iff issue 14

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

FIRE FIGHTERI N T E R N A T I O N A L

FIRE FIGHTERReporting Worldwide to Municipal, Industrial and Fire Training Professionals

An MDM PUBLICATIONIssue 14 – May 2007

www.mdmpublishing.com


9th–13th December 2007

Official International Media Partner

IFF14 Front Cover May 3/5/07 11:25 am

ThunderStorm® ATC is the result of an exhaustive mission to create a high-performance foam that overcomes industrial fires with authorityand consistency.

UL 162 listed and API rated top in its field, ThunderStorm® out performs its competitors in the most important test of all ... in the field. With hundreds of extinguishments of hydrocarbon and polar solvent related fires ThunderStorm® ATC is the most potent blend of foam available today.

With safety, infrastructure, and production on the line ThunderStorm® assures quick knockdown, reliable extinguish-ment, and long lasting vapor suppression for fires in-depth — including ships, pipelines, storage tanks, barges, subterraneanfires, and more.

Available in “1 x 3”, “3 x 3”, “3 x 6”, and freeze protected blends.

You’re up for the challenge... how about your foam?

ThunderStorm® ATC is the only foam chemically designedto perform as a 1% foam on hydrocarbons in-depth.

WILLIAMSFire & Hazard Control, Inc®

Find your global representative withour “Global Contacts” link at:

www.williamsfire.com

24 Hour Emergency

409-727-2347281-999-0276

INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER 1

Front Cover Picture: courtesy of Transitional Fire Ltd

PublishersDavid Staddon & Mark Seton

Sales and Editorial ManagerMark Bathard

Contributing EditorsGreg Kang, Roger Weinmeister,Paul Spooner, CarolineSouthcombe, Bob Gaskell, MichaelMills, Gerd Pearson, Mike Willson,Paul Bowkett, Tim Oakes, ClintArnett, Chuck Klafka

IFF is published quarterly by:MDM Publishing Ltd The Abbey Manor Business Centre,The Abbey, Preston Road, Yeovil, Somerset BA20 2ENTel: +44 (0) 1935 426 428Fax: +44 (0) 1935 426 926 Email: [email protected]: www.mdmpublishing.com

©All rights reserved

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DISCLAIMER:The views and opinions expressed inINTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER are notnecessarily those of MDM Publishing Ltd.The magazine and publishers are in noway responsible or legally liable for anyerrors or anomalies made within theeditorial by our authors. All articles areprotected by copyright and writtenpermission must be sought from thepublishers for reprinting or any form ofduplication of any of the magazinescontent. Any queries should be addressedin writing to the publishers.

Reprints of articles are available onrequest. Prices on application to thePublishers.

Page design by Dorchester Typesetting Group Ltd

Printed in Singapore









May 2007 Issue 14

71-75

5-10 News &Profiles

MUNICIPAL SECTION

13-16 LEDs TheEvolution andRevolution Of A SmallPlastic Bulb

19-21 The ThermalImaging Camera – A Look At The Past,Present & Future

23-28 A Buyers’Guide to ThermalImaging Cameras

29 PROFILE,Transitional Fire Ltd

31-34 Placing FansFor Optimum PPVEffectiveness

INDUSTRIAL SECTION

37-44 Helmets,Boots and Gloves

47-50 FireFighting Monitors,Selecting The RightOne For YourApplication

53-57 AirMonitoring As Part OfPreparedness

59-62 LargeDiameter HoseSolutions ForEmergency WaterManagement

TRAINING SECTION

65-68 PROFILE,Serco’s InternationalFire Training Centre

71-75 USAR ToolTesting

76 Advertisers’Index

47-50

37-44

31-34

23-28

13-16

65-68

59-62

Contents

P. 1 Contents 3/5/07 11:34 am Page 1

MDM Publishing dps 27/4/07 10:00 AM Page 2

MDM Publishing dps 27/4/07 10:00 AM Page 3

www.iveco-magirus.de

Fire fighting is a red-hot job –only the best will do for you.

The protective fire safety on airports is generally considered to be one of the most complexand greatest challenges for the fire services – and thus also for all manufacturers of fire fightingvehicles. IVECO MAGIRUS offers a world-wide unique product range for holistically coveringall potential hazards that must be met on airports.With the airport crash tender range DRAGON x4, x6 and x8, IVECO MAGIRUS offers threevariants in this “top of the range” category, that will meet even the most specific requirements.The IMPACT series, with the variants x4 and x6, is the ideal completion to the DRAGON rangeor even a cost-effective alternative, e.g. for smaller airports.

IVECO MAGIRUS

FIREFIGHTING GMBHMAGIRUSSTRASSE 16D-89077 ULM

FAX +49 731/408-2410

[email protected]

LOHR MAGIRUS

FEUERWEHRTECHNIK GMBHHÖNIGTALER STRASSE 46A-8301 KAINBACH/GRAZ

FAX + 433133 / 2077-31

[email protected]

IVECO MEZZI SPECIALI SPA.VIA S. POLO 31I-25124 BRESCIA

FAX + 39 (0) 30/2393-268

[email protected]

CAMIVA S.A.689, AVENUE DE CHAMBÉRY

F-73230 SAINT-ALBAN-LEYSSE

FAX +33 479/705440

[email protected]

Iveco_Anz_GB_Dragon_2006 08.03.2006 14:56 Uhr Seite 1

The Denver Fire Department’sInternational Airport Division, under thedirection of Chief Nick Nuanes, ispurchasing its first “Force50” stainlesssteel 316, remote-control “Force50”monitor manufactured by UNIFIRE AB ofSweden. The Division is responsible forAircraft Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF) at theDenver International Airport. A total of87 fire fighters at DIA are trained inAircraft Rescue Fire Fighting and theDepartment maintains 11 supportvehicles and 16 pieces of emergencyapparatus.

The Department’s decision to purchasethe Force50 monitor comes after itsrigorous testing by the Department and 92firefighters, each of whom independentlytested and evaluated the Unifire Force50monitor and ranked its performanceagainst other turrets they have used. Theevaluations, headed by Doug Mangels,showed impressive results of the Force50’scomparative performance, as follows:

The shiny, stainless steel Force monitorshave recently debuted in the United Statesand are featured on the popular 65’Snozzle® by Crash Rescue EquipmentServices, Inc. (the U.S. Distributor forUnifire AB). Unifire reports that its globalsales of the monitors are growing rapidly,and they currently project an increase inmonitor sales of at least 60% in 2007.

The Force monitors feature a CANBUScontrol system with advanced electronicscapable of customization to theircustomers’ needs. The joystick isprogressive, allowing the operator toprecisely control the monitor’s speed ofmotion depending on how hard thejoystick shaft is pressed in any givendirection. The nozzle’s spray pattern canalso be controlled infinitely from jet to fog

with a convenient dial on the joystick. Thejoystick has a valve operation button and a“park” button for one-step,programmable bedding of the monitorafter operation. The high-quality controlcables feature multi-connectors for simpleinstallation. The monitors’ motors arecompletely sealed in stainless steel,unscrew-able canisters, which fully protectthe motors from exposure to the elementsand allow instant access to the motors forinspection or replacement, if necessary.The motors themselves feature snap on/offmulti-connectors. The Force50 with nozzleweighs just 41 pounds (18.5 kg). Thisturret has a 2” pipe diameter with anoptimal maximum capacity of 525 gallonsper minute at 145 psi (2000 lpm at 10bar). The larger Force80 with nozzleweighs only 66 pounds (30 kg) and has a3” pipe diameter with an optimal capacityof 1450 gpm at 145 psi (5500 lpm at 10 bar).

For more information contact: Roger Barrett James, Unifire’s Director ofInternational Sales and MarketingTel: 1 (310) 933-5919 Email: [email protected]


NEWS

Rating Category Better Far Better Same, Better or Far Better

OVERALL RATING 51% 27% 93%Ability to Adjust Nozzle Stream Pattern 40% 47% 95%Ability for Second Person to Operate the Monitor 42% 39% 96%Ability to Start Operation 29% 13% 85%Ability to Pump & Roll 37% 10% 87%Ability to Control Nozzle Stream Pattern During

Pump & Roll 39% 29% 84%Ability for Driver to Operate 33% 5% 63%Ability to Bed/Park After Operations 34% 18% 86%

Unifire Force50™ MonitorTested & Purchased byDenver Fire Department’sInternational AirportDivision

UNIFIRE FORCE50 MONITOR COMPARED WITH OTHER TURRETS USED:

Source: Doug Mangels, Denver Fire Department DIA

Angus Fire EndorsesEuropAid Initiative atFire Industry Conference

In a presentation at this month’s Fire AcrossEurope Symposium, ANGUS FIRE spoke infavour of European Commissioner MichelBarnier’s recently proposed EuropAid initiative,which calls for the creation of a European civilprotection force. Held at the British Houses ofParliament and organized by the Federation ofBritish Fire Organisations (FOBFO), theSymposium was attended by over 100 seniorfire professionals from across Europe. AngusFire is part of UTC Fire & Security, a unit ofUnited Technologies Corp. (NYSE;UTX).

During the presentation, Alec Nightingale,Managing Director of Angus Fire, emphasisedthe need for a European wide fire fightingstrategy to address major incidents like theBuncefield fuel depot fire in the UK, the RepsolRefinery fire in Spain and the Idemitsu Refineryfire in Japan. He cited all three as examples ofrecent major incidents during which initialplanning measures did not match the scale ofthe actual event or the true risk potential.

He also said that, “Angus Fire has alwaysbeen committed to developing products andservices of the highest quality. We support theFire Trade Associations and Standards bodies atboth the national and international level inorder to promote excellence and best practiceswherever possible. A unified European firefighting approach will only be achievablethrough the continued collaboration among themajor fire safety organisations and Angus Fire isfully prepared to support this initiative.”

The aim of FOBFO is to achieve a saferEurope by encouraging knowledge sharing andfire fighting experience. Since 1962 FOBFO hasbeen presenting the views of all major fireorganisations in the UK to national andinternational audiences including CTIF(International Technical Committee for thePrevention and Extinction of Fire), a worldwidebody with membership from 52 countries.

Angus Fire has been supplying fire fightingequipment around the world for over 200 years.Today it is part of UTC Fire & Security, whichprovides fire safety and security solutions tomore than one million customers throughoutthe world. Headquartered in Connecticut, USA,UTC Fire & Security is a business unit of UnitedTechnologies Corp., which provides hightechnology products and services to the buildingand aerospace industries worldwide.

For more information contact: Jonathan Brittain, Angus FireTel: +44 (0) 1844 265021Email: [email protected] Reidy, UTC Fire & SecurityTel: +1 860-284-3094Email: [email protected]

News P. 5, 6, 8, 9 3/5/07 11:36 am Page 5

SAVOX Communications is a leading innovatorand designer of communications solutions forsafety apparel and equipment. Our products areused by military, police, fire, rescue, andindustrial professionals. Building on our uniqueexpertise, experience and market knowledge,we offer our portfolio of SAVOXCommunications products as well as completedesign and product development projects –from idea to production.

SAVOX Communications is a design-orientedcompany that brings innovations tocommercialisation. We are guided by the needto meet the safety challenges of hazardouswork through product development.Accordingly, the company name – acomposition of the words “save” and “vox”(sound) – originates from our initial product, afiremen’s breathing mask with integratedcommunication features.

Communication is the basis for safetyand efficiencyMilitary, police, fire, rescue, and industrialprofessionals carry out their tasks in demandingcircumstances. Their personal safety, teamsafety and organisational efficiency arechallenged and measured every minute.

SAVOX Communications is a provider ofadvanced communications solutions for safetyapparel and equipment used in hazardous jobs.

With a 25-year track record and several world’sfirsts in design and product development, wehold a recognised position in the industry. Ourproducts are distributed by market leaders inthe various fields of safety and communications.

Today, we also offer comprehensive productdevelopment, design and manufacturingservices to companies seeking to integrateworld-leading technology into their products.

Resources for exclusive design andmanufacturing Special communications networks enable a two-way connection in combat and emergencies,during unrest, or in extremely noisy conditions.Their effectiveness is significantly enhanced bymicrophones, speakers and wires integrated intohelmets, ear protection, clothing or otherapparel. Designing these applications for themost demanding clients is our speciality.

The strengths of SAVOX Communicationsinclude compatibility with a wide range of

products, achieved through close co-operationwith manufacturers of radio and safetyequipment. We also prioritise usability in ourdesigns – for example, the special design of ourpush-to-talk units prevents any unintentionaltransmission even when operated underprotective clothing. SAVOX Communicationsalso has strong expertise in intrinsic safety andATEX-approved products (see sidebar).

A proud tradition of groundbreakinginnovationsTaking the unbeaten path, SAVOXCommunications was the first company to

produce integrated safety and communicationequipment. Similarly, becoming a worldwideoperator before the Internet age was a massivegrowth challenge. Now, with distributionthrough global players, less than two percent ofour business is domestic. Our key markets areEurope, North America and Australia.

Over the years, SAVOX Communications hasachieved numerous world’s firsts in safety andcommunication applications – including thebreathing mask communication system, thebone conduction helmet microphone, thehearing protection earphone, and the throatmicrophone. Since 2001, we have offered thewidest range of products in our chosen markets.

Constant progress towards a saferfutureSecuring safety and efficiency in demandingcircumstances requires dependable equipmentthat enables constant communication. More andmore, verbal communication will be supportedby other kinds of data such as positioninginformation, and telemetric and biometricreadings. New radio technologies will be utilisedto enable versatile communication. The moredata can be transmitted, the more informed thedecisions in pressure situations will be, makingeveryone’s jobs safer and more efficient.

“Precise” and “reliable” are the attributessaid to characterise both us and our products. Itis our goal to keep living up to this perceptionas we integrate new technologies into oursafety concept. Therefore, we investsystematically in operational and designexcellence. We constantly evaluate our trainingschemes, technology innovations, raw materialsand service capabilities to offer unrivalledquality to our clients.

If you want to hear more about leadingsafety and communication solutions, call oremail either Jussi Havakka ([email protected]) or Aku Salmi ([email protected]) on +358 9 417 411 00

6 INTERNATIONAL FIRE FIGHTER

NEWS

Mask-mounted bone-conductivecommunications system as suppliedto a number of UK fire brigades

SAVOX – More safety,more efficiencyThe integrator of safety and communicationequipment also offers turn-key productdevelopment

BARIE to enhancefirefighters’communicationSAVOX Communications’ expertise inintrinsic safety and ATEX-approved productshas not gone unnoticed by the FES industry.In 2005, co-operation between SAVOXCommunications, Interspiro Ltd andRadiocoms Systems Limited led to a range ofbreathing apparatus radio interfaceequipment (BARIE) to be included in theTendered Firebuy Procurement Programme.

As Wayne Shillam from Interspiro says,“This contract has allowed the co-operatingcompanies to meet the communicationsystem requirements of each brigade. Due toa large equipment purchase volume, the UKFire Service has benefited from theframework agreement. London, Staffordshire,Derby, Warwickshire, Northumberland andShropshire Fire Rescues are just some of thebrigades benefiting from the Firebuyagreement”. Both Wayne Shillam fromInterspiro and Mark Blythe from Radiocomscan be met at the Fire & Rescue Show at theNEC in Birmingham on May 22 – 24.

SAVOX®

C-C500 is a multi-purpose

remote speaker-microphone thatcan also be used

without a headsetthanks to its

internalmicrophone and

speaker.

A compact,lightweight helmet-com unit forprofessionals workingin extreme andhazardous conditions,SAVOX® HC-1provides instant, clearand reliable “hands-free” communication.

News P. 5, 6, 8, 9 3/5/07 11:36 am Page 6

STRAIGHTTO THE POINT

www.scottsafety.com

PAK - TRACKERTM LOCATOR

Essential Firefighter Protection

For a free demonstration please call +44 (0) 1695 711711 quoting reference IFF407or email [email protected]

S E A R C H L O C A T E R E S C U E

Project1 17/4/07 12:34 pm Page 1


NEWS

THE SNOZZLE® may be the best kept secretin the fire industry. It affords the firedepartment a lower cost alternative to theaerial ladder, while allowing you to carrymore water and have morecompartmentation than a standard aerialdevice. A large rear compartment (or rearmounted pump) and an unrestricted hosebed are features of the midship mounting ofthe Snozzle®. Flow capability of up to 1500GPM (5,600 LPM) is available. You have the

range of 65 ft. (19 meters) of elevationdown to 12 ft. (9 meters) below groundlevel. Radio remote controls are standardallowing for operation up to 300 ft. (100meters) away from the vehicle. This gives theoperator a unique perspective of where thefire stream is going. As added assistance, athermal imaging camera and/or a colorcamera with a weather proof monitor isavailable. The cameras are located on thenozzle to give the operator an elevated view

of the fire scene. A piercing nozzle isavailable for interior fire fighting of metalbuildings, attics, dumpsters and automobilefires, to make the fire fighting packagecomplete.

The light weight of the unit allows singleaxle chassis and lower Gross Vehicle WeightRating (GVWR). It only requiresapproximately 21” of linear chassis area tomount and in most cases that allows for acompartment on each side of the Snozzle®.

Staging is no problem, since the jacksonly extend to a total width of 12’ 5” (lessthan 4 meters). This allows the unit to be setup in many areas where a standard aerialwould not be an option. The time requiredto set up this unit is also substantially lessthan other aerial devices. It is often on the

scene and operating while other units arestill being set up. The combination ofarticulating and telescoping booms furtherenhances maneuverability. The Snozzle® canbe set up and operated in narrow alleys ortree lined streets.

The next time you have an aerial need;don’t overlook the Snozzle® option.

Further information from:Crash Rescue Equipment Services, Inc.www.crashrescue.com

The Snozzle® – Crash RescueEquipment Services, Inc.

Specialised Fire andRescue Helmet on StandFR311 at Fire and RescueShow 22-24 May 2007

The comfort levels and flexibility of the HELMETINTEGRATED SYSTEMS LTD (HISL) Cromwelldual shell helmet will be displayed anddemonstrated at the Fire and Rescue Show,being held at the NEC from 22-24 May 2007.

Exhibiting on Stand FR311, HISL will beshowing the new Cromwell ER1-FR2 advancedtechnology dual shell, fire and rescue helmet,which enables the wearer to select the helmetoption that best suits the operationalrequirement.

The ER1 Emergency and Rescue helmet,complete with adjustable headband andretractable visor, weighs 800gms and is suitablefor fire service operations which do not requirea structural fire-fighting helmet. The ER1 canalso be used by paramedic, water rescue andcivil defence personnel, and can be configuredfor specialised operations such as heli-deck,coastguard, air sea rescue and public security.

The Cromwell FR2 consists of the ER1, plus anouter shell with integral full face shield, which isfitted in seconds by means of an internal cliparrangement, The FR2 provides additional heat,flame and impact protection to the wearer whenundertaking structural fire fighting operations.

The new Cromwell has been designed so thatthere are no connections on the outside of thehelmet that are susceptible to impact damageor heat load.

Options available include hearing defenders,integral communications, neck capes andSCABA facemask fixing points.

The ER1-FR2 Cromwell helmet ismanufactured using the latest mouldingtechniques and materials, and has beendeveloped to be offered as part of the PPEensemble of the UK Firebuy Integrated ClothingProject (ICP)

HISL, based in Hertfordshire, is ISO 9001approved. It has supplied many of the UK FireServices with its range of Cromwell fire helmetsand is the leading international supplier ofhelmets for military and civil aircraft.

Further information can be obtained from:Bob GaskellHelmet Integrated Systems LtdTel: + 44 (0)1462 478000 or+44 (0) 7766 476819Mark BroughtonMarontech CommunicationsTel: +44 (0)1428 647979 or +44 (0)7880 506345

Comfort and flexibility ofnew Cromwell on show

News P. 5, 6, 8, 9 3/5/07 11:36 am Page 8


NEWS

Fire Department InstructorsConference returns to Bahrain

The Ministry of the Interior (Bahrain), PennWell Corporation,Bahrain Exhibition and Convention Bureau (BECA) and theGeneral Directorate of Civil Defence Bahrain (GDCD) announcethe return of the Fire Department Instructor’s ConferenceBahrain (FDIC Bahrain) to the Bahrain International ExhibitionCentre from 9th to 13th December 2007.

May 2006 saw the first ever Fire Department Instructor’s Conference to be staged in theMiddle East, and the inaugural FDIC Bahrain was an immense success for the developmentof skills and training for the regions fire industry.

FDIC Bahrain is being organized under the patronage of H.E. Sheikh Rashid bin AbdullaAl Khalifa, Minister of the Interior. The event enjoys high-level support from both within thegovernment of the Kingdom of Bahrain as well as from the industrial sector. The Ministry ofthe Interior and through this the General Directorate of Civil Defence under the leadership ofMajor General Abdul Latif Al Zayani has pledged his full support. From the industry, FDICBahrain also enjoys the full support of BAPCO, the Bahrain Petroleum Company, and ArabShipbuilding and Repair Yard (ASRY) Bahrain.

FDIC Bahrain helps fire-fighters in the Middle East save lives in three key areas:experience, knowledge and equipment.

FDIC Bahrain 2007 builds on the success of the first event, aiming to provide training in realsituations, including refinery fires, structural fire-fighting, marine fires and vehicle extrication.

Hands-On Training modulesHands-On-Training (H.O.T.) modules give fire-fighters real, live training under the guidanceof some of the most experienced fire-fighters in the world. In carefully selected venueslocated throughout the city, fire-fighters will learn techniques and practical theory on arange of live emergency situations.

Workshop SessionsWorkshop sessions provide extended case study learning in a range of scenarios. Each 3hour Workshop aims to tackle an emergency scenario, from tall buildings in the constructionindustry, to industrial and marine fire-fighting.ConferenceThe conference provides classroom based learning that gives fire-fighters and fire industryrelated professionals the most up-to-date knowledge on how to fight fires. With 20conference presentations covering various fire issues, by some of the world’s leadingindustry professionals, the conference has something to offer all levels of fire personnel.ExhibitionFDIC Bahrain also offers an opportunity for companies to showcase their products thatenable fire-fighters to do the job that they do and which keep them alive while they aredoing it. Leading international organizations will be exhibiting their products and services atFDIC Bahrain exhibition Hall 1 in the Bahrain International Exhibition Centre.

FDIC Bahrain is a 5 day event, that will see over 20 speakers and with leading fireindustry trainers providing Hands-On-Training at 8 different locations.

The training programme has been developed under the guidance and leadership offormer United Nations Fire Chief Robert Triozzi, leader of the Rome based Fire RescueDevelopment Program, a UN recognized None Governmental Organization (NGO). ChiefTriozzi, a 30-year fire service veteran, has worked with fire-fighters in nearly 40 countriesand has the distinction of recognizing, training and guiding fire services in developing andwar torn countries, including Bosnia, Angola, Kosovo and Iraq.

Co-Leader is John O’Connell, Lead Instructor at the FDIC events in the USA, as well as afireman of 26 years experience with the Fire Department of New York (FDNY), one of thebusiest fire departments. John was the most experienced elite ‘Rescue’ fireman in the cityuntil his retirement.

The Fire Department Instructor’s Conference Bahrain is organized and run by PennWellCorporation, and co-organized by the Bahrain Exhibition and Convention Authority. PennWellCorporation runs the equivalent Fire Conference and Exhibition in the USA, attracting over25,000 attendees, with an entire week of Conference and Hands-On-Training programmes.

Jeremy Richardson, Event Director for FDIC Bahrain, said, “It is fabulous to see the returnof The Fire Department Instructor’s Conference to Bahrain. We are delighted to, once again,see the support of the General Directorate of Civil Defence, BECA and companies such asBapco and ASRY.”

“FDIC Bahrain will see the key decision makers, buyers and influencers at the event, as wellas the municipal and industrial fire-fighters that put their lives at risk to save others. We aim toensure that The Fire Department Instructor’s Conference provides the fire industry with the besttraining achievable to help the fire-fighters tackle dangerous situations as safely as possible.”Further information on The Fire Department Instructor’s Conference in Bahrain(FDIC Bahrain) can be found by visiting www.fdicbahrain.com and from Neil Walker,Marketing Manager, PennWell. Tel: +44 (0) 1992 656 643. Fax: +44 (0) 1992 656700. Email: [email protected]

News P. 5, 6, 8, 9 3/5/07 11:36 am Page 9

STEDFAST INC., a premier supplier of innov-ative multiple textile coating and laminatingfor specialized end users, is now bringing its

unique technology to the UK PPE market.Founded in 1930, Stedfast Inc. is now the market

leader in creating coated and laminating fabrics.Stedfast Inc. serves the material-to-specificationneeds of military, medical, industrial, marine, andprotective clothing fields.

Products include Neoprene, kevlar, and PolyvinylChloride products and laminated breathablemoisture barriers. Stedfast Inc. offers a highlyskilled technical team, state-of the-art researchand testing facility, clean room facility, and utilizesenvironmentally responsible business practices.

Stedair moisture barriers are produced in theirown plants, located in Charlotte NC, and GranbyQC, to provide exceptional durabiliy, TPP and THLratings, and go above and beyond the EN469,EN659, and NFPA specifications set for fire fightingand EMS clothing for the European and the NorthAmerican Market. Certified products include,Stedair 2000, Stedair 2000e, Stedair 3000, Stedair4000, Stedair 123, Stedair 194, Stedshield FR andstedprene FR. visit them at www.stedfast.com

EUROPROTECT FRANCE, a European leader inresearch and development, offers a range ofinnovative fabrics for personal protective apparel.They are also fully integrated as spinners, weavers,dyers, and printers.

Their fabrics are tailored for numerous areas ofactivity, fire fighters, utilities, hospitals, armedforces,institutional users and police forces. Theirstrategy focused on research and development,gave rise to patented products designed for specificniches, providing technical solutions for customersindividual needs in terms of safety and comfort.

Europrotect have 2 unique fabrics manufac-tured in accordance and tested to EN469 for firefighters tunics, one, for outer shell wear – Twin

System – and the second for thermal insulation,Twin spacer.

TWIN SYSTEM is a technology which enablesthe mechanical performance of any fabric to beincreased considerably, without affecting its lookor weight.

TWIN SPACER is a technology whose perfor-mance ia already recognised by many users. Itmakes it possible to produce a lightweight fabricwith two operating sides providing excellent ther-mal insulation through an air-circulation system.visit them at www.europrotect.fr

EAGLE TECHNICAL PRODUCTS was founded in2000, to service the needs of the EmergencyService Workers, ie; Fire, Police,and Utilities, whorequire the highest level of service and protectionavailable from their protective clothing.

In terms of Fire Fighting, Eagle specialize in FireFighting Hoods to EN13911. They are available inPbi Gold, Carbon X, Kermel/Lenzing FR andP84/Lenzing FR. They have a variety of specialiststyles with the most popular designs, ETF2, andETF20. Both the fabrics and finished hoods are toregistered designs.

Included in their range of products they alsomanufacture moisture wicking base layer T shirtsand Long Johns to EN531, offering Kermel/LenzingFR and Protex/Cotton.

Their latest range of products they have intro-duced to the market feature an extensive range ofFire Fighting Gloves, manufactured in accordanceto EN 2003. These gloves offer the highest levelsof protection, with a unique pre-curved fingerdesign to offer dexterity to the whole hands, anessential requirement for the modern fire fighter.

Included in the range are Structural Leather FireFighting Gloves, Ref. ETF309, USAR Gloves, Ref.ETF319, Debris Glove Ref. ETF329 plus an economyrange of aramid fire fighting gloves. Visit them atwww.eagletechnicalfabrics.com IFF


PROFILE

PPE SafetySolutions . . .offer ‘’betteralternatives’’Malcolm Hannon took an early retirement from being a sales director forSouthcombe Brothers, to form his own consultancy business, PPE SafetySolutions, working with proven quality suppliers, Stedfast Inc., EagleTechnical Fabrics/Products, and Europrotect, they each will fulfill a vital role to provide the best available personal protective wear, and up to datetechnology to manufacturers/fire brigades/police forces, and utilitycompanies.

Should you require furtherinformation, or help in co-ordinating your PPEneeds, please contact: Malcolm Hannon Tel. 07810351746 [email protected]

P. 10 PPE Safety Profile 3/5/07 11:40 am Page 10

MUNICIPAL

Pic courtesy of Reuters

Dividers p. 11, 35, 63 3/5/07 11:38 am Page 11

Plastisol 12/20/05 11:23 AM Page 1


MUNICIPAL

The incandescent bulb was once the preferredway to light a flashlight but in the last 15-20years, LEDs have steadily gained in technology

and popularity for their safety, extreme batteryefficiency, toughness, versatility and brilliantcollimated beams.

Where did these bits of plastic and semiconduc-tors come from and how did they become soimportant?

Flashlights and LEDs have different, yet parallelhistories. The advent of white LEDs has revolution-ized the way flashlights are built. “I think LEDshave definitely sparked the evolution of flashlights

as well as video sign boards and auto interiorillumination,” said Craig Johnson, founder of LEDmuseum.org.

What is an LED?An LED or light emitting diode is a plastic lightbulb that produces illumination and photons bythe movement of electrons through an embeddedsemiconductor material. In the simplest terms, anLED is made with two different kinds of semi-conductor material: one type that has too manyfree electrons roaming around inside, and anotherthat doesn’t have enough. When an electron from

By Greg Kang

Engineering Manager,Pelican Products

LEDs: TheEvolution andRevolution Of ASmall Plastic BulbSince the dawn of man, fire and light have beaten away the dark. A lit torchmeant the difference between living and falling prey. Ever since Edison inventedthe light bulb, flashlights, like all technology, have progressed from a simplemomentary torch to a sophisticated lighting instrument, integral to safe plantoperations. Imagine being in a blackout without a flashlight? Activity on theassembly line, in the lab, or in a burning building interrupted by a failingflashlight can be problematic at best and life threatening at worst.

P. 13-16 Torches 3/5/07 12:47 PM Page 13

one material (the donor) gets pushed across a thinbarrier and fits into tiny spaces in the other (theholes), a photon or particle of light is produced.

Where did LEDs come from?From the early 1900s to 1930s, researchers usedzinc and phosphorous to create a low level lighteffect called electroluminescence, but it was toofaint to be used. Several different experimentalversions of the LED were created but it wasn’tuntil the 1960s that the first modern LED emittingonly an invisible red light became available. Thiswas the basis for the first remote controls.

From the early 1960s starting with red, LEDsclimbed the spectrum to pale green and yellow.The mid-1990s marked the birth of first superbright LEDs using Gallium nitride (GaN) and indi-um gallium nitride (InGaN) as the basis for emeraldgreen, cyan (blue-green), blue, and later, violet andUV LEDs. This in turn led to the development ofthe white LED. The white LED is coated with

phosphorescent phosphor to absorb the blue endof the spectrum, which shifts the spectrum downto yellow/green, which mixes with residual blue tocreate a bluish white light.

“It was only 10 years ago that the best lightLEDs were capable of was in VCR, calculator andwatch displays so they’ve come a very long way ina very short time, technologically speaking,”added Johnson.

Why LEDs?● LEDs have up to 20 times the life of incandes-

cent bulbs.● LED systems are ideal for extended operation

because of their low power requirements.● LED use about one-tenth the power of

incandescent bulbs, and are up to 90% moreefficient than both fluorescent and neon lampsof similar strength.

● LEDs don’t burn out like bulbs, and require lessmaintenance.“The inherent advantages that LEDs have over

common incandescent bulbs (long life, shockresistance, full color light) make them a naturalchoice as a replacement. Just a couple of yearsago we saw LEDs appear on the market whichcould produce 10 times the light of the previousgeneration of LEDs,” said Doug Pribis ofFlashlightreviews.com.

LEDs offer big safety and maintenance benefits.


LEDS: THE EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTION OF A SMALL PLASTIC BULBMUNICIPAL

It was only 10 years ago that

the best light LEDs were

capable of was in VCR,

calculator and watch displays.

P. 13-16 Torches 3/5/07 12:47 PM Page 14


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In tests conducted at two U.S. Air Force bases,military firefighters used smoke machines to fill a room. LED flashlights made it possible forfirefighters to read the words on a compressor atthe opposite end of the room, whereas otherflashlights could not penetrate the smoke particlesclearly enough.

The normal working lifetime of an LED device,including the bulb, is ten years, lasting muchlonger than that of most other light sources. LEDscan fail by dimming over time, giving them adistinct advantage over the abrupt burn-out ofincandescent bulbs. They also give off less heatthan incandescent bulbs and are much less fragilethan fluorescent lamps.

Incandescent bulbs are cheap to buy but ineffi-cient to run. They generate a range of about 16lumens per watt for a domestic tungsten bulb to22 lumens per watt for halogen bulbs. Fluorescenttubes are bulky, fragile and require starter circuitsbut can give large energy savings, weighing in atabout 50 to 100 lumens per watt for domestictubes. LEDs are tougher and much more efficientthan the common incandescents, with the averagecommercial LED generating about 32 lumens perwatt.

Unlike incandescents, LEDs don’t need a filter toabsorb most of the emitted white light. Today’swhite LEDs are made with a single blue LED chipthat has been covered with a special materialcalled a phosphor that glows a yellowish colorwhen exposed to the blue light from the LED chip.

The overall result is a super bright LED thatproduces a white to bluish white light. Generallyspeaking, white LEDs are exactly the same as theblue LEDs. They have the same voltage and currentrequirements, because both white and blue use analmost identical chip.

The Flashlight Was Once A PrimitiveTorchAccording to Ever Ready’s History of Flashlights,the first flashlights were hand-made from crudepaper and fiber tubes, with a bulb and a roughbrass reflector. Because early batteries were weakand the bulbs were primitive, flashlights of the eraproduced only a brief flash of light earning themthe name “flashlight.”

In 1899, the first truly portable light was in-vented in the form of a clover-leaf bicycle light. Asbattery technology improved (slightly) the lightscould be turned on for a few minutes (instead ofmoments) and they could be made in smallersizes. The 1906 introduction of the tungsten wirefilament replacing carbon filaments in light bulbsmade them more efficient and brighter.

Flashlight technology took a leap forward in1910 and paved the way for modern flashlightswith the introduction of nickel-plated tubes tocomplement vulcanized fiber and the invention of

the tungsten filament bulb. Among the firstportable light technology to become popular werethe vest pocket tungsten flashlights, searchlanterns, house lamps and intricate art decocandle lamps. The first tactical application camewhen they were given to the New York PoliceDepartment for field tests.

Fast forward to 2001 when the first LEDflashlights were created using Luxeon LEDs in analuminum casing. The generated light was too softand diffused to make them useful for anything butclosed quarters lighting.

“There were a lot of homemade LED lights inthe 70s and 80s but the first commerciallymanufactured LED lights I reviewed were the CMGInfinity Task Light – Photon 2 Microlight in early2000. They were useful for close range tasklighting of six feet or less but incandescents at thatpoint still blew them out of the water brightness-wise,” said Johnson.

Recently, the LED technology has been refinedat an incredible rate into high powered one tothree watt lighting instruments broadcasting abrilliant collimated beam.

So What Does The Future Hold ForLEDs?Currently there is a see-change happening withLEDs. Their beams can now be focused andbrilliant with the help of engineered reflectors.

The latest in LED technologies offering brightlight and consistent color in a very small packagecan generate as much as 45 lumens per watt inwhite for a 1 watt. Today’s 1-watt LED is aboutequal to 10-20 + ultra-bright white 5mm LEDs,occupying the same or less space. Recentadvances shine a single one-watt LED backward ata parabolic mirror to capture 100% of the gener-ated light, is raising the bar for LED lights andushering them into the professional marketplaceas viable alternatives to incandescent bulbs.

Doug Pribis, author and owner of flashlightreviews.com sees an incredible future “I expectthat LED lighting technology will continue to growat an exponential rate. I would not be surprised ifwithin the next several decades, most of the man-made light we encounter in our lives is producedby energy efficient, full spectrum solid-state LED“bulbs”. It’s only a matter of time until we see LED bulbs producing 10, 100, and 1000 Wattsequivalent of light.”

From a simple cardboard tube and a dollop ofplastic with wires running through it, LED flash-lights have become and will continue to be one ofthe most important parts of plant and safetyoperations today. IFF


LEDS: THE EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTION OF A SMALL PLASTIC BULBMUNICIPAL

Greg Kang, the EngineeringManager at Pelican Products

holds a Bachelors degreefrom California State

University at Northridge andMasters Degree from the

University of SouthernCalifornia in Mechanical

Engineering. Pelican Productsis a leading manufacturer oftechnically advanced safety

approved flashlights.Gradually the company hasopened offices all over the

world, starting Peli™Products, S.A. in 1997 as the

EMEA headquarters. Checkthem out at

www.pelican.com andwww.peli.com

The normal working lifetime of

an LED device, including the

bulb, is ten years, lasting much

longer than that of most

other light sources.

From a simple cardboard tube

and a dollop of plastic with

wires running through it, LED

flashlights have become and

will continue to be one of the

most important parts of plant

and safety operations today.

P. 13-16 Torches 3/5/07 12:47 PM Page 16

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Fire fighting helmets and thermal imaging

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Agencies worldwide. For full details or to arrange a demonstration with a GB Solo representative contact - GB Solo Ltd. Tel: +44 (0)1609 881855 • Fax: +44 (0)1609 881103 • email: [email protected] • www.gbsolo.co.uk

don’t go it alonego with solo

Our cutting-edge technology brings you the smallest fire fighting thermal imaging camera

S2

Introducingthe brand new

Half the size of the original SoloVision and the lightest firefighting TIC in the world

• 3600AS sensor giving sharper, cleaner image perception than competitors

• Spot temperature

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• Picture storage please call our Sales for details

• Optional end user telemetry available please call OUR Sales for details

• Fire watch / suppression

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• Identify objects through darkness, fog, smoke and blinding light

Our lightest and smallest, long wavelength infrared camera core

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The SOLOvision S2 can be used as a hands-free unit or it can be hung over the neck like a pair of binoculars using the neck strap. It is the lightest and smallest thermal imaging camera in the World. It is suitable for use with all known breathing apparatus and gas masks. As an all round camera with the capability to monitor for fire / search and rescue of victims, there is no better camera for the job.

The original SoloVision (shown here) is nearly twice the size.


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Access to a wealth of information is only a touch of a button away regardless of whether you are sat at a desk or on the

move and gone are the days of calling someonefrom a fixed telephone line, today we can choosefrom several different communication methods toinstantly communicate with family, friends orcolleagues anywhere around the globe.

This unstoppable progression in technologyinfiltrates all areas of life and the firefightingindustry is no exception, we have all become partof the technology revolution, embracing changeand looking out for the next product that willimprove our lives and our jobs.

Over the last twenty-five years the thermalimaging camera has evolved continuously. Eversince e2v’s (then EEV) introduction of the firsthand held Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) for firefighters in 1981, there have been many changes.Although a revolutionary invention, the firstcameras were also large, heavy, in-flexible and bytoday’s standards, very basic. They used pyro-

electric vidicon tubes, which were fragile andoffered poor performance, in modern day TICs allcameras use solid state Focal Plan Arrays (FPAS)making them strong enough to cope with theharsh environment and handling, synonymouswith firefighting.

These advancements have happened thanks tothe de-restriction of the technology from militaryuse, to dual use, which allows the detectors to beused in commercial products. Although somerestrictions still apply, the majority of Fire Brigadesaround the world are now able to purchase thesepieces of life saving equipment.

With each new product the expectations of theend user has increased and the environments thecameras have to survive in have become evenmore varied. Where once a simple point and viewcamera was all that was needed, the end-usernow wants, and needs, more advanced functionsand features. Customer demand has meant thatwe have seen the cameras slowly get smaller andlighter, and as technology has advanced, new

By Paul Spooner

Product and MarketingManager,E2V Technologies

The ThermalImaging Camera: A look at the past, present andfutureThe world we live in is a high speed, high tech environment; every day bringsnew products or applications that are designed to make our lives easier andmore efficient, for example the advancements in portable phones and hand-heldcomputers means that our lives have taken on a fluid and instant quality.

P. 19-21 Thermal Imaging Camera 3/5/07 12:48 PM Page 19

features have been introduced to make the cameraeasier to use; LCD viewing screens, colourisation(today, all cameras have colour schemes to providethe user with the ability to detect the spread ofthe fire, first introduced on the Argus3 camera),image capture, remote video transmission,temperature measurement and digital zoom arecommon offerings in the modern camera.

Thermal cameras today mainly use Micro-bolometer technology detectors based uponVanadium Oxide (VOX) or Amorphous Silicon (ASi)sensing materials. ASi has always been perceivedas having the poorer performance compared toother technologies, but recent progress has

allowed improvement in the performance to nearlymatch that of the VOX detectors.

To meet these customer demands TIC manu-facturers use state-of-the-art detectors and designthe electronics and software to produce thehighest levels of performance.

Essential features for current firefighter themalimaging cameras include:● Durability

The ability for the camera to be droppedwithout damage or loss of functionality. Thecameras have to be light enough to held in one hand but rugged enough for the toughenvironment.


MUNICIPAL


● EnvironmentalMust withstand low and high temperatureexposure and be submerged to a depth of1metre without water ingress. Temperatures ata fire scene can reach over 500 degrees centi-grade and although the cameras will not reachthese temperatures they must be able to beresistant.

● PerformanceThe camera has to reach highest levels of per-formance for battery life, picture quality anddynamic range. The camera’s software has toable to:– Constantly monitor and control the internal

temperatures– Be able to react to external conditions to

allow the best possible picture quality at alltimes.

The progress we have seen in the market todate has included:● Smaller pixels sizes

This has created detectors that have smallerpackages and higher resolution. For example:pixel size of less than 25microns from55microns and resolutions from 160 x 120pixels, up to 640 x 480 pixels.

● Performance improvementsThe minimum discernable temperaturedifference of the original pevicon tube basedcameras was approximately 0.3°C (300MK),whereas the performance of the new sensorssees this value reduce to 0.05°C (50Mk).

● Dynamic RangeThe dynamic range of a camera is the range oftemperatures the cameras can see. Withpevicon tube cameras this range was limitedwas 400°C, today that range can be in excessof 1000°C.The trend in previous years was to use smaller

format array detectors but in recent years largerformats are being used. This has come about bythe reduction in pixel size, the ability to producethe detectors at the same prices as the smallerformats. The markets have opened up outside thefire market meaning the detectors are produced inlarger quantities and the fire camera manufac-turers are seeing the benefit through reduction ofprice based upon economy of scale.

Currently Helmet mounted cameras are beingdeveloped with good resolutions and applications,advances will continue in this area to make smaller,lighter products with continuous improvement onresolution and picture quality. The benefit ofhelmet mounted cameras is that the firefightershands are completely free, they don’t have toworry about holding the camera or the possibilityof dropping it, also removing the need for aseparate cameraman allows firefighters to find thevictim or partner and exit quickly without usingreference points, which could slow the rescuedown, the disadvantages with current models arethat they are found to be cumbersome and imagecan be lost through fogging of the firefightersmask, also the helmet tends to move around,requiring constant adjustment.

Future advancements in thermal imaging cam-era technology will be influenced by the reductionin price and size. As these factors come down, thepersonal camera could soon become a possibility.The personal camera could become small enoughand cheap enough for every firefighter to have

one as part of their basic kit, removing the needfor a separate cameraman. The challenge with thepersonal camera is designing something that canbe stored on the firefighters uniform neatly andeasily when not in use, so that it doesn’t hinder arescue where the firefighter will need both handsfree.

Looking further into the future, the possibilityof a ‘Heads-up’ display on the firefighters BA(breathing apparatus) mask is certainly a potential.In this instance the visual would be transmittedfrom a miniature camera to the mask, projecting acolour image right in front of the firefighters eyes.The advantages to this technology are; that itwould be hands free enabling the firefighter touse the thermal camera at all times, even whenexiting with a casualty, there would be no cumber-some apparatus to attached to the helmet whichhas the possibility of falling off, finally the problemof constant adjustment could be removed as themask would be in a fixed position on the face.

Another serious consideration for thermal imag-ing camera manufacturers looking to bring newproducts to market are the Environmental consid-erations that must now be undertaken. In Europethe Reduction of Hazardous Substances directive(RoHS), outlines the restriction of the use ofcertain hazardous substances in electrical andelectronic equipment. This Directive bans theplacing on the EU market of new electrical andelectronic equipment containing more than agreedlevels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalentchromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) andpolybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retar-dants. This means that all new Thermal Camerashave to be compliant with the RoHS directive.Although some manufactures are selling productunder exemption, eventually all electronic andelectrical equipment sold in Europe will have to becompliant. This directive, or forms of it are beingintroduced throughout the world. Japan andChina have their version of the directive and incertain states in the USA this directive is beingactively investigated. This directive was a majorconsideration for e2v when developing theArgus™4 and is the first compliant Thermalimaging camera.

Thermal imaging camera’s have come a longway since they first came on the scene, they aresmaller, lighter and the picture quality hasimproved ten fold. The camera of the future is yetto be decided, but one thing is certain, progresscannot be stopped. IFF


THE THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAMUNICIPAL


With best image quality, ergonomic design, robust com-ponents and extreme durability, the EVOLUTION® 5200 Seriescameras set new standards in thermal imaging.

The new sensor with increased sensitivity in the Low SenseMode creates thermal images in a quality never achieved before.

The revolutionary Heat Seeker PLUS technology with colorpixels ranging from light yellow to dark red indicates changesin structural temperature and reveals the intensity anddirection of a fire. An unique shutter indicator tells the userwhen an automatic recalibration is taking place. Get yourselfthe best look. Contact us for more information.

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MSA IFF14.qxp 19/4/07 11:22 am Page 1

ISG THERMAL SYSTEMS LTD is the world’s lead-ing manufacturer of thermal imaging cameras.Founded in 1991, the company operates fromits Head Office at Basildon, England, and hassubsidiary companies in Atlanta, United States,and Beijing, China. With sales to fire brigades inover 60 countries throughout the world. Anexample of this is that ISG supply thermalcameras to over half of the United Kingdom’s 62public fire brigades.

ISG’s current models include the popularTalisman Wasp with x2 Zoom providing aclever magnified screen image. Other featuresof the Talisman Wasp include a Visual Overlayto provide more information about thesurroundings inside a smoke filled building,accurate and fast temperature measurementand built-in video transmission. After extensiveevaluation trials, the Talisman Wasp has wasselected by the London Fire Brigade, which hasnow taken delivery of over 130 units for use bythe UK’s capital’s fire fighters.

At the new Severn Park Training Centre(jointly used by Avon, Somerset and Gloucesterfire brigades), Talisman Wasps are used in thelive-fire training buildings to transmit thermalimages to the remote training building controlroom. This installation uses an FM transmitterand is believed to be the first of its type in theUnited Kingdom. ISG collaborated in the designand application of this important safety featureat this new training centre.

ISG’s new generation of miniature TIC is theultra light-weight, super tough Elite LITE.Despite its small size, the Elite LITE has a pow-erful performance and specification, includingbuilt-in temperature measurement and videotransmission. Weighing only 1.2kg (2.5lbs), theElite LITE use latest generation of Europeanmicrobolometer infrared detector and advancedsignal processing. It is a fully automatic TIC,which switches on ready for operational use in

under five seconds. The Elite LITE uses eitherrechargeable NiMH or alkaline batteries andwith ‘easy load’ battery packs can operate forup to seven hours of operational use.

The latest ISG miniature firefighting camera isthe Elite. This has the latest powerfulmicrobolometer performance giving a high bright-ness LCD colour display that all the firefightingteam can readily see. With an infrared vision fieldof 54 degrees, the Elite is fully automatic inoperation, has an unrivalled operating time and isproven firefighter tough. The Elite has a audiblelow battery alarm and a video transmitter.

These ISG thermal imaging cameras clearlyillustrate ISG’s technical design expertise andcommitment to the future. ISG Thermal Systemscan be justly proud of its contribution to thedevelopment of thermal cameras for firefightingand rescue work in many countries around theworld.

The successful use of TIC’s has undoubtedlymade a significant contribution to safer andmore effective international firefighting. Ther-mal cameras have indeed come a long waysince their first use of the heavy and unwieldy

first generation units over 20 years ago, andwho can foresee what further innovativedevelopments are yet to come.

For more details contact:ISG Thermal SystemsTel: +44 (0) 1268 527700Fax: +44 (0) 1268 527799Email: [email protected]: www.isgfire.co.uk


A BUYERS’ GUIDE TO THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS

ISG Thermal Systems Ltd

The Thermal Camera technology hasproved to be one of the most effectivetools available to professional fire-fighterstoday but successfully applying it to thecollapse rescue operation needs moreintense consideration of what key func-tions it must be able to provide to be ofmaximum usage to the collapse team.Equally important, it must be clearly under-stood by the operator on how best toapply those functions during initial recon-

naissance phases to the greatest effect.When one thinks about the many differentThermal Image Cameras that are nowavailable to emergency response teams it isimportant that when purchasing one withcollapse rescue functionality in mind, oneshould ensure that it possesses specific keyfunctions that will be extra valuable inassisting the rescue efforts.

One excellent example that includesthese vital functions is the latest SCOTT

Choosing the Best ThermalImage Cameras for StructuralCollapse Rescue Operations

P. 23-28 TICS Buyers Guide 3/5/07 12:49 PM Page 23



Health & Safety range of Thermal ImageCameras, i.e. the premier Eagle Imager®

160 and the compact Eagle X™. Theselightweight Thermal Image Cameras areextremely durable and have been devel-oped to meet the demands of the toughestrescue operations, ensuring total-reliabilityand providing valuable infra-red detectionfor a variety of Urban Search and Rescue(US&R), haz-mat security and law enforce-ment applications.

One vital function is the ability forcollapse teams to be able to crawl into thepile and seek vision deep in to darkcollapse formed voids. The Eagle Imager®

has been ergonomically designed to makeit versatile with a user-selectable handleposition which allows the camera to beused while standing or crawling or even ahands free operation capability.

This is extremely important on 2 keycollapse rescue team operational points:

1 The lens can be directed into locationswithout the operator having to place theirhead inside voids to see the screen and

2 Safety is increased by allowing rescuepersonnel manoeuvres over debris pilesto have both hands free for maintainingtheir balance and stability.Also this specific camera has an LCD-to-

optics design which is specifically intendedto help users maintain their orientation indark and unfamiliar surroundings, and thelarge format viewing provides for optimalviewing by one or more. This also boasts alarge 10cm LCD display with a replaceablelens cover which one can see on-screentemperature read-outs very clearly and aunique 3 position settings for the lens.

At the heart of the Eagle Imager® 160 isthe most advanced 160 x 120 vanadiumoxide Firecooled™ microbolometer with adynamic range of 600°C and fast 60 Hzupdate rate to provide for smooth, seam-

less images. It also has an extra long 4-hour duration service life batteries, asimple one way-Twist-Change™ batteryreplacement and also a spare battery andvehicle mounted charging system.

The Thermal Image Camera is onesignificant weapon in the armoury ofUrban Search and Rescue tools but it’scrucially important that it’s the safest andadvanced when using within this danger-ous environment.

For further information:Tel: +44 (0) 1695 711711Email: [email protected]

The Argus™4 thermal imaging camerafrom e2v is smaller and lighter, yet packedwith even more features than theArgus™3. Argus™4 comes with x2 zoom,13 colour settings and a picture capturefacility capable of taking 100 pictures.However, at only 135mm tall and weigh-ing only 1.5kg it is nearly half the weightof the Argus™3.

The Argus™4 enables 100 photographsto be stored then downloaded to aPC/Laptop through a USB cable for quickertransfer.

The camera utilises a Microbolometersensor matched with electronics designedand manufactured by e2v, which ensuresthat quality and durability are built in.

Direct (spot) and ambient temperaturemeasurement are also standard featureson the Argus™4, allowing for accurateassessment of site temperatures and iden-tification of specific danger points.

The Argus™4 is sealed to IP67 and hasalso been designed to survive at least a 2m drop test as well as tolerate hightemperatures.

e2v has recently launched two newaccessories for the Argus™4 camera; Thecombined Truck Storage Mount & BatteryCharger and the Transmitter & Battery Pack.

The Truck Storage Mount & BatteryCharger provides secure storage with instantaccess for the Argus™4 Thermal ImagingCamera and charging facilities for the

battery pack. The unit is designed primarilyfor the storage of a camera within a firetruck, but can be fitted to any flat surface.

The new Transmitter & Battery Packaccessory for the Argus™4 Thermal Imag-ing Camera transmits thermal images fromthe camera, to personnel outside the fireincident via a 2.4GHz Wi-Fi digital trans-mission for remote viewing.

The Argus™4 Transmitter and BatteryPack is conveniently and easily fitted to theArgus™4 camera in place of the normalbattery pack, allowing the system to betransferred between cameras. The unit issealed and will survive the same harshenvironments the camera can withstand.

To view the transmitted thermal imagea Remote Receiver Station or Receiver Kitis required and these accessories areavailable separately.

For further information about the Argus™4camera or to arrange a free demonstration,visit www.argusdirect.com or call +44 1245453443.

The Argus™4 – ThermalImaging Just Got Hotter!


ISG (IFF14) w/p 30/4/07 10:25 AM Page 1

GB SOLO offer the most ergonomically efficientprotective helmets and the most versatile andrugged long-range thermal imaging camerasavailable today. GB SOLO’s technologicallyadvanced designs, with CE Category III PPEapproved safety features, bring them to theforefront as the ultimate range when it comesto firefighting, search and rescue and surveil-lance operations. Our devices save lives! Fromthe total head protection offered by theSOLOunifit through to the 1km detection rangeof the thermal imaging cameras, GB SOLO tech-nology has helped both victims and rescuers.

Well now, our cutting-edge technologybrings you a revolution in fire fighting thermalimaging cameras. Introducing the brand newSOLOvision S2 FIRE. Half the size of theoriginal SoloVision and the smallest and lightest fire-fighting TIC in the world.

For fire monitoring operations the SOLOvisionS2 will easily identify the beginnings of even asmall fire and given the temperatures of the firebase, the S2 will pick up the heat through steeland other metal work. Any glare from a fire canbe quickly identified and the fire suppressed.The S2 will identify exactly the seat of the fireand this camera has been designed specificallyfor close in fire suppression work.

The S2 has picture download capability alongwith on screen options for colour, spot tempera-ture and battery awareness monitor.

The SOLOvision S2 can be used like a pair ofbinoculars hung over the neck using the neckstrap and is the lightest TIC in the World. How-ever, if the situation calls, the unit can be usedas a HANDS FREE camera. One of the manybenefits of the SOLOvision S2 is that it allowsFire and Search & Rescue teams to move effi-ciently no matter what conditions are faced. THES2 is water resistant, vibration proof and canwithstand a flashover of 1000°C for 10 seconds.It is suitable for use with all known breathingapparatus and gas masks. As an all round cam-era with the capability to monitor for fire/searchand rescue of victims, there is no better camerafor the job. Tested to IP67/68, EMC conformityeach S2 leaving GBSOLO is subjected to suchtest environments and each unit is signed offwithin an individual service/ownership manual.

The SOLOvision S2 SEARCH & RESCUE isideal for any search and rescue situation fromsurveillance and vessel security to ‘man over-board’. It can identify objects over long rangesthrough darkness, fog, smoke, or direct brightblinding spotlights but can still be used for closein operations.

Being a long-range thermal imager, capableof identifying individuals over 1000 metres awaythrough smoke, fog, darkness or camouflage, theS2 is also the ideal camera for Security/Surveillance operations, Border Patrol, LawEnforcement, Long-Range Man Detection, NightVision, the list of possibilities goes on and on.

Owning a GB SOLO product means that you

will benefit from the worldwide supply, techni-cal & sales support, service and repair facilitiesfrom the custom built manufacturing facility ofGB SOLO Ltd in Scunthorpe, England. Minorrunning repairs can be undertaken by a localagent, saving downtime.

Everyone from Firefighters, Crash Teams andMarine Rescuers moving quickly to accidentsites through to Security Personnel identifyingintruders on even the darkest of nights havebenefited from GB SOLO products.

Whatever the task, don’t go it alone . . . gowith SOLO.

For further information:Tel: +44 (0) 1609 881855Email: [email protected]: www.gbsolo.co.uk


High Performance Safety● 320°F High Sense Mode Range – gives

high image definition over the widesttemperature range of any Fire ServiceTIC

● Twice the Low Sensitivity in the 320° to+1000°F range, compared to all otherFire Service TICs – for great imaging!It all adds up to the highest ISDR* of any

Fire Service TIC – with clearer, sharper, moredetailed images over the entire temp range.

Low Cost – High ValueAs TICs become more affordable, MSAtakes the lead by adding new features andincreasing performance – while loweringboth initial and lifetime costs. Theincreased value of MSA TICs is realizedthrough expanded TIC uses, time savedand SAFETY – every day!

Technologically advanceddesigns from GB SOLO

Introducing the newEvolution 5200 Series ofThermal Imaging Cameras– with Next Generation Performance and NewExclusive Features available only from MSA

*Instantaneous Scene Dynamic Range is thecombined value of a sensor’s sensitivity andtemperature range to determine the number oftemperature differences that can be seen atany given instant.



E2V (IFF14) w/p 26/4/07 4:17 PM Page 1

Also – Only From MSA:● Instant On● Instant Mode Switching ● Warnings on all Shut Downs● Shutter Indicator ● Temp Bar and Digital Temp ● 15% Low Sense Activation

Exclusive FeatureNew Heat Seeker PLUS – now providingimage detail shading

Comparison of Fire Service TICPerformanceHigh and Low SensitivityMost TICs generate thermal images ineither High Sense or Low Sense modes,depending on the temperature of thescene. High Sense mode delivers the bestimage quality – but has a limited tempera-ture range. Low Sense mode trades imagequality for a wider temp range to keep theTIC working in high heat.

Evolution 5200 SeriesPerformanceOnly MSA delivers High Sense image quali-ty up to 320°F, the range that 80% of thetime matches the temperature range inmost structural fires. In addition, only MSA

delivers increased sensitivity in Low Sensemode with better high temperature imagequality. The shaded color in both High andLow Sense is Evolution 5200’s new HeatSeeker PLUS.

Competitive PerformanceThe limited High Sense temperature rangeon competitive TICs means that imagequality is lost sooner. Low Sense thenbecomes the standard operating mode,using only a fraction of the total availablesensitivity. In addition, competitive TICs

lack Heat Seeking color in High Sensemode, an important tool to determine thepresence and direction of the fire.● Limited Temp Range in High Sense ● Temp Range is below 300°F● Some models have limited High Sense● No Heat Seeking Color in High Sense● Limited Sensitivity in Low Sense

New Evolution 5200 SeriesPerformance● Widest High Sense Temp Range● Highest Low Sensitivity● Heat Seeker PLUS color detail

Contact information:MSA EUROPEThiemannstrasse 1D-12059 BerlinTel: +49 [30] 68 86-555Fax: +49 [30] 68 86-15 17Email: [email protected] Website: www.msa-europe.com

MSA INTERNATIONAL121 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238-2937 USATel: +1 412-967-3354Fax: +1 412-967-3451Email: [email protected]



The new T4 Thermal Imager fromBULLARD combines a large high definitiondisplay with a small form factor to giveusers the ultimate in picture quality withina small, lightweight and compact package.

Based on Amorphous Silicon micro-bolometer technology, the Bullard T4 uti-lizes a high definition, 16 x 9 wide-formatdisplay that offers resolution four timesgreater than that of the market-leadingBullard T3MAX. The T4 incorporates theBullard patent-protected Electronic Ther-mal Throttle, which enables firefighters tospeed sizeup and overhaul by tagging thehottest objects with blue spot color. TheSuper Red Hot feature gives firefightersthe ability to see heat levels by color, andthe 2X and 4X digital zoom provides

improved visibility of areas of concern. Theadvanced relative heat indicator assistsusers with image interpretation, andstartup time is less than four seconds.

Founded in 1898, Bullard is a leadingmanufacturer of personal protective equip-ment and systems worldwide. Productlines include thermal imagers, hard hats,firefighter and rescue helmets, supplied air

respirators, powered air-purifying respirators, and air

quality equipment. Bullard is headquar-tered in Cynthiana, Kentucky.

For more information on Bullard products,contact [email protected], or Bullard SalesSupport at 877-BULLARD.

New T4™ Offers Large Display inCompact Package



Over 5 years ago, purely by chance, Grahamwas asked to carry out some repair work forDevon Fire & Rescue service whose training

ground was less than 5 miles from Grahams Ottery StMary workshops. Devon Fire and Rescue are one ofthe UK leaders in Fire Behaviour Training. They havean established training partnership with the SwedishRescue Services Agency, the Swedes are the countrywho first brought this concept of fire fighting to theUK. Graham, being an engineer, took great interestin what was trying to be achieved with Devon’s FireBehaviour training units. It was not uncommon forGraham to get a call from Devon’s dedicated FireBehaviour Instructors saying ‘Graham, we’ve had anidea, can you build us this’! The same went forGraham, ‘working for so many Fire Services I getexposed to a wealth of knowledge and ideas, andbeing an engineer I can bring these ideas to life,some work, some do not, that’s what makes our jobso interesting. Our products are constantly evolving.Now with over 15 Fire Services on the books Grahamdecided to dedicate one arm of his business to workingpurely for the Fire Service. This is called TransitionalFire with a web site www.transitionalfire.com.

The use of converted steel shipping containers todeliver Fire Behaviour Training has been used inEurope for over 20 years to demonstrate firegrowth, flashover and back draught phenomena.This is normally achieved by single converted con-tainers with some H block configurations. Indeed,the deaths of fire-fighters in backdraught/flashoverincidents over the last decade have meant all fireand rescue services have developed strategies toensure their crews are better equipped to deal andunderstand compartment fires. Fire Behaviour Train-ing is now carried out by Fire Services worldwideand has been proved to save lives.

Fire Behaviour Training is just a small part of whattoday’s modern Fire Service is expected to train for.With this in mind when approached to design a train-ing unit which replicated a multitude of trainingscenario’s the first multi trainer was born. It wasdesigned by operational Fire fighters in conjunctionwith Transitional Fire’s engineers. The result is a clevercombination of 12 containers interconnected to createa multi compartment, multi level training facility.

From the outside the facility looks exactly what itis, a series of container units bolted together toform a three level structure; indeed the units aredelivered by crane lorry and constructed on site byTransitional Fire, significantly reducing costs. Inside,however, the fact that the units are designed fromscratch, incorporating all the expertise from firefighters, becomes abundantly clear – the units arethe definition of bespoke. The design had one aimin mind, to safely replicate as many useful andrealistic fire scenarios as possible. It really does feelas though you’re inside solid building.”

The usual demonstration and attack Fire Behav-iour containers are present, the only differencebeing on the multi trainer they are interconnected,with doors and windows, landings leading tostaircases, external ladder entry points and even acrawl cage. Crews can practice scenarios whichinclude fighting fires using left and right door entry,inward and outward opening door entry. Dry risers

on the second and third floors allow crews topractice high rise procedures to replicate fightingfires in tower blocks. Entry can be made from theroof to replicate basement fires. Crews can practicetactical Positive Pressure Ventilation in offensive anddefensive modes with crib fires on each level.Basically this is a mechanical means of forcing airinto a building, normally by a large fan, andremoving hot gases and smoke. Forcing air into afire situation does have its problems and the MultiTrainer allows fire fighters to train for this in safebut realistic conditions.

The heat experienced from the fire is alsorealistic, a sensation not experienced with gasfuelled units, better preparing the fire-fighters forthe potential heat stress experienced in a real firealthough gas is an option. Where smoke alone isneeded, smokers, similar in appearance to simplegarden incinerators, are filled with kindling, toppedwith wet straw or hay and set alight. An option of alift shaft configuration is available to replicate liftrescues with access points at each level. Anotheroption was working at height, rope pack scenario’salong with ladder access points.

Some Fire Services require a specific trainingscenario ie a ship layout configuration, industrialplant rooms even a submarine site has madeenquiries. Basically any design feature can beincorporated into the Multi Trainer.

The Multi Trainer is totally reliable and beingconverted steel container is very cost effective.There are minimal maintenance costs associatedwith the units and the most used containers can beunbolted and replaced as necessary reducing costsand downtime significantly.

Today’s modern Fire & Rescue Service really doeshave to be multi tasked this Multi Trainer providesan affordable answer to meet these training needs.

We deal with a whole range of Fire Services allwith their own budget requirements. Again bylistening to our customers we now have teamed upwith a major finance company and are able to offerlease or rental packages over 5 or 7 years. A main-tenance package is also available if required. Modeldocumentation of risk assessments, operatingprocedures, lesson plans can also be provided.

Transitional Fire want to make the whole experi-ence for our customers to be a pleasurable one. Wewant to involve them every step of the wayretaining the personnel touch. We understand ourmarket area is like a small community andreputation is everything. IFF

PROFILE

Transitional Fire LtdGraham Leney, director of Transitional Fire started out as an engineer/salesconsultant for Caterpillar UK. Fed up with feeling like a small cog in such a largecorporation he decided to start his own company Graham Leney Ltd afabrication and generator/container hire & sales company.

For more informationcontact:Transitional Fire LtdUnit 41 Finnimore Industrial EstateOttery St MaryDevonEX11 1NRTel. +44 (0) 1404 81179Mobile: +44 (0) 7814813475Website:www.transitionalfire.com

P. 29 Transitional Fire Profile 3/5/07 11:44 am Page 29


P. 30 ads 3/5/07 11:45 am Page 30


MUNICIPAL

It is this key element, Life Safety, which has drivenmany departments to address the manner inwhich they ventilate on the fire ground. Using a

fan to blow into a structure defies most soundfirefighting theory. But it was found that the airdid not have a significant effect on fire behavior.Similar to a typhoon, oxygenated air is drawn inlow and heated combustion products are expelledupward. The fan, if set right next to the seat of thefire would greatly increase combustion. But whenthe fans energy is spread out over the entire room,it only has enough power to create a steeringforce on the combustion products, much the sameas a weather front might steer a typhoon (Figure1). Departments new to PPV should, at first, onlyuse it after the fire has been extinguished. This willhelp them to gain knowledge that can then betaught during training. To effectively use PPV as afire department requires that a majority of the fire-fighters understand the concept and have been

allowed to train with it prior to utilizing it in anactual fire. Always remember these basics whenventilating on the fire ground:1 Never Use PPV in a Backdraft Situation (fire

starved for Oxygen)

By RogerWeinmeister

Super VacuumManufacturing Co., Inc.

Placing Fans forOptimum PPVEffectivenessPPV Basics – One of the most powerful tools in any fire departments arsenal istheir ventilation equipment. Ventilation is essential not only for reducingproperty damage after the fire is extinguished, but even more importantly forimproving life safety for both the firefighters and any victims of the blaze.

Figure 1

P. 31-34 Placing Fans 3/5/07 11:47 am Page 31

2 Never Use PPV if there are people (victims orfirefighters between the seat of the fire and theexit opening.

3 Open the exit opening prior to using the PPVfan to pressurize the structure

4 Coordinate the ventilation with other fireground activities

5 Always open and check for fire extension aftermain knockdown Positioning PPV Fans – Early in the adoption

of PPV technology, there was great emphasis onsealing the door. The entire cone of air wassupposed to cover the entry location. This generallycaused the fan to be set > 3 meters from the entrydoor. With much work and testing, it has beenfound that PPV can be very effective with closerplacements and the “seal” being formed insidethe structure. This allows PPV to be used in situa-tions where there is a smaller area near the entry(Figure 2). It is common to set units as close as 1meter and provide very effective air movement.These close sets may be required on dwellings thathave a small porch or a narrow hall way at theentry.

Placement of multiple PPV fans is now muchbetter understood also. The use of a “V” attack(Figure 3) increases the flow of air into the build-ing to more quickly ventilate any contamination. Italso allows the hose lines and firefighters to movestraight into the building. This parallel set is muchmore effective in ventilation of structures thanolder series set with two fans in series (Figure 4).Just as using two pumps in parallel moves morewater onto the fire, two fans in parallel movesmore air into the structure.

Care should be taken on tilting fans with petrolengines. Engine manufacturers design with a max-imum tilt angle of 20 degrees. This is due to thedesign of the oil pan and lubrication system. MostPPV fan manufacturers respect that limit and mayadd a degree or two of safety factor, since the unitmay be set on a surface with a slight slope fordrainage. Do not allow firefighters to crib the fan

to greater angles by placing wooden blocks orother materials to steepen the fan angle whenusing petrol driven fans. Electric PPV fans can becribbed to greater angles with no problem exceptthe stability of the unit.

Weather – Wind plays a big role in howeffective your department can be when utilizingPPV technology. In general, PPV will not be veryeffective in wind speeds over 20 kph. In higherwind speeds, it is best to use the wind to youradvantage. No wildland firefighting is done fromthe downwind side and this is also true for struc-ture firefighting in high wind. As wind speedincreases, it is best to make smaller exit openingsor to move air at angles to the wind direction. It isphysically impossible to overcome high naturalwind speeds with a small portable fan.

Extreme cold does not negatively impact theeffectiveness of PPV, but it can create freezingproblems in the structure. This is not a problem inlarge fire, but could be on more routine ventilationsituations. If someone has a small kitchen fire onthe stove, do not over-ventilate causing the waterpipes to freeze.

Special Situations – The situations belowrequire a better knowledge of PPV use and how toposition fans for maximum effectiveness. If yourdepartment does not currently use PPV for ventila-tion, it would be best to not attempt the situationsbelow. All of the following situations are greatlyenhanced if you use existing ventilation systemswhenever possible.

High Rise Ventilation – One of the mostpowerful applications of PPV is its use to maintainthe conditions of stairwells. Stairwells are the mainarteries of high rise buildings. They are the meansof egress for the occupants and the means ofingress for the firefighters. Many buildings havepressurized stairwells built into them. The use ofPPV can assist in this pressurization or perform thetask for systems that are not functioning due tofire conditions. To properly perform ventilation in ahigh-rise full of people, many firefighters areneeded to police the ventilation corridors andprevent occupants from inhibiting ventilation by


PLACING FANS FOR OPTIMUM PPV EFFECTIVENESSMUNICIPAL

Figure 3

Figure 4Figure 2

Figure 5


Unifire w/p 18/5/06 5:07 pm Page 1

other opening doors and windows. As with allfirefighting situations, high-rise ventilation shouldbe constantly monitored for effectiveness. If it isnot working, evaluate the overall situation andcorrect the problems.

Basements – Basements and other belowgrade situations can pose challenges to effectivePPV fan placement. Generally, the problem isfinding an appropriate outlet or enough outletarea. A common mistake is trying to place the fanso it is blowing directly down the stairway. It isperfectly acceptable to place the fan blowing intothe front doorway, making sure the door to thestairway is held open, and there are adequateopenings in the basement windows. This situationrequires good coordination so other firefighters do

not open other windows or doors. If this happens,the air will take the easiest route out of thestructure, severely decreasing the effectiveness ofthe basement ventilation. If there are no otheropenings in the basement, either cut an openingin the floor to provide one, or use flexible ductingto provide one (Figure 5).

Large Commercial Buildings – Generally,large commercial buildings can be ventilatedexactly the same way as smaller homes. Theproblem usually is the size of the PPV fan com-pared to the expanse of the building. The easiestsolution is a very large fan (Figure 6). However, it isstill possible to ventilate large buildings withmultiple small fans. Garage doors can be proppedopen-way, with 2-4 fans blowing into the openingcreated (Figure 7). This can be done at more thanone position for an even greater effect. Anotherproblem with large commercial buildings is withthe high ceilings. The best solution is to createopenings in the ceiling (smoke vents, roof accessdoors, or other normal openings are best). If thereare no openings in the ceiling, prepare for a longwait until the structure is fully cleared.

Implementing PPV – The use of PPV for fireground ventilation can be phased in over time. It isimportant that a department practice with PPVafter the fire before using during a fire. Asconfidence is gained, the instructors can startteaching PPV to various groups within the depart-ment. If they only teach the incoming rookies,those rookies will get on a fire scene and beoverruled by the veterans. So instruct an entiregroup on PPV technology. Let them play withvarious scenarios. Time the ventilation of fakesmoke with the veterans’ method, then with PPV.The goal of a progressive department is to save asmany lives as possible in the most difficult situa-tion. By effectively using PPV in an aggressivemanner, lives can be saved. Firefighters can avoidcalling in the RIT team because they can see thebuildings layout as they go in. PPV can also help inproperty conservation by allowing firefighters toquickly find the seat of a smoldering fire. Structuralfirefighting will always be one of the most danger-ous situations faced during your career, so use allof the tools available to make it easier. IFF


PLACING FANS FOR OPTIMUM PPV EFFECTIVENESSMUNICIPAL

Figure 6

Figure 7


INDUSTRIAL

Pic courtesy of Reuters


Plastika w/p 3/11/06 12:25 PM Page 1


INDUSTRIAL

In the 1930’s the first cork helmets were intro-duced to replace the impressive looking, butincreasingly impracticable helmets manufactured

from brass. The use of layers of cork sheet cut andglued together, was the same manufacturingprocess as that used for many years when makingthe tropical ‘topee’ helmet.

The use of cork gave the benefits of good shockand thermal protection combined with lighterweight and reasonable comfort to the wearer. Thisthen established the distinctive style of helmetwith a brim and comb that became the standardfor use in many countries worldwide. However,the drive towards more rigorous standards of pro-tection, with the need to improve wearer comfortand reduce through life costs, accelerated thedevelopment of fire and rescue helmets to meetthese requirements.

Fortunately the availability of modern materialssuch as thermoplastics, composites and resinimpregnated glass fibre, combined with newmoulding techniques have enabled the introduc-tion of helmets that are both lightweight, andextremely strong.

Having to be worn in arduous and hazardousconditions, there are two main criteria that estab-lish the suitability of the modern fire helmet – thelevel of protection provided to the wearer andcomfort and fit,

To provide protection for the face and headagainst a wide range of hazards such as, impactpenetration and shock, fire, radiant heat, chemi-

cals, and electrocution, and to do so in varying cli-matic and operational conditions, places greatdemands on the helmet, and consequently on thedesign and construction process leading up toapproval testing, certification, and introductioninto service.

Apart from the physical protection provided bythe helmet, the extent to which the helmet can beadjusted for both fit and comfort, ensures that aneffective interface with a breathing apparatusfacemask and protective clothing can be achieved.The helmet therefore will usually achieve this bymeans of an adjustable headband, forward andbackward location, height adjustment capability,and a multi position brow guard angle.

In addition the construction of modern fire hel-mets provide the added benefits of easily replacedindividual components, thereby reducing mainte-nance, improving hygiene and increasing servicelife with an associated reduction in lifetime owner-ship costs.

The current British/European Standard BS EN443:1997, is an internationally accepted approvalstandard for fire helmets, and in common withother international standards such as AS 4067(Australia) and includes an extensive series of testscovering, field of vision, shock absorption, resis-tance to sharp objects, flame resistance, radiantheat resistance, electrical properties, and retentionsystem strength, with additional optional wet hel-met and surface insulation tests.

Prior to testing the helmet is subjected to pre-

By Bob Gaskell

Jet Style Fire Helmet

Fire Helmets –the way forwardFire fighting helmets have come a long way since the days when they weremade from a combination of cork, vulcanised rubber and cotton twill bondedwith resins.

P. 37-44 Helmets, Boots &Gloves 3/5/07 11:49 am Page 37

conditioning which will include procedures such asUV ageing, solvent conditioning, and thermal plusor minus conditioning, depending upon the specif-ic test to be carried out. A separate standard andtesting procedure applies to the helmet faceshield,the current standard being British/European Stan-dard BS EN166: 2001, which has supercededBS EN166:1995

By nature of the varied and extreme operationalconditions experienced, the fire and emergency ser-vices have particularly demanding communicationsrequirements. Confined spaces, high temperatures,high levels of ambient noise, all combined with thestress and rigour of the work being undertaken,make good radio communications a vital necessity.

Most fire helmets can now be supplied withintegral communication systems, or be capable ofaccepting a removable headset with microphoneand receiver that can be connected to the radio viaa downlead and push to talk unit

A major factor in the design of the latest firehelmets has been the requirement to reference

published international anthropometrical data relat-ing to both male and female fire fighters and rescuepersonnel, across a range of ethnic groups, therebyensuring that the helmet will be suitable for interna-tional use. Consequently the latest development infire helmets has been the introduction of dual shelltypes that reflect this requirement

Dual shell helmets enable the Fire andRescue Services to use the double shell helmetwhen undertaking structural fire fighting opera-tions, and use only the inner shell when attendingother emergencies such as road traffic accidents,woodland fire fighting, water rescue, urban searchand rescue and industrial incidents such as con-fined space rescue operations.

For the future the fact that several internationalmanufacturers of fire helmets are also manufactur-ing helmets for military and civil aircrew means thatsome of the technology and operational featurescan cross over into the development of fire helmets.

The latest aircrew helmets such as those beingdeveloped for the Eurofighter Typhoon and Lock-heed Martin F35 Joint Strike Fighter, introduce hel-met mounted flight information displays, high ‘g’load sealing masks with advanced communicationsystems, and materials which enable the helmet tobe lighter and have the optimum in fit and com-fort levels. Many of the requirements of an aircrewhelmet mirror those of the fire helmet – impactand penetration resistance, fire and radiant heatprotection, coupled with minimal physiologicaleffect on the wearer.

It is very probable that special fire and rescueoperations teams will need to use such helmets inthe future. There are already major advances in theuse of telemetry associated with the use of breath-ing apparatus and fire entry control systems; thelimiting factor has always been the extra weightthat ancillary equipment adds to the base equip-ment. The fire helmet can be an ideal platform forthe addition of sensing, warning and monitoringequipment that integrate with the other protectiveequipment worn by the emergency servicespersonnel.


Dual Shell Fire Helmet

By Paul Bowkett

HELMETS, BOOTS AND GLOVESINDUSTRIAL

Firefighter FootwearFootwear specific to fire fighting has to perform various functions in what is theharshest most dangerous work environment anybody would ever face. There areimportant aspects to consider which combine safety & comfort of the wearer.

Changes

The advances in safety footwear have beenvast since the days of heavy solid soles. Thetrend for lighter materials and comfort factors

in leisure footwear generally means that this isdemanded across all aspects of workplacefootwear, whether it be for patrolling, construc-tion or firefighting. Manufacturers have to findways to develop footwear which improves thelevels of safety and include those important com-fort factors.

In addition to those product expectations therole of the fire fighter is changing due to thebroader variety of callouts. Wellington boots maybe ok in fire or water related incidents but forRoad Traffic Accidents and other rescue situations

they could be totally inappropriate. Firefightersneed to be fully mobile and effective in all situa-tions they face, and would indicate the need for amulti-task solution.

Important FeaturesFootwear must comply with the latest safetystandards, which ensure the footwear will resist aminimum level of impact and compression force. Itshould also allow for wearer comfort in a longenduring shift using quality materials and innova-tive technology to this end.

Upper MaterialsUpper materials should be considered for itsresistance to hazardous environments and natural


Tells A Story.EveryPicture

9800 Southern Pine Blvd Suite D // Charlotte, NC 28273 USA// T 704-554-3378 // F 704-554-3101www.pbigold.com // E-mail: [email protected]

Galgenbergstrasse 2b / Im Posthof D -93053 Regensburg, GermanyT +49 (0) 941 70 54 370 // F +49 (0) 941 70 54 110 // E-mail: [email protected]

© 2006. PBI Gold, PBI Matrix, and Matrix are registered trademarks and PBI TriGuard™ is a trademark of PBI Performance Products, Inc.

When it comes to firefighting, reliable protection that stands tough against heat and flame, and

remains service worthy, is what you picture. And, for more than 25 years, in more cities, and in more

departments, PBI Gold®, PBI Matrix® and PBI TriGuard™ fabrics have been doing just that…providing

unmatched protection and performance to more firefighters than any other high performance fabric.

From turnout gear and hoods to inventive USAR gear, these exclusive fabrics take personal protection

to the highest level, combining unmatched flame and thermal protection with unsurpassed strength

and durability. PBI fabrics…picture perfect performance.

PBI Fabrics Engineered For The Work You Do.

07029_IntlMosaic_IFF2.07 r1 1/5/07 11:13 AM Page 1

elements, but also the level of breathability it willprovide. The best full grain thick leather ensuressome protection from flames and water andallows the foot to breathe, rubber is fully water-proof but is often hot, sweaty and uncomfortableto wear.

The SoleThe sole is probably the most crucial element offirefighting footwear as this will have the longestcontact with the ground. Procurement managersshould look for a tough rubber outsole for superiordurability, to resist nicks and cuts into the sole andfor its higher heat resistance. The sole is alsoresponsible for comfort of the feet and other partsof the body. Solid rubber soles do not allow forshock absorption which can effect long term con-dition of knees, hips, the neck and back. Plus theyare often heavy and tiring on the wearer’s feet.Dual density sole combinations are commonlyused which incorporate two specific layers ofmaterial, a harder dense outsole with a lowerdensity midsole to provide a lightweight andcomfortable wear.

Donning and DoffingThere is clearly an emphasis on speed in both don-ning in rapid callout situation and getting thefootwear off easily after long hot shifts or in anemergency. There have been stories of firefightershaving to be cut out of their boots after anextremely long and difficult shift, which makes thisproblem very real. Some premier manufacturershave considered this problem and created anelasticated, flexible ankle area in a traditionalleather wellington style. This offers security whilstin action, but also makes them easy to remove.Other ideas include a lace up/zip up combinationso the footwear can be tightly secured to thepreferred level but also quickly zipped on and off.

FitAlthough obvious, a good fitting boot improvesthe performance of a firefighter, giving them confi-dence in their uniform to go out and focus entirelyon the job in hand. Again it is arguable that tradi-tional rubber Wellingtons can provide an adequatefit versus other branded of footwear. A goodsecure fit can be achieved by a fitting consultation

to ascertain the correct size, and looking at zip up,lace up or elasticated grip alternatives.

TechnologiesWith all the essential safety features covered, firebrigades must then consider the fit and comfortfactors that differ between manufacturers. Themost crucial aspect is the sole where technologiesmay differ. Whilst there are many soling tech-nologies, only a handful would suffice for afirefighting role. The best ‘fit for purpose’ firefightersole on the market would be the dual densityrubber (DDR) sole, as it is a highly durable thickrubber sole made of two specific layers, a toughhigh density outsole and a lower density midlayerwhich provides the shock absorption and comfort.In practical terms other soles with a combinationof polyurethane and rubber cannot offer the samelevel of protection and durability.

All firefighting footwear should also includewaterproof properties which can be provided byuse of waterproof membranes or rubber. Premiumfirefighting footwear includes systems like GORE-TEX® to provide a breathable yet water-proof solution. Generally these systems offer thebest level of comfort in terms of warmth anddryness, and can prevent foot or nail diseases.

Fitting consultations are always recommended toensure all firefighters obtain the best fitting and mostcomfortable boot to the correct safety standard.

ConclusionFootwear should allow the wearer to be in com-plete control, so the right fit and great flexibility ina pair of boots make for important considerations.Procurement officers must not overlook comfortfactors for firefighter footwear, where a lighterweight and shock absorbing rubber sole can makeall the difference to the performance and longterm health of the team. The right footwear offersa firefighter the optimum protection against theextreme external hazards but factors in thoseimportant comfort and flexibility features toensure the firefighter can last the distance. It iswhat we have tried to do with our own Goliathfirefighter range, taking in all those considerationsand developing a comfortable, lightweight dualdensity rubber sole solution.

For further information about the Goliath Footwearrange please visit www.goliath.co.uk.




The VFR2000, certifi cated according to the UNI EN 433 norms,

conforms to safety requirements greater than those required

by the law.

All the constituent componentsof the VFR2000 have been studied to permit the maximum protection

from blows and radiant heat combined with practicality

and comfort.

Available in different colours.The helmet is set up and

certifi cated to be used with the following optional accessories:

• Standard type devices to protect the breathing

• Devices to protect the neck and shoulders

• Illumination devices consisting of lamp and support

• Radio communication systems• Refracting bands

You can ask for detailled informative materials.

Adjustmentand quick release

buckle

SICOR SpA - 20016 Pero MI - Italy - Via Pisacane, 23/A - Tel. +39 02 3539041 - Fax +39 02 3539060

E-Mail [email protected] - www.vfr2000.info

Refl ecting screen

Housing for rapid releaseof mask 2 points

Outer shell in composite materials

Chinstrap

Technological evolutionwith levels of performance above

the European safety standardsRefractingbands

A4_VFR2000_Inglese.indd 1A4_VFR2000_Inglese.indd 1 10-02-2006 7:54:5710-02-2006 7:54:57


By CarolineSouthcombe

Southcombe BrothersLtd


Modern-day armourA firefighters’ hands are one of the most vulnerable parts of his body. Hands areused to clear debris, burning or contaminated with chemicals, blood or otherpathogens. Firefighters use them to lift the injured from wreckage or fire.

Gloves that protect the user and yet stillmanage to be dexterous are the holy grailof fire gloves, and gloves are the most

discussed items of PPE. Debates rage as to whichtype of glove is preferable and indeed whichmaterials are the ‘best’. The one truth that comesfrom all this debating is that there is not one‘magic’ glove that will do it all, and gloves forfighting structural fires need different qualitiesfrom those used for extrication purposes.

We know that fire-fighters face many differenthazards as part of their daily work. Solvents,chemicals and sharp objects are just as threateningas the risk of scalds and burns and firefighters areequally as likely to encounter them. Therefore allfire gloves have to provide protection against awide variety of hazards. Of course, they must alsoallow the firefighter sufficient dexterity to operateall the complex machinery used in today’stechnologically developed fire service.

Historically, most fire brigades in the UK hadpurchased gloves to the American National FireProtection Association (NFPA) specification. Theideology behind the development of Americangloves was that the thicker and harder they are,the more protection they could offer. The newEuropean standard (EN 659), introduced in 1996,challenged this. That standard has now beenrefined and a further standard added –EN659:2003. This includes a number of alterationsand additional tests to take into account:

There are three levels of protection applicableto an EN standard. 1 simple design2 intermediate design3 complex design

Fire-fighting gloves incorporate the highest level(3), complex design. All of the materials used inthe glove, plus the actual design and structure aretested by an independent laboratory before beingawarded the EN standard. The manufacturing of

complex design products must also be certified toan approved Quality Management system.

Current thinking means that minimum perfor-mance standards have now been increased forabrasion, tear and performance standards. Thisensures that gloves that meet the standard arenow more robust and durable, offering greaterlevels of mechanical protection.

A revised version of this standard has now beenaccepted: EN659:2003. This includes a number ofalterations and additional tests, taking intoaccount areas that were not previously covered bythe 1996 document. For example, the methodgiven for radiant heat has been changed. The newmethods given in ISO 6942 (superceding EN366)utilised a heat flux density of 40k/m2.

A requirement for the contact heat of a wetglove has also been included. This test takes intoaccount the potential risk of steam burns or scaldswhere moisture build-up on the inside of the gloveis driven to steam through external contact of theglove with hot objects.

One new and significant area which was notcovered by the original version of EN659 is thepotential of contact with liquid chemicals.Firefighters often find themselves in situationswhere accidental contact with a liquid chemicaloccurs. As firefighters know always too well, it isnot always possible to avoid contact with thesehazardous chemicals. It is essential that gloves areconstructed in such a way that they provide a pro-tective barrier against liquid chemicals. The EN368test method is used to assess the glove against arange of chemicals: 30% sulphuric acid, 40%sodium hydroxide, 36% hydrochloric acid andheptane have been chosen to represent the mostcommon types of chemicals that are encountered.

Taking all of the situations and hazards thattoday’s firefighter will encounter, it is essential thathands are given the maximum amount of protec-tion. But it is not quite a simple as layer upon layerof thick, protective fabrics. A poorly designedglove made with inferior materials can prove to beso frustrating to wear that the fire-fighter is


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encouraged to remove the glove in a situation thatrequires dexterity. For obvious and chilling reasons,this can be extremely dangerous. The design of aglove is of paramount importance to ensure thebest possible combination of protection anddexterity.

To ensure the highest protection, it is recom-mended that the outer shell of the glove is madefrom a good quality grain leather. The first line ofdefence in the fire-fighting glove is the outer shell,so the need for an excellent quality protectiveleather is the most important requirement.

The term ‘hide’ describes the outer covering oflarge animals, i.e cattle, while ‘skin’ refers to smallanimals e.g sheep, goats and pigs. The charac-teristics of animal skins vary accordingly to the partof the world the animal lives. Generally, thetemperate zones of the world provide the bestenvironment for growth and development of live-stock. The less favourable the climate and the moreprimitive the animal husbandry, the poorer thegeneral condition of the animals and the lower thepotential leather-making qualities of their hidesand skins. The leather industry in the UK follows astrict chain of events to produce a high-qualityproduct. Once the animal has been slaughtered,the raw hides must be preserved to stop deterior-ation, especially during transportation. The hidesare ‘fleshed’ to remove the fleshy tissue on theinside. Depending on the thickness of the hide, itis then split into 2, 3 or 4 individual skins. The firstand best quality leather will be the top grain side,the second or third split in the hide will result in anabsorbent suede leather, with no tensile strength,mainly used for cheaper styles of fire gloves.

The next stage is adding solvents to the dye vats– these reduce the grease level to 5%, which isacceptable for dyeing. Tanning converts the rawskin into a stable material which will not putrefy,this is done with minerals such as chromium,

aluminium and zirconium. Shaving the leather isdone to achieve a uniform thickness for fine gloveleather; this is usually 1.1mm to give adequateprotection from the leather and also the highestdexterity when on the hand. The final wet processis for the hide to be dyed, this can either be surfacedyed (the cheaper process) or complete penetrationdyeing. Fat liquors and chemicals are also applied inthis process to give flexibility and softness.

There are two basic designs for a firefighters’glove, they can use either a Gunn-cut design or afully fitted design.

The Gunn cut design is a cheaper option, as ithas only one leather centre piece to fit the sides ofthe two middle fingers, thus having less seams.However, the fully fitted cut design incorporates aseparate piece of leather cut for each side of thefingers, thus using more leather and more stitchedseams, but offering a better fit, with more dexterity.The actual cutting of the leather into the handshapes is of vital importance. The skilled cutter mustfirst ensure that the hide is free from faults andscars, plus they must ensure, through stretching,that the leather has ‘run’, meaning that the leatheris not restrictive when the hand closes into a fistshape. However, for the length of the glove, thestretch in the leather must be restrictive, you do notwant the finger lengths to grow longer and longerthe more times they are pulled on and off the hand.

The separate leather pieces (in some cases up to9), are now ready to be sewn together to form theouter shell.

In a modern, protective, three-layer glove, thecombination of the moisture barrier and the innerlining is very important. This barrier and liningsupports the protection given by the leather shelland must be securely stitched into the tops of thefingers to ensure 100% lining retention.

The range of materials available to glove makershas undergone a revolution in the last decade.While the more traditional materials, such as cottonor nylon and pile fabrics still have a role to play, theage of the performance fabric is now with us.

Fabrics or yarns are now available which thermo-regulate, transport and manage moisture, stretchfor comfort without losing shape, prevent thepassage of blood-borne pathogens and even inhibitthe growth of bacteria. Ideally for fire-fightinggloves you need a material constructed from aramidfibres, such as Nomex, to offer protection for thehand against thermal and mechanical hazards.

Although the EN659:2003 standard still doesnot have a requirement for a waterproofmembrane, a good quality firefighting glove willincorporate a membrane – particularly one that isresistant to blood-borne pathogen fluids.

Gore’s state-of-the-art Crosstech moisture barrierhas been qualified under the NFPA standard 1971(1997 edition). Gloves incorporating the Crosstechmoisture barrier are tested to ensure it is blood,body fluid and common chemical liquid pen-etration resistant. In addition, these gloves will be waterproof and provide the highest level ofperformance, durability and breathability.

In increasingly unstable and rapidly developingtimes, the threat to today’s firefighters has neverbeen greater. Fire gloves are developing just as fast– when hands are fully protected, confidencegrows, and if this protection can come withdexterity too, then the firefighter has an essentialtool in his modern-day armour. IFF



LEATHER TYPES

Pig Leather – smooth and firm, recognised byhair holes in the skin – used for cheaper leathergloves

Goat Leather – strong leather more suitablefor basic working gloves

Cowhide Leather – very tough, very strongand supple. Ideal for gloves where protectionand dexterity are required.



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INDUSTRIAL

Storage facilities

Monitors are widely used for protectingstorage tanks containing hydrocarbon andpolar solvent flammable liquid risks. Fixed

systems incorporate hand-operated monitors,geared monitors with hand wheels and oscillatingmonitors. These are used not only to apply foamon to fires but also to cool adjacent tanks. Flowsof 4,000 to 7,500 lpm at 7 bar will normallyachieve an adequate reach.

Supplementary cover is provided by portable and

mobile monitors. Small monitors can be designedto be carried by hand and placed on the ground toprovide a rapid response in the event of a fire. Theymust be properly secured so they cannot moveonce the water flow and pressure is applied, usuallyby means of fire hoses and portable pumps.Portable ground monitors should combine lightweight with stability, and be quick and easy todeploy and fold away. Light alloy models with 21⁄2 inch inlet connections have capacities of around1800 lpm at 7 bar but higher outputs can be

By Michael Mills

Product Manager,Angus Fire

Fire FightingMonitors:Selecting the Right One for yourApplicationFire fighting monitors are used to apply water, foam or dual agents whereverthere are large quantities of flammable or combustible liquids. Storage andprocess areas in the oil and petrochemical sectors are the most commonapplications. In the world of transport they are found on shipping and loadingjetties, airport crash tenders, aircraft hangars and helicopter landing areas.Industrial applications include power stations and incineration plants. Monitorscatering for all these different applications are available in a bewildering choiceof designs, sizes, materials and nozzle configurations. Here Michael Mills ofAngus Fire explains how to choose the right monitor for your application.

P. 47-50 Fire Fighting Monitors 3/5/07 11:52 am Page 47

achieved by using an anchor spike on soft groundthat helps to resist the jet reaction forces.

Larger hand-portable models with 3 and 4 inchinlets and capacities of 2,700 to 3,700 lpm at 7bar are secured by means of an adjustable bipodarrangement. The throw is defined in terms ofheight and distance. For example, the Angus Titanwill put foam on to the top of a fuel storage tank20 metres high from a distance of 30 metres.

Moving up the scale, monitors such as theAngus Colossus with capacities ranging from3,000 to 40,000 lpm can also be mounted ontrailers. The mobile monitor can be used to reachareas not well covered by fixed monitors. Trailersare often fitted with outriggers to provide stabilityand water tanks on the trailer can be filled toprovide additional weight for stability. Extra tankscan also be specified to provide foam.

Restricted accessIn some applications, such as loading jetties orlocations with explosive atmospheres, it is neces-sary to operate a monitor remotely. To do thismotors are fitted to move the monitor body in thehorizontal and vertical planes. In addition, if themonitor is fitted with an adjustable nozzle this willalso need to be moved with a motor or actuator.Remote control monitors often need to meet thestandards for operation in an area subject toexplosive gases such as ATEX in Europe or NEC inthe USA. Some applications require a master paneland slave panel arrangement, while others requirefeedback to show the operator where the monitoris pointing so that it can be operated even when

smoke obscures the view. Remote control monitors are available with

hydraulic or electric drives or a combination of both.Hydraulic motors have the advantages of low cost,simplicity, ease of maintenance and are usuallyexplosive proof. There is no need to use limitswitches on the motors since they simply recycle thehydraulic fluid without damage when they reach thelimit of travel. Their compactness makes them idealfor marine jetty protection, ships, incineration plantsand power generation. However, the maximumdistance between the monitor and control panel islimited to 300 metres and there are no facilities for asecondary panel or position indicators.

Electric motors must have a mechanism to stopthe current when they reach the limit of travel orthey may burn out. Modern positioning encodersand electronic controls are today replacing themore traditional overload protection devices. Electricmotors have the advantages of a possible masterand slave panel arrangement, built-in encodersthat will show the monitor position if required,and the distance between the monitor and masterpanel is unlimited. However, electric models canbe expensive if explosive proof motors are neces-sary. Secondary panels in an explosive area alsoneed to be contained in explosive proof casings.

For some applications, combined hydraulic/electric systems are preferred. In these the monitoris moved using hydraulic motors, but the hydraulicpower is provided by individual hydraulic powerpacks mounted at the base of the monitor. Thepower packs are generally explosive proof. Theadvantages of this arrangement are that it com-bines the benefits of using hydraulic motors withthe benefits of electrical control panels, retainingthe option of a slave panel and no distance limita-tions between the master panel and the monitor.

Explosive environmentsMonitors often need to be sited in areas wheregases or flammable liquids that give off vapoursare processed, stored or transported. While thereis little risk of explosion when the liquids andgases are contained, it must be assumed thatthere is a risk of explosion if there is a breakdown,a release or a fire. To allow for this, specificationsnormally call for monitors and their controlsystems to be manufactured and approved tointernational explosion proof standards such as theEuropean ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) or NEC


FIRE FIGHTING MONITORSINDUSTRIAL



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(National Electrical Code) in the USA.Under the ATEX Directive most monitors will be

sited in a “Zone 1” atmosphere where ignitableconcentrations of flammable gases, vapours orliquids are likely to exist under normal operatingconditions. Zone 1 requires monitors and controlequipment to be “Group II” approved. A Zone 1environment requires equipment classified as“Category 2G”, where G stands for gas. The typeof protection applied is defined by the CENELEC(Comité Européen de Normalisation Electro-technique) code. Ratings are described by a letterpreceded by “EEx”. An explosive or flame proofenclosure for a control panel intended for a Zone1 area would be classed as “EEx d”. In addition,the maximum surface temperature the equipmentcan generate is also added to ensure it cannotform the source of ignition for any gases present.The code “T4” indicates a maximum temperatureof 135°C, which caters for most fire fightingrequirements in industrial areas. Therefore, for amonitor used to protect a Zone 1 area, forexample a hydrocarbon loading jetty, the ATEXapproval should read “CE Ex II 2 II EEx d T4”.

Under the NEC system, areas are firstly given a“Class” location for specific applications. Class 1covers flammable gases, vapours or liquids. Classesare further divided into “Divisions”. Division 2 isdefined as “Where ignitable concentrations offlammable gases, vapours or liquids are not likelyto exist under normal operating conditions”. Thereis a further classification for the type of gas orvapour that may be present and their ignitiontemperatures. Most industrial groups fall underGroups C and D. Therefore, a typical monitorinstalled under the US classification system may berequired to operate in a Class 1, Division 2 area inwhich gases in Groups C and D may be present.

The ATEX system became mandatory in Europein July 2003 and reflects a more up-to-date methodof working. It also takes into account a wider rangeof parameters than the US system. As a result, ATEXis a more comprehensive system and is thereforepreferred for most fire fighting specifications.

Transport applicationsA wide range of oscillating monitors is availablewhich provides a powerful, sweeping water

stream for high performance attack and protec-tion. These are used principally in aircraft hangarsand on offshore helicopter landing areas.

Safety levels at airports have been rising inrecent years thanks to greater use of advancedoscillating monitor technology in aircraft hangars.Fire protection for aircraft hangars, whether civil ormilitary, has traditionally been based on NFPA 409.Generally the requirements have been for foam-water deluge systems incorporating sprinklerheads such as the Angus K40 supplemented bylow-level oscillating foam monitors for under-wingprotection.

But in recent years operators have been movingaway from overhead sprinkler systems in favour ofoscillating monitors mounted not only at low-levelfor under-wing protection, but also at high levelfor fuselage and over-wing protection. The mainreason for this trend is the growing belief thatmost hangar fires occur at floor-level. It takes lesstime for foam to reach such fires from floor-mounted monitors than from sprinklers mountedon high ceilings. Monitors sweeping automaticallythrough pre-set arcs of oscillation can cover vastareas of hangar floor space with foam withinseconds of actuation.

The effectiveness of overhead sprinkler systemsin extinguishing fires that occur inside parked air-craft has also been called into question. While thegentle downward flow of foam from sprinklers maybe deflected by air turbulence created by such fires,oscillating monitors mounted at high-level ensure amore powerful and penetrating delivery of foam.

Another important consideration is that monitorsystems require lower water demands and reser-voirs, lower pumping capacity, and simpler pipingarrangements than overhead sprinkler systems. Inother words, they are simpler and cheaper toinstall, maintain and operate.

Automatic oscillating monitors are generallyfabricated from bronze and are available in capaci-ties of 4,000 to 8,500 lpm at 7 bar. The oscillatingmechanism does not require filtered water and abroad oscillation angle is normally adjustable from45° to 120°. The number, capacities and locationsof oscillating monitors depend on factors such asthe hangar layout, available water pressures andthe aircraft parking areas requiring coverage. IFF


FIRE FIGHTING MONITORSINDUSTRIAL

Michael Mills is ProductManager at Angus Fire,

responsible for the globalmarketing of the company’s

Streamline range of firefighting monitors. Angus Fire

has been at the forefront offire fighting monitor

development for over fortyyears including fixed and

mobile, manual and remotecontrol, water and foam

models. Angus Fire is part ofUTC Fire & Security, a United

Technologies Corp.(NYSE:UTX) business unit,which provides fire safetyand security solutions to

more than one millioncustomers around the world.

UTC Fire & Security isheadquartered in

Connecticut, USA.


Crash Rescue w/p 30/4/07 10:12 AM Page 1

When your job and your life depend upon yourexpertise and your equipment, Macron can help. Weunderstand the needs of the professional fire fighterand recognise that absolute reliability is essential,today, tomorrow and every day.

Relied upon worldwide, Macron is a name that isinstantly recognisable in the fire protection market placewith a long established reputation for superior productquality and customer support.

To achieve this, we continuously invest in advancedmanufacturing processes and principles where thehighest specifications are matched to value engineering,in a meticulously controlled quality environment with fullISO 9002 accreditation.

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INDUSTRIAL

Even if every firefighter were to don compressedair breathing apparatus for every single inci-dent, the need for gas detection systems

would still exist. Gases, particularly those fromchemical and industrial plants, can have far reach-ing effects, from the poisoning of nearby personnelthrough to widespread environmental pollution.They can also have explosive consequences. Theuse of the right gas detection system will quicklydetermine the type and level of risk and allow thefirefighter to do what they do best – resolve thesituation with the utmost safety for all concerned.

The nature of the incident can sometimes pointto the type of hazard that may be found andmight provide a useful insight into which type of

gas detection system may be required. An earth-quake or other natural disaster, for example, mightinvolve town gas, methane, hydrogen sulphide,sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide or, perhaps, alack of oxygen altogether. A terrorist incidentmight feature nuclear, biological or chemicalhazards, whilst a wide variety of gases andvapours can be found at different industrial sites.

For instance, in the brewing industry whereincreased levels of nitrogen are now being used tomake a more effervescent beer, there is a danger ofoxygen depletion and, as a result, asphyxiation.Colourless, inert and odourless, liquid nitrogen is also used as a freezing agent in hospitals, labor-atories and universities. A firefighter entering a

By Gerd Pearson

Global Market Managerfor Fire Brigades,Draeger Safety

Air monitoringas part ofpreparednessFirefighters throughout the world know that the quicker they can assess what itis they are dealing with, the quicker they can start work. Smoke and flames arerelatively easy to see, unlike the invisible dangers that often accompany toxic orflammable gases. A source of ignition at the wrong time, or entry into apotentially lethal atmosphere could turn an incident into a full blown disaster.

P. 53-56 Air Monitoring 3/5/07 12:16 PM Page 53

confined space or enclosed area in the danger zonecould find him or herself with a severe case ofoxygen deprivation.

In steelworks, a volatile mix of oxygen andcarbon monoxide can create serious blast levelsand even the semiconductor industry has it’s own potential toxicity problems with the use ofammonia, arsine and bromine. A “shout” at afood processing plant could involve high levels ofdisinfectants or, in refrigeration and cold storageareas, unhealthy levels of ammonia. To compoundthe problem, it is also possible that toxic and/orflammable gases and vapours that were createdduring previous work might still be present, or thathazardous bi-products may be created by the fireitself from otherwise non-hazardous materials.

Whilst not exhaustive, the following lists some of the most common substances that may beencountered:

Hazards and effectsMany gases and vapours are toxic, can causeoxygen deficiency or carry the risk of explosionand, as a result can prove to be lethal.

In respiratory terms, different hazards havedifferent effects and are classified as follows:

Simple AsphyxiantsInhalation of substances in this category is notusually life-threatening but the presence of asimple asphyxiant can displace oxygen in the air tosuch an extent that the lack of oxygen can, initself, be dangerous. Carbon dioxide is a typicalexample and whilst exposure to low levels can leadto breathlessness, high concentrations can causeloss of consciousness within just 60 seconds.

Chemical AsphyxiantsUnlike other asphyxiants, these can be immediatelydangerous to life and health in that they interferewith the transportation of oxygen within the body.Symptoms following exposure to carbon monoxideand hydrogen sulphide, which is produced by thecombustion of polyurethane foams, for instance,include giddiness and headaches before eventualcollapse. Exposure to a high concentration of

hydrogen sulphide will cause an immediate para-lytic effect on the respiratory system.

IrritantsUlceration of the throat, watering eyes, sneezingand coughing are just some of the immediatesymptoms that can follow exposure to irritantssuch as ammonia, chlorine and sulphur dioxide.Where escape is difficult, breathing can becomeseverely restricted and exposure could prove fatal.

NarcoticsHallucinations can follow exposure to highconcentrations of toluene and other narcoticsubstances such as tetrachloroethylene.

Combination hazards exist in many situationsand, as well as being potentially explosive orflammable in nature can make search and rescueoperations very difficult indeed.

Different types of systemsThe incident and location will automatically reveal acertain amount of information about the types ofhazards that are most likely to be found. However,firefighters entering a potentially hazardousenvironment need to know exactly which gases areinvolved there and then, not just for their ownsafety but for the well being of those they mayneed to rescue.

Designed to detect airborne substances and to sound a warning if the levels pose a threat tohealth, portable gas detection instruments can beused to determine if an area is safe to enter,whether it remains safe during rescue or recoveryand, after clean-up, can ensure that decontamin-ation has been complete. Whether the hazard istoxic, explosive, combustible, asphyxiating or acombination of any of those, there is aninstrument to suit every situation.

TubesShort term tubes provide on-the-spot measurementsof targeted gases and are suitable for monitoringpersonal exposure, spot check measurements, leakchecks and confined space investigation. Developedby Draeger in 1937, for example, DraegerTubes lead


INDUSTRIAL

SOURCE SUBSTANCE

Combustion processes such as open fire, CO2, CO, Noxtobacco smoke. Vehicle exhaust gas

Cleaning agents, disinfectants, furniture polish, stain Toluene and aromatics, hexane and aliphatic removers, shoe polish spray, nail polish remover, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde and other aldehydes, correction liquids, pickling agents. acetone

Glues and paints Toluene and aromatics, hexane and aliphatichydrocarbons, formaldehyde, other aldehydes

Insulating material, foams, damping material, Styrene, formaldehydechipboards

Gasoline stations Toluene, benzene and other aromatics, hexane andother aliphatic hydrocarbons

Refrigerants, anti-oxidant in metal furnaces Ammonia

Food processing, magnesium foundries Sulphur dioxide

Semi-conductor manufacture & rework Ammonia, bromine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogencyanide

Paper and man-made fibres Chlorine

Decomposing biological matter Methane, H2S, oxygen deficiency


the way in tube technology and enable the fast,accurate measurement of over 1000 substances,including chemical warfare agents.

These highly accurate glass tubes can also beused in conjunction with short term pumps toenable rapid measurements to be taken and pro-vide optimum volume and flow specifications.Incorporating automatic stroke counters and aclear end of stroke indicator, pumps require nospecial tools and give accurate and reproducibleresults.

Personal Single Gas MonitorsThese handheld instruments can monitor a broadrange of gases and can be supplied withinterchangeable sensors to detect specific sub-stances. Portable instruments of this kind obviously

need to be lightweight, easy to read and easy touse, even when wearing gloves and the alarmsshould be heard, seen or felt in the most arduousof conditions.

Multi-Gas MeasurementsThese high performance instruments can be usedto measure a wide variety of gases in virtually anysituation, from indoor air quality through toconfined space entry and the monitoring of landfillgas. The more modern units can provide continu-ous detection of up to five gases simultaneouslyand feature individually adjustable visual andacoustic alarms.

As each sensor is pre-calibrated and isrecognised automatically by the instrument, thisinnovative instrument can be reconfigured simply


AIR MONITORING AS PART OF PREPAREDNESSINDUSTRIAL

Designed to detect airborne substances and to sound a

warning if the levels pose a threat to health, portable gas

detection instruments can be used to determine if an

area is safe to enter, whether it remains safe during

rescue or recovery and, after clean-up, can ensure that

decontamination has been complete.


by changing a sensor and without requiring addi-tional service or maintenance. In addition, themeasuring range of these sensors can be changedto any other gas detected by that sensor, by thepush of a button and without needing recali-bration. As a result, the accuracy and range of themonitored substance is substantially increased. Thesearch for leaks in flanges, shut off devices andvalves, etc., has also been simplified by the addi-tion of a new, flexible gooseneck probe. When intracking mode, it generates an increasing ordecreasing rate of beeps in accordance with thegas concentration detected.

Other specially designed “two-in one”instruments are also available for use wherecombination hazards involving explosive gases anda lack or surplus of oxygen may exist. For maxi-mum flexibility, the Draeger PacEx2, for instance,can be supplied in two versions: as an instrumentfor explosive gas measurement, or as a “plug andplay”, combination instrument for explosive gasand oxygen measurement. Combining extendedoperational time with minimal training and charg-ing requirements, it features “smart” technologyand is designed to monitor hazard concentrationscontinuously, simultaneously and independently.

Utilising three functional pushbutton controls,this rugged instrument is operational as soon asthe sensors are plugged into the instrument andhas a short response time.

Each of these multi-functional instruments canalso be fitted with a hose or pump for activesampling in hard to reach areas. Where recordkeeping is a requirement, they can also besupplied with dataloggers.

Domestic preparedness has cometo the fore in recent years, as thedangers of chemical and biologicalagents have become more of a con-cern. Providing continuous measure-ment in real-time, the DraegerMulti-IMS, for example, is easy touse and will quickly detect a widerange of chemical warfare agents.Utilising the latest state-of-the-arthandheld detection and monitoringtechnology, it incorporates a sensorbased on Open Loop Ion MobilitySpectrometry and uses an IONMobility Cell to provide improvedsensitivity and selectivity. Concentra-tion, trend and relative dosagemeasurements are easily taken and arange of graphical alarms indicate

both the substance and concentration level as wellas the hazard type, i.e. nerve, blister orblood/choking agent. Bar graph displays clearlyshow the current concentration levels as well asalarm volume and battery status. With a built-inpump and RS232 datalogging interface, it alsofeatures audible and visual alarms and an auto-matic self-check.

Photo ionisation detectors (PID) are perfect fortracing volatile organic substances in air. Able todetect whole groups of substances, these multi-functional, robust instruments can also becalibrated to monitor individual hazards. Especially

useful in confined space measurements andemissions monitoring, they can also assist in fireinvestigation and in post-accident screening.

Fixed Gas Detection SystemsDesigned to constantly monitor and detect explo-sive or toxic gases and vapours as well as oxygendeficiency and/or enrichment, these sophisticatedsystems can be used to sound alarms and initiateevacuation, or to switch off entire processes in theevent of a problem. Used to monitor remote areasand/or multiple sites, their data is recorded whichmeans that they can provide valuable incidentinformation before fighters even arrive at thescene.

Providing round the clock protection for,amongst others, the petrochem, food processingand chemical industries, they are also widely usedin large commercial sites and sports or leisurevenues.

Firefighters have a need for rapid and accurateinformation about the nature of the incident.


INDUSTRIAL

It makes sense that sensors and sampling points are

positioned so that gas accumulations are detected before

they create a significant hazard. To ensure maximum

performance, different sensor positioning strategies can be

implemented to suit different workplace environments. Whilst

these can, of course, be combined or modified, they are

generally used to provide spot, area or perimeter monitoring.


Once armed with the facts, they can respond tothe numerous challenges that arise both quicklyand competently. Fulfilling a vital role, gasdetection systems can be used to eliminate therisks and increase awareness of the dangers.

Useful information for firefighters –sensor positioningIt makes sense that sensors and sampling pointsare positioned so that gas accumulations aredetected before they create a significant hazard.To ensure maximum performance, different sensorpositioning strategies can be implemented to suitdifferent workplace environments. Whilst thesecan, of course, be combined or modified, they aregenerally used to provide spot, area or perimetermonitoring.

Spot monitoring is used where the potentialsource of the leak is known and the sensors canbe positioned to ensure that leaks are detectedquickly. Area monitoring requires an increasednumber of sensors to cover an entire area and isgenerally used where the source of the leak is notknown. Perimeter monitoring is used in applica-tions where the outer limits of the installationneed to be checked and where it is important that potential hazardous gases do not reachneighbouring areas.

European Standard BSEN 50073:2000 lists a

number of factors that should be taken intoaccount when determining suitable locations. Theseinclude the location, i.e. indoor or outdoor site,potential sources such as the location and nature ofthe potential vapour/gas sources (pressure volumeand/or mass, source temperature, density anddistances), as well as the chemical and physical dataof the potential gases/vapours present.

Other factors include leak control, the natureand concentrations of possible gas releases, thepresence of cavities and jets and the generaltopography of the site. Air movements should alsobe taken into consideration as well as temperatureeffects, the local environment of the plant, thelocation and number of personnel in the plant andthe location of potential sources of ignition. Anystructural arrangements such as walls, troughs orpartitions, which could allow gas to accumulate,should also be considered.

Perhaps most importantly, the Standard alsostates that the placement of the sensors andsampling points should be determined followingthe advice of experts having specialist knowledgeof gas dispersion, experts with a knowledge of the process plant system and equipment involved,and safety and engineering personnel. It alsoadvises that the agreement reached on thelocations of sensors and sampling points should be recorded. IFF


AIR MONITORING AS PART OF PREPAREDNESSINDUSTRIAL

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INDUSTRIAL

Making the most of limited water supplies inrural locations is often difficult for munici-pal fire services because of the pressure

loss problems encountered with standard firehose. New ICAO regulations mean that airport fireservices need to make provision for additionalwater supplies for use in fire fighting following anaircraft accident. Industrial fire services are alsofinding that ordinary fire hose is insufficient forfeeding the latest large-capacity foam/watermonitors for storage tank fire fighting.

Relay pumping outdatedTraditional solutions have centred around usingexisting hydrant ring main systems, bulk water stor-age tanks and relay pumping. Unfortunately theseall have fundamental limitations. Hydrant ringmains are often old, poorly maintained and can beruptured in an explosion. Bulk water storage

tankers offer limited volumes of water and requiregood road access. Relay pumping can take up valu-able resources in terms of manpower and vehiclesand is only as reliable as its weakest link. Inaddition, relay pumping often generates the safetyhazard of the “spaghetti effect” on the fire grounddue to the many hoses needed to supply largevolumes of water at sufficient pressure. This isbecause the pressure loss down a fire hose increasesrapidly when the flow is taken above the normalacceptable limits for a standard diameter. Forexample, flowing 800 litres/minute of water down a64 mm hose will produce a pressure drop of 5.6 barover 200 metres. Imagine trying to move 20,000litres/minute of water 1000 metres down 64 mmhoses. It is a logistical nightmare! Fortunately, thespaghetti effect can now be a thing of the past withmodern Large-Diameter Hose (LDH), sometimescalled Hi-Volume systems or Hi-Vol for short.

By Mike Willson

Product Manager,Angus Fire

Pic courtesy of AngusFire

Large-diameterHose Solutions forEmergency WaterManagementThe ability to deliver water supplies where and when they are needed, insufficient quantities and at the right pressures is today a major operational issuefor municipal, industrial and aviation fire and rescue services worldwide.

P. 59-62 Large-diameter hose 3/5/07 11:55 am Page 59

LDH is the answerThe good news is that by increasing the hosediameter, the pressure loss can be greatly reduced.A 1% increase in hose diameter results in amassive 5% drop in pressure loss. In practicalterms, this means, for example, that a 125 mmdiameter LDH can move the same amount ofwater, the same distance, with the same pressure

loss as eight parallel 64 mm lines!In order to exploit the pressure improvement

benefits of increasing the hose diameter, hosemanufacturers offer a range of LDH 4 inch (102mm), 5 inch (125 mm) and 6 inch (152 mm)diameter hoses, as well as eXtra Large DiameterHoses (XLDH) in 8 to 12 inch (200 to 305 mm)diameters. These products solve the pressure loss



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problems at a stroke, but they need to be handledproperly.

Nylon constructionLDH hose is no different to other layflat hoses inthat they are available in a range of qualities fromseveral manufacturers. However, the larger thediameter the more critical the hose constructionbecomes as there are larger volumes, weights andpressures on the fabric of the hose.

Polyester yarns are sometimes used, but theseare more likely to result in kinking as they do notstretch under pressure. They are also unable tomaximise the pressure savings down long lengthsof LDH as they cannot swell. Swell is a specialcharacteristic only found in Duraline type hoseswith an all nylon jacket. Nylon is special in that itcan be stretched slightly in use without breaking.This allows the best LDHs to minimise kinking,even at low operating pressures and also achieveswell, which allows the hose to stretch slightly andpass more water with lower pressure losses thanpolyester yarn hoses.

LDH should be made from specially formulatedrubber blends designed to resist abrasion, heat,chemicals and oil during operational use; and UV,

ozone and weathering during storage. This specialrubber is extruded through the nylon textile jacketto make a very durable long-lasting LDH. Suchhoses are generally used with Storz couplings,now the established standard coupling for LDH.

Manual handling supersededIn many cases LDH has been handled manually,but with current Manual Handling Regulations inEurope long lengths can put fire fighters at risk ofinjury due to the heavy weights involved. Newcost-effective deployment and retrieval solutionsare now available that take the physical effort outof using LDH, with a resulting dramatic increase inits popularity and usage. Leading municipal,industrial and aviation fire and rescue services nowuse LDH as a standard tool in their armoury. It canbe deployed quickly at an incident and quicklyretrieved using Fast Efficient Techniques forCollecting Hi-Vol (FETCH) hose systems. Fire fighterscan now easily lay out a temporary ring main ofLDH to reach less accessible areas and feedoperational personnel with reliable water flow andpressure requirements.

Planning hose configurations is carried outusing a HoseCalc software program. Simply entera hose configuration and HoseCalc carries out thepressure loss calculations to give an outletpressure.

To store, deploy and retrieve over 1 km of

150 mm hose sounds like a major system designexercise, but with these reliable modern deploy-ment and retrieval systems it is quick and easy tocomplete the task. There are now sufficient sitesaround the world protected with LDH that thegroundbreaking engineering work needed toproduce a total solution to overcome the difficul-ties has been achieved and FETCH is largelyresponsible for this significant advance. Anythingup to about 4 km of LDH is normally stored flakedin a truck or demountable storage pod system.Most pod systems have a central walkway for easeof access. The hose is layed out at high speedsimply by opening the rear doors of the pods,pulling out the first hose coupling manually, andthen driving the vehicle forward. The hosecascades down on to the ground and is fullydeployed in a matter of minutes.

After an incident the FETCH automatic recoverysystem enables the hose to be picked up from the


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There are now sufficient

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groundbreaking engineering

work needed to produce a

total solution to overcome the

difficulties has been achieved.


ground while the vehicle is driven slowly forwardalongside it. It brings the Hi-Vol back into thestorage pods with the minimum of physical effort,avoiding fatigue and injuries during emergenciesand training exercises. For the first time swiftdeployment and rapid retrieval are achieved withthe minimum of effort. Off-road versions are alsoavailable.

Custom engineeredFETCH systems are supplied as assembled skidsenabling fire services to custom engineer theminto their own vehicle preferences and budgets.Vehicle layouts may be sub-contracted to a thirdparty, built on a modified chassis by fire servicesengineers or designed and built by a vehiclemanufacturer.

FETCH enables fire and rescue services tooperate well within the Manual Handling Regu-lations. Gone are the days when fire crews wouldbe expected to lift coils of hose that can weighmore than 50 kg each. With FETCH it can be donemuch more quickly and with less manpower.

Mounted on the front offside corner of theWSU, the compact FETCH system comprises asimple but cleverly designed twin-roller frictionsystem. One of the large-diameter rollers is rubber-coated and the other drives a high gripconveyor belt. Drive to the rollers is provided by ageared chain, which in turn is driven by a diesel-driven hydraulic power unit fitted to the vehiclechassis.

The unit allows couplings to pass through itwithout the need for any complicated electronicsensors. Most fire and rescue services want a

simple design with as little as possible that can gowrong in an emergency, and if anything does gowrong they want to be able to repair it quickly inthe field. FETCH has achieved this by leavingunnecessary complications out of the design thatwould only have made the unit less reliable andaffordable.

A vehicle fitted with FETCH is capable ofrecovering 1 km of hose in about half an hourwith minimal manpower. Water drains from thehose enabling it to be stored flat in the containers.It can also feature a special electric start dieselpower pack fitted with engine over-speedshutdown system and spark arrestor exhaust thatallows a vehicle to be operated in hazardous areas.

Quality LDH essentialThese water management solutions are designedfor emergencies, which it is hoped will neverhappen. This means the hose is likely to spend themajority of its life in storage, probably in a flakedcondition. This puts the hose under a great deal ofstress, particularly along the fold. Therefore, inexactly the same way as it is critical to choose awell designed and manufactured fire hose for first-attack fire fighting, LDH and XLDH products must

be chosen with care. For LDH hose BS6391 Type 3is the international standard to choose for yourassessment criteria. Buying the cheapest hose onthe market can mean that three years down thetrack, when maybe it is first used in an emergency,it could let you down badly and potentially put firefighters’ lives at risk. By seeking out a manufacturerwith a proven track-record of supplying LDH thatexceeds the requirements of BS6391 Type 3, hastechnical expertise in XLDH products, and makesits own deployment and retrieval systems, you arefar more likely to achieve a reliable long termsolution to your water supply problems.

ConclusionsToday’s fire fighters need optimum flexibility. Theycan be called upon to assist in many kinds ofemergency, including flood control and disasterrelief including earthquake situations where all theestablished water ring main systems are brokenand disrupted. Even under such demandingconditions fire fighters have a responsibility to beable not only to maintain an adequate watersupply, but also to deliver ever increasingquantities of water to deal with the more complexhazards we see in the modern world. The flexibilityand efficiency that modern LDH solutions nowoffer means that there is a flexible mobile solutionavailable to help fire fighters to meet these toughchallenges, and help them to maintain andoptimise supplies of water in the widest range ofemergency scenarios. IFF



LARGE-DIAMETER HOSE SOLUTIONS FOR EMERGENCY WATER MANAGEMENTINDUSTRIAL

Mike Willson is ProductManager at Angus Fire

responsible for the globalmarketing of Hi-Vol LargeDiameter Hose (LDH) and

associated FETCHdeployment and retrieval

systems. Angus Fire is part ofUTC Fire & Security, a United

Technologies Corp.(NYSE:UTX) business unit,which provides fire safetyand security solutions to

more than one millioncustomers around the world.

UTC Fire & Security isheadquartered in

Connecticut, USA.

The flexibility and efficiency

that modern LDH solutions now

offer means that there is a

flexible mobile solution

available to help fire fighters to

meet these tough challenges.


TRAINING

Pic courtesy of Texas Engineering Extension Service


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TRAINING

From its original home of Pengan Moor inCardiff a move to Stansted then finally toDurham Tees Valley Airport (formally Teesside)

in 1981, IFTC has grown in reputation world wideas a deliverer of first class fire training.

With its team of sector professional instructorsand dedicated technical support team, who aresupported by administration, finance and Informa-tion Technology, delivery of the training meets thevarious awarding bodies’ criteria or organisations’customised needs.

The Centre is equipped with its own residentialaccommodation, restaurant, bar and fitness facili-ties, therefore delegates have plenty to do in theevening to relax after an intensive day’s training.These superb facilities are the hallmark of IFTC’scapability to offer a one stop training solution.

With an extensive fireground covering over 18

acres and a wide range of simulators to meet allclients’ training requirements, IFTC can truly beclassified as International as it boasts a client baseof over ninety different nationalities who havetrained at IFTC. At the time of writing Firefightersfrom the British Virgin Islands, Portugal, Greeceand Nigeria were attending IFTC on varioustraining programmes.

Training simulators include four aircraftfuselages, a light aircraft, military aircraft bothfixed and rotary wing. There is also the frontsection of a 747 aircraft. Other training facilitiesinclude restricted space units, accommodationbuildings, chemical and fuel distribution plants.Part of the multi-training rig are several rooms,with various fires, a chemical rig and a tankerloading bay. As part of the multi-rig there is asimulated Heli-deck with monitors and other fire

By Tim Oakes

Business DevelopmentManager, IFTC

Airport firefightersdealing with simulatedengine fire

Training for a saferworld with Serco’sInternational FireTraining CentreSerco’s International Fire Training Centre (IFTC) based at Durham Tees ValleyAirport has been training firefighters from various sectors for the last sixty years.Established in 1948, primarily for the aviation sector, it has evolved intodelivering training for aviation, offshore, industrial and maritime sectors.

P. 65-69 International Training 3/5/07 11:56 am Page 65

fighting equipment, again to create as realisticconditions as possible.

The training simulators can burn kerosene orLiquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). This allows IFTC tocreate realistic conditions, but also to be focusedon the Environmental issues. With this in mind wehave a water treatment facility consisting of a reedbed system which allows us to treat our own waterrun off from firefighting, re-cycle it and re-use onceit as gone through the treatment process.

Aviation IFTC is the UK’s only Approved Training Provider(ATP) to deliver all the Structured LearningProgrammes as required by the UK Civil AviationAuthority to meet CAP 699 Standards for competence of Rescue & Firefighting Service (RFFS)personnel employed at UK Licensed Aerodromes.The training delivered also meets the requirementsof the International Civil Aviation Organisation(ICAO).

The programmes are designed for the role andtask of airport firefighters, Supervisors and Man-agers. The role of Supervisor can then be brokendown further to the roles of Crew Commander,Watch Commander and Lower Category Aero-drome Supervisors. Each programme has beendesigned to deliver both the relevant technical andpractical training within the role and responsibility.

All acquisition programmes must be conductedat an ATP and on successful completion individualsare issued with a certificate of competence whichis valid for four years. Further to this an airport canthen continue the development of their staffthrough a maintenance of competence schemeapproved by the CAA or following on from astation training programme return to IFTC after a four year period for a practical based assessmentprogramme.

The Firefighter Initial programme is 6 weeks induration and covers practical drills, firefightingmedias, aircraft construction, aircraft incidents,breathing apparatus and First Aid just to mentiononly a few of the subjects covered. Assessmentsare through observation, written and verbal tests.

The Supervisor Structured Learning Programmelooks at various legislative aspects, managingresources, Heath & Safety aspects plus commandand control at an aircraft accident/incident. All areconcluded with technical and practical assess-ments. This SLP is of 3 weeks’ duration.

An intermediate course involves the commandand control elements for Crew Commanders –individuals who may be in charge of an appliance.

This develops Commanders in the area ofCommand & Control by the utilisation of a Virtualreality Simulator. This allows Commanders to gothrough the decision making process in a safe


Teams bending theflames

TRAINING


environment, on a variety of Aircraft and differentincident scenarios.

Training for Command and Control at majoraircraft accidents/incidents is enhanced by the useof a unique Command and Control virtual realitysimulator (ETC) which uses a team approach. TheETC Command and Control Simulator installed atIFTC is the only once of its kind, configuredspecifically for UK RFFS operations. Its purpose isto provide real time opportunities for WatchCommanders and Crew Commanders to makeoperational decisions that are difficult, or at times,impossible to arrange in any other way.

The main advantage to using the system is thatcommand training is carried out in a safe environ-ment, that it can be used, if necessary, to repeattraining exercises, to reinforce training outcomesand that it incorporates elements within scenariosthat cannot easily be replicated on a trainingground.

Further to this, the degree of immersionachieved using the system is considerable. As aresult, Commanders find themselves making deci-sions in a high stress, high stakes, high risk, timepressured environment. It is exposure to exactlythese sorts of pressures that help Commanders todevelop a form of naturalistic decision making,


The application of drypowder by offshoreteams

BA Teams entering a/cfor search purposes

INTERNATIONAL FIRE TRAINING CENTRE PROFILETRAINING


referred to as Recognition Primed Decision Making(RPD). Much work has been carried out in the fieldof command psychology that is providing evidenceCommanders really need the ability to make lotsof pressurized decisions, in order to positivelyenhance their operational decision making skills.

We are sure from our own experiences in train-ing and developing UK Aviation Commanders thatthe research published to date is valid.

The system can be configured to offer 1, 2 or 3vehicle airport fire services and up to ten opera-tional staff. The aircraft available reflect the rangeof types in everyday service, from B747 down to aCessna 152. All types of weather conditions, atany time of the day, can be built into whatamounts to an infinite number of emergencyscenarios.

Offshore In association with FalckNutec IFTC also runstraining programmes to meet the requirements ofOffshore Petroleum Industry Training Organisation(OPITO) these include Team Leaders, Members,Helideck Teams and combined teams. These aredelivered as either initial or refresher courses.Other bespoke training includes company specifictraining and programmes which are designed withthe clients to meet their training outcomes.

Petrochemical/industrialThese programmes are run for company specifictraining or to meet the requirements of the JointOil and Industrial Fire Forum (JOIFF). As an accred-ited provider it is imperative that we meet boththe standard requirements and the needs oforganisations.

Other training coursesIFTC can offer a wide range of trainingprogrammes, from Management accredited by the chartered management Institute (CMI), Train

the Trainer, Cabin Crew fire & smoke and FireAwareness.

Future developmentsWith the introduction of the Cat 10 aircraft, IFTChave delivered the first phase of a multi millionpound investment with the installation and com-missioning of a purpose built of CAT 5 simulatorand enhancements to the water treatment facility.The second phase will consist of another simulatorwhich will have the front section of a Cat 10aircraft and the rear section of a Cat 7/8 aircraft.With the other aircraft fuselages and simulatorsIFTC will have the unique capability of deliveringtraining to meet the full range of present aircraftthat use airports throughout the world.

To complement the arrival of this aircraft simu-lator and the Cat 5 simulator delivered andinstalled in December 2006, IFTC has alsopurchased two new fire training vehicles whichwill be delivered late 2007.

IFTC is proud to be considered a Centre ofExcellence for fire and related training. IFTC isactively involved with the Airport OperatorsAssociation Rescue & Firefighting Services WorkingGroup (AOARFFSWG) and is a member of both theAirport Fire Officers Association (AFOA) and Inter-national Aviation Fire Protection Association(IAFPA). It is working with these organisations thatensure IFTC delivers not only training to meetregulatory requirements but the requirements ofindustry.

In recognition of the individuals efforts whenattending the training centre IFTC holds an annualawards evening with winners being presentedfrom the various acquisition programmes as wellas the top Breathing Apparatus Instructor and topUK airport. This is a prestigious event and anevening of celebration for the achievements of theindividuals. All awards are sponsored by organisa-tions involved with the aviation Industry. IFF


Offshore teams applyingfoam

TRAINING

Divisional Officer Tim OakesIs the Business Development

Manager at IFTCCommencing as an Instructor

in 1989 Tim has progressedthrough the ranks to his

current position. Hepreviously worked for BritishAerospace and served for 10years in The Royal Air Force

Fire Service.


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TRAINING

This is the question we are asking at the TexasEngineering Extension Service (TEEX) in CollegeStation, Texas. The scenario above is just one

nightmare that haunts us and keeps us focused onthe goal. Our goal is to make sure every emer-gency responder and emergency manager has theinformation they need to make the best decisionabout the tools and equipment they purchase –the tools they depend on when the proper toolcan save a life.

And more and more, TEEX is working with themanufacturers of emergency response equipmentto improve the safety and effectiveness of theiremergency and rescue tools.

With the rash of manmade and natural disasters

of the first decade of the 21st century, billions ofdollars have been allotted around the world forrescue tools and equipment. Yet, most have noway to evaluate whether the equipment willactually perform as expected.

Serving the emergency communityWe have another reason to be concerned aboutemergency response equipment. TEEX trains morethan 81,000 responders from all 50 states and 45countries each year in the latest techniques ofemergency management, firefighting and rescue.As part of The Texas A&M University System, TEEXis the home of the 120-acre Brayton Fire TrainingField and Disaster City®, a mock community

By Clint Arnett andChuck Klafka

Co-project coordinatorsfor TEEX

Texas EngineeringExtension ServiceA school bus carrying young schoolchildren has been struck by a train in a ruralarea. When the first responders arrive, there are screams coming from themangled yellow wreckage. Two children are still in the bus, trapped by twistedmetal and bleeding profusely.

Knowing that hydraulic rescue tools are almost 40 minutes away, theresponder runs to his vehicle, removes a battery-operated saw from hisemergency kit and begins to cut through the metal to reach the children. Onlythree minutes into the cut, and several inches from finishing the rescue, thebatteries fail.

Fire, rescue and law enforcement agencies throughout the world areequipping emergency responders with tools to save lives, but will thatequipment work when lives are hanging in the balance?

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featuring full-scale, collapsible structures designedto simulate various levels of wreckage. TEEX is alsohome to Texas Task Force 1, an acclaimed urbansearch and rescue team that has seen deploymentto some of America’s worst disasters, including9/11.

TEEX is just one component of the Texas A&MEngineering Program, which is recognized as oneof the most comprehensive and diverse engineer-ing programs in the United States, focusing oneducation in engineering and applied sciences,research and outreach. Other components of theprogram include the Dwight Look College ofEngineering at Texas A&M University, the TexasEngineering Experiment Station (TEES) and theTexas Transportation Institute (TTI).

Through the unique marriage of these com-ponents, Texas A&M Engineering is able to bridgebetween academics, research, training and out-reach, and promote interaction among universitiesand agencies within the A&M System as well aswith other state, federal and industry partners.

Ask the professionalsBecause thousands of responders train at TEEX’sCollege Station campus every year, we have theopportunity to ask the men and women in thefield what they need to do their jobs effectively.

In addition to querying these professionals,TEEX brings together subject matter experts(SMEs) several times annually to determine whatdevices should be tested, and what is mostimportant about each tool for use under actualconditions. The majority of our SMEs have 15 ormore years of service as firefighters or lawenforcement officers and were involved in some ofour nation’s greatest disasters: 9-11, OklahomaCity, and hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Before conducting an assessment, we conductfocus groups. Comprised of 8-10 rescue and lawenforcement personnel from different depart-ments throughout the country, this groupdiscusses rescue situations and the devices that areneeded, as well as identifying different scenarios inwhich the equipment might be used. Is the itemwaterproof and drop resistant? Can responderschange the batteries with gloved hands? Are there too many buttons to identify in low-lightconditions?


TRAINING

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It isn’t unusual for some items, such as sawsand other cutting and extrication devices, to bepurchased straight off the shelves of localhardware stores or through the Internet. Throughour product testing, we give departments theinformation they need to purchase tools that willperform when lives are at stake.

TEEX also conducts a market survey on theitem. The tool is researched through the Internet,catalogs and technical publications, and we pro-duce a report with a list of the products availableto do that specific job.

Today, many manufacturers build items that aremarket-driven. Market surveys decide what itemssell at the highest margins and manufacturers may design a tool based on those statistics.Unfortunately, a saw or camera that works well on paper may not work well in the heat of arescue. Through our testing, we can not onlyprovide valuable data to consumers, but also helpthe manufacturer improve the product.

Many times our market surveys return interest-ing results. For example, although not designedfor rescue use, a bird-watching camera might fitthe same technical specifications as a rescuecamera. We endeavor to test all similar itemsbecause occasionally tool systems from otherindustries have been found to have significantapplications in the emergency response realm.

With the information gained from the focusgroup and other responders, we bring in our ownengineers to decide whether credible data can beobtained on the items. Texas A&M engineers set

the parameters of the tests, supervise the testingand later write the final report. If the engineersagree that we can obtain good data, we look atthe market and reduce the list to a manageablenumber of items that can be procured and tested.

Step-by-step testingEvery stage of the testing process is designed toemulate the procedures that departments andagencies worldwide might follow when purchasingequipment. We don’t inform the manufacturers ofthe tests, and we acquire the products throughregular procurement channels.

As in many jurisdictions, items over a certaindollar amount must be put up for bid, andalthough the manufacturers and distributors don’tknow it, the clock is already ticking. We track howlong it takes to receive the item, the cost of theitem and if they ship the correct product.

If we receive the wrong product and have toreturn it, we judge how well the manufacturerhandled the mistake, and how quickly and profes-sionally the error is corrected.

We also look closely at whether the product wereceive matches the company’s marketing informa-tion. As an example, one product advertised that itincluded a case. What we received was a fancy

cardboard box with a plastic handle on it andfoam inserts rather than something sturdier. Whenany consumer orders an item designed to be usedin the field, especially something that costs inexcess of $10,000, they expect the case to bemore than cardboard. After we pointed it out tothe vender, they agreed and sent us a muchtougher case for the item.

Unfortunately, many items that showed greatpromise according to manufacturer’s marketingmaterials, failed to deliver. If an item fails duringtesting and it’s under warranty, we make a claimand track how the manufacturer handles theprocess. We send it back to them and wait for areplacement as the clock continues to tick. We


TEXAS ENGINEERING EXTENSION SERVICETRAINING

If an item fails during testing

and it’s under warranty,

we make a claim and track

how the manufacturer

handles the process.


track the entire process from start to finish andrecord the results.

Sometimes manufacturers have questions for us.We’ve been called by companies who want toknow why their specific piece of equipment wasn’tincluded in a test. In one case, the item was includ-ed in the initial procurement order but because ofthe manufacturer’s inability to deliver it before thetest cycle began, it wasn’t included in the results.

We strive to take an international, all-hazardsapproach to our testing, and make our assess-ments relevant to responders of all nationalitiesand disciplines.

Taking a tactical approachIn addition to fire & rescue equipment, andextrication tools, we evaluate law enforcementequipment as well. While firefighting tools arefocused on saving lives as quickly as possible, lawenforcement tools are tactical, and may be used inareas where there is anticipated combat.

For example, an individual might be barricadedin a building where there is a fire developing. It isimportant to pacify the individual so that firepersonnel can enter the building to fight the fire and rescue others that might be trapped in the building.

Even though we may be test-ing the same piece of equipment,law enforcement may use itdifferently. For example, a Pow-ered Air Purifying Respirator(PAPR) is used by both rescue andlaw enforcement personnel.During testing, we discoveredthat wearing a PAPR facemaskmakes it difficult to aim ashoulder weapon, such as a rifleor shotgun. Other PAPR unitswere found too noisy for lawenforcement use.

This useful information allowsdepartments to modify theirtraining so that their officers areaware of the problem and cancompensate. It has also allowedthe manufacturers to modifycertain models to make aimingshoulder weapons more accuratewhen wearing the mask.


TRAINING


We’ve also tested spike strips, which are placedon roadways in front of fleeing vehicles. With thehelp of the Texas Transportation Institute, we wereable to place sensors in the tires of test vehicles tomeasure the effectiveness of different spike strips.Through testing, we are able to determine theorder and rate of tire deflation.

We also discovered that certain models losetheir effectiveness if they are not deployed on ahard surface such as asphalt or concrete. This isvery useful information for rural jurisdictions andborder agencies, which might tend to deploy thespike strips on dirt or gravel roads.

Testing under real conditionsTesting is normally a five-day event held at ourfacilities in College Station, such as Disaster City®.Our facilities and resources allow us to test thetools and equipment in realistic emergency condi-tions. Our rubble piles contain items you wouldfind in a real building collapse, like concrete, rebar,conduit, wires and wood. We send responderswearing full equipment into that environment andtest how effectively they can use whatever item isbeing tested. We also have facilities that simulaterain, heat and other environmental factors.

Other testing occurs at our facility at TexasA&M’s Riverside Campus, located at the formerBryan Air Force Base. Working hand-in-hand withthe Texas Engineering Experiment Station (TEES)and Texas Transportation Institute, at Riverside wehave thousands of feet of abandoned runways forspike tests and the space to assemble identicaltrucks or school buses to test cutting and extrica-

tion tools, as well as a demolition range.Our test results are operationally relevant

because we test the equipment using responderswho are in the field everyday. Using real respon-ders not only gives our testing the necessary butoften overlooked perspective of the end users, italso gives our test results instant credibility withinthe responder community since the testing wasdone by peers and colleagues.

We also work closely with the Texas A&MUniversity Department of Engineering. Professionalengineers not only supervise the testing, but alsowrite the reports. Before the data is published, it isvetted by a final review board made up of outsideengineers and scientists who verify our data andprocedures.

Future plansWe are continuing to add clients in both the public and private sector. We are particularly excit-ed about new relationships we are forming withmanufacturers who understand how our test datacan help improve their products. Companiesworldwide are realizing that our SMEs and theother responders we work with throughout the year are a vital asset to a company’s researchand development, helping product developersunderstand what’s important and what’s not.

We can provide responder input beginning withproduct design, through prototype testing andbeyond. This data from responder testing, in close to actual conditions, will make for safer,more effective products, so emergency responderswill have effective tools to save lives. IFF


TEXAS ENGINEERING EXTENSION SERVICETRAINING

Clint Arnett and ChuckKlafka are co-projectcoordinators for TEEX. Clinthandles the emergency andrescue side of the testingprogram and Chuck worksfrom the law enforcementside. Clint worked with heavytools and equipment for 17years before joining TEEX is2004. Chuck came to TEEXafter 30 years as a specialagent with the FBI.

For queries or furtherinformation regarding ourtesting programs, pleasecontact: Clint Arnett or Chuck Klafkaat the Texas Engineering Extension ServiceUrban Search and RescueDivisionat 979-458-0857 or via e-mail at [email protected] [email protected]. Visit us on the web at:www.usar.teex.com/usar



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