQDO�HFRQRPLF�FRPPXQLW\�with a regional migration policy framework with far reaching implications for its member states DQG�EH\RQG��7KH�,503)�ZLOO�HQDEOH�PHPEHU�VWDWHV�GHYHORS�QDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLFLHV�WKDW�DGGUHVV� VSHFLILF�PLJUDWLRQ� UHODWHG� FKDOOHQJHV� DQG� FRQFHUQV� LQ� D�PRUH� FRPSUHKHQVLYH� DQG�holistic manner.

This policy document places emphasizes on strategies for realizing systematic and harmo-nized migration management within the IGAD region, but also encourages Member states to take into consideration the national specificities. It is in the realm of international migration management that the International Organization for Migration (IOM) emphasizes that regular 0LJUDWLRQ� EHQHILWV� ERWK� VRFLHWLHV� DQG� LQGLYLGXDOV� DQG�PRELOLW\� LV� DQ� HVVHQWLDO� IHDWXUH� RI� WR-GD\·V�ZRUOG��*LYHQ�WKH�LQYROYHPHQW�RI�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�FRXQWU\�LQ�WKH�SURFHVV��LW�LV�LPSHUDWLYH�

vii

to address the issue as an important national, regional and international agenda. The IGAD Secretariat appreciates the continuing and steadfast support and cooperation with the IOM.

:H�KRSH�WKDW�WKURXJK�WKLV�SROLF\�IUDPHZRUN��WKH�,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�ZLOO�ZRUN�ZLWK�LWV�0HPEHU�states and its partners including IOM in enhancing migration policy coherence within the re-JLRQ�VXSSRUWHG�E\�RWKHU�RQJRLQJ�LQLWLDWLYHV�VXFK�DV�WKH�,*$'�5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWDWLYH�3URFHVV�RQ�0LJUDWLRQ��,*$'�5&3��:H�DUH�FRQYLQFHG�WKDW�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKLV�UHJLRQDO�SROLF\�GRF-XPHQW�LV�LQGHHG�D�WLPHO\�LQLWLDWLYH�DQG�ZLOO�HQKDQFH�D�VWUDWHJL]HG�HQJDJHPHQW�LQ�KDUQHVVLQJ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�SRWHQWLDO�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�FRQWULEXWLQJ�WRZDUGV�HQVXULQJ�VXVWDLQDEOH�SHDFH��VWDELOLW\�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ��

FOREWARD

Amb. (Eng) Mahboub Maalim, ,*$'�([HFXWLYH�VHFUHWDU\��

Amb. William Lacy Swing IOM Director General


viii

PART ONE BACKGROUND, PERSPECTIVES AND RATIONAL

Introduction

1

1

1

INTRODUCTION

([LVWLQJ�GDWD�DQG�SUHYLRXV� UHVHDUFK�VXJJHVW� WKDW�� FRQWUDU\� WR� WKH�EHOLHI� WKDW�PRUH�$IULFDQV�PLJUDWH�RXWVLGH�WKH�$IULFDQ�FRQWLQHQW��WKH�YDVW�PDMRULW\�PRYH�ZLWKLQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�1 Unfortunate-O\��$IULFDQ� FRXQWULHV�� LQGLYLGXDOO\� RU� ZLWKLQ� 5HJLRQDO� (FRQRPLF� &RPPXQLWLHV� �5(&V�� KDYH�QRW�FUDIWHG�IRUPDO�DQG�HIIHFWLYH�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�PHFKDQLVPV��000��WR�PD[LPLVH�WKH�EHQHILWV� RI�PLJUDWLRQ�GHYHORSPHQW� LQWHU�OLQNDJHV� LQ�ZKLFK�PRUH� UKHWRULF� WKDQ� DFWLRQ� H[LVWV��The opening section of this document introduces migration in the AU context as a backdrop WR�PLJUDWLRQ� UHDOLWLHV� WR�ZKLFK� WKH� ,QWHU�*RYHUQPHQWDO�$XWKRULW\� RQ�'HYHORSPHQW� �,*$'�� LV�bound to respond appropriately and in the interest of regional co-operation. It highlights the $8·V�0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLF\�)UDPHZRUN�ZKLFK�SURYLGHV�WKH�WHPSODWH�IRU�ERWK�QDWLRQDO�DQG�5HJLRQDO�Migration Policy Framework (RMPF) of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa; rationalizes the need for the IGAD-RMPF; and briefly explains the methodology employed and its limitations.

,QWHU�*RYHUQPHQWDO�$XWKRULW\�RQ�'HYHORSPHQW��,*$'��LV�RQH�RI�WKH�HLJKW�5HJLRQDO�(FRQRPLF�Communities (RECs) recognised by the African Union (AU) to spearhead regional blocs that HYHQWXDOO\�ZLOO�FRDOHVFH�WR�IRUP�WKH�$IULFDQ�(FRQRPLF�&RPPXQLW\��$(&��LQ�WKH�WKLUG�GHFDGH�RI�WKLV�FHQWXU\��)ROORZLQJ�(ULWUHD·V�GHFLVLRQ�WR�VXVSHQG�LWV�PHPEHUVKLS��,*$'·V�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�are six, namely Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Somalia and Sudan. Like all other African 5(&V��,*$'�DVSLUHV�XOWLPDWHO\�WR�LQLWLDWH�)UHH�0RYHPHQW�RI�3HUVRQV��)023��ZLWKLQ�LWV�DUHD�of jurisdiction to open up opportunities for uninhibited migration, residence and establishment. 7KH�UHDOLVDWLRQ�RI�WKLV�REMHFWLYH�ZLOO�UHTXLUH�D�FOHDU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�QDWLRQDO�OHJLVODWLRQ�DQG�policies pertaining to internal as well as international migration, the latter including cross-bor-der migration and migration through transit countries to particular countries of destinations.

This IGAD-RMPF consists of three parts. Part one consists of two sections: the first section SURYLGHV�EDFNJURXQG� WR�DQG�UDWLRQDOH� IRU� WKH� ,*$'�503)�� WKH� ILUVW�$IULFDQ�HQGHDYRXU�RI� LWV�kind pursuant to the AU adopted the Migration Policy Framework for Africa in June 2006. The second section of part one highlights migration realities and challenges in IGAD in terms of YDULRXV�W\SHV�RI�LQWHUQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ��PLJUDWLRQ�UHDOLWLHV�DQG�WUHQGV�DQG�ERWK�challenges and opportunities for IGAD. Part two presents the IGAD-RMPF by stating impor-tant issues and recommending strategies to be adopted in addressing specific issues in mi-gration management in IGAD through the IGAD secretariat, IGAD Member States bilaterally or multilaterally and their other stakeholders in migration management. The final part addresses LQVWLWXWLRQDO�LPSHUDWLYHV�ZLWKRXW�ZKLFK�WKH�,*$'�503)��KRZHYHU�ZHOO�LQWHQWLRQHG��FDQQRW�JHW�RII�WKH�JURXQG�DQG�SURYLGH�IRU�PRUH�HIIHFWLYH�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�

1 Several World Migration Reports, since 2000, underscore this fact as do the works of authors of African migration, such as Aderanti Adepoju 2010a (ed). International Migration within, to and from Africa in a Globalised World. NOMRA/Sub-Saharan Publishers, Accra.


2

1.1 Regional African Migration Policy Framework: the AU Agenda6LQFH�LWV�LQFHSWLRQ��WKH�$8�KDV�VKRZQ�VWURQJ�FRPPLWPHQW�WR�WDNH�IRUZDUG�WKH�GHYHORS-PHQW�DJHQGD�LQ�$IULFD�IURP�YDULRXV�SHUVSHFWLYHV�2 The AU attaches a lot of importance on migration, the bulk of which occurs within the African continent itself, though an in-FUHDVLQJ�SURSRUWLRQ�RI�HPLJUDWLRQ�IURP�LQGLYLGXDO�6WDWHV�RU�SDUWLFXODU�5(&V�LV�FXUUHQWO\�outside the continent.

The last decade witnessed a flurry of frameworks on migration focusing on Africa, EU-AU rela-tions and migration issues of interest to different parties.3

The starting point is recognition of migration issues in the African Migration Policy Framework which WKH�$8�+HDGV�RI�6WDWH�DQG�*RYHUQPHQW�DGRSWHG�LQ�%DQMXO��WKH�*DPELD�LQ�-XO\��7DEOH��KLJK-lights the issues, highlighting their basic elements and indicating special concerns where applicable.

2WKHU�UHOHYDQW�$8�0LJUDWLRQ�UHODWHG�GHFLVLRQV�ZKLFK�VKRXOG�EH�DGGHG�LQFOXGH�

�� $IULFDQ�&RPPRQ�3RVLWLRQ�RQ�0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�'HYHORSPHQW��%DQMXO�� &RQYHQWLRQ�IRU�WKH�SURWHFWLRQ�DQG�DVVLVWDQFH�RI�LQWHUQDOO\�GLVSODFHG�SHUVRQV�LQ�$IULFD�

�.DPSDOD�&RQYHQWLRQ�� 2XDJDGRXJRX�3ODQ�RI�$FWLRQ�WR�FRPEDW�WUDIILFNLQJ�LQ�+XPDQ�%HLQJV�HVSHFLDOO\�ZRPHQ�

and children; and �� 7KH�6RFLDO�3ROLF\�)UDPHZRUN��

7KH�$8·V�FRPPLWPHQW�

� ADOPTS the Migration Policy Framework for Africa as a basic guideline and reference GRFXPHQW�WR�DVVLVW�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�5(&V�WR�GHYHORS�QDWLRQDO�DQG�UHJLRQDO�PLJUD-tion policies;

� URGES 0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�5(&V�WR�XWLOL]H�WKH�PLJUDWLRQ�IUDPHZRUN�LQ�WKH�GHYHORS-ment of migration policies;

� REQUESTS the AU Commission in consultation with the International Organization for 0LJUDWLRQ��,20��DQG�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�SDUWQHUV��WR�DVVLVW�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�WKH�GHYHORS-ment and implementation of sound migration policies;

� MANDATES WKH�$IULFDQ�8QLRQ�&RPPLVVLRQ�WR�GHYHORS��LQ�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�SDUWQHUV��a follow-up mechanism;

� REQUESTS the Chairperson of the African Union Commission to periodically report on the implementation of the Framework.

2 In 1991, the Summit of the Member States of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) adopted the Abuja Treaty which among other things recommended that all RECs work towards eventually coalescing into the African Economic Community (AEC); this recommen-dation was affirmed by the Constitutive Act of the African Union (AU) which, in 2001, replaced the defunct OAU.3 !e major documents include: (i)!e "rst EU-AU Ministerial Conference on Migration and Development held in Rabat, Morocco on 10-11 July 2006; (ii) the Migration Policy Framework for Africa adopted by the Assembly of the African Union in Banjul in June 2006; (iii) the Joint Africa-EU Declaration on Migration and Development adopted in Tripoli on 22-23 November 2006; (iv) the "ndings of the Global Forum on Migration and Development series held annually since that in Brussels on 9-11 July 2007; (v) the Second Euro-African Summit held in Lisbon from 8 to 9 December 2007; (vi) the seminar on “Migration: human rights perspective” organized by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (Geneva 24-26 October 2007); and (vii) the Resolution of the 118th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union on “Migrant Workers, People Tra#cking, Xenophobia and Human Rights” held in Cape Town on 18 April 2008. Add references and Yesterday’s solutions

1. INTRODUCTION

3

Table 1: Migration issues in the AU Continental Migration Policy Framework, 2006

Migration issue Element 6SHFLÀF�FRQFHUQVStrategies for managing migration

Migration realities and trends1HHG�IRU�D�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�migration policy

Labour migration National Labour Migration Policies, Structures and LegislationRegional Co-operation and Harmonization of Labour Migration Policies/DERXU�0RYHPHQW�DQG�5HJLRQDO�(FRQRPLF�Integration

Border management Border management issuesIrregular migration Migrant Smuggling

+XPDQ�7UDIÀFNLQJ

Return and Re-AdmissionNational and International Security and Stability

Forced displacement Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Internally Displaced PersonsProtracted Displacement Situations&ULVLV�3UHYHQWLRQ��0DQDJHPHQW�DQG�&RQÁLFW�Resolution Principles of Non-DiscriminationIntegration and Re-integration Stateless Persons

Internal migration UrbanizationPush-pull forces

Migration data Collection and Analysis of Migration DataRegional Migration Data Exchange

0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW Collaboration with African DiasporaBrain Drain Remittance Transfers

Inter-State and inter-regional cooperation

Cross-border “common language”Exchanges, strife and tensions Other forms of cooperation


4

Other issues deserving special attention

0LJUDWLRQ��SRYHUW\�DQG�FRQÁLFW

Migration and health0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�HQYLURQPHQW�DQG�trade

Migration and gender Migration, children, adolescents and youth Migration and the elderly

&RQÁLFW��LQVHFXULW\��HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ�DQG�SRYHUW\�DV�URRW�FDXVHVLinkages with communicable diseases (HIV/AIDS, etc.)(QYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ�DQG�GLVDVWHUV

:72�WUDGH�LQVWUXPHQWV��H�J��'RKD�0RGH��

)HPLQL]DWLRQ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ��VNLOOV��VHUYLFHV

0RYHPHQWV�RQ�RZQ�YROLWLRQ��VPXJJOLQJ��WUDIÀFNLQJ

Determinants and consequences

Prioritization of migration issues

Upholding the humanitarian principles of migration

Border management and security

Promotion of regular and labour migration

Integration of migrants in host communities

0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW

Capacity building

3URPRWLRQ�RI�SROLF\�UHOHYDQW�research and capacity on migration

+XPDQ�DQG�0LJUDQW·V�5LJKWV��:RPHQ·V�Rights; Rights of the Child, etc., and their implementation Internal and external security that arising IURP�PLJUDWLRQ��,W�LV�LPSHUDWLYH�IRU�FRXQWULHV�to make border management a policy priority0LJUDWLRQ�EULQJV�HIÀFLHQF\�LQ�WKH�ODERXU�market and skills and knowledge transfer, FXOWXUDO�GLYHUVLW\��VWRSSLQJ�PLJUDQW�WUDIÀFNLQJ�and smuggling and strengthening the broader globalization process. Information, proper documentation necessary for YDULRXV�QHHGV�RI�PLJUDQWV�LQ�WKH�FRXQWULHV�of destination and for educating host communities.6XFFHVVIXOO\�LQWHJUDWHG�PLJUDQWV�KDYH�a greater chance of feeling a sense of belonging in the host society, thus leading SURGXFWLYH�VRFLDO�DQG�HFRQRPLF�OLYHV�WR�WKH�EHQHÀW�RI�ERWK�WKHLU�6WDWH�RI�RULJLQ�DQG�KRVW�State.7KH�GHYHORSPHQWDO�LPSDFW�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�LV�WKH�contribution of the Diaspora to their State of origin through remittance, stimulating trade DQG�LQYHVWPHQW��VNLOO�DQG�WHFKQRORJ\�WUDQVIHU��DGYRFDF\�LQ�KRVW�FRXQWULHV��HWF�

For strengthening the human and institutional capacities of Member States to properly handle migration and migration-related related issues.Policy makers need to base their decisions on well- informed and well-researched problem analysis: causes, determinants, FRQVHTXHQFHV��DGYDQWDJHV��GLVDGYDQWDJHV�of different types of migration and migrants in D�JLYHQ�FRXQWU\��DQG��UHVHDUFK�RQ�WKH�HIIHFWV�of a particular policy on the different aspects of migration (security, health, integration, WUDIÀFNLQJ��ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ��KXPDQ�ULJKWV�etc).

6RXUFH��([HFXWLYH�&RXQFLO��1LQWK�2UGLQDU\�6HVVLRQ��The Migration Policy Framework for Africa. Banjul, The Gambia, June 2006.

1. INTRODUCTION

5

1.2 Migration in IGAD’s Regional Consultative Processes'HVSLWH�WKH�VSLULWHG�LQWHUHVW�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�LQ�WKH�FRQWLQHQW��$IULFDQ�5(&V�KDYH�QRW�GHYHORSHG�WKHLU�RZQ�5HJLRQDO�0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLF\�)UDPHZRUNV�ZKLFK�DGGUHVV�PLJUDWLRQ�LVVXHV�RI�FRQFHUQ�WR�WKHP��7KH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�RI�VHYHUDO�$IULFDQ�5(&V�DUH�SDUW�RI�5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWD-WLYH�3URFHVVHV��5&3V��RQ�PLJUDWLRQ��ZKLFK� LQ�HVVHQFH�DUH�SODWIRUPV�IRU�FRQWLQXRXV�UHJLRQDO�dialogue on migration leading to and by and large non-binding outcomes that, nonetheless, can EH�WDNHQ�IRUZDUG�PRUH�FRQFUHWHO\�LQ�WKH�PRUH�IRUPDOO\�FRQVWLWXWHG�5(&V��:LWK�WKH�VXSSRUW�RI�the IOM, SADC formed the Migration Dialogue for Southern Africa (MIDSA) and the Economic &RPPXQLW\�RI�:HVW�$IULFDQ�6WDWHV��(&2:$6��HVWDEOLVKHG�0LJUDWLRQ�'LDORJXH�IRU�:HVWHUQ�$I-ULFD��0,':$��WKDW�KHOS�VXVWDLQ�GLDORJXH�RU�UHJLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�LVVXHV�

1.3 Rationale for the IGAD Regional Migration Policy Framework$8·V�DGRSWLRQ�RI�WKH�0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLF\�)UDPHZRUN�LQ�%DQMXO�LQ��JUHZ�RXW�RI�WKH�2$8�&RXQ-FLO�RI�0LQLVWHUV·�DGRSWLRQ�RI�'HFLVLRQ�&0�'HF��/;;,9��DW�WKH�2UGLQDU\�6HVVLRQ�LQ�/XVDND��Zambia in July 2001. The Decision recommended the formulation of a Strategic Framework IRU�D�3ROLF\�RQ�0LJUDWLRQ�LQ�$IULFD�ZKLFK�WKH�6XPPLW�RI�WKH�+HDGV�RI�6WDWHV�DSSURYHG��,W�DLPHG�

�� 7R�GHYHORS�D� VWUDWHJLF� IUDPHZRUN� IRU�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLF\� LQ�$IULFD� WKDW� FRXOG� FRQWULEXWH�to addressing the challenges posed by migration and to ensure the integration of mi-gration and related issues into the national and regional agenda for security, stability, GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�

�� 7R�ZRUN�WRZDUGV�IUHH�PRYHPHQW�RI�SHRSOH�DQG�WR�VWUHQJWKHQ�LQWUD�UHJLRQDO�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�in matters concerning migration on the basis of the established processes of migration DW�WKH�UHJLRQDO�DQG�VXE�UHJLRQDO�OHYHOV��DQG

�� 7R�FUHDWH�DQ�HQYLURQPHQW�FRQGXFLYH�WR�IDFLOLWDWLQJ�WKH�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV��LQ�SDU-WLFXODU�WKRVH�LQ�WKH�GLDVSRUD�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKHLU�RZQ�FRXQWULHV�

IGAD blazes the trail by being the first African REC to prepare a Regional Migration Policy )UDPHZRUN�� KHUHDIWHU� ,*$'�503)��$JDLQVW� WKH� EDFNGURS� RI� WZR�PHHWLQJV� RI� ,*$'·V� 5&3�in 2008 and 2010, the REC has a legitimate stance to foster a process aimed at an explicit migration policy for its Member States, ultimately for the latter to formulate national migration SROLFLHV��103V��WKDW�VWUHDPOLQH�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�UHJLRQDOO\�DQG�QDWLRQDOO\�UHVSHFWLYHO\��Ideally, the IGAD-RMPF is but a guide rather than a binding document which must be enforced DW� DOO� FRVW�� LW� LV�PHDQW� WR� EH� VHQVLWLYH� WR� UHJLRQDO� FRPPRQDOLWLHV� DQG� QDWLRQDO� SHFXOLDULWLHV�ZKLFK�WUDQVODWH�LQWR�YDU\LQJ�PLJUDWLRQ�UHDOLWLHV�LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ��7KH�,*$'�503)�KDV�ERUURZHG�ODUJHO\� IURP�SUHYLRXV�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW� LQLWLDWLYHV�ZLWK�VLPLODU�VHQWLPHQWV��QRWDEO\� WKH�Berne Initiative on the International Agenda for Migration Management4�DQG�WKH�$8·V�´0LJUD-tion Policy Framework for Africa” of June 2006.5�7KH�%HUQH� ,QLWLDWLYH�FDOOV� IRU� WKH� ´QHHG� IRU�D�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�DQG�EDODQFHG�DSSURDFK�WR�PLJUDWLRQ�WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�PLJUDWLRQ�UHDOLWLHV�and trends as well as linkages between migration and other key economic, social, political and KXPDQLWDULDQ�LVVXHVµ��S��,W�XQGHUOLQHV�WKH�SRLQW�WKDW�´SRVLWLYH�GHYHORSPHQWV�LQ�WKH�ILHOG�RI�

4 The IOM and Federal Department of Justice and Police and Federal Office for Migration, Swiss Government (2004) published a trilin-gual document entitled International Agenda for Migration Management: Common understandings and effective practices for a planned, balanced, and comprehensive approach to the management of migration, Berne 16-17 December 2004.5 See (ii) in footnote 1 above; details are contained African Union, Executive Council, Ninth Ordinary Session, 25-29 June, Banjul, The Gambia, EX-CL/276 (IX).


6

LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�KDYH�HPHUJHG�WKURXJK�UHJLRQDO�SURFHVVHV�RQ�PLJUDWLRQµ�(p. 20). These expressions are pertinent to the IGAD- RMPF for which the IGAD Regional &RQVXOWDWLYH� 3URFHVV� �,*$'�5&3�� LV� D� YHKLFOH� IRU� JUHDWHU� UHJLRQDO� HQJDJHPHQW� RQ�PLJUD-WLRQ��7KH�$8�GRFXPHQW��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��UHFRJQLVHV�GLYHUVH�GULYLQJ�IRUFHV��G\QDPLFV�DQG�SDWWHUQV�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�LQ�YDULRXV�UHJLRQV�RI�$IULFD��PDLQO\�VKDSHG�E\�LQWHUQDO�IDFWRUV��DQG�DOVR�E\� WKH� JOREDOL]DWLRQ� SURFHVV�ZKLFK� IDFLOLWDWHV�PLJUDWLRQ� DFURVV� WKH� YDULRXV� UHJLRQV� WKURXJK�regional integration and to other regions outside the continent. It acknowledges that much as both countries of origin and destination do benefit from migration, problems often arise due to irregular and uncontrolled migration, jeopardizing the relations between countries and also WKH�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�LQ�WKH�GHVWLQDWLRQ�VRFLHW\��0RUHRYHU��LW�KDV�EHFRPH�HYLGHQW�WKDW�DOO�IGAD Member States are simultaneously countries of origin, transit and destination, implying that all of them must share experiences and bear responsibilities in the context of the REC and its neighbouring counterparts, the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Mar-ket for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

The IGAD-RMPF is necessary as an expression of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) where FHUWDLQ�UHJLRQDO�LPSHUDWLYHV�²�DPRQJ�WKHP�WKH�1LOH�EDVLQ��FOLPDWLF�DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�FRQGL-tions and affinity of the peoples – rationalize the framework.6�7KH�SROLF\�IUDPHZRUN�VHUYHV�WR�SURYLGH�WKH�QHFHVVDU\�JXLGHOLQHV�DQG�SULQFLSDOV� WR�DVVLVW�JRYHUQPHQWV� LQ� WKH�IRUPXODWLRQ�RI�their own national migration policies as well as, their implementation in accordance with their RZQ�SULRULWLHV�DQG�UHVRXUFHV��7KH�SROLF\�IUDPHZRUN�LV�WKHUHIRUH�D�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�DQG�LQWHJUDW-ed reference document and hence non-binding in nature, scope and content. The document SURYLGHV�D�EURDG�UDQJH�RI�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�RQ�YDULRXV�PLJUDWLRQ�LVVXHV�DV�D�JXLGH�WR�JRYHUQ-ments. In this regard, Member States and can borrow elements as they deem fit, appropriate and applicable to their country-specific migration challenges and situations

1.4 Important issues to note in the IGAD-RMPF

1.4.1 Peace in IGAD Member States after a traumatic past,Q�WKH�UHFHQW�SDVW��WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ�KDV�H[SHULHQFHG�FRQVLGHUDEOH�LQVWDELOLW\�GXH�WR�FLYLO�ZDUV�and conflict (e.g. between Eritrea and Ethiopia and Ethiopia and Somalia) which caused and sustained refugee flows and stock in the region. The Sudan has been embroiled in a protract-ed war between the north and the south, which ceased in early 2005 when the two factions UHDFKHG� D� SHDFH� DJUHHPHQW� WKURXJK� ,*$'·V� GLSORPDWLF� EURNHUDJH�� DQ� LPSRUWDQW� HOHPHQW�RI� WKLV�DJUHHPHQW�ZDV� WKH�FRXQWU\·V�KROGLQJ�RI�D� UHIHUHQGXP� LQ�ZKLFK�6RXWKHUQ�6XGDQHVH�YRWHG�RYHUZKHOPLQJO\� IRU� LQGHSHQGHQFH�ZKLFK� LV� VFKHGXOHG� WR� WDNH�HIIHFW� IURP�-XO\� ��7KH�SHULRG��VDZ�8JDQGD�WRUQ�DSDUW�E\�WKH�UHSUHVVLYH�$PLQ�UHJLPH��IROORZHG�E\�WKH�LOO�IDWHG�2ERWH�,,�UHJLPH��WRSSOHG�E\�VKRUW�OLYHG�TXDVL�PLOLWDU\�UXOH�DQG�D�UHOD-WLYHO\�SHDFHIXO�GLVSHQVDWLRQ�VLQFH��EXW�ZLWK�UHEHOV�FDXVLQJ�KDYRF�LQ�FHUWDLQ�SDUWV�RI�WKH�FRXQWU\�LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�QRUWK��$PRQJ�WKH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��RQO\�'MLERXWL�DQG�.HQ\D�KDYH�UHPDLQHG�UHODWLYHO\�VWDEOH��WKRXJK�WKH\�KDYH�QRW�HVFDSHG�WKH�SUREOHP�RI�,'3V��$Q�LPSUHVVLYH�IHDWXUH�GXULQJ�WKH�GLIILFXOW�WUDQVLWLRQ�WR�SHDFH�EXLOGLQJ�DQG�VWDELOLW\�KDV�EHHQ�,*$'·V�FRQVWDQW�LQYROYHPHQW�LQ�SHDFH�EXLOGLQJ�LQLWLDWLYHV��OHDGLQJ�WR�WKH�FUHDWLRQ�RI�WKH�,*$'�5&3��WKH�FDOO�IRU�

6 The African Migration and Development Policy Centre (AMADPOC), based in Nairobi, adopts the GHA concept which it borrowed from a USAID project which once defined the region thus. AMADPOC primarily serves the IGAD region and secondarily the rest of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

1. INTRODUCTION

7

WKH�,*$'�503)�DQG�WKH�JURZLQJ�GHVLUH�IRU�IUHH�PRYHPHQW�RI�SHUVRQV�LQ�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��

1.4.2 IGAD and neighbouring RECsAll IGAD Member States, except Somalia, are also members of COMESA and both Kenya and 8JDQGD�DUH�($&�3DUWQHU�6WDWHV��7KLV�JLYHV�,*$'�D�XQLTXH�SRVLWLRQ�ZKLFK�PDNHV�LW�QHFHVVDU\�for the REC to embrace the interests of its counterparts in systematic migration manage-PHQW�RU� WR�SHUIRUP�D�EDODQFLQJ�DFW�GXH�WR�RYHUODSSLQJ�PHPEHUVKLS� LQ�YDULRXV�5(&V��7KXV��IGAD Member States that share common borders with the EAC Partner States and COMESA Member States, must of necessity foster peaceful co-existence and partnership, especially on migration management as an area of mutual interest.

1.4.3 Assessment of IGAD in the context of Regional IntegrationThe United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (EAC) underlines the point that “intra-VWDWH�DQG�LQWHU�VWDWH�FRQIOLFWV�KDYH�VORZHG�SURJUHVVµ7 in IGAD and, like other RECs, its efforts WR�GHYHORS�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFHV�KDYH�EHHQ�PDUJLQDO�8 Yet an important feature of IGAD is its in-FOXVLRQ�RI�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�UHODWLYHO\�KRPRJHQHRXV�SK\VLFDO�DQG�KXPDQ�DWWULEXWHV��ZKLFK�SODFHV�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�LQ�D�XQLTXH�VLWXDWLRQ�WR�UDOO\�VXSSRUW�IRU�WKH�5(&·V�DFWLYLWLHV��)RU�example, all IGAD Member States, with the exception of Uganda, are dominated arid or semi-DULG� HQYLURQPHQW� DQG� DOO� RI� WKHP��ZLWK� WKH� H[FHSWLRQ� RI�(WKLRSLD� DQG�6XGDQ�� FRPPXQLFDWH�easily in Swahili language.

1.5 Major IGAD Institutions of importance to the IGAD-RMPF

1.5.1 Con!ict Early Warning and Response Mechanism 7KH�3URWRFRO� RQ� WKH� (VWDEOLVKPHQW� RI� D�&RQIOLFW� (DUO\�:DUQLQJ� DQG�5HVSRQVH�0HFKDQLVP�IRU�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��&(:$51��ZDV�VLJQHG�E\�DOO�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�LQ�.KDUWRXP�RQ�January 9, 2002 and is being ratified by each of them. Its functions include:

i. Promoting the exchange of information and collaboration among Member States on HDUO\�ZDUQLQJ�DQG�UHVSRQVH�WR�FRQIOLFW�E\�REVHUYLQJ��D�� WLPHOLQHVV�� E�� WUDQVSDUHQF\��(c) cooperation and (d) free flow of information;

LL�� *DWKHULQJ�� YHULI\LQJ�� SURFHVVLQJ� DQG� DQDO\VLQJ� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� FRQIOLFWV� LQ� WKH� UH-gion;

iii. Communicating all such information and analysis to decision makers of IGAD policy RUJDQV�DQG�WKH�QDWLRQDO�JRYHUQPHQWV�RI�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��DQG

LY�� $�KRVW�RI�IXQFWLRQV�UHODWLQJ�WR�VXFFHVVIXO�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�&(:$51�DV�VWLSXODWHG�LQ�$UWLFOH��RI�&(:$51��

7 Economic Commission for Africa (2004), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, EAC Policy Research Report. Addis Ababa: ECA, p.30.8 Ibid. p.197


8

1.5.2 Conference on Internal Displacement in the IGAD sub-Region – Include the Kampala ConventionThis conference was held in Khartoum on 30 August-2 September 2003. It was an experts meeting which, among other things, discussed the causes displacement and needs of IDPs; the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement; and protection as well as humanitarian ac-FHVV��HVSHFLDOO\�ZLWK�UHJDUG�WR��YXOQHUDEOH�,'32V��ZRPHQ��FKLOGUHQ��WKH�HOGHUO\�DQG�SHUVRQV�with disability). It also drew attention to durable solutions in terms of return, resettlement DQG�UHLQWHJUDWLRQ��UHVSRQVHV�E\�QDWLRQDO�DQG�ORFDO�JRYHUQPHQWV��WKH�FLYLO�VRFLHW\��1*2V�DQG�regional organisations; and international response by the UN agencies, international NGOs DQG�GRQRUV��GHYHORSPHQW�SDUWQHUV��7KH�FRQIHUHQFH�PDGH��UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV��RI�ZKLFK��were for the attention of IGAD Member States, 13 were for IGAD secretariat and six were for the international community. Finally, it brought into being the Khartoum Declaration with far-reaching recommendations.

1.5.3 IGAD Peace and Security Strategy7KLV�VWUDWHJ\��FRYHULQJ�WKH�SHULRG��EXLOGV�XSRQ�WKH�,*$'�3HDFH�3URFHVV�RQ�6RPD-OLD�DQG�6XGDQ�RI��DQG��UHVSHFWLYHO\��DV�ZHOO�DV�&(:$51�DQG�,&3$7��,*$'�&DSDFLW\�%XLOGLQJ�3URJUDPPH�$JDLQVW�7HUURULVP��,WV�RYHUDOO�JRDO�LV�WR�DFKLHYH�VXVWDLQDEOH�SHDFH�DQG�VHFXULW\�IRU�WKH�DWWDLQPHQW�RI�HFRQRPLF�LQWHJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ��6SH-cifically, it aims to:

D�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�DQG�VWUHDPOLQH�FRQIOLFW�SUHYHQWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�UHVROXWLRQ�LQ�WKH�,*$'�region;

E�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�SUHYHQWLYH��WUDFN��GLSORPDF\�LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�c. Promote cooperation to address emerging common peace and security threats within

the region; andG�� (QKDQFH�FRRSHUDWLRQ� LQ�RWKHU�DUHDV� LQFLGHQWDO� WR�SHDFH�DQG�VHFXULW\��VXFK�DV��HQYL-

URQPHQWDO�SURWHFWLRQ��GLVDVWHU�SUHYHQWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�UHVSRQVH��WUDQVLW�FRUULGRU�management and management of trans-boundary water and energy resources; pre-YHQWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�UHVROXWLRQ�RI�FKDOOHQJHV�UHODWLQJ�WR�UHIXJHHV�DQG�LQWHUQDOO\�displaced persons (IDPs) as well as post-conflict reconstruction.

The IGAD region has so far made remarkable progress under this strategy. The Sudan Peace 3URFHVV� FXOPLQDWHG� LQ� WKH� UHIHUHQGXP� LQ� 6RXWK� 6XGDQ� ZKLFK� RYHUZKHOPLQJ� HQGRUVHG� WKH�VHSDUDWLRQ�RI�1RUWK�DQG�6RXWK�6XGDQ��ZLWK�WKH�ODWWHU�SRLVHG�WR�EHFRPH�$IULFD·V�QHZHVW�QDWLRQ�in July 2011.

1.5.4 IGAD Capacity Building Programme against TerrorismIn January 2010, the ICPAT became the point of reference for capacity building against terror-ism which afflicts the IGAD region. Some IGAD Member States – Kenya in 1998 and 2002 and Uganda in 2010 – experienced deadly bomb blasts. Terrorist threats still loom large in Somalia ZKHUH�WKH�$O�6KDEDDE�LV�RSHUDWLRQDO�DV�D�FHOO�RI�$O�4HLGD��,&3$7�SURYLGHV�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�counter-terrorism training programmes attended by law enforcement officials. Between July 2007 and May 2009, six such training programmes had been held in succession in as many IGAD Member States. In addition, two IGAD-wide joint training programmes took place on 13-

1. INTRODUCTION

9

��-XO\��LQ�$GGLV�$EDED�DQG�RQ��1RYHPEHU��LQ�.KDUWRXP��'HVSLWH�LWV�XQLTXH-ness as the first African programme on counter-terrorism training and remarkable success so IDU��,&3$7�VWLOO�IDFHV�VRPH�GDXQWLQJ�FKDOOHQJHV�ZKLFK�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�WR�UHVROYH��

1.6 Methodology and Limitations in Developing the IGAD-RMPF3UHSDUDWLRQ� RI� WKH� ,*$'�503)� LQYROYHG� VHYHUDO� DSSURDFKHV�� )LUVW�� LW� UHOLHV� RQ� SXEOLVKHG�PDWHULDO��VRPH�RI�ZKLFK�WKH�,*$'�6HFUHWDULDW�PDGH�DYDLODEOH�DQG�RWKHUV�DFFHVVHG�IURP�WKH�internet other sources. Second a deliberate effort was made to gather data/information from IGAD Member States through check lists which were emailed to them for response. Third, in-IRUPDWLRQ�ZDV�JHQHUDWHG�IURP�ILHOGZRUN�WKURXJK�YLVLWV�WR�VRPH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�LQ�D�meeting organized by IGAD and IOM in Addis Ababa (October 2010) and a training workshop IRU�,*$'�PLJUDWLRQ�EDVHG�RIILFLDOV�KHOG�LQ�0RVKL��7DQ]DQLD�LQ�1RYHPEHU��

Unfortunately, most Member States defaulted in returning their responses to the check lists sent to them. This is a major drawback and raises curiosity in the commitment of the Member 6WDWHV�WR�WKH�,*$'�503)��7KH�VLWXDWLRQ�ZRXOG�EHVW�EH�UHVROYHG�E\�WKH�9DOLGDWLRQ�:RUNVKRS�on the draft IGAD-RMPF.

10

2

MIGRATION REALITIES AND CHALLENGES IN IGAD

2.1 Typology of Migration in IGAD6LPSO\�VWDWHG�PLJUDWLRQ�LV�WKH�VSDWLDO�PRYHPHQW�RI�SRSXODWLRQ�ZKLFK�LQYROYHV�FKDQJH�RI�XVXDO�residence from a place of origin to a particular destination. Migration has become a topical VXEMHFW�LQ�YLUWXDOO\�DOO�VRFLDO�VFLHQFHV�DQG�KXPDQLWLHV��LW�LV�DQ�LVVXH�FORVHO\�OLQNHG�WR�LQGLYLGXDOV��households, communities and countries of both origins and destinations, underscoring the links EHWZHHQ�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW��2ZLQJ�WR�WKH�RFFXUUHQFH�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�DV�FRQWLQXDO�UDWKHU�WKDQ�D�RQFH�LQ�D�OLIHWLPH�SKHQRPHQRQ��LW�LV�RIWHQ�XQSUHGLFWDEOH�DQG�GLIÀFXOW�WR�WUDFN��7KHUHIRUH��WKH�GHÀQLWLRQ� RI�PLJUDWLRQ� WDNHV�GLIIHUHQW� GLPHQVLRQV�DQG�GHSHQGV�RQ�ZKR� LV� DGGUHVVLQJ� LW��ZK\�DQG�WR�VROYH�ZKDW�SUREOHPV�WKDW�UHODWH�WR�LW��0RUHRYHU��PLJUDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�HLWKHU�WHPSRUDU\�or permanent depending on circumstances which change from time to time at the destination.

,W�LV�GLIILFXOW�WR�SURSRVH�D�GHILQLWLYH�W\SRORJ\�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�DV�GLIIHUHQW�W\SHV�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�RFFXU�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�VHWWLQJV�GXH�WR�D�YDULHW\�RI�UHDVRQV��LQYROYH�GLIIHUHQW�DFWRUV�DQG�KDYH�YDULHG�FRQ-VHTXHQFHV��+RZHYHU��WKHUH�DUH�FHUWDLQ�GLVWLQFWLRQV�ZRUWK�PDNLQJ��internal migration LQYROYHV�PRYHPHQW�ZLWKLQ�D�FRXQWU\�ZKLOH�international migration entails the crossing of internation-ally recognized borders; both can be voluntary on the part of migrants or forced by circum-VWDQFHV�EH\RQG�WKHLU�FRQWURO��DQG�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�LQYROYHV�YDULRXV�VWDNHKROGHUV��GDWD�SURGXFHUV�LQFOXGLQJ�LQVWLWXWLRQV�LQ�ERWK�WKH�SXEOLF�DQG�SULYDWH�GRPDLQV��GLIIHUHQW�JRYHUQPHQW�DXWKRULWLHV��UHJLRQDO�RUJDQLVDWLRQV��GHYHORSPHQW�SDUWQHUV��1*2V��WKH�FLYLO�VRFLHW\�DQG�VR�RQ��This implies that there can be no “one-size-fits-all” approach to migration management.

*LYHQ�FHUWDLQ�PRELOLW\�SKHQRPHQD�LQ�,*$'��LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�UHVWULFWHG�WR�WKH�FRQYHQWLRQDO�GHILQLWLRQ�� ,Q� ,*$'��PLJUDWLRQ�RI�QHFHVVLW\� LQFOXGHV�SDVWRUDOLVP�ZKLFK� LV�D�dominant feature of arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) and tourism draws to particular pockets RI�WKH�UHJLRQ�ERWK�VKRUW�WHUP�YLVLWRUV�DQG�QDWLRQDOV�ZKR�SURYLGH�FHUWDLQ�VHUYLFHV�WR�WKHP��,Q�WKH�SURFHVV�RI�PRYLQJ��SDVWRUDOLVWV�FRPH�LQWR�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�SHRSOH�LQ�WKHLU�KDELWXDO�UHVLGHQFH��resulting in conflict between them attributed to cattle-rustling and conflict between pastoralists DQG�DJULFXOWXULVWV��7RXULVP�VRPHWLPHV�FDXVHV�HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ�WKHUHE\�RFFDVLRQLQJ�climate change and compromise some land uses.

Against this background, IGAD has embraced the concept of “mixed migration”. The IOM de-ILQHV��PL[HG�IORZV�DV��&RPSOH[�SRSXODWLRQ�PRYHPHQWV�LQFOXGLQJ refugees, asylum-seekers, HFRQRPLF�PLJUDQWV�DQG�RWKHU�PLJUDQWV�>DQG@«FRQFHUQ�LUUHJXODU�PRYHPHQWV��IUHTXHQWO\�LQYROY-LQJ�WUDQVLW�PLJUDWLRQ��ZKHUH�SHUVRQV�PRYH without the requisite documentation, crossing bor-GHUV�DQG�DUULYLQJ�DW�� WKHLU�GHVWLQDWLRQ�LQ�DQ unauthorized manner.9

9 Ninety- eigth Session, “Irregular migration and mixed flows: IOM’s approach, MC/INF/297, 19 October 2009, p.10 http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/98/MC_INF_297.pdf.

11

a. Migration Realities and Trends10 Like other African RECs, IGAD experiences different types of documented, forced and ir-UHJXODU�PLJUDWLRQ�ZLWK�YDU\LQJ�FDXVHV��PDJQLWXGH��GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�HIIHFWV��6LJQLILFDQW�PLJUDWLRQ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��DFKLHYHPHQWV�DQG�FKDOOHQJHV�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�LQ�,*$'�DUH�KLJKOLJKWHG�LQ�7DEOH�2. A common feature of all IGAD Member States is a lack of harmonized migration manage-PHQW� SROLF\� JLYHQ� YDU\LQJ� QDWLRQDO� OHJLVODWLRQ�� SROLF\� DQG� SUDFWLFH� DGRSWHG� E\� WKH� GLIIHUHQW�PLJUDWLRQ�IRFXVHG� JRYHUQPHQW� PLQLVWULHV� DQG� GHSDUWPHQWV��$� FRPPRQ� IHDWXUH� LQ� DOO� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�LV� ODFN�RI�KDUPRQL]HG�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�JLYHQ�YDU\LQJ�QDWLRQDO� OHJLVOD-WLRQ�DQG�SROLFLHV�E\�GLIIHUHQW�PLJUDWLRQ�EDVHG�JRYHUQPHQW�PLQLVWULHV�

Table 2 Stock of international migration, refugees and IDPs in IGAD Member States 2005-2010Member

State

Total ��¶��

International migrant stock Refugees�¶��End 2008

Net migration

% of total2010

% offemales

$YHUDJHAnnual rate of change(%) 2005-2010

Net migration among foreign Born2005-2010

$YHUDJHNetMigration�¶��

$YHUDJHAnnual net migrationRate (per 1,000 pop)

Djibouti 114 13.0 45.9 0.7 8.3 9.2 - -Ethiopia 548 0.6 47.1 -0.2 18.4 83.6 -60.0 0.8Kenya 818 2.0 50.8 0.7 61.8 320.6 -32.9 -1.0Somalia 23 0.2 45.9 1.4 2.8 1.8 -50.0 -5.6Sudan 753 1.7 48.2 3.3 138.2 181.6 27.0 0.7Uganda 647 1.9 49.9 -0.2 25.0 162.1 -27.0 -0.9

6RXUFH��81�'(6$�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�0LJUDWLRQ�:DOO�&KDUW��

Kenya has by far the largest migrant stock, followed by Sudan and Uganda in descending order; Djibouti accounted for the highest percentage of migrants; with the exception of Kenya with slightly more than half of the migrants being female, the proportion falls below half in all other IGAD Member States; and Sudan recorded the highest annual rate of change of migrants as well as net migration of foreign born in 2005-2010. Kenya hosted the largest number of UHIXJHHV��IROORZHG�E\�6XGDQ�DQG�8JDQGD�DV�D�SRRU�WKLUG��5HJDUGLQJ�DYHUDJH�QHW�PLJUDWLRQ��DOO�IGAD Member States are net emigration countries, which underlines why increasing attention LV�EHLQJ�SDLG�WR�WKH�GLDVSRUD�DQG�UHPLWWDQFH��WKH�DYHUDJH�DQQXDO�QHW�PLJUDWLRQ�UDWH�LV�SRVLWLYH�only for Ethiopia and Sudan.

7DEOH��SURYLGHV�EHWWHU�LQVLJKWV�RI�YDULRXV�W\SHV�RI�IRUFHG�PLJUDWLRQ�ZLWK�QDWLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQD-tional dimensions. By the end of 2009, Kenya had the highest number of refugees, Somalia KHOG�WKH�KLJKHVW�QXPEHU�RI�DV\OXP�VHHNHUV��6RPDOLD�DQG�6XGDQ�DFFRXQWHG�WKH�YDVW�PDMRULW\�of IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR and Uganda led the pack in the number of returned

10 Detailed analysis of migration and population displacement in the IGAD region is contained in J.O. Oucho (2002) “Overview of Mi-gration and Human Displacement in East Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes Region: Causes and Consequences, Common Interests and Concerns”. Paper presented at the International Migration Policy (IMP) Conference for East Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes Region, Nairobi, Kenya, 13-17 May, 2002.

2. MIGRATION REALITIES AND CHALLENGES IN IGAD


12

IDPs, followed by Sudan. The last two represent instances of normalcy encouraging return to habitual residence.

Table 3 Refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, returnees (refugees and IDPs) and others of concern to UNHCR in IGAD Member States, end-2009

MemberState

Refugees Total refugees and people in refugee-like situation

Asylum seekers

IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR

Returned IDPs

Total population of concern

Djibouti 12,111 - 12,111 921 - 13,032Ethiopia 121,886 - 2,458 - 17 24,361Kenya 358,928 121,886 18,958 399,000 5,000 882,339Somalia 1,815 1,815 24,668 1,550,000 - 1,576,544bSudan 152,335 186,292a 5,941 1,034,140 166,900 1,426,412Uganda 127,345 127,345 11,551 446,300 407,700 992,284

Note: a- Includes 33,335 people in refugee-like situationb- Includes 100,000 stateless persons Source: 2009 Global Trends, Annex x3, external.xls, table 1.

$Q�LQWHUHVWLQJ�WUHQG�ZDV�REVHUYHG�LQ�IRXU�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WKDW�DUH�DPRQJ�WRS��GHV-tinations of migration stock. For Kenya, the numbers declined steadily from 818,000 in 2000 to 790,000 in 2005 and 755,000 in 2010; the figures for Uganda were 647,000, 652,000 and ��UHVSHFWLYHO\��%RWK�FDVHV�DUH�DWWULEXWDEOH� WR� WKH�UHWXUQ�RI�6XGDQHVH�UHIXJHHV��&RQ-YHUVHO\��7DQ]DQLD·V�VWRFN�LQFUHDVHG�VWHDGLO\�IURP��DQG��UHVSHFWLYHO\��ZKLOH�(WKLRSLD·V�WRRN�D�VLPLODU�IRUP��DW��DQG��UHVSHFWLYHO\��81�'(6$��2009, p.152. The World Migration Report 2010� UHSRUWHG� ,'3V� RI� JHQHUDOLVHG� YLROHQFH� DQG�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�YLRODWLRQV�DV�SKHQRPHQDO��LQ�6XGDQ��LQ�6RPDOLD��LQ�.HQ\D�DQG�� LQ�(WKLRSLD��,20��$OWKRXJK�WKH� ILJXUHV� IURP�YDULRXV�GDWD�VRXUFHV�DUH�QRW�LGHQWLFDO��WKH\�GHSLFW�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�PRVW�UHFHQW�YROXQWDU\�DQG�IRUFHG�migration in IGAD Member States.

7DEOH��KLJKOLJKWV�VLJQLILFDQW�PLJUDWLRQ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��DFKLHYHPHQWV�DQG�FKDOOHQJHV�RSSRU-tunities in IGAD.

13

Table 4 Signi!cant migration characteristics, achievements and challenges/opportunities of IGAD Member States

MemberState

Migration Characteristics

MajorAchievements

Challenges Opportunities

Djibouti Transit and destination of refugees, regular and irregular migrants

Has hosted many refugees from IGAD MSPassed Immigration Law of 2007; Human 7UDIÀFNLQJ�/DZ��and law on Protection of Children

Addressing PLJUDQW�WUDIÀFNLQJ�and smuggling across the Red Sea; lack of harmonised migration management; rescue at sea of irregular migrants to the Gulf States a major challenge

Attention to migrant commercial sex workers and implications of WKHLU�PRYHPHQWV

Ethiopia Origin of migrants, refugees and WUDIÀFNLQJ��destination (of AU and ECA personnel); a host of refugees

Promising policy and practice in mobilizing Diaspora WRZDUGV�FRXQWU\·V�GHYHORSPHQW�efforts.Legal frameworks exist to manage migration issues and refugees

The major challenge relates to containing irregular emigrants and refugees; harmonised migration management

Migrant remittances KDYH�SRVLWLYHO\�LQÁXHQFHG�monetary and other policies; refugee production/ irregular migration act passed

Kenya Origin of migrants; transit of irregular migrants; host of refugees from all RYHU�,*$'�UHJLRQ��destination of a YDVW�81�KXPDQ�resourcesMenace of IDPs RYHU�WZR�GHFDGHV

Has a humane policy toward refugees; tolerant of immigrant groups; has played key UROHV�LQ�6XGDQ·V�reconciliation and 6RPDOLD·V�SHDFH�EXLOGLQJ��VLJQLÀFDQW�contribution of migrant remittances for GHYHORSPHQW�

lack of harmonised migration management; the EAC Common Market “frees” migration

Yet to tap the full potential of its Diaspora which, likely to be complicated by dual citizenship which the 2010 Constitution recognises; the EAC Common Market Protocol enhances prospects for of WKH�´ÀYH�IUHHGRPVµ�including freedom of migration; passed Refugee Act (2006) and Counter-7UDIÀFNLQJ�/DZ



14

MemberState

Migration Characteristics

MajorAchievements

Challenges Opportunities

Somalia 2ULJLQ�RI�YDVW�number of refugees spread in different world regions; anarchy VWLÁHV�V\VWHPDWLF�handling of migration; menace of IDPs

A “best practice” destination of migrant remittances through non-formal channels(xawilaad ) Assisted in reconciliation efforts by IGAD Member States

Being assisted by all IGAD Member States in peace-building efforts and emergence of a VWDEOH�JRYHUQPHQW

7KH�FRXQWU\·V�growing diaspora remittances a boon for the economy; it constitutes a “best practice” for IGAD Member States

Sudan Origin of migrants and refugees (the latter especially in the South); existence of IDPs

Migrant remittances properly utilised LQ�GHYHORSPHQW��peace efforts between North and South Sudan rekindles UHWXUQ�RI�VHYHUDO�generations of refugees$�0LJUDWLRQ�3URÀOH�of Sudan has been published, SURYLGLQJ�D�JRRG�HYLGHQFH�EDVH�for migration policy formulation, implementation DQG�HYDOXDWLRQ

Lack of harmonised migration management; SURWUDFWHG�FLYLO�ZDU�delayed realisation RI�WKH�FRXQWU\·V�potential; New challenges will emerge following separation of Northern and Southern Sudan

Independence of Southern Sudan by July 2011 SURYLGHV�UD\V�RI�hope for realising WKH�QHZ�FRXQWU\·V�GHYHORSPHQW�SRWHQWLDO��KHDY\�return migration RI�WKH�QHZ�6WDWHV·�refugees will boost human resources

Uganda Origin of migrants; host of refugees from IGAD, EAC and COMESA 6$'&��'5&��KHDY\�UHWXUQ�migration in the SRVW��FLYLO�ZDU�period

,PSUHVVLYH�LQYROYHPHQW�with its Diaspora LQ��GHYHORSPHQW�HQGHDYRXUV��successful hosting of refugees from GLYHUVH�VRXUFHV

lack of harmonized migration management

The EAC Common Market Protocol enhances prospects for ´ÀYH�IUHHGRPVµ�including freedom of migration

The following general migration trends in the Horn of Africa are important:

�� (DVW�$IULFD�5RXWH��IURP�WKH�+RUQ�RI�$IULFD�DQG�KHDGV�QRUWK�WR�,WDO\�DQG�0DOWD�YLD�6X-dan, Libya and/or Egypt;

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�6HD�5RXWHV – from the shores of Libya and Egypt to Malta, Italy, Cy-prus and Greece;

�� *XOI�RI�$GHQ�5RXWH�²�IURP�6RPDOLD�WR�<HPHQ�FURVVLQJ�WKH�*XOI�RI�$GHQ�YLD�%RVVDVR��Puntland; and

15

�� 5HG�6HD�5RXWH� ²�YLD� WKH�5HG�6HD�DQG� WKH�6XH]�&DQDO� WR� ,WDO\�DQG�0DOWD�DQG�DOVR�WKURXJK�'MLERXWL�WR�<HPHQ�YLD�2ERFN�

5HFHQW�ILJXUHV�RQ�WKH�FURVVLQJV�SURYLGH�YLYLG�LQVLJKWV�

�� (YHU\� \HDU�� WKRXVDQGV� RI�PLJUDQWV� WUDYHO� IURP� WKH�+RUQ� RI�$IULFD� DFURVV� WKH�*XOI� RI�$GHQ�WR�<HPHQ�DQG�EH\RQG��%RWK�FURVVLQJV�DUULYDOV�UHPDLQ�KLJK��HVWLPDWHG�DW��persons per week despite difficult conditions.

�� $FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�<HPHQ�0L[HG�0LJUDWLRQ�7DVN�)RUFH��WKH�HVWLPDWHG�QXPEHUV�RI�SHRSOH�crossing the Gulf of Aden were: 22,000 reported crossings in 2006; 30,000 in 2007; ��LQ��DUULYDOV�LQ��DQG��LQ��7KH�VXEVWDQWLDO�GHFUHDVH�in 2010 is attributed to tighter controls at the ports of entry.

Thus, all IGAD Member States need to pay special to their “migration corridors”, or routes taken by migrants from origin, through transit countries to countries of destination. They VKRXOG� HPXODWH� WKH�ZRUN� RI� WKH� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&HQWUH� IRU�0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLF\�'HYHORSPHQW� �,&-03'��IXQGHG�E\�WKH�8.�%RUGHU�$JHQF\��GRFXPHQWV�WKH�´(DVW�$IULFD�0LJUDWLRQ�5RXWH�,QLWLDWLYHµ�ZKLFK�H[HPSOLILHV�PL[HG�PLJUDWLRQ�LQ�(WKLRSLD��.HQ\D�DQG�/LE\D�WKURXJK�YDULRXV�WUDYHO�GRFX-ments (ICMPD, 2008).

b. Challenges to and opportunities for IGADSystematic migration management in IGAD not only faces some serious challenges but also SURYLGHV�VRPH�RSSRUWXQLWLHV��$�IHZ�DUH�VWDWHG�IRU�LQIRUPDWLRQ�

6HYHUDO�FKDOOHQJHV�FDQ�EH� LGHQWLILHG��)LUVW�� ,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�KDV�DQ� LQVXIILFLHQW� LQVWLWXWLRQDO�IUDPHZRUN�WR�VWHZDUG�HIIRUWV�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW��7KLV�H[SODLQV�ZK\�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKLV�,*$'�503)�SURYLGHV�VRPH� LQVLJKWV� LQWR�D�SODXVLEOH� LQVWLWXWLRQDO� IUDPHZRUN�ZKLFK� UHTXLUHV�VHULRXV�GLVFXVVLRQ�E\�DOO�VWDNHKROGHUV��6HFRQG��,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�GLIIHUHQW� LQVWLWX-WLRQV� LQ�JRYHUQPHQW� WKDW�DUH�UHVSRQVLEOH� IRU�GLYHUVH�IRUPV�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�� WKHVH�include ministries in charge of foreign affairs, interior/home affairs, and labour, not to mention sectoral ministries. In the absence of co-ordination, each ministry pursues its own policy with inconsistent laws and regulations, resulting in policy incoherence. National policy incoherence builds up to a similar situation in IGAD hence lack of a common IGAD migration policy. Third, ERWK�WKH�,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�DQG�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�OLPLWHG�FDSDFLW\�WR�PDQDJH�PLJUD-tion; they require institutional and staff capacity building before going it alone in migration management. Finally, migration is an ambiguous concept for most stakeholders which per-FHLYH�DQG�UHVSRQG�WR�LW�GLIIHUHQWO\��:LWKRXW�D�VKDUHG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�DQG�FRPPRQ�IUDPHZRUN�IRU�FRRSHUDWLRQ��VWDNHKROGHUV�FDQQRW�EH�H[SHFWHG�WR�VWUHQJWKHQ�HIIHFWLYH�UHJLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�management and/or take action in a concerted manner.

&RQYHUVHO\��VHYHUDO�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�EHFNRQ�DW�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW��$JDLQVW�WKH�EDFNGURS�RI�,*$'�5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWDWLYH�3URFHVV��,*$'�5&3��RWKHU�PHHWLQJV�DQG�WKH�SURSRVHG�,*$'�RMP, THE IGAD secretariat has the rare opportunity to support Member States to embark RQ�D�UDGLFDO�DSSURDFK�WR�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW��$OVR��JLYHQ�WKDW�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�EHHQ�KHDYLO\�LQYROYHG�LQ�WKHVH�HIIRUWV�DQG�IDYRXU�WKH�,*$'�503)��WKH\�DUH�OLNHO\�WR�SURFHHG�



16

with formulating national migration policies (NMP).11 The IGAD region, to its credit, houses VHYHUDO� LQVWLWXWLRQV�ZLWK�FRPPLWPHQW� WR�PLJUDWLRQ�ZRUN�� WKH�$8�ZKLFK�KDV�EHHQ�VSHDUKHDG-LQJ�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�LQLWLDWLYHV��(&$�ZLWK�D�ORQJVWDQGLQJ�FRPPLWPHQW�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�HQGHDYRXUV�� DQG� WKH� UHFHQWO\� HVWDEOLVKHG�$IULFDQ�0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�'HYHORSPHQW�3ROLF\�&HQWUH��$0$'32&��LQ�1DLUREL��.HQ\D�ZKLFK�LV�SRLVHG�WR�VHUYH�,*$'�LQ�YDULRXV�IDFHWV�of migration work: research and data hub, training and capacity building, policy dialogue and network and a resource centre.12 In addition, the EAC Common Market, which underlines free PRYHPHQW�RI�ODERXU��FDSLWDO�DQG�JRRGV��SURYLGHV�D�WHPSODWH�IRU�,*$'�WR�DGRSW�LQ�LWV�HQYLVDJHG�SURWRFRO�RQ�)UHH�0RYHPHQW�RI�3HUVRQV��7KH� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO�2UJDQL]DWLRQ� IRU�0LJUDWLRQ� �,20��KDV�SURYLGHG�VXSSRUW�WR�,*$'�5&3�VLQFH�LWV�LQFHSWLRQ�DQG�UHPDLQV�D�NH\�SDUWQHU�LQ�VWUHQJWK-ening national and regional capacities of the IGAD-RCP to promote human and orderly migra-WLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�WKDW�EHQHILWV�PLJUDQWV�DQG�VRFLHWLHV��0RUHRYHU�WKH�7DQ]DQLD�5HJLRQDO�,PPL-JUDWLRQ�7UDLQLQJ�$FDGHP\��75,7$��LQ�0RVKL�SURYLGHV�D�XQLTXH�RSSRUWXQLW\�IRU�WUDLQLQJ�RIILFLDOV�IURP�PLJUDWLRQ�EDVHG�PLQLVWULHV�LQ�,*$'��7R�SURYLGH�PRUH�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�WUDLQLQJ�IRU�D�YDULHW\�RI� EHQHILFLDULHV�� 75,7$� FRXOG� WHDP� XS� ZLWK� WKH�$IULFDQ� 0LJUDWLRQ� DQG� 'HYHORSPHQW� 3ROLF\�Centre (AMADPOC) in Nairobi which handles academic and policy aspects of migration in the FRQWH[W�RI�GHYHORSPHQW��)LQDOO\��,*$'�LV�EHQHILWLQJ�IURP�WKH�VXSSRUW�RI�,*$'�3DUWQHUV·�)RUXP��,3)��D�XQLTXH�RXWILW�ZKLFK�RIWHQ�FRPHV�WR�WKH�5(&·V�DVVLVWDQFH�RQ�D�YDULHW\�RI�FRQFHUQV�

c. Towards the IGAD Regional Migration Policy FrameworkAs peace and stability become more entrenched in IGAD, the need for the IGAD Migration 3ROLF\�)UDPHZRUN��,*$'�503)��FDQQRW�EH�RYHUHPSKDVLVHG�DV�WKH�WZR�DWWULEXWHV�DUH�FUXFLDO�IRU�PHDQLQJIXO�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW��,QHYLWDEO\��WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKLV�503)�KDV�EHHQ�DV�FRQVXOWDWLYH�DV�SRVVLEOH�WR�HQJDJH�YDULRXV�VWDNHKROGHUV�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�

d. Strategies for Migration Management in IGADThe IGAD-RMPF places emphasis on strategies for realising systematised and harmonized migration management within IGAD in general but also conscious of peculiar national consid-HUDWLRQV��+RZHYHU�� WKH�VWUDWHJLHV�SURSRVHG�DUH� OLNHO\� WR�FKDQJH�DV�PLJUDWLRQ�VFHQDULRV�DQG�WUHQGV�DUH�LQ�D�FRQVWDQW�VWDWH�RI�IOX[� LQ�WKH�5(&�DV�ZHOO�DV� LQ� LWV� LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��The next section of the document concentrates on the IGAD-RMPF.

11 At the time of developing this IGAD-RMPF, Uganda has already embarked on developing its national migration policy (NMPs) which will be instructive for other IGAD Member States; Kenya’s policy, which was limited to immigration, is still doing rounds in the national policy formulation process. 12 The brochure of the African Migration and Development Policy Centre (AMADPOC) clearly states its commitment to serving the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) which covers a substantial part of the IGAD region.

PART TWOTHE REGIONAL MIGRATION

POLICY FRAMEWORK

18

PERTINENT ISSUES IN THE REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORK

3

3.3.1 National and International Security and Stability /DUJH�VSRQWDQHRXV�DQG�XQUHJXODWHG� IORZV�FDQ�KDYH�D�VLJQLILFDQW� LPSDFW�RQ�QDWLRQDO�DQG�international stability and security, including by hindering the ability of States to exercise HIIHFWLYH�FRQWURO�RYHU�WKHLU�ERUGHUV��DQG�FUHDWLQJ�WHQVLRQV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ�and destination and within local communities in the latter. Recent international terrorist DFWLYLW\�KDV�DOVR�UHLQIRUFHG�IRFXV�RQ�LQGLYLGXDO�PLJUDQWV�DQG�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�IRU�SXEOLF�RUGHU�WR�EH�FRPSULVHG�E\�LQGLYLGXDOV�ZKRVH�LQWHQW�LV�WR�XQGHUPLQH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�DQG�WKH�5(&·V� VHFXULW\� DQG� VWDELOLW\��&RPEDWLQJ� LUUHJXODU�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�HVWDEOLVKLQJ� FRPSUHKHQ-VLYH�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�V\VWHPV�FDQ�FRQWULEXWH�WR�HQKDQFLQJ�QDWLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�security and stability. In the IGAD, national and regional insecurity and instability often FRPSURPLVH�GHYHORSPHQW�HIIRUWV��6RPH�QHLJKERXULQJ�FRXQWULHV�KDYH�ZDJHG�ZDU�RQ�HDFK�other, others experience an uneasy if peaceful coexistence and still others are prone to UHVRUWLQJ� WR�YLROHQFH� WR� UHVROYH�VHULRXV�GLIIHUHQFHV� UHODWHG� WR� LUUHJXODU�KXPDQ�PRYHPHQW�across common borders.

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tional boundaries for illegal purposes or without proper documentation within IGAD Member States as well as between these and third States in neighbouring RECs.

LL�� (QKDQFH� QDWLRQDO� DQG� UHJLRQDO� FDSDFLWLHV� IRU� FRQIOLFW� SUHYHQWLRQ�� PDQDJHPHQW� DQG�resolution mechanisms to promote peace, security and stability throughout the IGAD region and with due regard to its proximity with other RECs in accordance with the SURYLVLRQV�RI�WKH�/XVDND�'HFODUDWLRQ�13

LLL�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�GLSORPDWLF� LQLWLDWLYHV�WR� LQYRNH� ¶HDUO\�ZDUQLQJ·�PHFKDQLVPV�DQG�WR�GLIIXVH�YRODWLOH�VLWXDWLRQV�EHIRUH�WKH\�FDXVH�FRQIOLFW�DQG�GLVSODFHPHQW��LQ�WKH�SURFHVV�HQKDQF-ing intra-IGAD and IGAD-other RECs co-operation to respond expeditiously and ef-ficiently to spontaneous migration and refugee flows.

LY�� 5HLQIRUFH�ELODWHUDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV�IRU�PRQLWRULQJ��LQVWLWXWLQJ�¶HDUO\�ZDUQLQJ·�PHFKDQLVPV�and addressing instances/ situations compromising security and stability in the region WKDW�KDYH�SRWHQWLDO�WR�H[SORGH�LQWR�FRQIOLFW��

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13 The Lusaka Declaration underlines the need for Implementing the Abuja Treaty of 1991.

19 3DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�GXUDEOH�VROXWLRQV�RI� FRQIOLFW�JHQHUDOO\� LQ� ,*$'�DQG� LQ�SDUWLFXODU�Member States that are prone to temporary or protracted conflict.

3.3.2 Crisis Prevention, Management and Con!ict Resolution $�UHJLRQ�VXFK�DV�,*$'�ZKLFK�KDV�EHHQ�GHYDVWDWHG�E\�FRQIOLFW�KDV�WKUHH�RSWLRQV�WR�UHVSRQG�WR�WKH�SUREOHP��SUHYHQWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�UHVROXWLRQ�WKDW�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHG�DV�VLWXDWLRQV�GLFWDWH��7KHVH�RSWLRQV� UHTXLUH�SROLWLFDO�DQG� LQVWLWXWLRQDO�HIIRUWV�DW� WKH�QDWLRQDO�DQG� ,*$'� OHYHOV�DQG�between IGAD and neighbouring RECs.

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and enhance intra-IGAD and IGAD-EAC/COMESA co-operation to enhance the capac-ity of their Member States to respond appropriately and efficiently to large, spontane-ous migration and refugee flows.

LL�� ,QYRNH�QDWLRQDO�VHFXULW\�PHFKDQLVPV�RI�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�RI�,*$'��($&�DQG�&20(-6$�WR�HQWUHQFK�FRQIOLFW�SUHYHQWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�UHVROXWLRQ�FDSDFLW\�IRU�SURPRWLQJ�durable peace, security and stability throughout the IGAD region and its contiguous 5(&V�E\� LPSOHPHQWLQJ� WKH�$8·V�/XVDND�'HFLVLRQ� �� IRU�DQ� LQWHJUDWHG�PLJUDWLRQ�policy.

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LY�� $GRSW�HDUO\�ZDUQLQJ�PHFKDQLVPV�IRU�FRQIOLFW�WR�EH�EHWWHU�SUHSDUHG�WR�PDQDJH�PLJUDWLRQ�in the interest of national and regional stability.

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3.3.3 Rights of MigrantsThere are human rights issues which legislation and policies must of necessity address. Mi-JUDQWV�KDYH�WKH�VDPH�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�DV�SHRSOH�LQ�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�DQG�WKH\�RXJKW�WR�HQ-MR\�ULJKWV�DV�LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�JURXSV��'HSULYDWLRQ�RI�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�VXEMHFWV�PLJUDQWV�WR�GLVFULPL-natory and xenophobic tendencies often expressed by the general public, national policies DQG�OHJLVODWLRQ�DQG�LQ�WKH�´XVµ�YHUVXV�´WKHPµ�UKHWRULF�ZKLFK�XQGHUPLQHV�UHJLRQDO� LQWHJUDWLRQ�REMHFWLYHV�HQVKULQHG�LQ�WKH�,*$'�7UHDW\�DQG�SURWRFROV��7KHVH�DVSHFWV�UHODWH�WR�PLJUDQWV�JHQ-erally culminate in their exploitation, mass expulsion, persecution and other forms of abuse. ,W� LV�QHFHVVDU\�WKDW�DOO� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�REVHUYH�DQG�HQVXUH�UHVSHFW�IRU�DQG�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV·�ULJKWV�HQVKULQHG�LQ�WKH�YDULRXV�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�LQVWUXPHQWV�ZKLFK�WKH\�KDYH�VLJQHG�and ratified, and which they are applying/are supposed to apply.14 To this end, the desire for ¶IUHHGRP�RI�PRYHPHQWV��ULJKW�RI�UHVLGHQFH�DQG�ULJKW�RI�HVWDEOLVKPHQW·�LV�DQ�RXWJURZWK�RI�WKH�8QLYHUVDO�'HFODUDWLRQ�RQ�+XPDQ�5LJKWV�ZKLFK�DOORZV�D�QDWLRQDO�WR�OHDYH��YROXQWDULO\�RU�ZKHQ�

14 The IGAD Member States have responded differently to the existing five protocol: all of them have signed and ratified the 1951 Con-ventions relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol on the same; Djibouti and Kenya have done so for the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (especially women and children) and the 2000 Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; Uganda has signed ratified only the first 1990 International Convention on the protection of the Rights of all Migrants and Member of Their Families. This patch signing and ratification of the five protocols/conventions on the rights of migrants complicates their implementation within the IGAD-RMPF.

3. PERTINENT ISSUES IN THE REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORK


20

persecuted) and return to his/her country at will. In Africa, Chapter VI, Article 43 of the Abuja 7UHDW\�RI�-XO\��JLYHV�SURYLVLRQ�IRU�¶)UHH�0RYHPHQW�RI�3HUVRQV��5LJKWV�RI�5HVLGHQFH�DQG�(VWDEOLVKPHQW·� DQG� �+XPDQ�5HVRXUFHV� �&KDSWHU�;,,,��$UWLFOH� ��7KXV�� YLUWXDOO\� DOO�$IULFDQ�5(&V�KDYH�GHYHORSHG� WKLV� SURWRFRO�ZKLFK� VSHOOV� RXW� WKUHH�SKDVHV�� YLVD�IUHH� HQWU\�� ULJKW� RI�residence and right of establishment, the last two often contentious. Unfortunately, the proto-col remains a rallying rhetoric without proper mechanisms to implement it.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Reinforce national policies and legal frameworks of IGAD Member States to domesti-

FDWH�NH\�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�WKDW�WKH\�KDYH�UDWLILHG�DQG�RU�DUH�LPSOHPHQWLQJ�15 ii. Ensure that migrants who are detained by public authorities are treated humanely and

fairly regardless of their immigration status, and are afforded all applicable legal pro-WHFWLRQ��LQFOXGLQJ��ZKHUH�DSSURSULDWH��FRPSHWHQW�FRXQVHOOLQJ�DQG�LQWHUSUHWHU�VHUYLFHV��easy access to their consulates; and protection against arbitrary detention in accord-ance with the norms of international law.

iii. Promote the integration of migrants in host societies in order to foster mutual cultural acceptance and to ensure that the rights of migrants are respected and protected.

LY�� 'LVVHPLQDWH� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� PLJUDQWV� WKURXJK� SXEOLF� LQIRUPDWLRQ�� HGXFDWLRQ� DQG�communication (IEC) campaigns and other means in order to promote respect for, tol-erance and understanding of, migrants and to counter anti-immigrant and xenophobic attitudes.

Y�� &UHDWH�DQ�HQDEOLQJ�HQYLURQPHQW�IRU�REVHUYLQJ�DQG�UHVSHFWLQJ�PLJUDQWV·�ULJKWV�DQG�WKDW�DOORZV�PLJUDQWV�WR�GHIHQG�WKHLU�ULJKWV�LQGLYLGXDOO\�DQG�WKURXJK�PLJUDQW�DVVRFLDWLRQV�RI�which they are members, and permitting them to fulfil their basic needs.

YL�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�WKH�JHQGHU�GLPHQVLRQ�LQ�WUDLQLQJ�DFWLYLWLHV�UHODWHG�WR�KXPDQ�ULJKWV��SDUWLFX-ODUO\�WKH�SHUVRQQHO�ZKR�UHFHLYH�GLYHUVH�JURXSV�RI�PLJUDQWV�RU�UHIXJHHV�WKDW�WKH�UHVSRQ-sible personnel should safeguard from discrimination.

YLL��3URYLGH�PLJUDQWV�ZLWK�DGHTXDWH�DQG�IUHH�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�VXSSRUW�DQG�RWKHU�VHUYLFHV�LQ�language/languages in which the migrants are most proficient.

YLLL��(QKDQFH�PLJUDQWV·�FDSDELOLWLHV�WR�VHFXUH�HPSOR\PHQW�FRPPHQVXUDWH�ZLWK�WKHLU�TXDOL-ILFDWLRQV� DQG� H[SHULHQFH�� DVVLVWLQJ� WKHP� WR� WUDLQ� LQ� YRFDWLRQDO� VNLOOV� WR� JDLQ� GHVLUHG�qualifications and skills.

3.3.4 Migration, Poverty and Con!ict $�QXPEHU�RI�GHPRJUDSKLF��HQYLURQPHQWDO��HFRQRPLF��SROLWLFDO�DQG�VRFLDO�FKDQJHV�DUH� LQWHU-WZLQHG�ZLWK�PLJUDWLRQ�DW�DOO�OHYHOV�RI�VRFLHW\��)RU�H[DPSOH��PLJUDWLRQ�LV�RIWHQ�DWWULEXWHG�WR��EXW�FDQ�DOVR�FDXVH��SRYHUW\�LQ�WKH�DUHDV�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ��*DWKHULQJ�HYLGHQFH�RQ�WKLV�UHTXLUHV�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DW�JUDVVURRWV��KRXVHKROG��FRPPXQLW\��QDWLRQDO��UHJLRQDO�DQG�JOREDO�OHYHOV��/LNHZLVH��PLJUDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�ERWK�D�FDXVH�DQG�D�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI�FRQIOLFW��LQ�,*$'�0HP-15 These include but are not limited to: the Universal Declaration on Human Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Politi-cal Rights; the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); the Convention Against Torture; ILO Conventions 97 and 143; and relevant regional human rights instruments including the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights.

21

EHU�6WDWHV�RFFXUULQJ�GXH�WR�HWKQLF��HQYLURQPHQWDO��SROLWLFDO�DQG�FODVV�FRQIOLFW��,QWHUQDWLRQDOO\��FRQIOLFW�KDV�HUXSWHG�LQ�VRPH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�EHFDXVH�RI�SROLWLFDO�LPSDVVH��VWULIH�RYHU�UH-VRXUFHV��LQFOXGLQJ�SDVWXUH�IRU�OLYHVWRFN�DQG�WRXULVW�VSRWV��%RWK�SRYHUW\�DQG�FRQIOLFW�\LHOG�LQVH-FXULW\��HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ��LQVWDELOLW\�ZKLFK�KDYH�FKDUDFWHULVHG�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��causing mass migration and forced displacement of population. IGAD is benefitting from the $8�3RVW��&RQIOLFW�5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ�DQG�'HYHORSPHQW�3ROLF\�ZKLFK�KDV�KHOSHG�WKH�5(&�HPEDUN�RQ�ZHOO�GHVLJQHG�SRVW�FRQIOLFW�LQLWLDWLYHV�LQ�LWV�GLIIHUHQW�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

&ULWLFDO�PHDVXUHV�IRU�HYROYLQJ�YLDEOH�PLJUDWLRQ�SRYHUW\�FRQIOLFW�LQWHU�OLQNDJHV�LQFOXGH�PDQDJ-LQJ�FRQIOLFW��SURPRWLQJ�JRRG�JRYHUQDQFH�DQG�WKH�UXOH�RI�ODZ��HUDGLFDWLQJ�SRYHUW\�DQG�DGGUHVV-LQJ�HQYLURQPHQWDO�FRQFHUQV�DW�WKH�OHYHO�RI�,*$'�DQG�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� 'HYHORS�VWUDWHJLHV� IRU�SRYHUW\�UHGXFWLRQ�� LPSURYHG� OLIHVW\OHV�DQG�ZRUNLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV��

FUHDWLQJ�HPSOR\PHQW�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�DQG�GHYHORSLQJ�VNLOOV�WKDW�ZRXOG�EHVW�DGGUHVV�WKH�root causes of migration and displacement.

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LLL�� )RUPXODWH�YLDEOH�SROLFLHV�IRU�HQYLURQPHQWDO�SURWHFWLRQ�DQG�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DYRLG�natural disasters, encroachment of the desert and soil degradation which are major VRXUFHV�RI�GLVSODFHPHQW�RI�SHRSOH�IURP�WKHLU�QDWXUDO�HQYLURQPHQW�LQ�WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ�

LY�� 3URPRWH�WKH�HVWDEOLVKPHQW�DQG�FRQVROLGDWLRQ�RI�GHPRFUDF\�LQ�$IULFDQ�FRXQWULHV�EDVHG�on transparent, regular and participatory processes, respect for human rights and the UXOH�RI� ODZ�DQG�VXSSRUW�SDQ�$IULFDQ� LQVWLWXWLRQV�DQG� LQLWLDWLYHV�UHIOHFWLQJ� WKHVH�REMHF-WLYHV� LQFOXGLQJ�SURPRWLQJ� WKH�DFWLYLWLHV�RI� WKH�1(3$'·V�$IULFDQ�3HHU�5HYLHZ�0HFKD-nism (APRM) within IGAD.

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YL�� 6XSSRUW�SURJUDPPHV�IRU�GLVDUPDPHQW��GHPRELOL]DWLRQ��GHWR[LILFDWLRQ�DQG�UHLQWHJUDWLRQ�of former and demobilized combatants with particular attention to the predicament of child soldiers, abandoned spouses and others who were denied care during warfare.

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3.3.5 Migration, Climate change, Environment and Adaptation 0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�HQYLURQPHQW�KDYH�UHFLSURFDO�UHODWLRQVKLS��2Q�WKH�RQH�KDQG��PLJUDWLRQ�WR�D�GHV-WLQDWLRQ�ZLWKRXW�SURSHU�HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGHV�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW��GHSOHWLQJ�QDWXUDO�UHVRXUFHV�



22

DQG�FDXVLQJ�DGYHUVH�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH��2Q� WKH�RWKHU�KDQG�� WKH�GHJUDGHG�HQYLURQPHQW� IRUFHV�out-migration either in the form of IDPs or those crossing international borders though not FRQYHQWLRQDOO\�UHIXJHHV��5XUDO�XUEDQ�PLJUDWLRQ�RIWHQ�FDXVHV�HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ�HV-pecially in informal settlements and slums where lack of water and proper sanitation endan-JHUV� WKH� OLYHV�RI� WKH� LQKDELWDQWV�� QRW� VXUSULVLQJO\�� UDSLG�XUEDQLVDWLRQ� LQ� ,*$'� UHJLRQ�SODFHV�WKH�YDVW�PDMRULW\�RI�XUEDQLWHV�LQ�VXFK�VHWWOHPHQWV��PDNLQJ�XUEDQ�DUHDV�XQKHDOWKLHU�DQG�PRUH�HQYLURQPHQWDOO\�GDQJHURXV�WKDQ�UXUDO�DUHDV��$OVR��,'3�DQG�UHIXJHHV�FDPSV�DQG�VHWWOHPHQWV�GHJUDGH�HQYLURQPHQWV�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH\�DUH�ORFDWHG��HOLFLWLQJ�RSSRVLWLRQ�IURP�KRVW�FRPPXQLWLHV�ZKR�DUH�WKH�UHJXODU�XVHUV��(QYLURQPHQWDO�GLVDVWHUV��HDUWKTXDNHV��YROFDQRHV��IORRGV��GURXJKW�DQG�ODQGVOLGHV��VSDUN�RXW�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�IOHHLQJ�RI�SRSXODWLRQ�WR�VDIHU�DUHDV��:HOO�IRUPXODWHG�PLJUDWLRQ�HQYLURQPHQW�LQWHUUHODWHG�SROLFLHV�DUH�LQHYLWDEOH�IRU�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�JLYHQ�WKDW�WKH\�OLH�LQ�D�UHJLRQ�RIWHQ�DIIOLFWHG�E\�HQYLURQPHQWDO�SUREOHPV�WKDW�FDXVH�PLJUDWLRQ�RVFLOODWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�PLJUDQWV·�RU�GLVSODFHG�SHUVRQV·�RULJLQV�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQV��$PRQJ�RWKHU�WKLQJV��VXFK�SROLFLHV�IRVWHU�DGDSWDWLRQ�WKURXJK�YDULRXV�LQLWLDWLYHV��

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Formulate appropriate national and IGAD-wide migration management policies geared

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3.3.6 Migration and Gender 7KH�FRQWHPSRUDU\�ZRUOG� UHFRJQLVHV�JHQGHU�DV�D�FURVV�FXWWLQJ� LVVXH� LQ�DOO� IDFHWV�RI�GHYHORS-ment. Gender often reorganises gender roles and relations, including women empowerment DQG�VSRXVDO�UHODWLRQV��:LWK�LQFUHDVLQJ�HGXFDWLRQ��REVHUYDQFH�RI�JHQGHU�VHQVLWLYH�GHYHORSPHQW�frameworks and empowerment of women, the migration of women has more and more be-come the norm rather than the exception. Unlike the past when women, as spouses, siblings RU�GRPHVWLF�ZRUNHUV��ZHUH�¶DVVRFLDWLRQDO�PLJUDQWV·�� WRGD\�D�JURZLQJ�QXPEHU�RI� WKHP�DUH� ¶DX-WRQRPRXV�PLJUDQWV·�SXUVXLQJ�YRFDWLRQV��HQJDJLQJ�LQ�FURVV�ERUGHU�DQG�HYHQ�ORQJ�GLVWDQFH�WUDGH�DQG�SURYLGLQJ�VWDEOH� IRXQGDWLRQV� IRU� WKHLU� KRXVHKROGV�DQG� WKH�VRFLHW\�DW� ODUJH�� ,Q� ,*$'��DV�elsewhere, there is increasing feminization of migration, with women constitution almost half of all international migrants. This increasing feminization of migration is fuelled by the growing

23

GHPDQG�RI�ZRPHQ�DV�ZRUNHUV�LQ�WKH�VHUYLFH�LQGXVWULHV��DV�GRPHVWLF�ZRUNHUV��QXUVHV��WHDFKHUV�DQG�RWKHU�IHPDOH�GRPLQDWHG�FDUHHUV��<HW�ZRPHQ�PLJUDQWV�DUH�KLJKO\�YXOQHUDEOH��RIWHQ�H[SORLWHG�as domestic workers and in commercial sex industry, not to mention the presumption that any ZRPDQ�PLJUDQW�W\SLFDOO\�VXLWV�WKHVH�SXUVXLWV�:RPHQ�ZKR�DUH�,'3V�RU�UHIXJHHV�DUH�SDUWLFXODUO\�PRUH�YXOQHUDEOH� WR�H[SORLWDWLRQ�WKURXJKRXW� WKH�PLJUDWLRQ�SURFHVV�SULPDULO\�GXH�WR� WKHLU�VWDWXV�DQG�OLPLWHG�DFFHVV�WR�UHJXODU�PLJUDWLRQ�DYHQXHV�DQG�DUH�RIWHQ�VXEMHFWHG�WR�VH[XDO�DVVDXOW�DQG�RWKHU�IRUPV�RI�DEXVH�LQFOXGLQJ�DW�WKH�KDQGV�RI�KXPDQ�VPXJJOHUV�DQG�WUDIÀFNHUV�

Migration impacts gender and family relationships, often separating men from women (and YLFH� YHUVD�� DQG� VKDSLQJ� WKHLU� JHQGHU� UROHV� DQG� VWDWXV� LQ� WKH� FRXQWULHV� ERWK� RI� RULJLQ� DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ��6RPHWLPHV�PLJUDWLRQ� IRUFHV� D�ZKROH� IDPLO\� WR�PRYH� WRJHWKHU� DQG� LQ� RWKHU� FLU-cumstances it scatters families in different settings, disrupting family units and causing untold economic, social and psychological hardships. Migrant and non-migrant families cope differ-ently in such circumstances.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� (QFRXUDJH� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� WR� VWUHQJWKHQ� JHQGHU�VHQVLWLYH� REVHUYDQFH� RI� PL-

JUDQWV·� ULJKWV� WKURXJKRXW� WKH�PLJUDWLRQ� SURFHVV�� WDNLQJ� LQWR� IXOO� DFFRXQW� WKHLU� KHDOWK�needs, labour rights and human rights in general and enhancing that gender and family relations.

ii. Mainstream gender throughout migration management policies and strategies of IGAD DQG�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

LLL�� 3XW� LQ�SODFH�DQG� LPSOHPHQW�HIIHFWLYH�PHFKDQLVPV� WR�DGGUHVV�PLJUDQW� WUDIILFNLQJ�DQG�smuggling, and other illegal practices which specifically target and exploit migrant women.

LY�� (QFRXUDJH� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� WR� VWUHQJWKHQ� JHQGHU�VHQVLWLYH� REVHUYDQFH� RI� PL-JUDQWV·� ULJKWV� GXULQJ� DQG� DIWHU� PLJUDWLRQ� HSLVRGHV�� WDNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKHLU� KHDOWK�needs, labour rights and human rights in general and ensuring that gender relations remain amicable.

Y�� ,QWHJUDWH�JHQGHU� SHUVSHFWLYHV� LQWR�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW� SROLFLHV�DQG� VWUDWHJLHV�RI�,*$'�DQG�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

YL�� 7DNH�FRJQL]DQFH�RI�DQG�HIIHFWLYH�PLJUDQW� WUDIILFNLQJ�DQG�VPXJJOLQJ��DQG�RWKHU� LOOHJDO�SUDFWLFHV�ZKLFK�VSHFLILFDOO\�WDUJHW�DQG�YLFWLPL]H�PLJUDQW�ZRPHQ��SXWWLQJ�LQ�SODFH�PHDV-XUHV�WR�FRXQWHU�WKHVH�YLFHV�

YLL��(VWDEOLVK�UHKDELOLWDWLRQ�DQG�UHDVVXUDQFH�FRQGLWLRQV�IRU�ZRPHQ�DQG�JLUOV�ZKR�KDYH�EHHQ�YLFWLPV�RI�VPXJJOLQJ�DQG�WUDIILFNLQJ�IRU�VH[XDO�VODYHU\��XQSDLG�GRPHVWLF�ZRUN�DQG�RWKHU�forms of exploitation in IGAD Member States and beyond.

YLLL��3URPRWH�VHQVLWL]DWLRQ�DQG�,(&�FDPSDLJQV�WR�KHOS�UDLVH�DZDUHQHVV�DERXW�WKH�JHQGHU�dimension of migration management among researchers, policy makers and other per-VRQQHO�LQYROYHG�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�ZRUN�

3.3.7 Migration and the vulnerable groups0LJUDWLRQ�DIIHFWV�WKH�PRVW�YXOQHUDEOH�VHJPHQWV�RI�VRFLHW\�LQ�YDULRXV�ZD\V��7KH�PRVW�YXOQHU-able include women, children adolescents, youth and those with disabilities.



24

7KH�W\SLFDO�VLWXDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�SDVW�KDV�EHHQ�PLJUDWLRQ�RI�PDOH�KHDGV�RI�KRXVHKROGV��OHDYLQJ�WKHLU�VSRXVHV�EDFN�KRPH�ZLWK�KHDY\�EXUGHQV� WKDW�FRPSOLFDWH� WKHLU� UROHV��5HFHQWO\��ZRPHQ�KDYH�MRLQHG�GLYHUVH�PLJUDWLRQ�VWUHDPV��HLWKHU�DFFRPSDQLHG�E\�IDPLO\�PHPEHUV�RU�DORQH�ZKLOH�WKHLU�VSRXVHV�UHPDLQ�LQ�WKHLU�KRPH�DUHDV��VRPHWLPHV�ULVNLQJ�PDULWDO�LQVWDELOLW\��7KXV��ZRPHQ·V�YXO-nerability occurs whether or not they migrate. Married women in pastoralist areas endure the long absence of their spouses with untold consequences for their households.

0LJUDWLRQ�KDV�DIIHFWHG�FKLOGUHQ�UDWKHU�DGYHUVHO\��6RPH�FKLOGUHQ�KDYH�EHHQ�WUDIILFNHG�VPXJ-JOHG�HLWKHU�QDWLRQDOO\�RU�LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\�IRU�MXYHQLOH�ODERXU��SURVWLWXWLRQ�DQG�RWKHU�IRUPV�RI�FKLOG�DEXVH��RWKHUV�KDYH�EHHQ�DEDQGRQHG�E\�PLJUDWLQJ�SDUHQWV�JXDUGLDQV��,Q�HWKHU�VLWXDWLRQ��FKLO-GUHQ�DUH�JURVVO\�GLVDGYDQWDJHG��ZLWK�WKHLU�SRWHQWLDO�SUHPDWXUHO\�FRPSURPLVHG��

The propensity to migrate tends to be highest among adolescents and youth with children often DFFRPSDQ\LQJ�WKHP�RU�ROGHU�SDUHQWV��7KHVH�WKUHH�SRSXODWLRQ�JURXSV�UHTXLUH�GLIIHUHQW�VHUYLFHV�LQ�VRFLHW\��FKLOGUHQ�UHTXLUH�FKLOG�FDUH�VHUYLFHV��DGROHVFHQWV�GHPDQG�VSHFLDO�FDUH�SHUWDLQLQJ�WR�UHSURGXFWLYH�VHUYLFHV��DV�GR�WKH�\RXWK��+RZHYHU��UHSURGXFWLYH�LVVXHV�DIIHFWLQJ�\RXWK�DQG�DGR-lescents put them at great risk of STIs and HIV/AIDS, sometimes shortening their life expect-DQF\�DQG�FRPSURPLVLQJ�WKHLU�SRWHQWLDO�SURGXFWLYLW\�LQ�DGXOW�OLIH��,Q�,*$'�WKHVH�FKDOOHQJHV�H[LVW��FRPSRXQGHG�IXUWKHU�E\�FKLOG�WUDIÀFNLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�5(&��EHWZHHQ�LW�DQG�QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&V�DQG�across the Red Sea to the countries in the Middle East. Lack of research on the relationship between migration and these three population categories in IGAD implies that research on the subject is of high priority and should be undertaken to inform policy sooner than later.

3HRSOH�OLYLQJ�ZLWK�GLVDELOLWLHV�DUH�DIIHFWHG�ZKHQ�WKHLU�JXDUGLDQV�PLJUDWH��OHDYLQJ�WKHP�WR�IHQG�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��DQG�ZKHQ�LQYROYHG�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ��WKH�GLVDEOHG�H[SHULHQFH�FHUWDLQ�VKRUWFRPLQJV�LQFOXGLQJ�VRFLDO�H[FOXVLRQ��PDUJLQDOLVDWLRQ� LQ�HPSOR\PHQW�DQG�VR�RQ��:LWK�SROLWLFDO� LQVWDELO-LW\��WKH�YDJDULHV�RI�FOLPDWH�DQG�WKH�GHVLFFDWLQJ�HQYLURQPHQW��WKRVH�OLYLQJ�ZLWK�GLVDELOLWLHV�OHDG�SUHFDULRXV�OLYHV�DV�HLWKHU�PLJUDQWV�RU�WKH�¶OHIW�EHKLQG·�IRON�

$QRWKHU�FDWHJRU\�RI� WKH�YXOQHUDEOH�FRQVLVWV�RI� WKH�HOGHUO\� LQ�VRFLHW\�ZKR� LQFOXGHV� UHWXUQ�PL-grants to their original home areas, retirees either back to their origins or residing in new places that they identify with as home or those staying deciding to become permanent migrants in their GHVWLQDWLRQV��,Q�WKHVH�YDULRXV�VWDWXVHV��WKH�HOGHUO\�UHTXLUH�VSHFLDO�FDUH�DQG�VHUYLFHV�WKDW�ZRXOG�underscore their belonging to the society where they reside. It is essential that effects of migra-WLRQ�RQ�WKH�HOGHUO\�EH�FORVHO\�PRQLWRUHG�DV�PRVW�RI�WKHP�PLJKW�KDYH�FRQWULEXWHG�VXEVWDQWLDOO\�WR�QDWLRQDO�RU�UHJLRQDO�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�WKXV�GHVHUYH�UHFLSURFLW\��QRW�OHDVW�GXH�DSSUHFLDWLRQ��

7KH�HOGHUO\�SRSXODWLRQ�LQ�VRFLHW\�RIWHQ�PRYH�WR�SDUWLFXODU�GHVWLQDWLRQV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKHLU�RULJLQV��ZKLFK�RIIHU�WKHP�YDU\LQJ�IRUPV�RI�VHFXULW\��VWDELOLW\�DQG�FRPIRUW��6RPH�XUEDQ�UHVLGHQWV�UHWXUQ�to rural home or other preferred rural areas, some emigrants return to their countries of birth or new citizenship and other remain intact in the destinations. Clearly, migration affects the elderly differently from children, adolescents and youth.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� &RQGXFW�SROLF\�RULHQWHG�UHVHDUFK�RQ�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�YDUL-

RXV� SRSXODWLRQ� FDWHJRULHV�� FRYHULQJ� WKHLU� VL]H�� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� DQG� W\SLFDO� VWDWXV� RI�UHVSHFWLYH�FDWHJRULHV�LQ�LQWHUQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�

25

LL�� 3URWHFW� WKH�ULJKWV�RI�ZRPHQ�PLJUDQWV�E\�HQVXULQJ�WKH�REVHUYDQFH�RI� LQWHUQDWLRQDO� LQ-struments and national laws and policies guarding against discrimination directed at and manipulation women migrants.

iii. Protect the rights of migrant children, adolescents and youth through appropriate na-WLRQDO�ODZV�RI�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�E\�LQFRUSRUDWLQJ�UHOHYDQW�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�LQVWUXPHQWV��VXFK� DV� WKH�81�&RQYHQWLRQ� RQ� WKH�5LJKWV� RI� WKH�&KLOG�� WKH�81�&RQYHQWLRQ� DJDLQVW�Trans-national Organized Crime and its two Protocols; the Palermo Trafficking Proto-FRO�� WKH�,/2�&RQYHQWLRQ��RQ�WKH�:RUVW�)RUPV�RI�&KLOG�/DERXU��DQG�RWKHU� LQWHUQD-tional instruments and those of the AU.

LY�� )RUPXODWH� OHJLVODWLYH� DQG� SROLF\� IUDPHZRUNV� WR� IDFLOLWDWH� DFFHVV� RI�PLJUDQW� FKLOGUHQ��adolescents and youth to adequate access to health care, education and shelter.

Y�� 'HYHORS�SROLFLHV�WKDW�HQFRXUDJH�DQG�SURPRWH�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�VSRUWV�� OHLVXUH�DQG�ERWK�domestic and international tourism.

YL�� )RVWHU�H[FKDQJHV�SURJUDPPHV�DPRQJ�\RXWK�DQG�VWXGHQWV�LQ�,*$'�UHJLRQ��RWKHU�5(&V�OLQNHG�WR�LW�DQG�WKH�'LDVSRUD�ZLWK�D�YLHZ�WR�HQKDQFLQJ�$IULFDQ�LQWHJUDWLRQ�

YLL��(VWDEOLVK�D�SDQ�$IULFDQ�SURJUDPPH�ZKLFK�VXSSRUWV�VSRUWV�ILJXUHV�LQ�,*$'�WR�PLJUDWH�abroad and return to their countries of origin in the sunset years of their sporting ca-reers.

YLLL��'HYHORS�VWUDWHJLHV�VSHFLILFDOO\�WDUJHWLQJ�PLJUDQWV�ZLWK�GLVDELOLWLHV�VR�DV�WR�DGMXVW�ZHOO�in their destinations and to play their rightful roles in society.

L[�� (VWDEOLVK�PHFKDQLVPV�IRU�WDNLQJ�JRRG�FDUH�RI�WKH�HOGHUO\�WR�OHDG�ZKROHVRPH�OLYHV�OLNH�all other members of society.

x. Put in place a mechanism for protecting the rights of elderly migrants as well as elders whose offspring emigrate.

[L�� (QVXUH�DGHTXDWH�SURYLVLRQ�RI�KHDOWK��HFRQRPLF��VRFLDO�DQG�HPRWLRQDO�QHHGV�RI�HOGHUO\�migrants at the time of migration and at the time of resettlement or return migration.

xii. Protect the entitlements of elderly migrants including their pensions, social welfare HQWLWOHPHQWV�DQG�RWKHU�SURYLVLRQV�

xiii. Relate programmes for training and resettling elderly migrants take into account their needs re-uniting them with their families.


26

4

LABOUR MIGRATION

4.1 National Labour Migration Policies, Structures and Legislation/DERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�RFFXUULQJ�DW� QDWLRQDO�� ,*$'��$IULFDQ�DQG�JOREDO� OHYHOV� GXH� WR� D�YDULHW\�RI�FDXVHV�DQG�UHVXOWLQJ�LQ�GLYHUVH�FRQVHTXHQFHV�LQ�WKH�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ�DV�ZHOO�DV�GHVWLQDWLRQ��$V�D� UHOLF�RI�$IULFD·V�FRORQLDO�KLVWRU\�� ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQLIHVWV� LWVHOI� LQ�YDULHG�contexts: internally as rural-rural migration due to out-migration from traditional rural areas to the modern sector in other rural areas, in the form of rural-urban migration in which urban DUHDV�SURYLGH�HPSOR\PHQW�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�DQG� LQ� LQWHU�XUEDQ�PLJUDWLRQ��DQG� LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\� LQ�brain drain, brain circulation and irregular migration typified by human smuggling/trafficking. Labour migration lies at the heart of national migration policies, legislation, structures and labour regulations especially at the destinations thereby affecting the process itself and in SDUWLFXODU�DIIHFWLQJ�WKH�OLYHV�RI�PLJUDQWV�DQG�WKHLU�GHSHQGDQWV��7KXV�� LW�KDV�VLJQLILFDQW�FRVWV�DQG�EHQHILWV� IRU� ERWK� FRXQWULHV�RI� RULJLQ�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ� WKDW� FDQQRW�EH�REOLYLRXV� WR� LWV� GH-terminants and consequences. On the one hand, countries of origin lose their labour but at the same time balance out such costs with benefits such as remittances, and skills and WHFKQRORJ\�WUDQVIHUV�ZKLFK�RIWHQ�VWLPXODWH�GHYHORSPHQW�DW�LQGLYLGXDO�UHFLSLHQWV·��KRXVHKROG��FRPPXQLW\�DQG�QDWLRQDO�OHYHOV��&RXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��PD\�EHQHILW�E\�satisfying important labour market needs but may at the same time deny nationals employ-ment opportunities dominated by foreign labour; implicitly, this may cause tensions between migrants and citizens. At the end of sojourns, some migrants decide to remain in the country of destination (as permanent residents and citizens), others return to the countries of origin and still others become Diaspora or transnational. These options underline the need for IGAD 0HPEHU�6WDWHV��LQGLYLGXDOO\�RU�XQGHU�WKH�DXVSLFHV�RI�WKH�5(&��WR�KDYH�JRRG�DFFRXQW�RI�ODERXU�migration, its causes and consequences for countries of origin and destination.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Promote the signing, ratification and domestication by the Member States of interna-

WLRQDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�UHODWLQJ�WR�ODERXU��H�J��WKH�,/2�&RQYHQWLRQV�1R��DQG�1R��DQG�WKH��,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�WKH�3URWHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�5LJKWV�RI�$OO�0LJUDQW�:RUN-ers and Members of Their Families) through national legislation.

ii. Establish mutually acceptable transparent and accountable labour recruitment and ad-PLVVLRQV�V\VWHPV�EDVHG�RQ�FOHDU�OHJLVODWLYH�FULWHULD�LQWHQGHG�WR�KDUPRQLVH�HPLJUDWLRQ�immigration policies in general and labour laws in particular.

LLL�� %XLOG� DQG� VWUHQJWKHQ� QDWLRQDO� FDSDFLW\� IRU� PDQDJLQJ� ODERXU� PLJUDWLRQ� WKURXJK� HYL-dence-based national labour migration policies and legislation formulation, consistent with the realities on the ground and strengthen national and regional coherence includ-LQJ�WKURXJK�FUHDWLRQ�RI�IRFDO�SRLQWV�ZLWKLQ�UHOHYDQW�PLQLVWULHV�WR�KDQGOH�ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�issues; establishment of institutional mechanisms for enhanced co-operation between JRYHUQPHQW�DXWKRULWLHV��ZRUNHU�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�DQG�HPSOR\HU�DVVRFLDWLRQV��DQG�HPSRZ-

27

erment of migrant labour to become part of all arrangements affecting their welfare.16LY�� ,QVWLWXWH�HIIHFWLYH�DQG�VXVWDLQHG�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�RI�VRFLDO�SDUWQHUV�DQG�UHOHYDQW�FLYLO�VRFL-

HW\�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW��LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�DV�ZHOO�DV�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�SHUL-RGLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLFLHV�DQG�OHJLVODWLRQ��HQVXULQJ�WKDW�WKH�QDWLRQDO�SURYLVLRQV�DUH�FRQVLVWHQW�ZLWK�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ODERXU�VWDQGDUGV�WR�ZKLFK�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�SOHGJHG�FRPPLWPHQW�

Y�� 3URPRWH�JHQGHU�HTXDOLW\� LQ� ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLFLHV�DQG� OHJLVODWLRQ�� UHFRJQLVLQJ� WKH�JURZLQJ�LPSRUWDQFH�DQG�XQLTXHQHVV�LQ�FHUWDLQ�YRFDWLRQV�RI�WKH�IHPLQL]DWLRQ�RI�ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�FULPLQDOLVLQJ�KXPDQ� WUDIILFNLQJ�ZKLFK� WHQGV� WR� WDUJHW�YXOQHUDEOH�PHP-bers of society, notably certain categories of women and children.

YL�� 3URPRWH�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�E\�HQKDQFLQJ�ORFDO�FLWL]HQU\��LQFOXVLYH�SROLFLHV�DQG�HQ-gaging with societies in destination countries address discrimination and xenophobia WKURXJK�FLYLF�HGXFDWLRQ�DQG�DZDUHQHVV�UDLVLQJ�FDPSDLJQV�

YLL��3URPRWH�DZDUHQHVV�UDLVLQJ�DQG�SUHYHQWLRQ�FDPSDLJQV�RQ�FRPPXQLFDEOH�GLVHDVHV�LQ-cluding STI, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, targeting migrants and communities in countries or origin and destination.

YLLL��)DFLOLWDWH�ZHOO�FRRUGLQDWHG�WHFKQLFDO�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�DFWLYLWLHV�ZLWK�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�DJHQFLHV�ZRUNLQJ�RQ� ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ��DPRQJ� WKHP� WKH� ,/2�� ,20��:+2��81$,'6��81'3�DQG�RWKHUV�WR�SURYLGH�UHOHYDQW�DVVLVWDQFH�RQ�LPSURYHG�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�WR��benefit the migrants and members of their families and in both countries of origin and destination.

ix. Facilitate the integration of migrants in the labour market including the education and training sector, as well as granting migrant workers the right to join trade unions, and WR�IRUP�FRPPXQLW\�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�WKDW�FDWHU�IRU�WKH�PLJUDQWV·�DQG�WKH�FLWL]HQV·�QHHGV�

x. Establish formal national and IGAD-wide social dialogue mechanisms to address mi-grant labour issues (including social protection and social security benefits, insurance, compensation for employment due to injury and old age pension for labour migrants while working abroad and/or upon their return to the countries of origin.

xi. Ensure that labour migration becomes a boon rather than a curse in IGAD as a whole DQG�IRU�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

[LL��(OLPLQDWH�DOO�IRUPV�RI�FKLOG�ODERXU�DV�D�JUDYH�FKLOG�DEXVH�ZKLFK�FRPSURPLVHV�QRUPDO�KXPDQ�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�FXUWDLOV�FKDQFHV�RI�GHYHORSLQJ�FKLOGUHQ�LQWR�UHVSRQVLEOH�DGXOW�members of society.

4.2 Regional Co-operation and Harmonization of Labour Migration PoliciesIGAD fosters regional co-operation for its Member States to uphold the tenets of the REC. Yet WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�YDU\LQJ� ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ� ODZV�JLYHQ� WKHLU�GLYHUVH�EDFNJURXQGV�DV�either former colonies of different metropolitan powers or countries without colonial imprints. )RU�H[DPSOH��8JDQGD�DQG�.HQ\D�HYROYHG�ODERXU�H[FKDQJHV�VLQFH�WKH�HQG�RI�:RUOG�:DU�,,�GXH�WR�WKH�RYHUDUFKLQJ�UROH�RI�*UHDW�%ULWDLQ��6XGDQ·V�FORVH�OLQNV�ZLWK�(J\SW�HPDQDWH�SDUWO\�IURP�the Anglo-Egyptian rule and partly from their shared interests in the Nile Basin; and Ethiopia,

16 The IGAD secretariat should make deliberate efforts to encourage its Member States benchmarking the experiences of the Philippines, Lesotho and Mexico in handling of their emigrants who are recruited through national organizations for work in other countries.

4. LABOUR MIGRATION


28

ZKLFK�KDG�QR�FRORQLDO�UXOH��GHYHORSHG�VWURQJ�ODERXU�DUUDQJHPHQWV�ZLWK�WKH�*XOI�6WDWHV�DFURVV�WKH�5HG�6HD�JLYHQ�WKHLU�ORQJVWDQGLQJ�FRQQHFWLRQV��7KLV�GLYHUVLW\�LQ�ODERXU�UHODWLRQV�FDOOV�IRU�bilateral and multilateral efforts aimed at strengthening co-operation on regular labour migra-tion and intended to reduce irregular migration and its inherent dangers. More importantly, it FDOOV�IRU�D�UHYLHZ�RI�ODERXU�ODZV�DQG�SROLFLHV�HLWKHU�PXOWLODWHUDOO\�RU�ELODWHUDOO\�LQ�,*$'��FRQVLG-HULQJ�ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�LQHYLWDEOH�IDFWRU�PRELOLW\�LQ�WKH�5(&��

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Urge IGAD Member States to adopt and implement appropriate protocols intended to

SURJUHVVLYHO\�DFKLHYH� WKH� IUHH�PRYHPHQW�RI�SHUVRQV�� WKH� ULJKW�RI� UHVLGHQFH�DQG� WKH�right of establishment including access to legal employment in the countries of destina-WLRQ�ZLWKRXW�DGYHUVHO\�DIIHFWLQJ�WKH�HPSOR\PHQW�RI�QDWLRQDOV�

ii. Enhance co-operation and co-ordination amongst IGAD Member States to facilitate IUHH�PRYHPHQW�RI�ODERXU�WKURXJK�ELODWHUDO�DQG�PXOWLODWHUDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV��UHFRJQL]LQJ�multiple of membership of its Member States in contiguous RECs.

iii. Hold regular dialogue among IGAD Member States and between them and the Member States of contiguous RECs to enhance communication between countries of origin, WUDQVLW�FRXQWULHV�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ�WKURXJK�UHYLHZV�RI�QDWLRQDO�SROLFLHV�DQG�OHJLVODWLRQ��

LY�� ,QVWLWXWH� URXWLQH� GDWD� FROOHFWLRQ�� DQDO\VLV� DQG� H[FKDQJH� RQ� ODERXU� IORZV�� VWRFN� DQG�QHHGV� LQ� ODERXU�VXSSO\�YLV�j�YLV� ODERXU�GHPDQG�FRXQWULHV� LQ� ,*$'� WR�HOLPLQDWH�VNLOOV�mismatch and to maintain proper skills audit.

Y�� +DUPRQL]H�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLFLHV�DQG�OHJLVODWLRQ�RI�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�XOWLPDWHO\�WR�SUR-PRWH�D�SURWRFRO�RQ�IUHH�PRYHPHQW�RI�ODERXU��JRRGV�DQG�FDSLWDO��WKH�ULJKW�WR�UHVLGHQFH��and the right to establishment, taking due cognizance of the interest of national econo-mies.

YL�� (VWDEOLVK�ELODWHUDO�DQG�PXOWLODWHUDO�ODERXU�H[FKDQJHV�DPRQJ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�with contiguous non-Member States of neighbouring RECs to employ or deploy tempo-rarily human resources with scarce or desirable skills.

YLL��5HVSHFW�QDWLRQDO�SROLFLHV�SHUWDLQLQJ�WR�XQLQKLELWHG�LQKLELWHG�LQIORZ�RI�UHPLWWDQFHV�WKDW��IDFLOLWDWH�FRPSOLFDWH�QDWLRQDO�GHYHORSPHQW� LQLWLDWLYHV�WR�DYRLG�WKH�DVVXPSWLRQ�WKDW�UH-mittances play similar roles in all IGAD Member States

29

5

BORDER MANAGEMENT

5.1 Border Management IssuesA unique feature of the borders of the IGAD Member States is the slotting of same ethnic JURXSV�LQWR�VWDWHV�WKDW�ZHUH�FDUYHG�RXW�RI� WKH�FRORQLDO�PHWURSROLWDQ�LQWHUHVWV��*UHDW�%ULWDLQ��France and Italy) that conferred on independent States stringent holding of territorial rights. Simply stated, the borders are porous, un-policed and un-policeable, making borderline na-WLRQDOV�RI�QHLJKERXULQJ�FRXQWULHV�FURVV�DW�ZLOO�WKH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ERUGHUV�DQG�FOHDUO\�REOLYLRXV�to established border-crossing laws and regulations. The strategic goals of border security DUH�WR�FRQWURO��L��WKH�PRYHPHQW�RI�SURKLELWHG�DQG�UHVWULFWHG�JRRGV�LQFOXGLQJ�GUXJV�DQG�ZHDS-ons; (ii) appropriate use of import and export permits, quotas and exchange controls; (iii) the PRYHPHQW�RI�SHUVRQV�WR�HOLPLQDWH�XQDXWKRUL]HG�ERUGHU�FURVVLQJ�DV�ZHOO�DV�LUUHJXODU�PLJUDWLRQ��QRWDEO\�KXPDQ�WUDIILFNLQJ�DQG�VPXJJOLQJ��DQG��LY��LOOHJDO�VPXJJOLQJ�RI�JRRGV�DQG�VPDOO�DUPV��7KXV��LUUHJXODU�DQG�´PL[HG�IORZVµ��KDYH�PDGH�LW�QHFHVVDU\�IRU�6WDWHV�WR�H[HUFLVH�FRQWURO�DQG�RUGHUO\�FURVVLQJ�RI�ERUGHUV�WKURXJK�REVHUYDWLRQ�RI�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VWDQGDUGV�DQG�RU�ELODWHUDO�DQG�multilateral arrangements.

3URWHFWLQJ�WKH�LQWHJULW\�RI�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ERUGHUV�LV�LPSHUDWLYH�WR�HQVXULQJ�QDWLRQDO��UHJLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VHFXULW\��HVSHFLDOO\� LQ�,*$'�UHJLRQ�ZKLFK�LV�YXOQHUDEOH�WR� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�WHUURULVW�networks located across the neighbouring Asiatic region. To this end border, management re-quires appropriate infrastructure, alert and well-trained personnel, state-of the-art technology. &DSDFLW\�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�HQKDQFHPHQW�WKURXJK�WKH�WUDLQLQJ�RI�ERUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�RIILFLDOV�LV�HTXDOO\� LPSRUWDQW��$FFHVV�WR�DQG�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�VWDQGDUG�WUDYHO�GRFXPHQWV��SDVVSRUWV�DQG�ODLVVH]�SDVVHUV�� LQRFXODWLRQ�FHUWLILFDWHV�DQG�VRPH�LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�FDUGV��HQWU\�YLVDV��DQG�DQ\�RWKHU�GRFXPHQWV�GHHPHG�QHFHVVDU\� LV�DOVR� LPSRUWDQW��3URYLVLRQ�DQG�XVH�RI�UHTXLVLWH� WUDYHO�documents require a modicum of trust and integrity between contiguous states and in the entire IGAD region.

%RUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�LQ�,*$'�KDV�VHYHUDO�SHUVSHFWLYHV��)RU�RQH��LW�LQYROYHV�FRPPRQ�ERUGHUV�EHWZHHQ� QHLJKERXULQJ� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV�� )RU� DQRWKHU� LW� LQYROYHV� WKH� ERUGHUV� EHWZHHQ�IGAD Member States and EAC (e.g. between Kenya and Tanzania and Uganda and Rwanda) or between IGAD Member States and COMESA Member States (e.g. between Sudan and Egypt and between Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo. These border configura-WLRQV�UHTXLUH�PXWXDO�LQLWLDWLYHV�RI�,*$'�DQG�WKH�UHVSHFWLYH�5(&V�

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� ,PSURYH�WKH�FDSDFLWLHV�RI�ERUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�PHFKDQLVPV�DQG�SHUVRQQHO�WR�HPEUDFH��

QHZ�ERUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�WHFKQRORJLHV�WKDW�LPSURYH�WKH�VHFXULW\�RI�HOHFWURQLFDOO\�YHULIL-DEOH� WUDYHO�GRFXPHQWV� WR�FRQIRUP�ZLWK� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�QRUPV��XSJUDGH� LQVSHFWLRQ��GDWD�FROOHFWLRQ�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�V\VWHPV��DQG�SURYLGH�WHFKQLFDO�WUDLQLQJ�IRU�ERUGHU�SRVW�personnel as may be considered necessary.

LL�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�DQG�FR�RUGLQDWLRQ�DW�WKH�QDWLRQDO�OHYHO�EHWZHHQ�ODZ�HQIRUFH-


305PHQW�RIILFLDOV��LPPLJUDWLRQ�DQG�FXVWRPV�VHUYLFHV�DQG�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�DJHQFLHV�DW�SRLQWV�RI�HQWU\�WR�HQVXUH�HIILFLHQW�DQG�HIIHFWLYH�DSSURDFK�WR�PDQDJLQJ�WKH�IORZ�RI�JRRGV��SHR-SOH��FDSLWDO�DQG�VHUYLFHV�DFURVV�ERUGHUV�

iii. Strengthen sharing migration-related data and information, training and sustained di-alogue among IGAD Member States and between them and the Member States of neighbouring RECs.

LY�� (QKDQFH� WKH� UROH�RI� ,*$'�DQG�RWKHU�5(&V� LQ�PRELOL]LQJ�ÀQDQFLDO�WHFKQLFDO� UHVRXUFHV��KDUPRQL]LQJ�SROLFLHV��OHJLVODWLRQ�DQG�SURJUDPPHV�RI�DFWLRQ��DQG�FR�RUGLQDWLQJ�DFWLYLWLHV�RI�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�WKH�6WDWHV�RI�FRQWLJXRXV�5(&V�IRU�HIIHFWLYH�ERUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�

Y�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�WKH�,*$'�5HJLRQDO�&RQVXOWDWLYH�3URFHVV��,*$'�5&3��IRU�HIIHFWLYH�PLJUDWLRQ�and management of State borders and to foster the same with neighbouring RECs.

31

6

IRREGULAR MIGRATION

7KH�,20�REVHUYHV�WKDW�LUUHJXODU�PL[HG�PLJUDWLRQ�IORZV�SUHVHQW�SDUWLFXODU�FKDOOHQJHV�WR�6WDWHV�QRW�RQO\�EHFDXVH�WKH\�LQIULQJH�RQ�WKHLU�VRYHUHLJQ�SUHURJDWLYH�WR�GHWHUPLQH�ZKLFK�QRQ�QDWLRQ-DOV�PD\�HQWHU�WKHLU�WHUULWRU\�DQG�XQGHU�ZKDW�FRQGLWLRQV��EXW�DOVR�EHFDXVH�WKH�SHUVRQV�LQYROYHG�LQ� WKHVH�PRYHPHQWV�DUH�PRUH� OLNHO\� WR�EH�VXEMHFW� WR�KDUGVKLS��KXPDQ� ULJKWV�YLRODWLRQV�DQG�GLVFULPLQDWLRQ��DQG�WKXV�UHTXLUH�VSHFLDO�DQG�LQGLYLGXDOL]HG�DVVLVWDQFH�µ17

Irregular migration is becoming increasingly common in IGAD and between IGAD Member States and the Member States of neighbouring RECs as well as across the Red Sea to the 0LGGOH�(DVW�WR�ZKLFK�VRPH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�ORQJ�KLVWRULFDO�OLQNV��7ZR�IRUPV�RI�LU-regular migration are migrant smuggling and human trafficking which can, but is not neces-VDULO\�� OLQNHG� WR�VPXJJOLQJ�RI�VPDOO�DUPV��GUXJ� WUDIILFNLQJ�DQG�RWKHU�FULPLQDO�EHKDYLRXU� �VHH�references on Glossary).

6.1 Migrant SmugglingMigrant smuggling is attributable to a number of factors including growing economic disparities, greater opportunities for employment abroad, increased barriers for regular migration, tech-QRORJLFDO�DGYDQFHV� LQ� WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWLRQV��7KHVH�VHUYLFHV�DQG� IDFLOLWLHV�KDYH�UHVXOWHG�LQ�D�JURZLQJ�SURSRUWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�PRYLQJ�LUUHJXODUO\�WR�JDLQ�DFFHVV�WR�HPSOR\PHQW�DEURDG��WKXV�FKDOOHQJLQJ�6WDWHV·�ERUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�DFWLYLWLHV��0LJUDQW�VPXJJOLQJ�LV�VR�FORVHO\�WLHG� WR�RWKHU� IRUPV�RI� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�RUJDQL]HG�FULPH� LQFOXGLQJ� WUDIÀFNLQJ� LQ�KXPDQ�EHLQJV� WKDW�LW�FDQ�DGYHUVHO\�DIIHFW�QDWLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VWDELOLW\�DQG�VHFXULW\��6LQFH��D�OHJDO�GLV-WLQFWLRQ�H[LVWV�EHWZHHQ�VPXJJOHG�DQG�WUDIÀFNHG�SHUVRQV�VXFK�WKDW�WUDIÀFNHG�SHUVRQV�DUH�WR�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�YLFWLPV�RI�D�FULPH�DQG�VKRXOG�WKHUHIRUH�KDYH�WKH�ULJKW�WR�SURWHFWLRQ�DQG�DVVLVWDQFH��

By contrast, a smuggled migrants request assistance to cross into another nation state where WKH\�KDYH�QR� ULJKW� RI� UHVLGHQFH�� DQG�ZKHUH� WKH� VPXJJOHU·V� LQYROYHPHQW� LV� OLPLWHG� WR� ERUGHU�FURVVLQJ��VXFK�VPXJJOHG�PLJUDQWV�DUH�RIWHQ�LQ�FROOXVLRQ�ZLWK�WKHLU�VPXJJOHUV�WR�PRYH��7KXV��VPXJJOHG�PLJUDQWV�DUH�H[WUHPHO\�YXOQHUDEOH��LQ�PDQ\�LQVWDQFHV�SD\LQJ�ODUJH�VXPV�RI�PRQH\�WR�XQGHUWDNH�SHULORXV�YR\DJHV�IRU�WKH�SXUSRVH�RI�VHHNLQJ�HPSOR\PHQW�DW�GHVWLQDWLRQV��7KHUH�KDYH�EHHQ�IUHTXHQW�FDVHV�RI�PLJUDQW�VPXJJOLQJ�DPRQJ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��DQ�RFFXUUHQFH�OLNHO\� WR�PDU�JRRG�QHLJKERXUOLQHVV�DQG�WKH� LQWHJULW\�RI� WKH�5(&��7KH�UROH�RI�JRYHUQPHQWV�RI�IGAD Member States principally is to formulate policies and enact legislation that duly take ac-FRXQW�RI�PLJUDQWV·�KXPDQ�ULJKWV��DQG�WKDW�XOWLPDWHO\�FRQWDLQ�WKLV�IRUP�RI�LUUHJXODU�PLJUDWLRQ�

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Strengthen national policy, structures and laws to establish co-coordinated and inte-

JUDWHG�DSSURDFKHV�DW�QDWLRQDO�OHYHO�WKURXJK��DPRQJ�RWKHUV��LQFRUSRUDWLQJ�DQG�KDUPR-QL]LQJ� LQWR�QDWLRQDO� OHJLVODWLRQ� WKH�8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�&RQYHQWLRQ�DJDLQVW�7UDQV�QDWLRQDO�

17 Ninety- eighth Session, “Irregular migration and mixed flows: IOM’s approach, MC/INF/297, 19 October 2009, p.10 http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/98/MC_INF_297.pdf


3262UJDQL]HG�&ULPH�DQG�LWV�WZR�DGGLWLRQDO�3URWRFROV��D��WKH�3URWRFRO�WR�3UHYHQW��6XSSUHVV�DQG�3XQLVK�7UDIILFNLQJ�LQ�SHUVRQV��(VSHFLDOO\�:RPHQ�DQG�&KLOGUHQ�DQG��E��the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.

LL�� 'HYHORS� FRPPRQ� UHJLRQDO� FRXQWHU�PHDVXUHV� WKDW� LQFRUSRUDWH� FRQVLGHUDWLRQV� WR� HQ-courage more legal channels and orderly migration, dismantle international organized FULPLQDO�V\QGLFDWHV��SURVHFXWH�VPXJJOHUV�DQG�RWKHUV�LQYROYHG�LQ�VXFK�DFWLYLWLHV�ZKLOH��DW�WKH�VDPH�WLPH�SURYLGLQJ�KXPDQH�WUHDWPHQW�IRU�VPXJJOHG�PLJUDQWV�

iii. Strengthen the IGAD-RCP and dialogue on irregular migration to promote greater pol-LF\�FRKHUHQFH�DW�WKH�QDWLRQDO��,*$'�DQG�,*$'�QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&�OHYHOV�

LY�� 5HLQIRUFH�DQG�HQFRXUDJH�MRLQW�FURVV�ERUGHU�SDWUROV�EHWZHHQ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�between the latter and Member States of neighbouring RECs.

Y�� $GRSW�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FROODWLRQ�V\VWHPV�RQ�VPXJJOLQJ�WR�IDFLOLWDWH�WKH�WUDFN-ing and dissemination of information on the trends, patterns and changing nature of smuggling routes as well as the establishment of databases. These are meant to treat VPXJJOHG�PLJUDQWV�DV�YLFWLPV�RI�D�FULPH�UDWKHU�WKDQ�FULPLQDOV��DIIRUGLQJ�WKHP�SURWHF-WLRQ�DQG�DVVLVWDQFH��LQFOXGLQJ��LQWHU�DOLD��SULYDF\��LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�SURFHHGLQJV��SK\VLFDO�DQG�SV\FKRORJLFDO�UHFRYHU\��SURYLVLRQV�IRU�VDIHW\��PHDVXUHV�WR�DYRLG�LPPHGLDWH�GHSRU-tation; and safe repatriation).

YL�� )RFXV�DWWHQWLRQ�RQ�GLVFRXUDJHPHQW�DQG�HYHQWXDO�HOLPLQDWLRQ�RI�FKLOG�VPXJJOLQJ�LQ�LQ-GLYLGXDO�DQG�EHWZHHQ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DV�ZHOO�DV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�ODWWHU�DQG�0HPEHU�States of neighbouring RECs.

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6.2 Human Traf!ckingHuman trafficking is currently widespread in the world, migrant trafficking itself the most easily QRWLFHG�RI�WKH�SKHQRPHQRQ��,W�LQYROYHV�WKH�YLFWLP�EHLQJ�GHSULYHG�RI�KHU�KLV�ZLOO�DQG�LV�IRUFHG�LQWR�VODYHU\�OLNH�FRQGLWLRQV�RU�LQYROXQWDU\�VHUYLWXGH��7KH�YLFWLPV�DUH�LQ�IDFW�YLFWLPV�RI�D�FULPH�DQG�GHVHUYH�SURWHFWLRQ�DQG�DVVLVWDQFH��LQFOXGLQJ��LQWHU�DOLD��SULYDF\��LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�SURFHHG-LQJV��SK\VLFDO�DQG�SV\FKRORJLFDO�UHFRYHU\��SURYLVLRQV�IRU�VDIHW\��PHDVXUHV�WR�DYRLG�LPPHGLDWH�GHSRUWDWLRQ��DQG�VDIH�UHSDWULDWLRQ��:LWKLQ�DQG�RXWVLGH�PRVW�$IULFDQ�FRXQWULHV��FKLOG�WUDIILFNLQJ�is particularly worrying. It is necessary to make orderly return and reintegration of returned YLFWLPV�RI�PLJUDQW� WUDIILFNLQJ�� WR� LGHQWLI\�DQG�SURVHFXWH�SHUSHWUDWRUV�RI� WUDIILFNLQJ��WUDIILFNHUV�DQG�WKHLU�DFFRPSOLFHV��ZKR�PD\�EH�LQGLYLGXDOV�RU�RUJDQL]HG�FULPLQDO�JURXSV�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�drug trafficking.

7KH� ,*$'� UHJLRQ� H[SHULHQFHV�PLJUDQW� WUDIILFNLQJ� IURP� D� YDULHW\� RI� SHUVSHFWLYHV�� )LUVW�� LW� LV�KDSSHQLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�5(&·V�DUHD�RI�MXULVGLFWLRQ��WKRXJK�LW�LV�GLIILFXOW�WR�DVVHPEOH�KDUG��UHOLDEOH�data. Second, there is steady trafficking from or through IGAD Member States to the Middle (DVW�ZKHUH� WKH� YLFWLPV� KDYH� IURP� WR� WLPH� FRPSODLQHG� RI� VODYH�OLNH� WUHDWPHQW�� 7KLUG�� VRPH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DUH�RULJLQV�RI�PLJUDQW�WUDIILFNLQJ�WR�WKH�GHYHORSHG�1RUWK�IRU�LOOLFLW�GHDOV�VXFK�DV�MXYHQLOH�ODERXU��SURVWLWXWLRQ�DQG�FULPH��,Q�WKH�ODVW�WZR�LQVWDQFHV��WUDIILFNHUV�LQFOXGH�nationals of the countries of destination in league with recruiters in the countries of origin and trafficking barons in between the two ends.

33

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Strengthen national policy, structures and laws in order to establish a co-coordinated

DQG�LQWHJUDWHG�DSSURDFK�DW�QDWLRQDO�OHYHO�E\�LQFRUSRUDWLQJ�SHUWLQHQW�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�LQVWUX-PHQWV��WKH�8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�&RQYHQWLRQ�$JDLQVW�7UDQV�QDWLRQDO�2UJDQL]HG�&ULPH�DQG�LWV�7UDIILFNLQJ�3URWRFRO� ��3URWRFRO� WR�3UHYHQW��6XSSUHVV� DQG�3XQLVK�7UDIILFNLQJ� LQ�3HUVRQV��(VSHFLDOO\�:RPHQ�DQG�&KLOGUHQ��DQG�WKH�3URWRFRO�$JDLQVW�WKH�6PXJJOLQJ�RI�0LJUDQWV�E\�/DQG��6HD�DQG�$LU��DQG�&RQYHQWLRQ��RI�WKH�,/2�RQ�WKH�:RUVW�)RUPV�RI�Child Labour.

ii. Member States of IGAD to be encouraged to adopt all international instruments that sanction the trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as addressed in: �L��WKH��8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�6LQJOH�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�1DUFRWLF�'UXJV��LL��WKH��8QLWHG�1DWLRQV� &RQYHQWLRQ� RQ� 3V\FKRWURSLF� 6XEVWDQFHV�� DQG� �LLL�� WKH� �� 8QLWHG� 1DWLRQV�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�,OOLFLW�7UDIILFNLQJ�LQ�1DUFRWLF�'UXJV�DQG�3V\FKRWURSLF�6XEVWDQFHV�

LLL�� 'HYHORSPHQW� RI� FRPPRQ� UHJLRQDO� FRXQWHU�PHDVXUHV�� EDVHG� RQ� D� VSLULW� RI� VROLGDULW\�DPRQJ� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�ZLWK�D� IRFXV�RQ� WKH�KXPDQ� ULJKWV�RI� WUDIILFNHG�YLF-tims, including harmonization of immigration laws; strengthened and modernized bor-der management; co-operation and co-ordination between concerned ministries, par-ticularly State security agencies; greater efforts to dismantle international organized criminal syndicates; signing of bilateral and multilateral agreements; and prosecuting WUDIILFNHUV�DQG�RWKHUV�LQYROYHG�LQ�VXFK�DFWLYLWLHV�

LY�� 5HLQIRUFHPHQW�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�JDWKHULQJ�V\VWHPV�UHODWLQJ�WR�WUDIILFNLQJ�WR�IDFLOLWDWH�GLV-semination of information on the changing nature of trafficking routes and, the estab-OLVKPHQW�RI�GDWDEDVHV�RQ�FRQYLFWHG�WUDIILFNHUV�DQG�RQ�PLVVLQJ�SHUVRQV�ZKR�DUH��SUH-VXPHG�WR�EH�YLFWLPV�RI�WUDIILFNLQJ�

Y�� ,QFUHDVLQJ�RI�DZDUHQHVV�RQ�WKH�GDQJHUV�LQKHUHQW�LQ�LUUHJXODU�PLJUDWLRQ�IURP�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ� WKURXJK� WUDQVLW�FRXQWULHV� WR�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ��SURYLGLQJ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�for the citizens of the three sets of countries to report suspected cases and to make informed choices.

YL�� 3XUVXLW�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�SUHYHQWLYH�DFWLRQ�WKURXJK�LQWHQVLYH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FDPSDLJQV�in the country of origin, the country of transit and the country of destination.

YLL��8UJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�FRQGHPQ�LQ�YHU\�VWURQJ�WHUPV�VH[XDO�WRXULVP�DQG�SURV-titution in countries of destination thereby discouraging trafficking in women and chil-dren as well as paedophiles in the countries of origin.

YLLL��([WHQGLQJ�DGHTXDWH�SURWHFWLRQ�DQG�DVVLVWDQFH�WR�YLFWLPV�RI�WUDIILFNLQJ��LQFOXGLQJ�HVWDE-lishing reception centres, return and reintegration assistance such as settling grants, skills training and employment counselling as well as access to health care and psy-FKR�VRFLDO�FRXQVHOOLQJ�� LQFOXGLQJ�YROXQWDU\� WHVWLQJ�DQG�FRXQVHOOLQJ� IRU�FRPPXQLFDEOH�diseases, particular HIV/AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases.

L[�� 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�ODZ�HQIRUFHPHQW�PHDVXUHV�WR�FXUE�WKH�DFWLYLWLHV�RI�WUDIILFNHUV��LPSRVLQJ�stiffer penalties for perpetrators.

[�� ,*$'�VKRXOG�DGRSW�DQG�RYHUVHH�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�´2XDJDGRXJRX�$FWLRQ�3ODQ�WR�&RPEDW� 7UDIILFNLQJ� LQ� +XPDQ� %HLQJ�� (VSHFLDOO\�:RPHQ� DQG� &KLOGUHQµ�� HQVXULQJ� LWV�enforcement by all Member States.

6. IRREGULAR MIGRATION


34

6.3 Return, Re-Admission and Reintegration$UWLFOH��RI�WKH�8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�'HFODUDWLRQ�RQ�+XPDQ�5LJKWV��VWLSXODWHV�WKDW��´��(YH-U\RQH�KDV�WKH�ULJKW�WR�IUHHGRP�RI�PRYHPHQW�DQG�UHVLGHQFH�ZLWKLQ�WKH�ERUGHUV�RI�HDFK�VWDWHµ�DQG��´(YHU\RQH�KDV�WKH�ULJKW�WR�OHDYH�DQ\�FRXQWU\��LQFOXGLQJ�KLV�RZQ��DQG�WR�UHWXUQ�WR�KLV�FRXQWU\�µ�$UWLFOH��VWLSXODWHV�WKDW��´��(YHU\RQH�KDV�WKH�ULJKW�WR�VHHN�DQG�WR�HQMR\�LQ�RWKHU�FRXQWULHV�DV\OXP�IURP�SHUVHFXWLRQ�DQG�´��7KLV�ULJKW�PD\�QRW�EH�LQYRNHG�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�SURV-ecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.”

7KH�WZR�DUWLFOHV�XQGHUVFRUH�WKH�SRLQW�WKDW�DQ\�HPLJUDQW�DQG�UHIXJHH��UHVSHFWLYHO\�KDV�WKH�ULJKW�WR�UHWXUQ�WR�KLV�KHU�FRXQWU\�RI�RULJLQ��+RZHYHU��UHWXUQ�PLJUDWLRQ�WDNHV�GLIIHUHQW�IRUPV��UHWXUQ�RI�IDLOXUH�DIWHU�D�¶WUDXPDWLF�VKRFN·�XSRQ�DUULYDO�DQG�LQDELOLW\�WR�DGDSW�WR�WKH�QHZ�HQYLURQPHQW�LQ�WKH�GHVWLQDWLRQ��UHWXUQ�RI�FRQVHUYDWLVP��HVSHFLDOO\�RI�PLJUDQWV�ZKR�PDLQWDLQHG�OLQNV�ZLWK�WKHLU�RULJLQV��UHWXUQ�RI�PRWLYDWLRQ�LQYROYLQJ�WKRVH�ZKR�UHWXUQ�ZLWK�VRPH�WUHDVXUHG�YDOXHV��LGHDV�DQG�VNLOOV�ZKLFK�WKH\�ZLVK�WR�DSSO\�RQ�UHWXUQLQJ�KRPH�DQG�ZKR�DUH�¶SRWHQWLDO�DJHQWV�RI�FKDQJH·��DQG�UHWXUQ�RI�UHWLUHPHQW�RI�WKRVH�ZKR�KDYH�WHUPLQDWHG�WKHLU�ZRUNLQJ�FDUHHUV�DQG�ZKR�UHWXUQ�to their home countries as a matter of cause.18The tendency of returnees is to assume that life in the country of origin remains the same, that the society has not changed and that there are no shocks or surprises for returnees. Public institutions responsible for migration manage-ment are seldom aware of returns and therefore cannot readily re-admit returnees.

Re-admission requires proper knowledge of returned nationals, in particular their demographic DQG�VRFLR�HFRQRPLF�DWWULEXWHV�LQFOXGLQJ�VNLOOV�WKDW�FRXOG�HDUQ�WKHP�ZHOFRPH�UH�HQWU\��:HOO�FR-ordinated return and re-admission depend on cooperation and mutual understanding between the countries from which to nationals return and their home or third countries to which they return or are re-admitted. Temporary return might also be an important aspect of such mutual understanding especially where returnees are required to perform specific tasks.

Reintegration of returnees in the countries from which they had emigrated earlier requires FDUHIXOO\�FRQVLGHUHG�PHFKDQLVPV��$PRQJ�RWKHU�WKLQJV��LW�UHTXLUHV�SURSHU�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�HYDO-XDWLRQ�RI�UHWXUQHHV·�FRQGLWLRQV�DQG�DGMXVWPHQW�WR�FKDQJHV�DV�WKH\�UHVHWWOH�LQ�WKHLU�FRXQWULHV�of origin or settle in third countries of their choice.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Create standards and procedures, based on reliable data, law and policy, for the re-

WXUQ�� UH�DGPLVVLRQ� DQG� UH�LQWHJUDWLRQ� RI� UHWXUQHG�PLJUDQWV� FRQVLVWHQWO\�ZLWK� UHOHYDQW�International Instruments pertaining to these features.

ii. Urge each IGAD Member State to accept the return of its nationals, fostering their re-DGPLVVLRQ�DQG�UHLQWHJUDWLRQ�SURYLGHG�WKH�UHWXUQHHV�SURYH�WKHLU�VWDWXV�EHIRUH�HPLJUD-WLRQ�DQG�DW�WKH�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�IURP�ZKLFK�WKH\�KDYH�UHWXUQHG�

LLL�� 3URYLGH�UHWXUQHG�PLJUDQWV�ZLWK�DSSURSULDWH�LGHQWLW\�GRFXPHQWV�WR�SHUPLW�WKHLU�GXH�UHF-RJQLWLRQ�DQG�DFFHSWDQFH��DV�ZHOO�DV�IXOO�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�LQ�,*$'�DQG�LQ�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�PHP-ber States in the same way as nationals who had not emigrated.

LY�� ,QVWLWXWH�PHFKDQLVPV� IRU�PRQLWRULQJ� WKH� UHWXUQHG�PLJUDQWV·� ZHOIDUH� DQG� FRQWULEXWLRQ�

18 See Cerase (1974) in Ammassari and Black, 2001: 22.

35

WR�QDWLRQDO�DQG�,*$'�ZLGH�UHJLRQDO�GHYHORSPHQW��LQ�SDUWLFXODU�WKRVH�DPRQJ�WKHP�ZLWK�scarce or highly desirable skills and professional aptitudes.

Y�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�QDWLRQDO�ERUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�FDSDFLWLHV�WKURXJK�HQKDQFHG�FDSDFLW\�EXLOG-ing measures, such as training and technical co-operation to ensure orderly return and re-admission of returned migrants.

YL�� :RUN�ZLWK�VSHFLDOL]HG�DJHQFLHV�VXFK�DV�,/2��81+&5�DQG�,20�WR�KDYH�RUGHUO\�UHWXUQ��re-admission and reintegration of returned migrants.

YLL��(VWDEOLVK�LQWHU�DJHQF\�UH�DGPLVVLRQ�QDWLRQDO�RI�,*$'�5HFHSWLRQ�&RPPLWWHHV�WR�DVVLVW�and integrate returnees.

6. IRREGULAR MIGRATION

36

7

FORCED DISPLACEMENT

3RSXODWLRQ�GLVSODFHPHQW�KDV�EHHQ�D�IUHTXHQW�FDXVH�RI�IRUFHG�PLJUDWLRQ�LQ�YLUWXDOO\�DOO�$IULFDQ�countries in the independence era.19�:LWKLQ�QDWLRQDO�ERXQGDULHV�DUH�IUHTXHQW�RFFXUUHQFHV�RI�LQWHUQDO�GLVSODFHPHQW�GXH�WR�FLYLO�ZDUV��SRVW�HOHFWLRQ�YLROHQFH��WKH�YDJDULHV�RI�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�(floods and drought) and other causes. These are the same causes for refugee outflows and asylum seekers and those in refugee-like conditions from some countries to their immediate neighbours. In cases where protracted displacement occurs, refugees and asylum seekers, under the UNHCR guidelines, are resettled in third countries until conditions in the home FRXQWULHV�QRUPDOLVH�WR�ZDUUDQW�WKHLU�UHSDWULDWLRQ�RU�YROXQWDU\�UHWXUQ�WR�WKH�FRXQWULHV�IOHG�HDU-OLHU��7KH�GLVUXSWLYH�QDWXUH�RI� IRUFHG�GLVSODFHPHQW�KDV�DGYHUVH�HIIHFWV�RQ� LQGLYLGXDO�YLFWLPV��WKHLU�FORVH�UHODWLYHV��WKHLU�FRPPXQLWLHV�DQG�LQGHHG�WKH�HIIRUWV�RI�,*$'�DQG�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�States.

7.1 Refugees and Asylum-Seekers:KLOH�UHIXJHH�SURWHFWLRQ�LV�D�FHQWUDO�DVSHFW�RI�LQWHUQDWLRQDO��UHJLRQDO��DQG�QDWLRQDO�HIIRUWV�WR�SURWHFW� SHUVRQV� IOHHLQJ�SHUVHFXWLRQ�� LW� LV� DQ� LPSHUDWLYH� LQ�$IULFDQ� WUDGLWLRQ� DQG� LV� WKHUHIRUH�H[SHFWHG�RI�UHIXJHHV·�KRVW�FRXQWULHV��,QWHUQDWLRQDOO\��UHIXJHH�SURWHFWLRQ�LV�JXLGHG�E\�WKH��81�&RQYHQWLRQ� DQG� LWV� �� 3URWRFRO� ZKLFK�PRVW� FRXQWULHV� KDYH� VLJQHG� DQG� UDWLILHG�� DQG�which they implement. Under the auspices of the defunct Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the 1969 OAU Protocol defined refugees and interpreted refugee protection in the context of D�FRQWLQHQW� WKHQ�VDGGOHG�ZLWK�DQ�XSVXUJH�RI� UHIXJHHV��VSHFLILFDOO\�YLFWLPV�RI� LQGHSHQGHQFH�VWUXJJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�IRUPHU�FRORQLHV�DQG�WKH�IRUPHU�PHWURSROLWDQ�SRZHUV��(YHQ�DIWHU�LQGH-SHQGHQFH�RI�PDQ\�$IULFDQ�FRXQWULHV��PLOLWDU\�RYHUWKURZ�RI�FLYLOLDQ�JRYHUQPHQWV� �8JDQGD� LQ��DQG�6RPDOLD�VLQFH��JHQHUDWHG�KXJH�QXPEHUV�RI�UHIXJHHV��DV�GLG�FLYLO�ZDU�DIWHU�WKH�RYHUWKURZ�RI� WKH�(WKLRSLDQ�(PSHURU� LQ��XQWLO��ZKHQ�(WKLRSLD�DQG�(ULWUHD�ZHQW�their separate ways in 1993 but engaging in war a few years later. In this fluid situation all ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��ZLWKRXW�H[FHSWLRQ��KDYH�EHHQ�RULJLQV��WUDQVLW�FRXQWULHV�DQG�KRVW�FRXQ-tries of refugees, an experience which underlines the refugee menace in the region. The need IRU�HVWDEOLVKHG� OHJLVODWLYH� IUDPHZRUNV��SROLFLHV��DQG�VWUXFWXUHV�JLYLQJ�HIIHFW� WR� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�SURWHFWLRQ�REOLJDWLRQV�RI�UHIXJHHV�FDQQRW�EH�RYHUHPSKDVL]HG�LQ�,*$'��PRUH�LPSRUWDQW�LV�WKH�QHHG�WR�DGGUHVV�WKH�URRW�FDXVHV�RI�UHIXJHH�PRYHPHQWV�LQFOXGLQJ�FRQIOLFW�DQG�SROLWLFDO�LQVWDELO-ity; and ultimately, is the need for IGAD to find durable solutions for refugees in collaboration with UNHCR and other national and international partners.

19 See J.O. Oucho “The Ethnic Factor in Internal Displacement of Populations in Sub-Saharan Africa”, African Journal Political Science 2 (2), December 1997:104-117.

37 7RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:

i. Encourage IGAD Member States to adopt and incorporate into national policies all duly signed and ratified international instruments pertaining to the protection of refugees LQFOXGLQJ�WKH��&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�WKH�6WDWXV�RI�5HIXJHHV�DQG�LWV��3URWRFRO�DQG�WKH��2$8�&RQYHQWLRQ�*RYHUQLQJ�WKH�6SHFLILF�$VSHFWV�RI�5HIXJHH�3UREOHPV�LQ�$IULFD�

LL�� (IIHFWLYH�QDWLRQDO� LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�SURWHFWLRQ�REOLJDWLRQV�DULVLQJ�RXW�RI� WKH�UHOHYDQW�treaties, the principle of non-refoulement, registration and issuance of identity docu-ments, access to work and education opportunities, treatment according to minimum humanitarian standards, through incorporation into national legislation and policy.

LLL�� 8UJH� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� WR�HPXODWH� VSHFLILF� EHVW� SUDFWLFHV�DPRQJ� WKHPVHOYHV�RU�elsewhere in Africa and the world.

LY�� (VWDEOLVK�HIIHFWLYH�DQG�IDLU�SURFHGXUHV�IRU�LQGLYLGXDOL]HG�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�RI�UHIXJHH�VWD-tus, including granting refugees meaningful access to such procedures.

Y�� (VWDEOLVKHG�QDWLRQDO�HOLJLELOLW\�FRPPLWWHHV�VKRXOG�EH�XUJHG�WR�PRYH�DZD\�IURP�WXUQLQJ�VWDWXV�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�LQWHUYLHZV�LQWR�FRXUWURRPV��DOLJQ�WKHPVHOYHV�ZLWK�WKH�SULQFLSOH�RI�LQFOXVLRQ�EHIRUH�H[FOXVLRQ��DQG�JLYH�WKH�SURVSHFWLYH�UHIXJHHV�WKH�EHQHILW�RI�WKH�GRXEW�DERXW�WHOOLQJ�WKH�WUXWK��,Q�GRLQJ�VR��WKH�FRPPLWWHHV�VKRXOG�EH�VHQVLWLYH�WR�FDVHV�UHTXLU-LQJ�VSHFLDO�DWWHQWLRQ��VXFK�DV�WKRVH�ZLWK�GLVDELOLW\��SUHYLRXV�PLVWUHDWPHQW�RU�SDUWLFXODU�anomalous treatment.

YL�� 7UDLQ�DQG�VWUHQJWKHQ�WKH�FDSDFLW\�RI�UHOHYDQW�ODZ�HQIRUFHPHQW�RIILFLDOV��IURP�LPPLJUD-tion, foreign affairs and other dockets) coming into contact with refugees for the first WLPH�WR�HQVXUH�DSSO\LQJ�UHOHYDQW� LQWHUQDWLRQDO� LQVWUXPHQWV��WR�GHSOR\�DSSURSULDWH�DQG�KXPDQH�VFUHHQLQJ�RI�DV\OXP�VHHNHUV�DW�ERUGHUV�DQG��ZKHUH�QHFHVVDU\��WR�JLYH�UHIHUUDO�WR�UHOHYDQW�DQG��FRPSHWHQW�DXWKRULWLHV�IRU�DSSURSULDWH�DFWLRQ�

YLL��(VWDEOLVK�IRFDO�SRLQWV�ZLWKLQ�UHOHYDQW�PLQLVWULHV�DQG�GHYLVH�QDWLRQDO�FRQWLQJHQF\�SODQV�for enhancing capacities to address situations of mass displacement as well as mass resettlement in third countries and mass return to original home countries in good time, efficiently and appropriately.

YLLL��6DIHJXDUG�KXPDQ�VHFXULW\�QHHGV� �SK\VLFDO��PDWHULDO�� OHJDO�DQG�KHDOWK��RI� UHIXJHHV��especially in the context of refugee camps and with particular attention to the needs RI�YXOQHUDEOH�JURXSV��ZRPHQ��FKLOGUHQ��GLVDEOHG��DQG�WKH�HOGHUO\��ZKLOH�DW�WKH�VDPH�time exposing the refugees to national laws, regulations and their obligations to abide by these.

L[�� 5HLQIRUFH� ORFDO� SURWHFWLRQ� FDSDFLWLHV� WKURXJK� WKH� LQYROYHPHQW�RI�1*2V�DQG� WKH� FLYLO�VRFLHW\� WR�HQJDJH� LQ� WKH�SURYLVLRQ�RI� OHJDO�VHUYLFHV�DQG�SV\FKR�VRFLDO�FRXQVHOOLQJ�RI�UHIXJHHV��WR�XQGHUWDNH�SUHOLPLQDU\�LQWHUYLHZV�DQG�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�ILOHV�IRU�1DWLRQDO�(OL-gibility Committees; and to mount public information campaigns to counter xenophobia in the host community.

[�� 0RXQW� SXEOLF� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DQG� DZDUHQHVV� FDPSDLJQV� RQ� UHIXJHHV·� SOLJKW� DQG� ULJKWV��LQFOXGLQJ�UHIXJHHV·�DFWXDO�DV�ZHOO�DV�SRWHQWLDO�FRQWULEXWLRQ�WR�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�KRVW�communities thereby countering heightened xenophobic tendencies and fostering tol-erance and peaceful coexistence between refugees and their hosts.

[L�� 'HYHORS�DSSURSULDWH�PHFKDQLVPV� IRU� UHIXJHHV·�HDV\�DQG� WLPHO\�HQWU\�DFFHVV� WR� WKH�KRVW�FRPPXQLWLHV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH��DGYDQFH��GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�UHIXJHH�UHVLGHQFH�

7. FORCED DISPLACEMENT


38

areas, and enlisting the support of the international community in rehabilitation pro-grammes.

xii. Ensure that refugees and asylum-seekers are registered and issued with appropriate LGHQWLW\�GRFXPHQWV�IRU�HDV\�UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�WKHLU�VWDWXV�DQG�WR�YHULI\�WKHLU�HOLJLELOLW\�IRU�VHUYLFHV�SURYLGHG�E\�SXEOLF�DXWKRULWLHV�DQG�SULYDWH�LQVWLWXWLRQV��VFKRROV��KHDOWK�FOLQLFV��banks, employer organizations, housing/estate agencies and other institutions) that requiring identification of clients.

xiii. Strengthen intra-IGAD and IGAD-other RECs co-operation to respond in a timely and HIIHFWLYH�PDQQHU�WR�´PDVV�LQIOX[µ�VLWXDWLRQV��GHYHORSLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�FRQWLQJHQF\�SODQV�in concert with UNHCR, IOM and other international and regional partners.

[LY��6XSSRUW� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�HIIRUWV� WR� ILQG�GXUDEOH�VROXWLRQV� WR�PDVV�GLVSODFHPHQW�E\�SUR-PRWLQJ� WKH� REMHFWLYHV� RI� 81+&5·V�$JHQGD� IRU� 3URWHFWLRQ� DQG� WKH� &RPSUHKHQVLYH�,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ�3ODQ�IRU�3URWHFWLRQ�$FWLYLWLHV�LQ�$IULFD��&,3��LQWHU�DOLD�WKURXJK�ORFDO�FD-pacity building and more equitable international burden sharing by applying bilateral DQG�PXOWLODWHUDO� IUDPHZRUNV� IRU�FR�RSHUDWLRQ� LQ� OLQH�ZLWK�81+&5·V�&RQYHQWLRQ�3OXV�LQLWLDWLYH�WRZDUGV�WDUJHWHG�GHYHORSPHQW�DVVLVWDQFH�DQG�GHEW�UHOLHI� WR�PDMRU�UHIXJHH�hosting countries.

[Y��6WUHQJWKHQ� ELODWHUDO� FRRSHUDWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� DQG� EHWZHHQ� WKHP�and third countries in neighbouring RECs with regard to the treatment and status of refugees.

[YL��&RQGXFW�VHQVLWL]DWLRQ�SURJUDPPHV�IRU�UHIXJHHV�RQ�WKH�QHHG�WR�UHVSHFW�DQG�DELGH�E\�the laws in the host countries.

[YLL��7KURXJK�D�FRPPLWWHH�RI�)RUHLJQ�0LQLVWHUV�RI�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�IRU�WKH�DWWHQ-WLRQ�RI� WKH� ,*$'�6XPPLW��HVWDEOLVK�D�PHFKDQLVP� IRU�PRQLWRULQJ� WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�compliance with ratified international instruments for transparency and accountability as befits the REC.

[YLLL��(QFRXUDJH� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� WR�JLYH�SULRULW\� WR� IDPLO\� WUDFLQJ�DQG� UHXQLILFDWLRQ�for separated and unaccompanied refugee children, unsuccessful tracing of parents/JXDUGLDQV��TXDOLI\LQJ�UHIXJHH�FKLOGUHQ�IRU�DGRSWLRQ�DQG�HYHQ�FLWL]HQVKLS�ZKLFK�WKH�FKLO-dren might as well renounce on becoming adults.

7.2 Internally Displaced PersonsInternal displacement of population, a frequent feature of IGAD Member States, often occurs as a result of conflict or natural disasters, generating internally displaced persons (IDPs). Un-like refugees who cross recognised national boundaries, IDPs are confined to national terri-tory and are not the responsibility of UNHCR. Today, IDPs in Africa outnumber refugees and LQ� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH� WKHLU� VKDUH�RI� WKH�SUREOHP��0RUHRYHU��DFWLRQV�RI� VRPH� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DUH�NQRZQ�WR�KDYH�JHQHUDWHG�,'3V�ZKR�UHFHLYH�VXSSRUW�PDLQO\�IURP�FKDULWDEOH�RUJDQLVDWLRQV�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�SDUWQHUV��:LWK�WKH�JURZLQJ�QXPEHUV�RI�,'3V�EHFRPLQJ�D�PHQ-DFH��WKH�8QLWHG�6HFUHWDU\�*HQHUDO��LQ��DSSRLQWHG�D�81�6SHFLDO�5HSUHVHQWDWLYH�RQ�WKH�,Q-ternally Displaced whose office produced the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. In addition, the UN created a special unit to deal with IDPs through the Organisation of Hu-manitarian Affairs (OCHA) and thus strengthen institutional response to internal displacement situations through enhanced inter-agency co-operation. Other key players include the Interna-WLRQDO�&RPPLWWHH�RI�WKH�5HG�&URVV��,&5&��ZLWK�D�VSHFLILF�PDQGDWH�WR�SURYLGH protection and

39

DVVLVWDQFH�WR�YLFWLPV�RI�DUPHG�FRQIOLFWV�� LQWHUQDO�GLVWXUEDQFHV�DQG tensions, including IDPs. The ICRC often works closely with the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in the DIIHFWHG�FRXQWULHV��2I�VSHFLDO�UHOHYDQFH�WR�,*$'�LV�WKH�$8�&RQYHQWLRQ�IRU�WKH�3URWHFWLRQ�DQG�$VVLVWDQFH�RI�,QWHUQDOO\�'LVSODFHG�3HUVRQV�LQ�$IULFD��.DPSDOD�&RQYHQWLRQ��RI�2FWREHU��

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� (QFRXUDJH�,*$'�WR�LQFRUSRUDWH�LQWR�QDWLRQDO�OHJLVODWLYH�DQG�SROLF\�IUDPHZRUNV�PHDV-

XUHV�SHUWDLQLQJ�WR�WKH�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�FLYLOLDQV�LQ�DUPHG�FRQIOLFWV�DV�GHILQHG�LQ�WKH��*H-QHYD�&RQYHQWLRQV�RI��WKHLU��$GGLWLRQDO�3URWRFROV�RI��DQG�WKH�WHQHWV�RI�WKH�81�Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.

LL�� )DFLOLWDWH�KXPDQLWDULDQ�DQG�LPSDUWLDO�UHOLHI�FRQVLJQPHQWV�WR�UHDFK�FLYLOLDQ�SRSXODWLRQ�LQ�need, ensuring the security of the deployed aid agency personnel.

iii. Promote collaboration with the IDP Unit of the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Hu-PDQLWDULDQ�$IIDLUV��2&+$��DQG�WKH�81�6HFUHWDU\�*HQHUDO·V�6SHFLDO�5HSUHVHQWDWLYH�RQ�Internally Displaced Persons.

LY�� 8UJH�WKH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRPPXQLW\�WR�LQFUHDVH�WKH�DVVLVWDQFH�FDSDFLW\�RI�KXPDQLWDULDQ�DJHQFLHV�WR�HQDEOH�JRYHUQPHQWV�LQ�IXOILOOLQJ�WKHLU�REOLJDWLRQV�WRZDUGV�,'3V�DQG�WR�HQ-sure, through humanitarian corridors, access to highly insecure areas where humani-tarian assistance is inhibited.

Y�� 8UJH�WKH�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�RI�DOO�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�RI�QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&V�LQ�IRUPXODWLQJ�DQ�HIIHFWLYH��VWUDWHJLF�SROLF\�IRU�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�,'3V�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�81�DSSURYHG�IUDPHZRUNV��

YL�� 8UJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�LPSOHPHQW�WKH�.DPSDOD�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�,'3V�YLL��8UJH�WKH�,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�WR�HQFRXUDJH�LWV�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�UDWLI\�WKH�$8�&RQYHQWLRQ�

for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (the Kam-SDOD�&RQYHQWLRQ��

7.3 Protracted Displacement SituationsIGAD region has experienced protracted displacement situations which pose serious security FKDOOHQJHV�DQG�GHQ\�WKH�DIIHFWHG�FRXQWULHV�UHDOLVDWLRQ�RI�GHYHORSPHQW�JRDOV��,Q�VXFK�VLWXD-tions, it is difficult for refugees to return home from the host countries and IDPs from places RI�WHPSRUDU\�UHIXJH��3URWUDFWHG�GLVSODFHPHQW�VLWXDWLRQV�UHVXOW�LQ�DGYHUVH�FRQVHTXHQFHV�IRU�UHIXJHHV�DQG� ,'3V�ZKR� ULVN�VXIIHULQJ�PDWHULDO�� VRFLDO�DQG�FXOWXUDO�GHSULYDWLRQ� LQ�FDPS�VHW-tings for prolonged periods of time. There are frequent instances of persistent harassment of refugees and IDPs by armed elements in the society and exploitation by persons responsible IRU�WKHLU�ZHOIDUH��0RUHRYHU��SURWUDFWHG�SUHVHQFH�RI�ODUJH�QXPEHUV�RI�GLVSODFHG�SHUVRQV�RIWHQ�OHDGV� WR� WHQVLRQV� ZLWK� ORFDO� KRVW� FRPPXQLWLHV�� FRPSHWLWLRQ� IRU� VFDUFH� UHVRXUFHV�� HQYLURQ-mental degradation, xenophobia, some or all of these shortcomings ultimately generating FRQIOLFWV�� ,Q� WKH�VSLULW�RI�81+&5·V�$JHQGD� IRU�3URWHFWLRQ�� LW� LV� LPSHUDWLYH� WKDW�GXUDEOH�VROX-WLRQV�IRU�SURWUDFWHG�GLVSODFHPHQW�DUH�UHDFKHG�E\�LQYROYLQJ�QDWLRQDO��UHJLRQDO�DQG�PXOWLODWHUDO�VWDNHKROGHUV� LQ� GHYHORSPHQW� DVVLVWDQFH� LQLWLDWLYHV�� 2WKHU�$JHQFLHV� LQYROYHG� LQ� DGGUHVVLQJ�,'3�LVVXHV�LQFOXGH�,20��:)3��81,&()�DQG�ORFDO�1*2V�



40

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Adopt appropriate measures to enhance self-sufficiency of refugees and IDPs residing

in camps, including, inter alia, granting rights to employment, access to land, freedom RI�PRYHPHQW�DQG�RWKHU�VRFLDO�DV�ZHOO�DV�HFRQRPLF�ULJKWV�ZKHUH�SRVVLEOH�

LL�� (QVXUH�WKDW�UHIXJHHV�DQG�,'3V�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�HGXFDWLRQ�DQG�VNLOOV�WUDLQLQJ�LQ�RUGHU�WR�IDFLOLWDWH�WKHLU�HYHQWXDO�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RU�UHLQWHJUDWLRQ�LQWR�KRVW�DQG�RU�KRPH�FRPPXQLWLHV�DQG�WR�GHYHORS�WKHLU�IXOO�SRWHQWLDO�WR�EHFRPH�SURGXFWLYH�PHPEHUV�RI�VRFLHW\�

LLL�� (QVXUH�WKH�UXQQLQJ�RI�UHIXJHH�DQG�,'3�FDPSV�OLNH�FLYLOLDQ�UHVLGHQWV�ZLWK�KXPDQLWDULDQ�VHUYLFHV�ZKHUH�SK\VLFDO�VDIHW\�DQG�VHFXULW\�RI�UHIXJHHV�DQG�,'3V�DUH�WKH�KDOOPDUN�RI�URXWLQH�OLIH��ZLWK�FLYLOLDQ�FDPS·V�SROLFH�IRUFHV�DQG�VHSDUDWH�HQFODYHV�RI�FRPEDWDQWV�DQG�other armed elements distinct from those of the displaced population.

LY�� -XGLFLRXVO\�XVH�DSSURSULDWH�YROXQWDU\�PHFKDQLVPV��H�J��UHSDWULDWLRQ��UHLQWHJUDWLRQ��UH-KDELOLWDWLRQ�DQG�UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ��ORFDO�LQWHJUDWLRQ��WKURXJK�GHYHORSPHQW�E\�ORFDO�LQWHJUD-tion mechanisms) and resettlement, as necessary, to address protracted displacement VLWXDWLRQV� WKURXJK�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�DQG� LQWHJUDWHG�DSSURDFKHV�EDVHG�RQ� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�solidarity and burden sharing.

L�� 6DIHJXDUG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ�FDXVHG�E\� WKH�SURWUDFWHG�SUHVHQFH�RI�GLVSODFHG�SHUVRQV�E\� LPSOHPHQWLQJ�UHOHYDQW�DQG� WDUJHWHG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�SURWHFWLRQ�SURJUDPPHV��DQG� LQYROYLQJ�81+&5� DV�ZHOO� DV�81(3� DQG� FRXQWULHV� RI� ÀUVW� DV\OXP� WR� LGHQWLI\� VXLW-DEOH�DUHDV�IRU�UHVHWWOHPHQW�WKDW�IDFLOLWDWHV�VXVWDLQDEOH�GHYHORSPHQW��8UJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�VLJQ��UDWLI\�DQG�LPSOHPHQW�WKH�$8�&RQYHQWLRQ�IRU�WKH�3URWHFWLRQ�DQG�$VVLVWDQFH�RI�,QWHUQDOO\�'LVSODFHG�3HUVRQV��.DPSDOD�&RQYHQWLRQ��VROLFLWLQJ�WHFKQLFDO�VXSSRUW�IURP�WKH� ,20� DQG� RWKHU� SDUWQHUV�� (QOLVW� WKH� VXSSRUW� RI� YDULRXV� GHYHORSPHQW� SDUWQHUV� FRQ-cerned with forced migration and displacement, among them the International Red Cross/5HG�&UHVFHQW��WKH�:RUOG�)RRG�3URJUDPPH��:)3��81+&5��,20�DQG�GLIIHUHQW��1*2V��

7.4 Principles of Non-DiscriminationDiscrimination against migrants tends to be rampant in most countries of destination, the sta-tus of migrants notwithstanding. Aspects of discrimination against migrants include: lack of UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV·�IDPLO\�PHPEHUV��GHQLDO�RI�VRFLDO�VHUYLFHV��H�J��DFFHVV�WR�KHDOWK��HGX-cation and housing), and so on. Consequently, social tensions arise and sometimes persist between migrants and citizens, not to mention political tensions and diplomatic strife between the countries of origin and the countries of destination. Such unfortunate occurrences hinder VXFFHVVIXO�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�LQ�WKH�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ�DQG�FULSSOH�PLJUDQWV·�UHDOLVDWLRQ�RI�IXQGDPHQWDO�ULJKWV��,W� LV�HVVHQWLDO�WKDW�ERWK�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ�REVHUYH�QRQ�discrimination of migrants and find means of peaceful co-existence.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI� WKH�UHOHYDQW�HOHPHQWV� IURP�WKH�3URJUDPPH�RI�$FWLRQ�RI� WKH�:RUOG�

&RQIHUHQFH�$JDLQVW�5DFLVP�DQG�;HQRSKRELD��:&$5��KHOG�LQ�'XUEDQ�LQ��WKURXJK�D�YDULHW\�RI�VWUDWHJLHV��VXFK�DV��DGRSWLRQ�RI�QDWLRQDO�OHJLVODWLYH�DQG�SROLF\�IUDPHZRUNV�to ensure fair and non-discriminatory treatment of migrants, regardless of status, with VSHFLDO�DWWHQWLRQ�RQ�SUHYHQWLQJ�GLVFULPLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�ZRPHQ��FKLOGUHQ��WKH�HOGHUO\�DQG�members of minority groups.

41

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LLL�� (QFRXUDJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�GHYHORS�SURPRWH�DQWL�QDWLRQDOLVW�DQG�JHQGHU�VHQ-VLWLYH�KXPDQ� ULJKWV� WUDLQLQJ�DQG�FDSDFLW\�EXLOGLQJ� LQLWLDWLYHV� IRU� DOO� SXEOLF�RIILFLDOV�� LQ�particular personnel in the administration of justice, law enforcement, correctional and VHFXULW\�FDUHHUV��KHDOWK�FDUH�SURYLGHUV��HGXFDWLRQDO� LQVWLWXWLRQV��DQG�PLJUDWLRQ�EDVHG�institutions.

LY�� (QVXUH�WKDW�PLJUDQWV�WKHPVHOYHV�DELGH�E\�WKH�SHUWLQHQW�ODZV�RI�WKH�ODQG�LQ�WKH�FRXQ-tries of destination whose nationals they respect and treat respectfully without dis-criminating against them; that would enable nationals to reciprocate respect and non-GLVFULPLQDWRU\�EHKDYLRXU�

Y�� 8UJH� ,*$'� VHFUHWDULDW� WR� VHHN� VXSSRUW� IURP� LQWHUQDWLRQDO� DJHQFLHV� GHDOLQJ�ZLWK�PL-gration and human rights issues (e.g. IOM, UNHCR, ILO, OHRC), urging them to ex-FKDQJH�DQG�VKDUH�SHUWLQHQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�WR�FRRUGLQDWH�DFWLYLWLHV�WKDW�ILJKW�GLVFULPL-nation based on origin, xenophobia and related intolerance against migrants, including migrant workers, women, children and the elderly in IGAD Member States and the Member States of contiguous RECs.

YL�� (QFRXUDJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�ZHOFRPH�EDFN�WKHLU�UHWXUQ�PLJUDQWV�WKURXJK�IRUPDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV� VXFK� DV� HVWDEOLVKPHQW� RI�PXOWL�GLVFLSOLQDU\��PXOWL�YRFDWLRQDO� UHFHSWLRQ�committees to ensure orderly reception, reintegration and other support.

7.5 Integration and Re-integration (OHPHQWV� RI� VXFFHVVIXO� LQWHJUDWLRQ� LQ� WKH� FRXQWULHV� RI� GHVWLQDWLRQ� LQFOXGH� UHJXODU�PLJUDQWV·�DFFHVV�WR�EDVLF�VRFLDO�VHUYLFHV��HGXFDWLRQ��KHDOWK�DQG�KRXVLQJ��DV�ZHOO�DV�HPSOR\PHQW�RSSRU-tunities; and re-integration back home contributes to social stability and cohesion and requires PXWXDO�UHVSHFW�DQG�FXOWXUDO�DFFHSWDQFH��2YHU�WKH�ODVW�IHZ�\HDUV��,*$'�KDV�ZLWQHVVHG�UHODWLYH�SHDFH�DQG�WUDQTXLOOLW\�DV�VWDELOLW\�JULSV�DOO�FRXQWULHV�ZLWK�WKH�H[FHSWLRQ�RI�6RPDOLD��+RZHYHU��while some migrants stay intact in the countries of destination, with some of them actually integrated in the society, others choose to return to their countries of origin. In the latter case, ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�EHHQ�KDQGOLQJ�LQFUHDVLQJ�QXPEHUV�RI�UHWXUQ�PLJUDQWV�ZKR�UHTXLUH�sound reintegration programmes.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Ensure equal treatment between migrants and nationals as stipulated under ILO con-

YHQWLRQV�ZKLFK�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�PD\�KDYH�UDWLILHG�DQG�DUH�LPSOHPHQWLQJ�ii. Encourage the integration of the children, adolescents and youth in the families of

ORQJ�WHUP�PLJUDQWV�E\�SURYLGLQJ�WKHP�ZLWK�HGXFDWLRQ��WUDLQLQJ�DQG�HFRQRPLF�RSSRUWXQL-ties in equal measure with their peers from the families of nationals, facilitating their naturalization and promoting family re-unification policies as recommended in Article ��RI�WKH�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�WKH�5LJKWV�RI�WKH�&KLOG�DQG�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�XQLYHUVDOO\�UHFRJ-nized international human rights instruments.

iii. Adopt measures for the integration and re-integration of migrant workers for them to



42

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LY�� ,QLWLDWH�ELODWHUDO�DJUHHPHQWV�EHWZHHQ� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�RI�RULJLQ�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ�and between IGAD Member States and the Member States of contiguous RECs, es-WDEOLVKLQJ� DSSURSULDWH� SURJUDPPHV� DQG� VWUXFWXUHV� WKDW� JXDUDQWHH� PLJUDQWV·� KXPDQ�rights.

Y�� (QVXUH�WKDW�,*$'�DQG�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLFLHV�DUH�JHQGHU�VHQ-VLWLYH�DQG�DFFRPPRGDWH�WKH�FRQFHUQV�RI�UHWXUQLQJ�ZRPHQ�PLJUDQWV�DQG�PHPEHUV�RI�WKHLU�IDPLOLHV��DQG�SHUPLW�ORFDO�ZRPHQ�PDUULHG�WR�PLJUDQWV�WR�OLYH�FRPIRUWDEO\�ZLWK�WKH�latter in their States without undue restriction.

7.6 Stateless PersonsStatelessness is thelegal and social concept of a lack of belonging (or a lawfully enforceable claim) to any recognized state; statelessness is not always the same as lack of citizenship. Distinction can be made between de jure statelessness is where there exists no recognized state in respect of which the subject has a legally meritorious basis to claim nationality; de IDFWR�VWDWHOHVVQHVV��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��LV�ZKHUH�WKH�PDQ�ZRPDQ�RU�FKLOG�PD\�KDYH�D�ODZIXO�and meritorious claim but is precluded from asserting it because of practical considerations VXFK�DV�FRVW��FLUFXPVWDQFHV�RI�FLYLO�GLVRUGHU��RU�WKH�IHDU�RI�discrimination or persecution.20

Although the right to nationality is a fundamental right recognized under int ernational law, some nationals of IGAD Member States are either stateless or choose to become stateless. Such nationals include those displaced by circumstances beyond their control, abandoned FKLOGUHQ��GLYRUFHG�RU�DEDQGRQHG�ZRPHQ�DQG�YXOQHUDEOH�DQG�KHOSOHVV�SHUVRQV��DO O�RI�ZKRP�KDYH�QR�6WDWH�WDNLQJ�FDUH�HYHQ�RI�WKHLU�EDVLF�QHHGV��3UHYLRXV�UHVHDUFK�DQG�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�SHUVRQV�PD\�EHFRPH�VWDWHOHVV�DV�D�UHVXOW�RI�LQWHU�6WDWH�FRQIOLFW��H�J��Eritrean-Ethiopian war), redrawing of political boundaries, or due to extended stays abroad ZKLFK�PLJKW�KDYH�LQYDOLGDWHG�DOWHUHG�WKHLU�FLYLO�VWDWXV�ZKLOH�DEURDG��7KXV��VWDWHOHVV�SHUVRQV�ODFN� SURWHFWLRQ� RI� FLWL]HQVKLS� RU� SHUPDQHQW� UHVLGHQFH�� FRQVHTXHQWO\� EHFRPLQJ� GHSULYHG� RI�their rights. In IGAD, Somali nationals encountered in neighbouring or distant countries can be tempted to claim statelessness, and their status cannot simply be ignored. – UNHCR to be consulted on the definition of statelessness

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� ,QFRUSRUDWH� LQ� ,*$'�503)� DQG� LQGLYLGXDO� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV·� QDWLRQDO� PLJUDWLRQ�

SROLFLHV� NH\� JXLGHOLQHV� DV� VWLSXODWHG� LQ� WKH� �� DQG� �� 6WDWHOHVVQHVV� &RQYHQ-tions.

LL�� 'HYHORS� QDWLRQDO� OHJLVODWLYH� DQG� SROLF\� IUDPHZRUNV� WR� FRXQWHU� VWDWHOHVVQHVV�� HVSH-cially for long-term residents, by reforming citizenship legislation and/or granting rights regulations similar to those enjoyed by foreigners residing in the country.

20 This definition is contained in Wikipedia. It can be enforced by the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, which was adopted on 28 September 1954 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 526 A (XVII) of 26 April 1954, and came into force on 6 June 1960, in accordance with article 39.

43

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LY�� 8UJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�VLJQ��UDWLI\�DQG�GRPHVWLFDWH�WKH�&RQYHQWLRQ�UHODWLQJ�WR�the status of Stateless Persons.


44

8

INTERNAL MIGRATION

2YHUZKHOPLQJ�LQWHUHVW�LQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�KDV�RYHUVKDGRZHG�LQWHUQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�ZKLFK�continues unabated, and which often takes place before migrants choose to engage in in-ternational migration. This represents the “stepwise migration” phenomenon that dominates PLJUDWLRQ�OLWHUDWXUH��7KUHH�PDMRU�IRUPV�RI�LQWHUQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�DUH�YROXQWDU\��IRUFHG�DQG�LUUHJXODU��

8.1 Voluntary Migration)RXU� W\SHV� RI� YROXQWDU\�PLJUDWLRQ� REVHUYHG� LQ� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� DUH�� UXUDO�UXUDO�PLJUD-tion which is dominant but less conspicuous; rural-urban migration which most policy mak-HUV�HDVLO\�DFNQRZOHGJH��LQWHU�XUEDQ��XUEDQ�XUEDQ��PLJUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�XUEDQ�DUHDV�RI�YDU\LQJ�VL]HV��DQG�XUEDQ�UXUDO�PLJUDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�UHWXUQ�WR�WKH�RULJLQV�RU�PRYHPHQW�WR�DQRWKHU�UXUDO�setting. Rural-rural migration consists of migration from traditional rural areas to resource-HQGRZHG�DUHDV� �DJULFXOWXUDO�SODQWDWLRQV��PLQLQJ��HWF��PRYHPHQW�RI�SDVWRUDOLVWV�DV�ZHOO� DV�transhumance and return migration from these destinations to the origins. Rural-urban migra-tion was largely responsible for rapid urbanisation soon after independence of IGAD Member States, though it later combined with high natural increase of urban population and reclassifi-cation of formerly rural territory to sustain migration. Inter-urban migration has been occurring DV�EXVLQHVVPHQ�DQG�ZRPHQ��FRPPHUFLDO�VH[�ZRUNHUV�DQG�SXEOLF�DQG�SULYDWH�VHFWRU�SHUVRQQHO�relocate from one urban centre to another. Finally, urban-rural migration takes place mainly among first-generation urban migrants who still maintain strong links with their rural homes RU�ZKR�FKRRVH�WR�PRYH�HOVHZKHUH�LQ�WKH�HYHQW�RI�KDYLQJ�VRPH�SURSHUW\��LW�DOVR�RFFXUV�ZKHQ�heads of households/bread-winners retire or die, forcing their dependants to return home.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�HIIRUWV�WR�DGGUHVV�VDOLHQW�FDXVHV�RI�LQWHUQDO�PLJUDWLRQ��LPSDFW�RI�SRYHUW\�RQ�

PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�SRYHUW\�LQWHUYHQWLRQ�LQLWLDWLYHV�E\�XUEDQ�PLJUDQWV�ZLWK�VXVWDLQHG�OLQNV�WR�their rural home areas.

LL�� (QVXUH�WKDW�DOO�LQWHUQDO�PLJUDQWV�KDYH�DGHTXDWH�DFFHVV�WR�EDVLF�VHUYLFHV��VXFK�DV�HGX-FDWLRQ�� KHDOWKFDUH�DQG�HPSOR\PHQW�� HVSHFLDOO\� LQ�XUEDQ�DUHDV�ZKHUH� WKHVH�VHUYLFHV�DUH�RYHU�VWUHWFKHG�E\�IDVW�JURZLQJ�XUEDQ�SRSXODWLRQ��

iii. Strengthen data gathering and research on factors, trends and characteristics of inter-nal migration and geographical distribution of population for purposes of formulating appropriate spatial distribution of population, including migration and urbanisation poli-cies.

LY�� ,PSOHPHQW�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�PDFUR�HFRQRPLF�DQG�VHFWRUDO�SROLFLHV�LQ�FRQFHUW�ZLWK�GRQRU�DJHQFLHV� DQG� RWKHU� SDUWQHUV�� WR� UHGXFH� SRYHUW\�� JHQHUDWH� HPSOR\PHQW� DQG� SURYLGH�LQYHVWPHQW�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�LQ�WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ�

Y�� 3URYLGH�DGHTXDWH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�WR�SURVSHFWLYH�PLJUDQWV�RQ�WKH�RSSRUWXQLWLHV��FKDOOHQJHV�and prospects of migration to different destinations to enable them make informed de-cisions before migrating.

45 8YL�� 3URPRWH�QDWLRQDO�FRKHVLRQ�WR�HQDEOH�PLJUDQWV�DQG�QRQ�PLJUDQWV�WR�FR�H[LVW�DV�QDWLRQ-

DOV�EURXJKW�WRJHWKHU�E\�QDWLRQDO�FRQVWLWXWLRQV�DQG�D�QHZ�ZDYH�RI�GHPRFUDWLVDWLRQ��YLL��%XLOG�FDSDFLW\�RI�LQVWLWXWLRQV�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�PLJUDWLRQ�GDWD�ZLWK�,*$'�KDYLQJ�LW�HPEHG-ded in the IGAD Migration Resource Centre which Member States could benefit from or replicate.

8.2 Internal DisplacementSection 6.2 has drawn attention to IDPs who are the outcome of internal displacement of SRSXODWLRQ� IURP�D� YDULHW\� RI� FDXVHV�� FLYLO�ZDUV�� HWKQLF� FRQIOLFW�� QDWXUDO� KD]DUGV� �ODQGVOLGHV��HDUWKTXDNHV��HWF��WKH�YDJDULHV�RI�FOLPDWH��IORRGV�DQG�GURXJKWV��DQG�VR�RQ��9LUWXDOO\�DOO�,*$'�Member States experience internal displacement with some IDPs crossing borders as refu-JHHV��,Q�VRPH�LQVWDQFHV��WKH�FKLOGUHQ�DUH�YLFWLPV�RI�FKLOG�VPXJJOLQJ�DQG�WUDIILFNLQJ�EH\RQG�WKH�QDWLRQDO�ERUGHUV��ZKLFK�ODQGV�WKHP�LQ�HYHQ�PRUH�GHSUHVVLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV��ZLWK�SURVSHFWV�RI�QR�UHWXUQ�WR�WKHLU�RULJLQV��$SDUW�IURP�FKLOGUHQ��DGXOWV�KDYH�EHHQ�GLVSODFHG�ZLWK�ZRPHQ�DQG�YXO-QHUDEOH�JURXSV��H�J��SHRSOH�ZLWK�GLVDELOLW\��H[SHULHQFLQJ�JUHDWHU�SUREOHPV�WKDQ�RWKHU�YLFWLPV��

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� 0RQLWRU�HQYLURQPHQWDO�GHJUDGDWLRQ��QDWXUDO�GLVDVWHUV��DQG�FRQIOLFW�LQ�VR�IDU�DV�WKH\�GLV-

place population and assess their effects on internal displacement and on urbanization DQG�IUDJLOH�XUEDQ�HQYLURQPHQW�

ii. Promote the establishment and consolidation of democracy in IGAD Member States based on transparent, regular and participatory processes, respect for human rights, WKH� UXOH� RI� ODZ� DQG� REVHUYDQFH� RI� PLJUDQW·V� ULJKWV� WR� UHGXFH� LQWHUQDO� GLVSODFHPHQW�caused by lack of these.

LLL�� &RQGXFW�UHVHDUFK�DQG�HWKQRJUDSKLF�VXUYH\V�RQ�FRQGLWLRQV�WKDW�SUHGLVSRVH�HWKQLF�VWULIH�and conflict which undermine national cohesion or solidarity.

LY�� 0RQLWRU� LQVWDQFHV� RI� LQYLVLEOH� FKLOG� WUDIILFNLQJ� ZLWKLQ� DQG� RXWVLGH� RI� ,*$'� 0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�D�YLHZ�WR�IRUPXODWLQJ�QDWLRQDO�DQG�UHJLRQDO�SROLFLHV�WR�FRQWDLQ�DQG�FULPLQDO-L]H�LW��ZLWK�SHUSHWUDWRUV�GXO\�FRQYLFWHG��

8. INTERNAL MIGRATION

46

9

MIGRATION DATA

Data are an essential component of policy formulation as meaningful policies are based on sound, up to-date data collected by credible institutions. Although all IGAD Member States KDYH�QDWLRQDO�VWDWLVWLFV�RIILFHV��162V��WKH\�KDYH�QRW�PDGH�JRRG�XVH�RI�WKHVH�RIILFHV�WR�FRO-lect reliable and dependable migration data for analysis to inform policy and programmes that stem from them. Their reliance on data from countries of destination and institutions in the GHYHORSHG�1RUWK�LV�XQIRUWXQDWH�EHFDXVH�VXFK�GDWD�JLYH�LQVLJKWV�RI�,*$'�QDWLRQDOV�E\�HLWKHU�¶FRXQWU\�RI�RULJLQ·�RU�¶FRXQWU\�RI�FLWL]HQVKLS·��ZKLFK�\LHOG�GLIIHUHQW�GDWDVHWV�

9.1 Collection and Analysis of Migration Data: IGAD and National Obligations/DFN�RI� UHOLDEOH�PLJUDWLRQ�GDWD�FRQVWUDLQV�HIIHFWLYH�HYLGHQFH�EDVHG�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW��policy and co-operation, not to mention policy incoherence in any country. As elsewhere in the world, IGAD Member States collect data mainly from censuses and occasionally from labour IRUFH�VXUYH\V��PRVW�RI�WKHP�ODFNLQJ�PLJUDWLRQ�LWHPV��<HW�WKH�GDWD�DUH�LQDGHTXDWHO\�DQDO\]HG�WR� SURYLGH� XVHIXO� SHUVSHFWLYHV� IRU� GLVFRXUVH� DQG�PDQDJHPHQW� RI�PLJUDWLRQ� EDVHG� RQ�ZHOO�GHVLJQHG�SROLFLHV��*LYHQ�WKH�GHFHQQLDO�¶URXQGV�RI�FHQVXVHV·��,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�WKH�opportunity to gather similar data, to apply equal rigour in data analysis and to exchange the results generated on different types of internal and international migration. At minimal or with VKDUHG�FRVW��,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�FDQ�WDNH�DGYDQWDJH�RI�QHZ�DQG�PRUH�HIILFLHQW�WHFKQRORJLHV�LQ�GDWD�FROOHFWLRQ��DQDO\VLV��UHWULHYDO�DQG�GLVVHPLQDWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHVXOWV�RI�DQDO\]HG�GDWD��

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� 5HYLHZ�QDWLRQDO�VWDWLVWLFV�ODZV�IRU�FROOHFWLRQ��DQDO\VLV�DQG�GLVVHPLQDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�

data for their standardization, capacity enhancement and modernisation in IGAD Mem-ber States.

ii. Effect greater co-ordination between ministries with migration portfolio and research institutions gathering and analysing migration data in IGAD Member States, those with strong capacity lending support to their counterparts with weaker or no capacity and helping the latter to establish robust national migration statistics units to co-ordinate the gathering of migration statistics.

LLL�� 'HYHORSPHQW� RI� D� V\VWHPDWL]HG� UHJLVWUDWLRQ�PHFKDQLVP�DW� HPEDVVLHV� RU� FRQVXODWHV�RI� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� LQ� WKHLU�QDWLRQDOV·�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�WR�DFFRXQW� IRU� WKH�QXPEHU�DQG�SURILOHV�RI�QDWLRQDOV�OLYLQJ�DEURDG�DQG�WKXV�EH�EHWWHU�SUHSDUHG�WR�SURYLGH�them with the necessary assistance.

LY�� 'HYHORSPHQW�RI�D�V\VWHPDWL]HG�UHJLVWUDWLRQ�DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VKDULQJ�LQ�DOO�,*$'�0HP-ber States on the number and characteristics of immigrants from non-IGAD States to enable them to ascertain effects of immigrant groups in the region.

Y�� 6HHN� WHFKQLFDO��PDWHULDO� DQG� ILQDQFLDO� DVVLVWDQFH� IURP�81�$JHQFLHV�� ,20�DQG�RWKHU�LQWHUQDWLRQDO� RUJDQL]DWLRQV� WKDW� DUH� ZLOOLQJ� WR� SURYLGH� VXSSRUW� WR� LPSURYH� PLJUDWLRQ�

47 9management for the benefit of IGAD and mutual benefit of IGAD non-IGAD Member States.

YL�� ,QVWLWXWLRQDOL]H�HOHFWURQLF�GDWD�FROOHFWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�GLVVHPLQDWLRQ�V\VWHPV�WR�LPSURYH�WKH�H[FKDQJH�DQG�VKDULQJ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�WKHUHE\�HPEUDFLQJ�NQRZO-edge and information as the hallmark of an informed society capable of acting respon-sibly in migration management.

YLL��&ROOHFW�� DQDO\]H� DQG� GLVVHPLQDWH� GDWD� RQ� WKH� 'LDVSRUD� RI� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� WR�establish its size, geographical spread, characteristics and both actual and potential FRQWULEXWLRQ�WR�,*$'�DV�D�UHJLRQDO�HQWLW\�DQG�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

YLLL��%XLOGLQJ�FDSDFLW\�RI�LQVWLWXWLRQV�FKDUJHG�ZLWK�WKH�UHVSRQVLELOLW\�RI�FROOHFWLQJ�GDWD�L[�� (QFRXUDJH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�SURILOHV�ZLWK�WKH�WHFKQLFDO�VXSSRUW�DQG�H[SHUWLVH�

of IOM.

9.2 Regional Migration Data Exchange$V� ,*$'� LV� D� GLYHUVH� UHJLRQ�ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� W\SHV� RI� LQWHUQDO� DQG� LQWHUQDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�� LWV�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�FDQ�EHVW�GR�ZLWK�H[FKDQJLQJ�PLJUDWLRQ�GDWD�EDVHG�RQ�D�YDULHW\�RI�GDWD�JDWK-ering systems. There needs to be a pairing of countries of origin and countries of destination to exchange migration data that would inform mutually determined migration-management LQLWLDWLYHV�

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� ([SORUH�WKH�PLJUDWLRQ�GDWD�VLWXDWLRQ�LQ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�YHULI\�WKHLU�TXDQWLW\�DQG�

TXDOLW\��SDYLQJ�WKH�ZD\�IRU�FDSDFLW\�HQKDQFHPHQW�ZKHUH�QHFHVVDU\�ii. Engagement of IGAD with selected regional institutions on migration data collection

analysis as well as dissemination of results. LLL�� 3URYLGLQJ�VXSSRUW�WR�,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�WR�FRRUGLQDWH�QDWLRQDO�GDWD�JDWKHULQJ��DQDO\VLV�

and dissemination of results for shared knowledge in intra-IGAD migration and migra-tion between IGAD and neighbouring RECs.

LY�� $VVLVWLQJ�,*$'�WR�EHQFKPDUN�ZLWK�VXFFHVVIXO�LQVWLWXWLRQV�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSHG�1RUWK��H�J��OECD) and the South on data management and exchange programmes.

Y�� (VWDEOLVKLQJ�D�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�PLJUDWLRQ�GDWDEDVH�DQG�QHWZRUNLQJ�V\VWHP��YL�� (QKDQFLQJ�FRRSHUDWLRQ�DQG�FRRUGLQDWLRQ�DPRQJ�,*$'�PHPEHU�VWDWHV

9. MIGRATION DATA

48

MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

10

10.1 Collaboration with IGAD Member States’ and other African Diaspora$OWKRXJK� WKH�$8� UHFRJQLVHV� WKH�$IULFDQ�'LDVSRUD� DV� LWV� VL[WK� UHJLRQ�� LW� KDV� \HW� WR� GHYHORS�concrete Africa-wide programmes to engage this important human capital. IGAD would do well to identify its Diaspora (whether skilled or unskilled) by countries of origin and to engage ZLWK�WKHP�LQ�,*$'�ZLGH�DQG�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�GHYHORSPHQW�SURJUDPPHV�LQWR�ZKLFK�WKH�'LDVSRUD� UHVRXUFHV�FRXOG�EH�GHSOR\HG��(PLJUDQWV�RI� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�HYHU\ZKHUH�often maintain a web of connections with their home States, creating beneficial feedback ef-fects, such as the transfer of remittances, knowledge, skills and technology, as well as short- and long-term return migration. They also make substantial social remittances, namely ideas, YDOXHV�DQG�EHQFK�PDUNLQJ�RI�SHUWLQHQW�H[SHULHQFHV�HOVHZKHUH��5HFRJQLWLRQ�DQG�GHSOR\PHQW�RI� WKH�'LDVSRUD� LQ�WKH�1(3$'·V�+XPDQ�5HVRXUFH�'HYHORSPHQW�,QLWLDWLYH�FDQ�KHOS�HQWUHQFK�PLJUDWLRQ�GHYHORSPHQW�QH[XV�

8QIRUWXQDWHO\�� WKHUH� LV�QR�XQDQLPRXVO\�DJUHHG�XSRQ�GHILQLWLRQ�RI� ¶GLDVSRUD·��QRU�GRHV� ,*$'��KDYH�D�GHILQLWLYH�VWDWHPHQW�RQ�LWV�GLDVSRUD��,WV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�SD\�VSHFLDO�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�WKHLU�´QDWLRQDOLVW�GLDVSRUDVµ�WKDW�SOD\�GLYHUVH�UROHV�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ�WKHLU�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ��WKHVH� LQFOXGLQJ� WKH� IORZ� RI� UHPLWWDQFHV�� SDUWLFLSDWLRQ� LQ� VRFLDO� GHYHORSPHQW� LQLWLDWLYHV� �H�J��KHDOWK�DQG�HGXFDWLRQ�RI�FLWL]HQV�OHIW�EDFN�KRPH��,QGHHG��DOO�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�HQD-bled their diasporas to inject financial as well as social remittances and other resources into GHYHORSPHQW�HQGHDYRXUV��

$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�$8��´WKH�$IULFDQ�'LDVSRUD�FRQVLVWV�RI�SHRSOH�RI�$IULFDQ�RULJLQ�OLYLQJ�RXWVLGH�WKH�FRQWLQHQW�� LUUHVSHFWLYH�RI� WKHLU�FLWL]HQVKLS�DQG�QDWLRQDOLW\�DQG�ZKR�DUH�ZLOOLQJ�WR�FRQWULE-XWH� WR� WKH�GHYHORSPHQW� DQG�EXLOGLQJ�RI� WKH�$IULFDQ�8QLRQ�µ��<HW� WKLV� GHILQLWLRQ� IDOOV� VKRUW� RI�“nationalist diasporas” that, though resident outside Africa or in certain African countries, are PRUH�OLNHO\�WR�LGHQWLI\�WKHPVHOYHV�ZLWK�SDUWLFXODU�$IULFDQ�FRXQWULHV�WKDQ�ZLWK�WKH�FRQWLQHQW�DV�D�ZKROH��0RUHRYHU��LW�SUHVXPHV�WKDW�DOO�$IULFDQV�RXWVLGH�WKH�FRQWLQHQW��LQFOXGLQJ�XQGRFXPHQWHG��´EUDLQ�ZDVWHµ��LUUHJXODU�DQG�WKRVH�ZKR�VHYHUHG�OLQNV�ZLWK�WKH�KRPHODQG��DUH�D�ZLOOLQJ�ORW�RI�WKH�diaspora.21

21 This argument was developed in John. Oucho’s public lecture entitled “The African diaspora: A Boon or Curse for the Troubled Continent?”delivered at the University of West Indies, Mona Campus on 21 February 2010

49

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Engagement of IGAD with the EU, AU, ILO, UNHCR and IOM and other organiza-

WLRQV�RQ�VSHFLILF�SURJUDPPHV�WKDW�IRVWHU�VWURQJ�DQG�YLDEOH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�EHWZHHQ�,*$'�Member States, IGAD and contiguous RECs and their Diaspora to create enabling FRQGLWLRQV�IRU�PLJUDQWV·�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKHLU�KRPH�FRXQWULHV�DQG�LQ�,*$'�ZLGH�LQLWLDWLYHV�

LL�� &UHDWH�SROLWLFDO��HFRQRPLF�DQG�VRFLDO�FRQGLWLRQV�WKDW�VXSSRUW�WKH�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLF\�HQYL-URQPHQW��GHPRFUDF\�DQG�JRRG�JRYHUQDQFH�DV�LQFHQWLYHV�WR�DWWUDFW�WKH�'LDVSRUD�

iii. Establish a reliable database on the IGAD Diaspora to determine its size, characteris-tics and skills that could promote networking and collaboration between experts in the IGAD countries of origin and the countries of destination where the Diaspora resides.

LY�� )DFLOLWDWH�WKH�UHWXUQ�RI�TXDOLILHG�QDWLRQDOV�UHVLGHQW� LQ�GHYHORSHG�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQD-WLRQ��SURYLGLQJ�WKH�UHWXUQHHV�ZLWK�DSSURSULDWH�UH�VHWWOHPHQW�LQFHQWLYHV��

Y�� &UHDWH�DSSURSULDWH�LQVWLWXWLRQDO�PHFKDQLVPV�ZLWKLQ�PLJUDWLRQ�EDVHG�PLQLVWULHV�LQ�,*$'�Member States to forge amicable relations with the Diaspora, facilitating the transfer of VFLHQWLILF�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�HQFRXUDJLQJ�WUDGH�OLQNV�DQG�LQYHVWPHQWV�EDFN�KRPH�

YL�� &UHDWH� RSSRUWXQLWLHV� IRU� GLDORJXH� DQG� SDUWQHUVKLS� DPRQJ� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� DQG�EHWZHHQ�WKHP�DQG�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�RI�FRQWLJXRXV�5(&V�DV�ZHOO�DV�ZLWK�WKH�GHYHO-RSHG�1RUWK� DQG� ¶EHVW� SUDFWLFH·� FRXQWULHV� LQ� WKH�6RXWK� IRU� VKDULQJ� KXPDQ� UHVRXUFHV��knowledge, skills and technology in IGAD.

YLL��(QFRXUDJH� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� WR� LQFRUSRUDWH�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�SROLFLHV��IRU�H[DPSOH�LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�3RYHUW\�5HGXFWLRQ�6WUDWHJ\�3DSHUV��3563V��WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�1DWLRQDO�'HYHORSPHQW�3ODQV��WKH�0LOOHQQLXP�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV��0'*V��DF-WLYLWLHV�DQG�D�VHULHV�RI�QDWLRQDO�¶9LVLRQ·�VWUDWHJLHV�

YLLL��'HWHUPLQH�KRZ�EHVW� ,*$'�0HPEHU� VWDWHV� FRXOG�HQJDJH�ZLWK� WKH�GLDVSRUDV� WKURXJK�their diaspora organisations as well as through the foreign missions in the countries of destination, ultimately formulating appropriate diaspora policies in the countries of origin

ix. Map out the IGAD diaspora, especially professionals and those with special skills, for SXUSRVHV�RI�DQ�,*$'�FRQYHQHG�GLVFRXUVH�IRU�PHDQLQJIXO�HQJDJHPHQWV�RI�WKH�GLDVSRUD�ZLWK�WKH�5(&�DQG�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��

x. Institutionalize the mobilization and utilization of diaspora resources towards national DQG�UHJLRQDO�VRFLR�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW��H�J��,20·V��0,'$�RU�81'3�72.7(1�W\SH�programmes etc).

10.2 Brain Drain, Brain Circulation, Brain Waste and Brain Gain :KHQ� KLJKO\� HGXFDWHG� DQG� VNLOOHG� SHUVRQV� HPLJUDWH� IURP� GHYHORSLQJ� FRXQWULHV� WR� WKH� GH-YHORSHG�SDUWV�RI� WKH�ZRUOG�� WKH\�FRQVWLWXWH�brain drain��ZKHQHYHU� WKH\�PRYH�EDFN�DQG� IRUWK�from origins to destination, they engage in brain circulation�� ZKHQHYHU� WKH\� VHFXUH� HP-SOR\PHQW� EHORZ� WKHLU� HGXFDWLRQDO� DQG� VNLOO� OHYHOV�� WKH\� FRQVWLWXWH� brain waste; and should they return to the origins better educated or more skilled, they constitute brain gain. IGAD 0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� ZKLFK� KDYH� KDG� FLYLO� ZDUV� �(WKLRSLD�� 8JDQGD� DQG� 6RPDOLD�� RU� SURGXFHG�KLJKO\� HGXFDWHG� DQG� VNLOOHG� QDWLRQDOV� �.HQ\D� DQG� 8JDQGD�� KDYH� ORVW� WKHVH� GHVLUDEOH� KX-

10. MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT


50

man resources as brain drain. Yet not all those drained are actually gainfully employed in the work which is commensurate with their qualifications: a substantial proportion is in fact brain wasted Returned migrants often grapple with the challenges of homecoming, among WKHP� ODFN�RI�DFFHSWDQFH�E\�SHHUV��XQIDPLOLDU� FRQGLWLRQV�DQG�YDULRXV�DGMXVWPHQW�SUREOHPV�� RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:

i. Counter emigration of skilled nationals (particularly teachers and health professionals) E\�SURPRWLQJ�WKH�1(3$'�VWUDWHJ\�IRU�UHWHQWLRQ�RI�$IULFD·V�KXPDQ�FDSDFLWLHV��WDUJHWLQJ�VRFLR�HFRQRPLF�GHYHORSPHQW�SURJUDPPHV�WKDW�DUH�EHVW�SODFHG�WR�SURYLGH�JDLQIXO�HP-SOR\PHQW��SURIHVVLRQDO�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�HGXFDWLRQDO�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WR�TXDOLILHG�QDWLRQ-als in their home countries.

LL�� &RXQWHU�DGYHUVH�HIIHFWV�RI�EUDLQ�GUDLQ�E\�HQFRXUDJLQJ�QDWLRQDOV�DEURDG�WR�FRQWULEXWH�WR�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKHLU�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ�WKURXJK�ILQDQFLDO��KXPDQ�FDSLWDO�DQG�VRFLDO�WUDQVIHUV�DV�ZHOO�DV�VKRUW�DQG�ORQJ�WHUP�GHYHORSPHQW�RULHQWDWHG�UHWXUQ�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�WUDQVIHU�RI�VNLOOV��NQRZOHGJH�DQG�WHFKQRORJ\�WKURXJK�SURJUDPPHV��H�J��,20·V�0L-JUDWLRQ�LQ�'HYHORSPHQW�IRU�$IULFD��0,'$��SURJUDPPH��DQG�DFWLYLWLHV�RI�,/2��:+2�DQG�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�DJHQFLHV�

LLL�� &UHDWH� RSSRUWXQLWLHV� LQ� WKH� SULYDWH� VHFWRU� WR� SURYLGH� DOWHUQDWLYH� HPSOR\PHQW� WR� WKH�low-paying public sector and reduce brain drain and brain circulation, in the process attracting brain gain.

LY�� (QFRXUDJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�HVWDEOLVK�SROLFLHV�IRU�WLPHO\�UHSODFHPHQW�RI�EUDLQ�drain and to implement strong retention policies and related strategies thereby contain-ing brain drain.

Y�� 0D[LPL]H�WKH�FRQWULEXWLRQ�RI�VNLOOHG�SURIHVVLRQDOV�LQ�,*$'�E\�IDFLOLWDWLQJ�WKH�PRYHPHQW�and redistribution of skilled labour and capital to ensure that the Member States are ZHOO�VHUYHG�E\�WKH�GHVLUHG�H[SHUWV�DQG�SURIHVVLRQDOV�

YL�� (QFRXUDJH�,*$'�PHPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�UHDFK�RXW�WR�WKHLU�GLSORPDWLF�PLVVLRQV�LQ�WKH�FRXQ-tries of destination to detect instances of brain waste among their nationals and use WKH� GDWD� JDWKHUHG� WR� GHYHORS�PXWXDOO\� DFFHSWDEOH� DUUDQJHPHQWV� ZLWK� WKH� QDWLRQDOV·�employers.

YLL��(QFRXUDJH�LQWUD�UHJLRQDO�ODERXU�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�VNLOOV�H[FKDQJH�SURJUDPPH�WR�VXSSRUW�peace processes in IGAD and to entrench regional integration.

10.3 Diaspora Remittances 3UHYLRXV�UHVHDUFK�E\�WKH�:RUOG�%DQN�DQG�GLIIHUHQW�UHVHDUFKHUV�KDV�HVWDEOLVKHG�WKDW�WKH�WRWDO�JOREDO� YROXPH�RI� UHPLWWDQFH� WUDQVIHUV� WR� GHYHORSLQJ� FRXQWULHV� IDU� H[FHHGV� RIILFLDO� GHYHORS-ment assistance (ODA) and has important macro-economic effects by increasing sustained WRWDO�SXUFKDVLQJ�SRZHU�RI�WKH�UHFHLYLQJ�HFRQRPLHV��7KH�:RUOG�%DQN�HVWLPDWHV�WKDW��LQ��IRUPDOO\� WUDQVIHUUHG� UHPLWWDQFH� IORZV�ZHUH� HVWLPDWHG� WR� KDYH� H[FHHGHG� �� ELOOLRQ22 - of ZKLFK�GHYHORSLQJ�FRXQWULHV�UHFHLYHG��ELOOLRQ��ZKLFK�IDU�H[FHHGHG�WKH�YROXPH�RI�RIILFLDO�DLG�IORZV��FRQVWLWXWHG�PRUH�WKDQ��SHU�FHQW�RI�JURVV�GRPHVWLF�SURGXFW��*'3��LQ�PDQ\�GHYHORSLQJ�FRXQWULHV�DQG�LV�DOPRVW�DV�ODUJH�DV�IRUHLJQ�GLUHFW�LQYHVWPHQW��)',��IORZV�WR�PDQ\�GHYHORSLQJ�

Ibid ��

51

countries. The actual amount of remittances, including unrecorded flows through formal and LQIRUPDO�FKDQQHOV��LV�EHOLHYHG�WR�EH�VLJQLILFDQWO\�ODUJHU��,W�LV�DOVR�QRWHG�WKDW�UHPLWWDQFHV�WHQG�to be a more predictable and stable source of income.

,Q� ,*$'�� WKH�'LDVSRUD·V� ILQDQFLDO� UHPLWWDQFHV�DUH�PDGH� WKURXJK�RIILFLDO� DQG� LQIRUPDO� FKDQ-nels, the latter including xawilaad system by Somalis which has sustained Somali without IRUPDO�JRYHUQDQFH��$OO� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� UHFHLYH� LQFUHDVLQJ�YROXPHV�RI� ILQDQFLDO� UHPLW-WDQFHV�ZKLFK�KDYH�VWLPXODWHG�WKH�UHDO�HVWDWH�HFRQRP\��KRXVHKROGV�OLQNHG�WR�WKH�'LDVSRUD�DQG�FRPPXQLWLHV�ZKHUH� WKH�'LDVSRUD�KDV� WHQGHG� WR� LPSURYH�VHUYLFHV��7KHVH� UHPLWWDQFHV�KDYH�WKH�SRWHQWLDO� WR� LPSURYH� WKH� LQYHVWPHQW�SURSHQVLW\� LQ� ,*$'�DQG�FRQVHTXHQWO\� WR�HQFRXUDJH�international trade among these States and between them and contiguous States. There are DOVR�VRFLDO�UHPLWWDQFHV��LGHDV��YDOXHV�DQG�WDVWHV��WR�ZKLFK�WKHVH�FRXQWULHV�KDYH�HQWUHQFKHG�GHPRFUDWLF�JRYHUQDQFH��LPSURYHG�WKH�LQYHVWPHQW�FOLPDWH�DQG�FUHDWHG�YLDEOH�FRPSHWLWLRQ�EH-WZHHQ�PLJUDQWV�DQG�WKHLU�QDWLRQDOV�ZKR�QHYHU�PLJUDWHG��$�VWXG\�E\�WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�)XQG�IRU�$JULFXOWXUDO�'HYHORSPHQW��,)$'��KDV�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH�UXUDO�SD\�RXW�UDWLR�RI�UHPLWWDQFHV�LQ�,*$'�Member States were as shown in brackets: Djibouti (28%), Ethiopia (29%), Kenya (50%), Uganda (45%), Somalia (64%) and Sudan (17%).23

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:i. Encourage remittances transfers through sound macro-economic policies that are con-

GXFLYH�WR�LQYHVWPHQW�DQG�JURZWK�DQG�WKDW�KHOS�FUHDWH�DQ�DSSURSULDWH�ILQDQFLDO�VHFWRU�policy to influence financial institutions and their outreach (post office networks, sup-SRUWLQJ�FUHGLW�XQLRQV��PLFUR�ILQDQFH�LQVWLWXWLRQV�DQG�UXUDO�ILQDQFLDO�VHUYLFH�SURYLGHUV��

LL�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�UHOHYDQW�VWDNHKROGHUV� LQ�FLYLO�VRFLHW\��GRQRU�FRPPXQLW\�DQG�ILQDQFLDO�VHFWRU�WR�FUHDWH�LQFHQWLYH�VWUDWHJLHV�DQG�LQYHVWPHQW�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�UH-PLWWHUV�LQ�FRPPHUFLDO��HQWUHSUHQHXULDO��VDYLQJV�DQG�RWKHU�SURGXFWLYH�DFWLYLWLHV�

LLL�� ,PSURYH�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�GDWD�RQ�UHPLWWDQFH�DQG�PLJUDWLRQ�VWDWLVWLFV�WR�FUHDWH�D�VROLG�EDVLV�for future policy action on remittances.

LY�� 3URPRWH�WKH�HIIHFWLYH�PRELOL]DWLRQ�DQG�XWLOL]DWLRQ�RI�WKH�'LDVSRUD�IXQGV�DQG�RWKHU�UH-VRXUFHV�IRU�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�LQYHVWPHQWV�LQ�WKH�SXEOLF�DQG�SULYDWH�VHFWRU�ZKLFK��LQ�WKH�ORQJ�WHUP�� ZRXOG� LPSURYH� WKH�PDFUR�HFRQRPLF� HQYLURQPHQW� DQG� UHGXFH� RXWIORZV� RU�professionals from IGAD Member States.

Y�� ,*$'�WR�XUJH�PHPEHU�VWDWHV�WR� IRUPXODWH�SROLF\�JXLGHOLQHV�DQG� OHJDO� IUDPHZRUNV�RQ�LPSURYHG�IORZ��XWLOL]DWLRQ�DQG�FRVW�HIIHFWLYH�FKDQQHOV�RI�UHPLWWDQFHV��

YL�� 3URPRWH�VRFLDO�UHPLWWDQFHV��YDOXHV��EHVW�SUDFWLFHV��LQQRYDWLRQV�DQG�RWKHU�QRQ�ILQDQFLDO�resources) to IGAD and its Member States through sustained engagements with di-asporas, diaspora organisations and foreign missions in the countries of destination.

YLL��)RUPXODWH�OHJDO�IUDPHZRUNV�DQG�SROLF\�JXLGHOLQHV�IRU�FRVW�HIIHFWLYH�UHPLWWDQFH�WUDQV-IHUV�IRU�FRQVWUXFWLYH�LQYHVWPHQWV�

23 This is contained in a report by IFAD (n.d.) Sending Money Home. Rome: IFAD.

10. MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT


52

10.4 Dual Citizenship and Trans-nationalism7KH�FXUUHQW�ZDYH�RI�GXDO�FLWL]HQVKLS�LQ�PRVW�$IULFDQ�FRXQWULHV�KDV�ERWK�SRVLWLYH�DQG�VHOGRP�FRQVLGHUHG� QHJDWLYH� LPSOLFDWLRQV�� ,Q� D� SRVLWLYH� VHQVH�� LW� HQDEOHV� HPLJUDQWV� WR� KDUQHVV� WKH�benefits flowing from their residence in countries of destination and direct them towards their FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ��FRQYHUVHO\��LW�OHDGV�WR�DPELYDOHQFH�LQ�OR\DOW\��VRPHWLPHV�PDNLQJ�HPLJUDQWV�prefer one of the two settings to the other. In the latter case, emigrants most likely prefer the countries of destination, minimizing interest in their origins. National constitutions, laws and policies of IGAD Member States differ markedly in their treatment of dual citizens, some fa-YRXULQJ� LW�� RWKHUV� UHMHFWLQJ� LW� RXWULJKW��)RU�H[DPSOH��ZKLOH�.HQ\D�DQG�8JDQGD�DFNQRZOHGJH�WKHLU�QDWLRQDOV·�GXDO�FLWL]HQVKLS��'MLERXWL�DQG�(WKLRSLD�GR�QRW�24

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� &RPSLOH� UHJLVWHUV� RI� GXDO� FLWL]HQV� ZLWK� DPSOH� LQIRUPDWLRQ� RQ� WKH� PLJUDQWV·� SURILOHV�

for posting on appropriate websites to enable IGAD Member States make full use of them.

LL�� &DUU\�RXW�VXUYH\V�RI�GXDO�FLWL]HQV�WR�HVWDEOLVK�WKHLU�FRPPLWPHQW�WR�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�their countries of origin and those of destination.

iii. Explore migration and residential locations s well as patterns of trans-nationals to de-termine how best to deploy them within IGAD.

LY�� 8UJH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�H[DPLQH�WKH�LPSDFW�RI�GXDO�FLWL]HQV�YLV�D�YLV�'LDVSRUD�DQG�WUDQV�QDWLRQDOV�RQ�SDUWLFXODU�DVSHFWV�RI�GHYHORS�LQ�,*$'�DV�D�ZKROH�DQG�LQ�LWV�LQGL-YLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

Y�� ,*$'�WR�XUJH�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�VKDUH�WKH�EHVW�SUDFWLFHV�DQG�H[SHULHQFHV�WR�HQDEOH�WKHLU�JRYHUQPHQWV�WR�PDNH�DSSURSULDWH�GHFLVLRQV�RQ�GXDO�FLWL]HQVKLS�

24 S. Plaza and D. Ratha (eds.) Diaspora for Development in Africa. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, table 2, p.25.

53

11

INTER-STATE AND INTER-REGIONAL COOPERATION

$OO�FRXQWULHV�²�ZKHWKHU�RI�RULJLQ��WUDQVLW�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ�VKRXOG�GHYHORS�VKDUHG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ��common frameworks for cooperation, on all aspects related to migration, including concepts DQG� LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV� RI�PLJUDWLRQ� DQG� IRUFHG� GLVSODFHPHQW�� 7KH� FR�RSHUDWLRQ� VKRXOG� LQYROYH�LQWUD�,*$'�DV�ZHOO�DV�5(&V·�DUUDQJHPHQWV�RQ�SHUWLQHQW�LVVXHV�RI�PXWXDO�LQWHUHVW�

$OO�FRXQWULHV�²�ZKHWKHU�RI�RULJLQ��WUDQVLW�DQG�GHVWLQDWLRQ��VKRXOG�HQGHDYRXU�WR�RSHUDWH�DW�WKH�VDPH�ZDYHOHQJWK��GHYHORSLQJ�FRPPRQ�IUDPHZRUNV��FRQFHSWV�DQG�LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�IRUFHG�GLVSODFHPHQW��7KH�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�VKRXOG�LQYROYH�LQWUD�,*$'�DQG�,*$'�RWKHU�5(&V�arrangements on pertinent issues of mutual interest.

11.1 Intra-IGAD Co-operation in Migration Management:LWKLQ�,*$'��WKHUH�KDV�WR�EH�LQWHU�6WDWH�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�LQ�PDWWHUV�WKDW�FDQ�EHVW�EH�KDQGOHG�EL-laterally and those requiring multi-lateral attention co-ordinated by the IGAD secretariat. This requires strong national structures that are linked to the IGAD super-structure on migration PDQDJHPHQW��7KHUH�DUH�EHQHILWV�WR�EH�GHULYHG�IURP�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�H[SOLFLW�PLJUD-WLRQ�SROLFLHV�HYHQ�LI�QRW�KDUPRQL]HG��0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�ZHDN�RU�ZLWKRXW�DQ\�VWUXFWXUHV�QHHG�WR�EH�DVVLVWHG�WR�GHYHORS�WKHP�WR�EH�DEOH�WR�RSHUDWH�DW�WKH�VDPH�OHYHO�DV�WKH�IRUPHU�

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� 'HYHORS�RSHUDWLQJ�PRGDOLWLHV� WKDW�HQVXUH�D�GHJUHH�RI� UHJXODULW\�DQG�SUHGLFWDELOLW\� LQ�

the way in which the IGAD-RCP meets and works. Forging partnerships at multiple OHYHOV�FDQ�PRVW�HIIHFWLYHO\�EH�DFKLHYHG�WKURXJK�UHJXODU�GLDORJXH�DQG�WKH�H[FKDQJH�RI�information, data and good practices.

LL�� 'HYHORS�D�FRPPRQ�VWUDWHJ\�IRU� LPSOHPHQWLQJ�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLF\�DPRQJ�,*$'�0HPEHU�States that reflects harmonization of laws, standards, procedures, information, dissem-ination and sharing; compilation of statistics; production of documents, and efficient use of resources.

LLL�� ,QWHJUDWH�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�GLVSODFHPHQW�LVVXHV�LQWR�PLJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�DJHQGD�RI�,*$'�DQG�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DJHQGD�IRU�VHFXULW\��VWDELOLW\�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�co-operation.

LY�� 'HYHORS�PRGDOLWLHV� IRU�DGRSWLQJ�VSHFLILF�$FWLRQ�3ODQV� LQFRUSRUDWLQJ� WKH�UHOHYDQW�SUR-YLVLRQV�RI� IUDPHZRUNV�DQG�GHFODUDWLRQV�ZKLFK�FDSWXUH� WKH�FRQFHUQV�DQG� LQWHUHVWV�RI�IGAD Member States as enshrined in the IGAD-RMPF.25

25 These include the Cairo Plan of Action adopted at the Africa-Europe Summit Cairo 3-4 April 2000; Article 13 on Migration of the EU-Platform on Future Relations between Africa and the EU (Follow-up to the Cairo Summit, Ouagadougou 28 November 2002); the Provision of the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families


5411Y�� (QJDJH�WKH�(XURSHDQ�&RPPLVVLRQ��RWKHU�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�1RUWK�LQFOXG-

ing the IPF and the Middle East in sustained dialogue and analysis of changing mi-JUDWLRQ�FRQILJXUDWLRQV�IRFXVLQJ�RQ�PLJUDWLRQ�GHYHORSPHQW�LQWHUUHODWLRQV�LQ�RU�DIIHFWLQJ�,*$'�DV�ZHOO�DV�LWV�LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�

YL�� (QJDJH�RWKHU�NH\�SOD\HUV�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ��QRWDEO\�WKH�$8��5(&V�VKDULQJ�FRPPRQ�ERUGHUV�ZLWK�,*$'�DQG�VSHFLDOL]HG�GHYHORSPHQW�LQVWLWXWLRQV��H�J��WKH�:RUOG�%DQN��,0)��$IULFDQ�'HYHORSPHQW�%DQN��$'%��:+2��,/2��,20��DQG�RWKHUV�WR�FROODERUDWH�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQ-DJHPHQW�LQLWLDWLYHV�

YLL��,QWURGXFH�UHJXODU�PHHWLQJV�RI�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&V�WR�IRVWHU�meaningful discourse between countries of origin, transit and destination for interstate GLDORJXH�WR�IRVWHU�HIIHFWLYH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�PDWWHUV�

YLLL��8UJH�IRU�UHJXODU�PHHWLQJV�RI�WKH�,*$'�5&3�ZLWK�FRXQWULHV�RI�RULJLQ��WUDQVLW�DQG�GHVWLQD-WLRQ�WR�IRVWHU�LQWHU�VWDWH�GLDORJXH�DQG�FROODERUDWLYH�DSSURDFKHV�RQ�PLJUDWLRQ�LVVXHV�

11.2 IGAD, Neighbouring RECs, Regional Consultative Processes and other Fora6RPH�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�GRXEOH�RU�WULSOH�PHPEHUVKLS�RI�QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&V��.HQ\D�and Uganda in the EAC (Kenya and Uganda); the two together with other IGAD member states are COMESA Member States; Djibouti, Kenya and Somalia are member states of the Commu-nity of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD); Sudan shares common borders with Egypt, Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); and Kenya shares a common border with Tanzania ZLWK�D�VLQJXODU�PHPEHUVKLS�RI�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�$IULFDQ�'HYHORSPHQW�&RPPXQLW\��6$'&��7KHVH�configurations of REC membership generate interactions between IGAD Member States na-tionals with those from neighbouring RECs.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� (QFRXUDJH�,*$'�WR�GHYHORS�DSSURSULDWH�PLJUDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�IUDPHZRUNV�IRU�ZRUN-

LQJ�UHODWLRQV�ZLWK�QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&V�IRU�ELODWHUDO�DQG�PXOWL�ODWHUDO�LQLWLDWLYHV�ii. Create opportunities for discourse, research and data gathering between IGAD and

QHLJKERXULQJ�5(&·V�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��iii. Organise periodic policy dialogues for Member States of IGAD and its neighbouring

RECs for routine sharing of information, shared capacity building and shared migration PDQDJHPHQW�LQLWLDWLYHV��

LY�� 8UJH�,*$'�WR�HQKDQFH�GLDORJXH�DQG�SDUWQHUVKLSV�ZLWK�RWKHU�5(&V�ZKLFK�LWV�0HPEHU�States share common borders with.

Y�� (QFRXUDJH�GLDORJXH�DQG�SDUWQHUVKLS�ZLWK�RWKHU�5(&V�($&�&20(6$�6$'&��IRU�HYHQ-tual rationalization of mutual or tripartite arrangements.

YL�� )RVWHU�DQG�GHYHORS�FRRSHUDWLRQ�DQG�SDUWQHUVKLSV�ZLWK�RWKHU�5&3V��LQWHU�UHJLRQDO�IRUD��,5)��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�*OREDO�)RUXP�RQ�0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�'HYHORSPHQW��*)0'��

and the United Nations Convention Against Trans-national Organized Crime and its two additional Protocols (2000), Protocol to Pre-vent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in persons, Especially Women and Children, and the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by land, Sea and Air.

55

12

12.1 Migration and HealthThe linkages between migration and health concerns are pertinent in scholarship, epidemi-RORJ\�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�GLVFRXUVH��7KH\�PDQLIHVW�WKHPVHOYHV�LQ�WKH�UROH�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�spread of communicable diseases such, notably Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB). Migrants are particularly at great risk to these diseases due to OLPLWHG�DFFHVV�WR�KHDOWKFDUH�ZKLFK�VRPH�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�UHVHUYH�WR�QDWLRQDOV�� ,W� LV�HYHQ�D�JUHDWHU�ULVN�WR�SURYLGH�KHDOWK�WR�QDWLRQDOV�DQG�OHDYH�RXW�PLJUDQWV�ZLWK�ZKRP�QDWLRQ-DOV�LQWHUDFW��WKHUHE\�WUDQVPLWWLQJ�GLVHDVH�EHWZHHQ�WKHP��%DVHG�RQ�WKH�$8�&RQYHQWLRQ�IRU�WKH�3URWHFWLRQ�DQG�$VVLVWDQFH�RI� ,QWHUQDOO\�'LVSODFHG�3HUVRQV� LQ�$IULFD��.DPSDOD�&RQYHQWLRQ��IGAD is mandated to address health concerns of cross-border migrants, IDPs and refugees. It is important to consider all these in the context of cross-border which characterizes the IGAD region.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� )DFLOLWDWH�PLJUDQWV·�DFFHVV�WR�KHDOWK�FDUH�VHUYLFHV�E\�JUDQWLQJ�WKHP�XQLQKLELWHG�DFFHVV�

WR�QDWLRQDO�KHDOWKFDUH�V\VWHPV�DQG�SURJUDPPHV�WKDW�UHPRYH�FXOWXUDO�DQG�RU�OLQJXLVWLF�EDUULHUV�WKDW�FRXOG�SUHYHQW�PLJUDQWV�IURP�VHHNLQJ�DQG�RU�REWDLQLQJ�FDUH��HVSHFLDOO\�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�GXDO�SURWHFWLRQ�IURP�XQLQWHQGHG�SUHJQDQFLHV��67,·V��7XEHUFXORVLV�DQG�+,9�AIDS infection.

LL�� $VVLVW� UHIXJHHV�DQG�GLVSODFHG�SHUVRQV� �LQFOXGLQJ� ,'3V�� WR�KDYH�DGHTXDWH�DFFHVV� WR�KHDOWKFDUH� VHUYLFHV� HYHQ� LQ� UHIXJHH� FDPS� VHWWLQJV�� SD\LQJ� VSHFLDO� DWWHQWLRQ� WR� WKH�QHHGV�RI�YXOQHUDEOH�JURXSV��E\�LQWHU�DOLD�HQKDQFLQJ�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�81+&5��,20��:+2��,&5&��81)3$��81$,'6�DQG�RWKHU�UHOHYDQW�DJHQFLHV�ZRUNLQJ�RQ�PLJUDWLRQ�KHDOWK�interrelations.

LLL�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�UHVHDUFK�DQG�GDWD�FROOHFWLRQ�LQLWLDWLYHV�RQ�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�KHDOWK�DQG�PLJUDWLRQ�WR�SURYLGH�D�EDVLV�IRU�HQKDQFLQJ�FR�RSHUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�FRXQWULHV�DQG�UHOHYDQW�DJHQFLHV��LQFOXGLQJ�:+2��81$,'6��,20��81)3$�DQG�,/2�

LY�� 6XSSRUW� WKH� LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ� RI� UHJLRQDO� SROLFLHV�� SDUWLFXODUO\�$EXMD�'HFODUDWLRQ� DQG�Plan of Action on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and other related infectious dis-HDVHV��'HFLVLRQ�&0�'HF��/;;,9��ZKLFK�UHFRJQL]HV�WKH�UROH�RI�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFHV�LQ�SURPRWLQJ�KHDOWK��XUJLQJ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�GHYHORS�UHDOLVWLF�KHDOWK�SODQV��ZHOO�trained human resources for health and other facilitating factors.

OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES DESERVING ATTENTION


56

Y�� ,GHQWLI\� WKH�FKDOOHQJHV� IDFLQJ� WKH�KHDOWK�VHFWRU��DFFRXQWLQJ� IRU� WKH�QXPEHU�DQG�SUR-fessional qualifications of health personnel emigrating from IGAD Member States and tracing their deployment in the countries of destination.

YL�� $GYRFDWH� IRU� EHWWHU� XWLOL]DWLRQ� RI� KXPDQ� UHVRXUFHV� LQ� WKH� KHDOWK� VHFWRU� DQG� LQVWLWXWH�mechanisms for retaining health sector professionals as stipulated in CM/Decision 673 �/;;,9��

YLL��0RQLWRU� WKH�H[WHQW� WR�ZKLFK� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZKR�EHORQJ�WR� WKH�&RPPRQZHDOWK�work with the countries of destination of their health personnel to gauge the implemen-tation of the Commonwealth Code of Practice for International Recruitment of Health :RUNHUV�

YLLL��$GYRFDWH� IRU� WKH� LQFOXVLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�DQG�PRELOH�SRSXODWLRQ�KHDOWK� LVVXHV� LQWR�QD-tional and IGAD-wide health programmes and strategies.

ix. Strengthen the Health and Social Affairs desk at IGAD to harmonize migration and health policies of its Member States.

[�� (QFRXUDJH�HIIHFWLYH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�DQG�H[FKDQJHV�DPRQJVW�+HDOWK�DQG�6RFLDO�$IIDLUV�RXW-fits of other RECs.

12.2 Migration and Education and Human Resources(GXFDWLRQ�HQKDQFHV�WKH�FDSDFLW\�RI�WKH�KLJKO\�HGXFDWHG�WR�PLJUDWH�IUHHO\�ZKHUHYHU�WKHLU�VHU-YLFHV�DUH�UHTXLUHG��7KH�HGXFDWHG�FRQVLVW�RI�QRW�RQO\�WKRVH�ZLWK�KLJK�HGXFDWLRQDO�DWWDLQPHQWV�but also the skilled and professionals who dominate brain drain. In IGAD, education has ena-EOHG�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�WR�GHYHORS�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFHV��VRPH�RI�WKHP�HPLJUDWLQJ�ZLWKLQ�DV�RWKHUV�PRYH�EH\RQG�WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ��7KH�PLJUDQWV�LQFOXGH�YROXQWDU\�PLJUDQWV��LQFOXGLQJ�EUDLQ�GUDLQ��DQG� IRUFHG�PLJUDQWV� �,'3V� DQG� UHIXJHHV�DV\OXP� VHHNHUV�� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� WKDW� KDYH�H[SHULHQFHG�FLYLO�ZDU�DQG�SURWUDFWHG�GLVSODFHPHQW�RI�SRSXODWLRQ�KDYH�KDG�ODUJH�QXPEHUV�RI�WKHLU� QDWLRQDOV� XQGHUJR� HGXFDWLRQ� DQG� KXPDQ� UHVRXUFH� GHYHORSPHQW� LQ� WKHLU� FRXQWHUSDUWV�ZLWK� UHODWLYH� SHDFH� DQG� WUDQTXLOOLW\��7KXV��ZLWK� SHDFH�EXLOGLQJ� JDLQLQJ� JURXQG� LQ� ,*$'�� WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DUH�OLNHO\�WR�VKDUH�VHUYLFHV�UHQGHUHG�E\�WKH�KLJKO\�HGXFDWHG�DQG�VNLOOHG�IRU�WKH�EHQHILW�RI�WKH�5(&�DQG��RI�FRXUVH��LQGLYLGXDO�0HPEHU�6WDWHV��6RPH�RI�WKH��FKDOOHQJHV�IDFLQJ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV� LQFOXGH��0HPEHU�6WDWHV·� �DGRSWLRQ�RI�YDU\LQJ�HGXFDWLRQ�V\VWHPV� WKDW�FDQQRW�EH�HDVLO\�UHFRQFLOHG��QRW�OHDVW�LQFRPSDUDEOH��ODFN�RI�LQYROYHPHQW�RI�WKH�SULYDWH�VHFWRU�WKDW�FRPSOHPHQWV�WKH�SXEOLF�VHFWRU�HIIRUWV�LQ�HPSOR\PHQW�RSSRUWXQLWLHV��ODFN�RI�VHQVLWLYLW\�WR�differential gender roles and capacities; lack of career guidance; lack of promotion based on labour market demand; lack of skill audit; and the challenge of return migrants, some of whose qualifications are irreconcilable with those in the countries of origin.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES L�� 8UJH�WKH�,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�WR�VWUHDPOLQH�HGXFDWLRQ�DQG�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFH�GHYHORSPHQW�

among Member States, ensuring proper accreditation and ultimately unification of the education system.

ii. Encourage tertiary institutions in IGAD to admit students from different Member States WKHUHE\�FXOWLYDWLQJ�FRPUDGHVKLS�DPRQJ�VWXGHQWV�DQG�WKHUHE\�SUHSDULQJ�WKHP�IRU�SRVW�education careers as citizens of IGAD rather than of different States.

57

LLL�� (QFRXUDJH�SHULRGLF�PHHWLQJV�RI�WHDFKHUV�DQG�WUDLQHUV�DW�GLIIHUHQW�OHYHOV�RI�HGXFDWLRQ�system to undertake meaningful discourses on educational and human resource is-sues of interest to IGAD.

LY�� ,QYROYH�WKH�SULYDWH�VHFWRU�LQ�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFHV�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�PLJUDQWV�WR�VXSSOHPHQW��the efforts of the public sector.

Y�� (QVXUH�JHQGHU�VHQVLWLYLW\�LQ�WKH�SURYLVLRQ�RI�HGXFDWLRQ�DW�DOO�OHYHOV�DQG�LQ�WKH�GHYHORS-PHQW�DV�ZHOO�DV�GHSOR\PHQW�RI�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFHV��GHYHORSLQJ�WKH�FDSDFLWLHV�RI�XQGHUV-HUYHG�JHQGHU�

12.3 Nomadic Pastoralism7KH�YDVW�DUHD�RI� WKH� ,*$'� UHJLRQ�FRQVLVWV�RI�DULG� ODQGV�RFFXSLHG�E\�QRPDGLF�SDVWRUDOLVWV�ZKR�UHO\�RQ�WKHLU�OLYHVWRFN�IRU�VXUYLYDO�DQG�HYHQ�IRU�FRPPHUFLDO�HQWHUSULVHV��6WULFWO\�VSHDN-LQJ�� QRPDGLF� SDVWRUDOLVP� LV� QRW� FDWHJRULVHG� DV�PLJUDWLRQ�� LW� LV� D� NLQG� RI�PRELOLW\� LQYROYLQJ�SHRSOH�DQG�WKHLU�OLYHVWRFN��FDWWOH��FDPHOV��VKHHS�DQG�JRDWV��HLWKHU�FRQWLQXRXVO\�RU�VHDVRQ-DOO\��,Q�WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ��QRWDEO\�WKH�DUHD�FRYHUHG�E\�'MLERXWL�(WKLRSLD��.HQ\D�DQG�6RPDOLD��DERXW��RI�FURVV�ERUGHU�WUDGH�LV�WKURXJK�XQRIILFLDO�FKDQQHOV�DQG�JHQHUDWHV�EHWZHHQ�86��250 and 300 million annually, which is more than 100 times more than the official figure.26 7KH�FURVV�ERUGHU�KHOSV��D�� ORZHU� IRRG�SULFHV�� E�� LQFUHDVH�IRRG�VHFXULW\�� F�� UHOLHYH�ERUGHU�tensions; and (d) promote regional integration. In the IGAD region, the Regional Enhanced /LYHOLKRRGV� LQ�3DVWRUDO�$UHDV� �5(/3$�SURJUDPPH�DQG� WKH�5HJLRQDO� /LYHOLKRRGV�$GYRFDF\�Project REGLAP), supported by the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) DUH� LPSRUWDQW� LQLWLDWLYHV� LQ� LPSURYLQJ� WKH�ZHOIDUH�RI�SDVWRUDOLVWV�DQG� WKHLU� OLYHVWRFN�DV�ZHOO�DV�RWKHU�IRUPV�RI�VXUYLYDO�27 Thus, nomadic pastoralism enables pastoralists to exploit more WKDQ� RQH�HQYLURQPHQW��ZLGHQLQJ� WKH� VFRSH�RI� WKH� DULG� UHJLRQV� VXSSRUWLQJ� ERWK� KXPDQ� OLIH�DQG� OLYHVWRFN�� ,W� LV� D� VWUDWHJ\� IRU� LQWHQVLYH� OLYHVWRFN�PDQDJHPHQW�� SHUPLWWLQJ� GHSHQGDEOH�H[SORLWDWLRQ�RI�OLYHVWRFN�SURGXFWV��PLON��EORRG��PHDW��VNLQ��GXQJ�HWF��DQG�IRU�WUDQVSRUW��LW�LV�D�YLDEOH�DGMXVWPHQW�WR�WKH�YDJDULHV�RI�FOLPDWH�DQG�WKH�KDUVK�HQYLURQPHQW�HLWKHU�FRQWLQXRXVO\�or seasonally; and it permits the use of other resources, for instance, hunted animals for food as well as for commercial purposes.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES i. Undertake systematic studies of nomadic pastoralism as a special form of mobility in-

YROYLQJ�SHRSOH�DQG�WKHLU�OLYHVWRFN�IRU�VXVWDLQDEOH�OLYHOLKRRGV�LL�� *DLQ�LQVLJKWV�RI�SHUVSHFWLYHV��EHQHILWV�DQG�FRQVWUDLQWV�RI�FURVV�ERUGHU�WUDGH�EHWZHHQ�

QHLJKERXULQJ� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� DQG� EHWZHHQ� WKHP� DQG� RWKHU�5(&V·� FRQWLJXRXV�Member States.

LLL�� 3URYLGH� WKH� QHFHVVDU\� LQIUDVWUXFWXUH� IRU� RUGHUO\� QRPDGLF� SDVWRUDOLVP� LQ� WKH� ,*$'�region.

LY�� 3URPRWH�SDVWRUDOLVWV·�FURVV�ERUGHU�WUDGH�WR�EHFRPH�PRUH�HFRQRPLFDOO\�YLDEOH�E\�HP-bedding it in the system of intra-IGAD international trade.

26 Wikipedia, Pastoralism; Nomadic Pastoralism.27 ibid

12. OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES DESERVING ATTENTION


58

12.4 Migration and Culture7KH�0HUULDP�:HEVWHU�GLFWLRQDU\�GHILQHV�¶FXOWXUH·�DV�´WKH�DFW�RI�GHYHORSLQJ�E\�HGXFDWLRQ��GLVFL-pline, and social experience” or “training or refining of the moral and intellectual faculties”. To VRPH��FXOWXUH�LV�D�´VRFLDO�DVVHWµ�ZKRVH�DFTXLVLWLRQ�E\�DQ�DJHQW�JHQHUDWHV�QR�LQGLYLGXDO�XWLOLW\�EXW�KDV�SRVLWLYH�H[WHUQDO�HIIHFWV�28 UNESCO emphasizes that “culture should be regarded DV�WKH�VHW�RI�GLVWLQFWLYH�VSLULWXDO��PDWHULDO��LQWHOOHFWXDO�DQG�HPRWLRQDO�IHDWXUHV�RI�VRFLHW\�RU�D�VRFLDO�JURXS��DQG�WKDW�LW�HQFRPSDVVHV��LQ�DGGLWLRQ�WR�DUW�DQG�OLWHUDWXUH��OLIHVW\OHV��ZD\V�RI�OLYLQJ�WRJHWKHU��YDOXH�V\VWHPV��WUDGLWLRQV�DQG�EHOLHIV�29

0LJUDWLRQ� SLWV� WKH�PLJUDQWV·� FXOWXUH� DJDLQVW� WKDW� RI� WKH� KRVW� FRPPXQLWLHV�� RIWHQ� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ�either cultural conflict or dominance of the stronger culture. Indeed, cultural conflict tends WR� PDQLIHVW� LWVHOI� LQ� [HQRSKRELD� RU� RYHUW� GLVFULPLQDWLRQ� DJDLQVW� PLJUDQWV�� ,Q� FHUWDLQ� FDVHV�migrants disregard the cultural milieu of host communities, exhibiting grossly unacceptable EHKDYLRXU�DQG�UHQGHULQJ�PLJUDQWV�XQZDQWHG��

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES L�� 8UJH�PLJUDQW�FRPPXQLWLHV�WR�DYRLG�EHKDYLRXUDO�WUDLWV�OLNHO\�WR�UXQ�FRXQWHU�WR�WKRVH�RI�

the communities into which they migrate.ii. Urge the host communities to appreciate their differences with migrant communities,

DOORZLQJ�WKH�ODWWHU�WR�REVHUYH�WKHLU�FXOWXUDO�LPSHUDWLYHV�SURYLGHG�WKH\�GR�QRW�LQWHUIHUH�with those of the hosts.

iii. Organise orientation programmes for migrants and their hosts to understand and ap-preciate their cultural differences and to co-exist amicably where they reside.

LY�� 8UJH�,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�WR�H[SORUH�WKH�FXOWXUDO�VLPLODULWLHV�DQG�GLIIHUHQFHV�RI�WKH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�FLWL]HQV� WR�HQDEOH� LW�GHYHORS�PHDQLQJIXO�VWUDWHJLHV� LQ�FXOWXUDO�FR�H[LVWHQFH�RI�migrant and non-migrant groups.

12.5 Migration and Tourism'XULQJ�WKH�WRXULVW�VHDVRQ��WKH�,*$'�UHJLRQ�UHFHLYHV�KRUGHV�RI�WRXULVWV�IURP�GLIIHUHQW�UHJLRQV��Tourism brings to the region many benefits but at the same time yields some costs which ,*$'�DQG�LWV�UHVSHFWLYH�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�GHWHVW�DQG�VRPHWLPHV�GR�QRW�UHGUHVV�DGHTXDWHO\��)RU�H[DPSOH��WRXULVP�HQFRXUDJHV�FRPPHUFLDO�VH[��HYHQ�E\�FKLOGUHQ��LW�GHJUDGHV�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW�DQG�FRPSURPLVHV�ELRGLYHUVLW\��DQG�LW�UHVXOWV�LQ�WUDGLWLRQDO�YHUVXV�IRUHLJQ�FXOWXUH�FRQIOLFW��(Q-YLURQPHQWDO�IUDJLOLW\�RI�WKH�UHJLRQ�FDOOV�IRU�REVHUYDQFH�RI�HFR�WRXULVP�WR�PDNH�WRXULVP�VXVWDLQ-DEOH�DQG�EHQHILFLDO�WR�DOO�WKH�SDUWLHV�FRQFHUQHG��,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV·�REVHVVLRQ�ZLWK�WRXULVP�and tourist traffic should not blind them to the costs that national economies incur.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIESi. Track tourist traffic within IGAD to ensure the safety and security of both tourists and

the local citizens, maximising benefits and minimising costs.ii. Encourage sustainable eco-tourism in which the local population and national econo-

28 Guido Cozzi, “Culture as bubble”, Journal of Political Economy, 1998, Vol. 102, no. 2. 29 UNESCO, Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. Paris: UNESCO, 1998.

59

PLHV�GHULYH�EHQHILWV�iii. Ensure that tourisms respect the cultural traditions of IGAD citizens to help build trust

between tourists and the local population.LY�� (OLPLQDWH� DGYHUVH� DVSHFWV� RI�PRELOLW\� IRU� WRXULVP�� IRU� LQVWDQFH� FRPPHUFLDO� VH[� QHW-

ZRUNV�� WRXULVWV·�XQGXH� LQWHUIHUHQFH�ZLWK� WKH� ORFDO�FXOWXUH��HQYLURQPHQWDOO\�XQVXVWDLQ-able lifestyles and so on.

12.6 Migration and Trade Although intra-IGAD trade is insignificant cross-border trade in certain commodities sustains WKH�HFRQRP\�RI�QHLJKERXULQJ�6WDWHV��0XFK�RI� LW� LQYROYHV�QDWLRQDOV�RI� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�interacting and exchanging goods freely. This is attributed partly to same ethnic communities arbitrarily slotted into different countries by borders that the former metropolitan powers cre-ated and partly due to lack of formal trade arrangements among IGAD Member States.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES:L�� 5HFRJQL]H�GLYHUVLW\�LQ�FRPPRGLWLHV�RI�WUDGH�LQ�,*$'�IRU�SXUSRVHV�RI�HQFRXUDJLQJ�WKH�

Member States to exchange them as would best the needs and desires of those who demand them.

LL�� 5HYLHZ�HFRQRPLF�SURILOHV�RI�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�D�YLHZ�WR�SUHVFULEH�DSSURSULDWH�trade policies within IGAD and between IGAD and its neighbouring RECs.

iii. Strengthen co-operation in the area of migration and trade amongst IGAD Member States and between them and the Member States of neighbouring RECs.

LY�� (VWDEOLVK� UHJXODU�GLDORJXH� IRU�DOO�JRYHUQPHQW�DJHQFLHV� LQ� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�responsibilities in migration, trade and labour issues to enable them appreciate inter-OLQNDJHV�RI� WKHLU�VHUYLFHV�DQG�WR� IDFLOLWDWH� LQWUD�,*$'�WUDGH�ZLWKRXW� LPSRVLQJ�UHTXLUH-PHQWV�VXFK�DV�SURYLVLRQ�RI�YLVDV�DQG�ZRUN�SHUPLWV�

Y�� 6WUHQJWKHQ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�VWURQJ�WUDGH�OLQNV�EHWZHHQ�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�RWKHU�5(&V��WKH�GHYHORSHG�1RUWK�DQG�LGHQWLILHG�UHJLRQV�LQ�WKH�6RXWK�

YL�� (VWDEOLVK�D�VHFXUH��UHOLDEOH�DQG�DWWUDFWLYH�HQYLURQPHQW�WKDW�FRXOG�DWWUDFW�WKH�QHFHVVDU\�IRUHLJQ�GLUHFW�LQYHVWPHQW��)',��WR�UHGXFH�PLJUDWLRQ�WKURXJK�HFRQRPLF�JURZWK��HPSOR\-PHQW�DQG�ZHDOWK�FUHDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�JHQHUDO�

12.7 Migration, Human Security and Social ProtectionMigration leads to insecurity of migrants in destination countries where the security of locals cannot be guaranteed either. In addition, migration often tests social protection of migrants and members of their families.30 Although ILO requires that migrants get social protection and

30 The concept of ‘social protection’ is variously defined: by the ILO as “the provision of benefits to households and individuals through public or collective arrangements to protect against low or declining living standards, in terms of insurance and extension of provision to those in the informal sector”; by the World Bank as “public measures intended to assist individuals, households and communities in managing income risks in order to reduce vulnerability and downward fluctuations in incomes, improve consumption smoothing and enhancing equity...[with] emphasis on risk management which frames social protection as both safety net, and spring board through human capital development”; by the. IADB as “the set of public policies directed towards lessening the impact of adverse shocks on consumption over time...[because] people are vulnerable to risk without social protection”; by the ODI as “the public actions taken in response to levels of vulnerability, risk and deprivation which are deemed socially unacceptable within a given polity or society...[un-

12. OTHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES DESERVING ATTENTION


60

WKH��8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�0LJUDQWV� DQG� WKHLU� )DPLO\�0HPEHUV�DUH� WUHDWHG� LQ�WKH�VDPH�ZD\�DV�QDWLRQDOV��WKHVH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�DUH�VHOGRP�REVHUYHG�LQ�PLJUDQWV·�destination countries. The situation becomes more precarious for migrants who lose employ-PHQW�DV�WKH\�QHYHU�EHQHILW�IURP�VRFLDO�SURWHFWLRQ��6RFLDO�SURWHFWLRQ�HQWDLOV�FRQVLGHULQJ�YXOQHU-DELOLW\�DW�RULJLQV�RI�PLJUDWLRQ��SURWHFWLRQ�GXULQJ�WKH�PLJUDWLRQ�MRXUQH\��SURWHFWLRQ�IRU�LQGLYLGXDO�migrants/migrant households; protection at destinations; formal protection for internal as well as international migrants; informal protection for both; protection of migrant households at ori-gins; and protection of returnee migrants.31 Social protection is therefore crucial for migrants, members of their families and other relations left back home.

RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES i. Ensure the security of migrants, locals and any other persons with whom they inter-

act.ii. Institute social protection mechanisms for migrant households at origins of migration.iii. IGAD secretariat to track equal social protection of migrant groups/households and

KRVW� FRPPXQLWLHV�KRXVHKROGV� IRU� VWUHDPOLQHG� FXOWLYDWLRQ� RI� FR�H[LVWHQFH� RI� WKH� WZR�groups in IGAD Member States.

LY�� 'HYHORS�ERWK�IRUPDO�DQG�LQIRUPDO�VRFLDO�SURWHFWLRQ�VWUDWHJLHV�IRU��PLJUDQW�KRXVHKROGV�at both origins and destinations of migration.

Y�� (VWDEOLVK� RUJDQLVHG� VRFLDO� SURWHFWLRQ� SURJUDPPHV� IRU� UHWXUQHH� PLJUDQWV� �LQFOXGLQJ�refugees/IDPs to enable them make easy re-entry where they had departed sometime back.

YL�� (VWDEOLVK�JHQGHUHG�VRFLDO�SURWHFWLRQ�IRU�PHQ�DQG�ZRPHQ�DV�ZHOO�DV�ER\V�DQG�JLUOV�LQ�both migrant and host communities.

derscoring] specific understanding of vulnerability and deprivation [and targeting] the poorest and most vulnerable.31 R. Sabates-Wheeler and M. Waite (2003) “Migration and Social Protection: A Concept Note”, Working Paper T2. Development Re-search Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex, United Kingdom.

61

13

PRIORITIZATION OF MIGRATION ISSUES

$V� WKHUH�DUH�PDQ\�PLJUDWLRQ� LVVXHV� LQ� ,*$'�� LW� LV� LPSHUDWLYH� WKDW� WKH� ,*$'�VHFUHWDULDW�DQG�LQGLYLGXDO� ,*$'�0HPEHU� 6WDWHV� SULRULWL]H� LVVXHV� RI� FRPPRQ� LQWHUHVW� DQG� WKRVH� SHFXOLDU� LQ�particular settings. The onus is on the Member States to do so, ultimately enabling the IGAD VHFUHWDULDW�WR�LPSOHPHQW��PRQLWRU�DQG�HYDOXDWH�WKH�,*$'�503)��7KLV�ZRXOG�DUP�,*$'�0HP-EHU�6WDWHV�ZLWK�LQYDOXDEOH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�IRU�ELODWHUDO�DQG�PXOWL�ODWHUDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV�LQ�PLJUDWLRQ�management.

Migration issues of priority include but are not limited to those indicated below. These issues could change from time to time due to unpredictable scenarios in IGAD, its contiguous RECs other regions that are linked to IGAD in certain ways. IGAD Member States should consider carefully three issues on prioritization: (a) bases for prioritization, (b) mechanisms for prioriti-zation and specific priority issues. The last item could consist of the following:

i. Upholding the humanitarian principles of migration as stipulated in international instru-PHQWV�ZKLFK�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�KDYH�VLJQHG��UDWLILHG�DQG�RU�LPSOHPHQWLQJ�

LL�� %RUGHU�PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�VHFXULW\�DV�SURYLGHG�IRU�LQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VWDQGDUGV�UHODWLQJ�WR�international regular, irregular and forced migration.

iii. Promotion of regular and labour migration; migration for educational and training and for business and tourism; and permanent migration entailing emigration/immigration, family reunification and humanitarian resettlement (in the case of forced migrants).

LY�� ,QWHJUDWLRQ�RI�PLJUDQWV�LQ�WKH�FRXQWULHV�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�Y�� 0LJUDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�LQWHU�OLQNDJHVYL�� 1RPDGLF�SDVWRUDOLVP�DQG�LWV�LPSOLFDWLRQV�IRU�DUHDV�RI�RULJLQ�DQG�RI�GHVWLQDWLRQ�YLL��&DSDFLW\�EXLOGLQJ�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�EDVHG�LQVWLWXWLRQV�DQG�LQGLYLGXDOV�VHUYLQJ�LQ�WKHP�YLLL��7KH�SURPRWLRQ�RI�SROLF\�UHOHYDQW�UHVHDUFK�DQG�FDSDFLW\�RQ�PLJUDWLRQ�

7KHVH�SULRULW\�DUHDV�DUH�E\�QR�PHDQV�H[KDXVWLYH��7KH\�DUH�LOOXVWUDWLYH�RI�PDQ\�PRUH�SULRULW\�DUHDV�ZKLFK� ,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ERWK� LQGLYLGXDOO\�DQG�XQGHU� WKH�DXVSLFHV�RI� ,*$'�VHFUH-tariat might identify.

PART THREE INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES

63

,*$'�KDV�DQ�LQVWLWXWLRQDO�IUDPHZRUN�WKDW�VKRXOG�HDVLO\�LPSOHPHQW��PRQLWRU�DQG�HYDOXDWH�WKH�proposed IGAD-RMPF. For the IGAD secretariat to ensure successful implementation of the IGAD-RMPF, it will require technical backstopping of IOM and other organisations to work with the organs mentioned below (see Figure 1).

(a) Assembly of Heads of State and Government7KH�$VVHPEO\�RI�+HDGV�RI�6WDWH�DQG�*RYHUQPHQW�LV�WKH�VXSUHPH�RUJDQ�RI�,*$'��

(b) Council of MinistersThe Council of Ministers (IGAD-CM) composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and one other focal minister designated by each member state, is the policy organ of IGAD to promote, PRQLWRU��FRRUGLQDWH�DQG�KDUPRQL]H�LQLWLDWLYHV�WR�UHDOL]H�WKH�REMHFWLYHV�RI�,*$'��,*$'�&0�PD\�HVWDEOLVK�DG�KRF�VHFWRUDO�FRPPLWWHHV�WR�GHDO�ZLWK�LVVXHV�LQ�WKHLU�UHVSHFWLYH�VHFWRUV�LQ�DFFRUG-ance with (Article 10(3) of the Agreement establishing IGAD).

(c) Committee of AmbassadorsThe Committee of Ambassadors, comprising of the Ambassadors or plenipotentiaries of IGAD PHPEHU�VWDWHV�DFFUHGLWHG�WR�WKH�FRXQWU\�RI�,*$'·V�KHDGTXDUWHU��DGYLVHV�DQG�JXLGHV�WKH�([-HFXWLYH�6HFUHWDU\�DQG�SURPRWH�KLV�HIIRUWV�WR�UHDOL]H�WKH�ZRUN�SODQV�DSSURYHG�E\�WKH�&RXQFLO�of Ministers.

(d) IGAD Secretariat 7KH�6HFUHWDULDW�LV�WKH�H[HFXWLYH�DUP�DQG�LV�KHDGHG�E\�DQ�([HFXWLYH�6HFUHWDU\�DSSRLQWHG�E\�WKH�$VVHPEO\� RI� +HDG� RI� 6WDWH� DQG� *RYHUQPHQW�� %HVLGHV� WKH�$GPLQLVWUDWLYH� DQG� )LQDQFH�'LYLVLRQ�� WKH�6HFUHWDULDW�KDV�WKUHH�RSHUDWLRQDO�GLYLVLRQV��QDPHO\�IRU�(FRQRPLF�&RRSHUDWLRQ��+HDOWK�DQG�6RFLDO�'HYHORSPHQW��3HDFH�DQG�6HFXULW\��DQG�$JULFXOWXUH�DQG�(QYLURQPHQW��,*$'�+HDOWK�DQG�6RFLDO�'HYHORSPHQW�'HVN�WKDW�ZLOO�RYHUVHH�WKH�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�3URJUDPPHV�RQ�PLJUDWLRQ�LV�RUJDQL]HG�XQGHU�WKH�'LYLVLRQ�RI�(FRQRPLF�&RRSHUDWLRQ��+HDOWK�DQG�6RFLDO�'HYHO-RSPHQW�GLYLVLRQ��

2. Institutional Arrangements for Migration Management:LOO�EH�DV�IROORZV�

(a) Ministerial Committee comprising of Ministers in charge of Migration - to be estab-lished

IGAD INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

14


64

(b) Regional Migration Coordination Committee (RMCC) – has been established attached are TORs

�F�� ,*$'��+HDOWK�DQG�6RFLDO�6HUYLFHV�'HVN��DQG�G��)RFDO�3HUVRQV�²�1DPHV�WR�EH�SURYLGHG

'HYHORSPHQW�SDUWQHUV�ZRXOG�EH�LQYLWHG�WR�DWWHQG�WKH�UHJXODU�PHHWLQJV�LQ�RUGHU�WR�SDUWLFLSDWH�LQ�QRQ�H[HFXWLRQ�LWHPV�RI�DJHQGD�DQG�SURYLGH�DGYLFH�RQ�PLJUDWLRQ�LVVXHV�

Assembly of Heads

of States and

Government

Council of

Ministers

Committee of

Ambassadors

IGAD

Secretariat

Focal Persons

on Migration

from Members

States

Regional

Migration

Coordination

Committee

Partnership

Group

Ministerial

Committee on

Migration

Figure 1 Institutional Arrangements

65

IGAD-RMPF secretariat will undertake work in collaboration with IGAD Member States to harmonize national migration legislation, policies and programmes thereby harmonizing them WR�UHDOLVH�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLF\�FRKHUHQFH��8OWLPDWHO\��LQGLYLGXDO�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�ZLOO�UHFHLYH�WHFKQLFDO�VXSSRUW� IRU� ,*$'�503)�VHFUHWDULDW� WR�GHYHORS�� LPSOHPHQW�DQG�VXSHUYLVH�1DWLRQDO�0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLFLHV��103V��7KXV��QDWLRQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�SROLF\�FRKHUHQFH�ZRXOG�XOWLPDWHO\�SURYLGH�the basis for IGAD migration management coherence.

7KLV�DFWLYLW\�ZRXOG�UHTXLUH�V\VWHPDWLF�VWXGLHV�RI�QDWLRQDO�ODZV�DQG�SROLFLHV�JXLGLQJ�LQWHUQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDO�PLJUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�LQGLYLGXDO�,*$'�0HPEHU�6WDWHV�DQG�EHWZHHQ�,*$'�DQG�QHLJKERXU-LQJ�5(&V��($&�DQG�&20(6$��7KH�VWXGLHV�ZRXOG�UHYHDO�VLPLODULWLHV�DQG�GLIIHUHQFHV�DPRQJ�IGAD Member States. Against the results of the studies, IGAD would then determine the way forward in harmonization of migration legislation and policies among its Member States.

15

HARMONIZING MIGRATION LEGISLATION AND POLICIES OF IGAD MEMBER STATES

66

MONITORING AND EVALUATION MECHANISM,*$'�503)�ZLOO� GHYHORS�D�0RQLWRULQJ�DQG�(YDOXDWLRQ� �0(��PHFKDQLVP��7KH�SURFHVV�ZLOO�

UHTXLUH�D�ZRUNVKRS�VSHFLILFDOO\�RQ�0(��DSSURSULDWHO\�DUUDQJHG�E\� WKH� ,*$'�503)�VHFUH-tariat for IGAD Member States to determine how best this mechanism could be implemented, UHYLHZHG�DQG�PRGLILHG�WR�EHFRPH�D�EXLOW�LQ�DFWLYLW\��

16

67

APPENDIX

GLOSSARY OF TERMS7KLV�GRFXPHQW�SURYLGHV�WZR�NH\�UHIHUHQFHV�FRQWDLQLQJ�JORVVDULHV�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�WHUPV��$OO� LQ-VWLWXWLRQV�DQG�LQGLYLGXDOV�LQYROYHG�LQ�,*$'�03)�DQG�103V�DUH�DGYLVHG�WR�SURFXUH�FRSLHV�RI�the two references which will furnish them definitions and interpretations of migration terms, GUDZQ�IURP�GLYHUVH�VRXUFHV�DQG�FLUFOHV��

�� 0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLF\�,QVWLWXWH��*ORVVDU\��0LJUDWLRQ�,QIRUPDWLRQ�6RXUFH��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��03,��)RU�RYHU�D�GHFDGH��WKH�0LJUDWLRQ�3ROLF\�,QVWLWXWH��03,��KDV�EHHQ�XQGHUWDNLQJ�ZRUN�RQ�D�YDULHW\�RI�PLJUDWLRQ�LVVXHV��GDWD�KXE��SROLF\�SDSHUV��FRXQWU\�UHVRXUFHV��IRFXV�on the United States, refugees and others.

2. International Organization for Migration – IOM (2004) International Migration Law: *ORVVDU\� RI� 0LJUDWLRQ�� *HQHYD�� ,20�� )RU� GHFDGHV� ,20� KDV� EHHQ� D� ORQH� UDQJHU� LQ�migration work. It has asserted its position as the most reliable partner of its member states and non-member states alike in migration and its relationship with different is-VXHV� LQ� WKH�DUHQD�RI� QDWLRQDO� DQG� LQWHUQDWLRQDO� GHYHORSPHQW�� ,20�ZRXOG�HDVLO\� OHQG�support to IGAD secretariat and IGAD Member States in ensuring the success of the IGAD-RMPF.

igad regional migration policy...

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