ifes arab election law compendium

IFESArab Election

Law CompendiumInternational Foundation for Election Systems

1101 15th Street, N.W., Third FloorWashington, DC 20005Phone: (202) 828-8507

Fax: (202) 822-9744www.ifes.org

www.arabelectionlaw.net

Extending the Reach of Democracy

International Foundation for Election Systems www.IFES.org2

IFESArab Election

Law CompendiumEditors

Lorraine MarulandaDr. El Obaid A. El Obaid

Lazhar Aloui

DesignersJoseph Petraglia

Catherine J. Clinger

Printed by:Impressions Tuxedo, Maryland, U.S.A.

2003 The International Foundation for Election SystemsAll rights reserved. Published 2002.

Printed in the United States of America.

The IFES Arab Law Compendium (ISBN 1-931459-01-0) is published by the InternationalFoundation For Election Systems, 1101 15th Street, N.W., Third Floor, Washington, DC 20005-5006, U.S.A., phone: (202) 828-8507, fax: (202) 452-0804, IFES is a non-profit, non-partisan501(c)(3) foundation that provides professional advice and technical assistance in promotingdemocracy and serves as an information clearinghouse on democratic development.

The opinions expressed in this commentary are those of its author and do not necessarilyreflect an IFES position on any of issues discussed. The sole purpose of publishing theseopinions is to provide an insider perspective on the election framework in the countriescovered by this compendium. IFES also recognizes that contributors to these commentariesdo not necessarily represent commonly held views on the electoral systems described.IFES further welcomes any input from all interested parties in order to encourage informationsharing and debate.

THE INTERNATIONALFOUNDATION FOR

ELECTION SYSTEMSRichard W. Soudriette - President

Paul DeGregorio - Executive Vice President

BOARD OF DIRECTORSPatricia Hutar - Chair

Peter G. Kelly. - Vice Chair

Leon J. Weil - Secretary

Joseph Napolitan - Treasurer

Judy A. Black

H.E. Dame Eugenia Charles

Judy G. Fernald

William J. Hybl

Lesley Israel

Lionel C. Johnson

Maureen A. Kindel

Jean-Pierre Kingsley

R. Scott Pastrick

Michael Pinto-Duschinsky

T. Timothy Ryan

Robert Holmes Tuttle

DIRECTORS EMERITIJames M. Cannon

Charles T. Manatt

Peter McPherson

HONORARY DIRECTORMrs. F. Clifton White

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

3

The Arab Election Law Compendium (AELC) is published by the InternationalFoundation for Election Systems (IFES). Former Senior Program Officer, AmyHawthorne is responsible for the original concept of this important and timelywork. The publication was editeds by Lorraine Marulanda, Dr. El Obaid A. El Obaid,and with the help of Lazhar Aloui and Tom Bayer. Special thanks must be given toCatherine Clinger, Lina Zein, Joe Petraglia, dedicated interns and other current andformer IFES staff, without whom the AELC would not have been possible. Theproduction of the Arab Election Law Compendium was truly a collaborative effort.

IFES would like to express its great appreciation to the following people whoseexpertise and contributions significantly enhanced the value of the AELC: KhaderShkirat (Palestine), Saadia Kabil (Morocco), Dr. Sami Aoun and Dr. Katia Boustany(Lebanon), Ambassador Bal Mohamed El Moctar (Djibouti and Mauritania), Dr.Mohamed Al-Saqqaf (Yemen) Dirk Axtmann (Algeria), Dr. Nathan Brown (Egypt),Dr. Hani Hourani (Jordan), and Dr. El Obaid who also contributed the analysis of theSudanese election law.

We would like to thank all of the consultants and editors who contributed to thisendeavor. In particular, we would like to express our gratitude to Dr. El Obaid, whoserved as the chief editor of the compendium, for his time, dedication, and expertise.

IFES would not have been able to realize this project without the generous assistanceof embassies, NGOs, and friends throughout the world who helped us compile andtranslate the laws.

Funds for producing the Arab Election Law Compendium were provided by theUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID) through theConsortium for Elections and Political Processes (CEPPS). IFES is grateful for thissupport.

2002 Arab Election Law Compendium www.ArabElectionLaw.net

2002 Arab Election Law Compendium www.ArabElectionLaw.net 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction..........................................................................Lexicon................................................................................Profiles of Country Election Systems (Table) ....................Algeria English...................................................................Algeria French..........................................................................Djibouti French...................................................................Egypt English.....................................................................Lebanon French.................................................................Mauritania French............................................................Morocco English - French........................................................Palestine English..............................................................Sudan English...................................................................Tunisia English..................................................................Yemen English..................................................................

711171937577387

105137185215227237

Introduction

DR. EL OBAID AHMED EL OBAID

The reviews of electoral laws in the Arab world collected in this compendium represent a modest contribution towardthe development of a conceptual framework for addressing the institutional democratic challenges facing the region.Although the focus is on electoral law, such analyses inevitably raise normative issues that inform the effectiveness ofthese laws. These normative factors may be clustered into four areas: notions of democratization and liberalization;human rights; the nature of the Arab nation-state; and the role of religion.

Democratization and liberalization: The effectiveness and legitimacy of electoral legal structures stem from theunderlying political will to use them as tools for genuine democratic expression. It is beyond the scope of thisintroduction to delve into the variety of definitions of democracy. However, most attempts at a definition suggest anelement of popular supremacy, as opposed to the authoritative rule that so far has been the norm in the region.Another element is an emphasis on citizenship based on egalitarian criteria, without regard to religion, race or otherdiscriminatory grounds. An inclusive electorate is seen as a basic precursor for the expression of popular supremacy.Another essential element is the ability of men and women to individually cast their vote and to freely compete forpublic office on an equal footing. Generally, the rights and freedoms of citizens should be protected by an independentjudiciary or other public institutions that also afford individuals access to means of recourse in the event their rightsare restricted either by whim or by cause.

A quick review of the electoral systems surveyed in this volume reveals that although these systems are designed toachieve a limited electoral exercise, they generally lack features essential to generate an outcome that will meet withthe approval of a majority of the population. Thus, they fall short of creating adequate space where the citizenry canfreely choose its leaders. For example, most of the authors in this volume identify the freedom to establish politicalparties as an essential indicator of progress toward sustainable democracy. However, because of the scope of thisexercise, none has attempted an in-depth inquiry into the internal democratic practices of political parties in the Arabworld. Democracys future in the Arab world rests largely on the ability of political parties to practice democracy bothin their internal operations and in their relations with each other and the government.

Democracy remains the best method for mediating the relationship between the government and the governed andbetween political parties and their constituencies. However, the existence of an electoral system does not by itselfprove the existence of an actual democracy. The electoral systems outlined in this volume ought to be viewed asmechanisms for the regular selection of public leaders, in other words, as tools for the exercise of democracyandthe legitimacy and effectiveness of each measured with this in mind. These systems warrant close review in order toascertain whether they are merely tools for legitimizing authoritarian rule or represent at least a partial attempttoward democratization.

Human Rights: There is an obvious link between an acceptable level of human rights protection and the progressivedevelopment of democratic processes in any given society. Democratization is a gradual process, for which a nationsrespect for human rights is a key indicator of advancement. In this sense, human rights and democratization ought tobe regarded as mutually constitutive elements of a single process.

Elections by themselves represent the direct implementation of a variety of human rights. For example, the mere actof casting a vote and choosing ones representative or governor is an expression of freedom of expression, the rightto participate in the management of public affairs, and the freedom vote and run for office. In order to carry out fairelections, the state must guarantee certain rights and freedoms and must create a safe and open environment forthe electoral process. Although human rights were not among the guiding principles of the Arab League, most of theArab states covered in this volume have ratified a significant number of the major human rights instruments. Asevident from the following table, only Djibouti and Mauritania have yet to ratify the International Covenants on Civil


etatS RPCCI RCSECI

aireglA 9891rebmetpeS21 9891rebmetpeS21

ituobijD

tpygE 2891yraunaJ41 2891yraunaJ41

nadroJ 5791yaM82 5791yaM82

nonabeL 2791rebmrevoN3 2791rebmevoN3

ainatiruaM

occoroM 9791yaM3 9791yaM3

naduS 6791hcraM81 6891hcraM8!

aisinuT 9691hcraM81 9691hcraM81

nemeY 7891yraurbeF9 7891yraurbeF9

The Universal Declaration affirms the right of every individual to take part in the government of his or her country andmandates that the collective will of those who live any given country shall be expressed in periodic and genuineelections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free votingprocedures. These principles were further elaborated in articles 19-21 of the ICCPR:

Article 19

1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression;this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and

impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in theform of art, or through any other media of his choice.

3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties andresponsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as areprovided by law and are necessary:

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

Article 20 1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or

violence shall be prohibited by law.

Article 21

The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this rightother than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in theinterests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or moralsor the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

1 The table is based on the information provided in the Office of the UNited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights publication,Status of Ratifications of the Prinicpal International Human Rights Treaties, as of 08 February 2002.

8


States are expected to enact constitutional protections on freedom of expression and in addition should enact ruleswhich either define the scope of freedom of expression or which set forth certain restrictions, as well as any otherconditions which in practice affect the exercise of this right. It is the interplay between the principle of freedom ofexpression and such limitations and restrictions which determines the actual scope of the individuals right.2 Althoughthe preceding table demonstrates that some states ratified these provisions quite some time ago, their electoralsystems have yet to reflect the practical implications of the ICCPR or of the ICESCR. More importantly, the generalenvironment for conducting elections in the Arab world does not yet reflect an acceptable level of human rightsguarantees and protections.

The nature of the Arab nation-state: The recognition of the reality of the nation-state in the Arab world is nearlyuniversal due to the sharp decline in Pan-Arab nationalism and calls for unity. This is not to ignore the fact thatgovernments, the media and intellectuals still use these notions and advocate some varying propaganda-likecommitment to them. The nature of most Arab nation-states has presented some difficulties, as these states areoften repressive and personalized. The emergence of electoral laws and systems can be seen as welcome signs ofa decline in the repressive strongholds of power in some parts of the region. The fact that the state has been andremains in crisis and retreat could have a positive effect by weakening the security (mukhabarat) state at least tosome degree. The potential collision between demography and troubled economies is another factor that threatensthe grip of the mukhabarat state. These states will eventually come to the realization that they cannot contain popularresentment and hardship through repressive means and through restrictions on rights and freedoms. The strength ofany Arab government will be measured appropriately by the popular support it enjoys as opposed to the fear it instills.

Some analysts have observed that the crisis of the nation-state could also create more space for activities in theinformal sector, especially by civil society organizations. Future work on the nature and effectiveness of Arab civilsociety organizations, particularly those engaged in electoral activities, is important and lacking at this point. This isimportant given the likelihood that societal demands on electoral systems will increase without a necessaryimprovement in their quality. While fostering an effective electoral system has not been on the wish list of most Arabruling elites, recent developments make such reform inevitable. Still, some governments seem to believe that theycan manipulate elections as an important tool for maintaining power. One of the objectives of this volume is toidentify and describe these electoral laws and systems in order that researchers, activists, and electoral organizationsmay engage in a debate about their quality (both present and normative).

The role of religion: Religion has presented itself in the last few years as an alternative to decaying ideologies and todecaying economic and living conditions in a significant number of Arab states. One Arab commentator explainedthe success of the Islamic movement in Algeria as due to two factors:

First, the failure of the Arab Socialist systems in achieving economic stability. This was enhanced by the1967 breakdown which was the first blow dealt against Arab socialism and which left bad effect on Arabmorale. Second, there was the corruption which had crept into the whole Algerian system, and thedeteriorating economic conditions in the country at large.3

The same can be said about almost all Arab states where religion has surfaced as an element in contemporarydebates. The commentaries in this compendium have been confined mostly to electoral law and practice and havenot delved into a pointed discussion on religion and politics in the Arab world. As far as this author knows, Islamicprinciples do not stand in opposition to the principle of choosing ones own government, the freedom to be engagedin the management of public affairs, and the right to express ones opinions and criticize a freely elected government.It remains to be seen, however, whether future debates on Arab electoral systems will include an examination of therelation between religion and electoral laws and processes.

Conclusion: Most electoral workers and scholars would agree that there is no single ideal electoral system. Thatsaid, there are core principles to be adhered to in order for a system to be considered transparent and accessible. Anations electoral system should ultimately be evaluated on the basis of its ability to facilitate the exercise of thefranchise, the expression of the will of the people through periodic and genuine elections, conducted on the basis ofequal suffrage and secret ballot. The authors of the reviews in this compendium have attempted their own modestassessment of the electoral systems surveyed. We hope that this compendium will serve as an effective catalyst for

3 Sanaa University Symposium, p. 22

9


a dynamic dialogue on election systems and their application in the Arab world, and that together, our efforts to assesselectoral processes will contribute to their continued reform and improvement. The great Arab scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 C.E.) is known for his monumental work al-Muqaddimah4 in which he pondered, among other things, the nature ofa dynasty and its life span. He predicted the maximum duration of a dynasty to be three generations or one hundred andtwenty years. He further stated, the life span of a dynasty corresponds to the life span of an individual; it grows upand passes into an age of stagnation and hence into retrogression.5 I have a feeling that Ibn Khaldun would be persuadedto change his opinion if we had electoral systems in the Arab world that met the minimum threshold of freedom andfairness.

4 Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, F. Rosenthals translation, (Princeton University Press, 1989)

5 Ibid, 138

Dr. El Obaid is currently a professor of law at McGill University in Montral Canada. He is also serving as the LegalAdvisor on the Ethiopian Justice System Reform program for the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA.)Dr. El Obaid received his PhD from the Institute of Comparative Law at McGill University in 1997. He has publishedseveral articles including, A commentary on the New Sudanese Constitution, and has co-authored such reports asFive Years After the Genocide in Rwanda: Justice in Questions.


EN

GL

ISH

F

RE

NC

HA

RA

BIC

Ab

orig

ina

l e

lecto

r or

vo

ter

le

cte

ur

au

toch

tone

advance p

oll

vote

par

anticip

ation

ad

va

nce

po

llin

g s

tatio

n

bu

rea

u d

e v

ote

pa

r a

nticip

atio

n

ag

en

ts o

f re

gis

tere

d p

art

ies

ag

en

ts d

es p

art

is e

nre

gis

tre

s

ap

plic

atio

n for

a r

eco

un

t d

em

and

e d

e d

p

ou

ille

ment ju

dic

iaire

ap

plic

atio

n for

reg

istr

ation

(o

f a

po

litic

al p

art

y)

de

ma

nd

e d

'en

reg

istr

em

en

t (d

'un

pa

rti p

olit

iqu

e)

)(

au

dito

r v

rifica

teur

ballo

t (p

ap

er)

bulle

tin (

de v

ote

) )

(

ba

llot b

ox

urn

e

bla

ckou

t p

erio

d (

rela

ted

to a

dve

rtis

ing

du

rin

g e

lection)

p

riod

e d

'inte

rdic

tion

de

la

pu

blic

it

Bro

adcastin

g A

rbitra

tor

arb

itre

en

mati

re d

e r

ad

iod

iffu

sio

n

bro

ad

ca

sting

tim

e

tem

ps d

'm

issio

n

bro

ad

ca

sting

un

dert

akin

g

en

tre

prise

de

ra

dio

diffu

sio

n

by-e

lectio

n

le

ction

pa

rtie

lle

(to

) ca

ll a

n e

lectio

n

d

cle

nch

er

un

e

lectio

n

centr

al polli

ng p

lace

centr

e d

e s

cru

tin

ce

ntr

al p

oll

su

pe

rvis

or

su

pe

rvis

eur

d'u

n c

en

tre

de

scru

tin

Ch

ief E

lecto

ral O

ffic

er

dir

ecte

ur

g

n

ral d

es

lectio

ns

clo

se

of n

om

ina

tio

ns

cl

ture

des c

an

did

atu

res

clo

se o

f polls

cl

ture

de v

ote

clo

sin

g o

f th

e p

olls

fe

rme

ture

des b

ure

au

x d

e s

cru

tin

Lexi

con

Lexi

con

Lexi

con

Lexi

con

Lexi

con


com

puls

ory

de

regis

tration (

of a p

olit

ical pa

rty)

radia

tion o

blig

ato

ire (

d'u

n p

art

i polit

ique)

)(

confirm

ation o

f re

gis

tration n

otice

avis

de c

onfirm

ation d

'inscription

co

nstitu

ency

circo

nscrip

tion

le

cto

rale

co

ntr

ove

rted

ele

ction

lection

con

test

e

co

un

tin

g o

f th

e v

ote

s

d

pou

ille

ment (d

u s

cru

tin)

da

tab

ase

b

ase

de

don

n

es

da

ta p

rocessin

g

tra

ite

me

nt d

es d

onn

es

de

pu

ty r

etu

rnin

g o

ffic

er

scru

tate

ur

de

reg

istr

atio

n

rad

iation

dig

ita

l e

lecto

ral m

ap

ca

rte

le

cto

rale

nu

mriq

ue

directo

rate

d

irectio

n

dis

en

fra

nch

ise

p

rive

r du

dro

it d

e v

ote

)

(

dis

en

fra

nch

ise

me

nt

priva

tio

n d

u d

roit d

e v

ote

enum

era

tion

recensem

ent port

e-

-port

e

ele

ction

ca

lend

ar

ca

len

drie

r

lecto

ral

ele

ction

day

jour

de l'

lection

ele

ction

exp

en

ses r

etu

rn

rap

po

rt d

es d

p

enses d

'le

ctio

n

ele

ction

off

icer

off

icie

r d

'le

ctio

n

ele

ction

pe

riod

p

riod

e d

'le

ctio

n

ele

ction

resu

lts

rsu

lta

ts d

e l'

lection

ele

cto

r

lecte

ur/

le

ctr

ice

/


ele

cto

r w

ith a

dis

abili

ty

le

cte

ur

ayant une d

ficie

nce

ele

cto

ral b

oun

da

rie

s

limite

s d

es c

irco

nscri

ption

s

lecto

rale

s

ele

cto

ral d

istr

ict

circo

nscrip

tion

(

lecto

rale

) )

(

ele

cto

ral even

t scru

tin

Ele

ctr

on

ic D

ata

Pro

cessin

g (

ED

P)

tra

ite

me

nt

lectr

on

iqu

e d

es d

on

ne

s (

TE

D)

(a p

ers

on)

elig

ible

to v

ote

(u

ne p

ers

onne)

adm

issib

le a

u v

ote

)

(

en

um

era

tion

re

ce

nse

me

nt

en

um

era

tor

rece

nse

ur

fax

tl

copie

ur

ou

tl

copie

)

(

FA

X D

istr

ibution S

yste

m

Syst

me d

e d

istr

ibution d

es tl

copie

s

file

(n

om

ina

tio

n p

ape

rs)

pro

du

ire

(le

s b

ulle

tins d

e p

rse

nta

tio

n)

)(

final lis

t lis

te d

finitiv

e

franchis

e; right to

vote

dro

it d

e v

ote

ha

rdw

are

(in

re

fere

nce

to

co

mp

ute

rs)

q

uip

em

en

t in

form

atiqu

e

He

lp D

esk

bu

rea

u d

'aid

e

hig

h c

om

mis

sio

n

haut-

com

mis

sariat

ho

ldin

g o

f th

e p

oll

ten

ue

du

scru

tin

incarc

era

ted

ele

cto

r

lecte

ur

incarc

re

info

rma

tion

off

ice

r (a

t a

ce

ntr

al p

oll)

p

repo

se

a l'in

form

atio

n (

a u

n c

en

tre

de

scru

tin)

)(

issue o

f th

e w

rit

m

issio

n d

u b

ref

jud

icia

l re

co

un

t (o

f vo

tes)

d

pou

ille

ment ju

dic

iaire

(du

scru

tin)

)(


leve

l a

ccess

accs d

e p

lain

-pie

d

list of ele

cto

rs

liste

le

cto

rale

list o

f o

ffic

ial ca

nd

ida

tes

liste

des c

an

did

ats

off

icie

ls

mail-

in b

allo

t bulle

tin d

e v

ote

a r

eto

urn

er

par

la p

oste

mail-

in r

egis

tration form

fo

rmula

ire d

'inscription p

ar

la p

oste

mo

bile

po

ll b

ure

au

de

scru

tin

itin

ra

nt

Na

tio

na

l R

eg

iste

r o

f E

lecto

rs

Re

gis

tre

na

tio

na

l d

es

lecte

urs

no

min

ation

da

y

jou

r d

e la

cl

ture

des c

an

did

atu

res

no

min

ation

pa

pe

r a

cte

de

ca

nd

ida

ture

notice o

f advance p

oll

avis

de c

onfirm

ation d

'inscription

off

icia

l a

gen

t (o

f a

can

did

ate

) a

ge

nt o

ffic

iel (d

'un

can

did

at)

)

(

offic

ial (v

ote

rs)

list

liste

le

cto

rale

offic

ielle

off

icia

l vo

tin

g r

esu

lts

rsu

lta

ts o

ffic

iels

du

scru

tin

off

icia

l p

oll-

by-p

oll

resu

lts

rsu

lta

ts o

ffic

iels

par

bure

au

de

scru

tin

op

en

ing

of th

e p

oll

ou

ve

rture

du

scru

tin

ord

ina

rily

resid

e (

v.)

r

sid

er

ha

bitue

llem

en

t

ord

ina

rily

resid

en

t q

ui r

sid

e h

ab

itu

elle

men

t

ord

ina

ry p

olli

ng

da

y

jou

r ord

ina

ire

du

scru

tin

po

llin

g d

ay

jou

r d

u s

cru

tin

pla

ce

of o

rdin

ary

resid

en

ce

lieu

de

rsid

en

ce

ha

bitu

elle

polit

ical affili

ation

appart

enance p

olit

ique


polit

ical bro

adcast

m

issio

n p

olit

ique

po

ll cle

rk

gre

ffie

r du

scru

tin

po

ll ke

y

ind

ica

teu

r des s

ectio

ns d

e v

ote

po

llin

g b

oo

th

iso

loir

)(

pre

limin

ary

vo

ters

lis

t lis

te

lecto

ral p

rlim

ina

ire

qu

alif

ied

ele

cto

r p

ers

onn

e a

yan

t q

ua

lit

d'

lecte

ur

reco

un

t (b

y ju

dg

e)

reco

mp

tag

e (

jud

icia

ire)

)(

red

istr

ibu

tio

n (

of e

lecto

ral bo

un

da

ries)

re

cou

pag

e

lecto

ral

)(

refe

ren

du

m

refe

ren

du

m

refe

rendum

com

mitte

e

com

ite r

f

rendaire

reg

iste

red

age

nt (o

f a

po

litic

al p

art

y)

ag

en

t e

nre

gis

tre

(d

'un

part

i p

olit

iqu

e)

)(

reg

istr

ation

off

ice

r (a

t a

ce

ntr

al p

oll)

a

ge

nt d

'inscrip

tio

n(a

un

cen

tre

de

scru

tin

) )

(

reje

cte

d b

allo

t bulle

tin d

e v

ote

rej

te

repre

se

nta

tion

ord

er

d

cre

t d

e r

epr

se

nta

tio

n

result o

f th

e p

oll

rsultats

du s

cru

tin

retu

rn b

y a

ccla

ma

tio

n

le

ction

pa

r accla

ma

tio

n

retu

rnin

g o

ffic

er

directe

ur

du

scru

tin

revis

ed v

ote

rs lis

t lis

te

lecto

rale

rvis

e

revis

ing

ag

ent

ag

en

t r

vis

eur

revis

ion (

of th

e v

ote

rs lis

ts)

rvis

ion

(de

s lis

tes

lecto

rale

s)

)(

run

fo

r o

ffic

e

se

port

er

ca

nd

ida

t


sectio

n (

of th

e A

ct)

a

rtic

le (

de

la

Lo

i)

)(

so

ftw

are

lo

gic

iel

specia

l ballo

t bulle

tin d

e v

ote

spcia

l

sp

ecia

l ba

llot o

ffic

er

ag

en

t d

es b

ulle

tin

s d

e v

ote

sp

cia

ux

sp

en

din

g lim

it

pla

fon

d d

es d

p

enses d

'le

ctio

n

sp

oile

d b

allo

t (p

ape

r)

bu

lletin

de

vote

re

jte

sta

gge

red

vo

tin

g h

ours

h

eu

res d

e v

ote

d

ca

l

sta

tuto

ry a

uth

orization

auto

risation lgis

lative

subsection (

of th

e A

ct)

para

gra

phe (

de la L

oi)

)(

transfe

r cert

ific

ate

cert

ific

at de tra

nsfe

rt

va

lida

tio

n o

f th

e r

esu

lts

va

lida

tio

n d

es r

su

lta

ts

vo

lun

tary

de

letio

n fro

m r

eg

iste

r ra

dia

tion

vo

lon

taire

du

re

gis

tre

vo

ter

info

rma

tio

n c

ard

ca

rte

d'in

form

atio

n d

e l'

lecte

ur

vo

ter

pa

rtic

ipa

tio

n

pa

rtic

ipa

tio

n

lecto

rale

vo

ter

turn

ou

t p

art

icip

atio

n a

u s

cru

tin

vo

ter

reg

istr

atio

n

inscri

ption

des

lecte

urs

Web s

ite

site W

EB

with

dra

wl (o

f a

ca

nd

ida

te)

d

sis

tem

en

t (d

'un

ca

nd

ida

t)

)(

writ (o

f e

lectio

n)

bre

f (d

'le

ction

) )

(

write

-in

ba

llot

bu

lletin

de

vote

en

bla

nc

Pro

file

s o

f C

ountr

y E

lection S

yste

ms

La

st

Ele

cti

on

N

ex

t E

lec

tio

n

Co

un

try

Ind

ep

en

den

ce

Po

lity

E

lec

tio

n L

aw

s

in P

os

se

ss

ion

S

uff

rag

e

Exec.

Leg

. E

xec.

Leg

.

Seats

in

P

arl

iam

en

t

Wo

men

O

ccu

pyin

g

Seats

in

P

arl

iam

en

tN

PA

1

CO

N2

NP

A

CO

N

Alg

eri

a5

Ju

ly 1

96

2 f

rom

Fra

nce

D

om

ina

nt

Pa

rty (

mili

tary

-in

flu

en

ce

d)

19

96

Ele

cto

ral

Co

de

18

ye

ars

old

1

99

91

99

7

20

00

2

00

42

00

2

20

03

380

13 (

3.4

%)

Djib

ou

ti2

7 J

un

e 1

97

7 f

rom

F

ran

ce

Pre

sid

en

tia

l-p

arl

iam

en

tary

dem

ocra

cy (

dom

inant

part

y)

19

92

Ele

ctio

n

La

w

18

ye

ars

old

1

99

91

99

72

00

52

00

26

50

PA

3

AC

4

PA

A

C

Eg

yp

t 2

8 F

eb

rua

ry 1

92

2 f

rom

U

KD

om

ina

nt

Pa

rty (

mili

tary

-in

flu

en

ce

d)

19

56

Ge

ne

ral

Ele

ctio

n L

aw

1

8 y

ea

rs o

ld

19

99

20

00

1

99

5

20

05

20

05

N

/A

454

11 (

2.4

%)

Jo

rda

n2

5 M

ay 1

94

6 f

rom

L

ea

gu

e o

f N

atio

ns

ma

nd

ate

Tra

ditio

na

l m

on

arc

hy &

lim

ite

d p

arl

iam

en

t 1

98

6 E

lectio

n

La

w

18

ye

ars

old

N

/A5

19

97

N/A

20

02

12

03

(2

.5%

)

Le

ba

no

n2

2 N

ove

mb

er

19

43

P

resid

en

tia

l-p

arl

iam

en

tary

(m

ilita

ry a

nd

fo

reig

n-

influ

en

ce

d)

19

90

Ele

ctio

n

La

w

21

ye

ars

old

1

99

82

00

02

00

42

00

41

28

3 (

2.3

%)

SE

N6

NA

7S

EN

NA

Ma

uri

tan

ia2

8 N

ove

mb

er

19

60

fro

m

Fra

nce

Do

min

an

t P

art

y (

mili

tary

-in

flu

en

ce

d)

19

94

Ge

ne

ral

Ele

ctio

n L

aw

1

8 y

ea

rs o

ld

19

97

19

98

19

96

20

03

20

01

20

01

79

1 (

ifes arab election law compendium

Documents