if you rebuild it, they will come - pierce and sawyer

7/28/2019 If You Rebuild It, They Will Come - Pierce and Sawyer

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If You Rebuild it, They Will Come

Theres Power in Bridges

May the Forces be with YouDont Hate Me Because Im Beautiful

Is It Worth it?


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Is It Worth it?

If#You#Rebuild#It,#They#Will#Come#

From Evolution to Modern Aesthetics in Bridge Design

Introduction

A structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, or connecting route

between two adjacent elements is a bridge. Bridge types and designs are complex in various

aspects. Bridges also are utilized for differing functions. Designers, architects and constructors

create bridges now to be both functional and beautiful. In some instances, bridges have been

constructed to commemorate special occasions and express some of our deepest emotions

(Blockley, 2010, p. 9). Focusing on the aesthetic spectrum of bridges reveals how their design

and structure have made many bridges famous. Bridges do not just have to be thought of as a

structure. Bridges can also be thought of as spiritual links, connections between worlds, beams

providing structural support in a building, or emotional associations between societies. However

in this case, looking at bridges in their structural entity, we discover how they can be both

functional and beautiful.

Evolution of Bridges and their Purposes


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and fiber. Previously, materials were chosen based on availability, whereas now bridges

incorporate multiple forms of material depending upon a bridges purpose and cost (Blockley,

2010). During their initial introduction to the world, bridges had minimal purpose. They were

solely used for trading goods, shortening routes, over-passing rugged terrain, and had some

alignment with military agenda. One of the oldest constructed bridge dates back as early as 1535

in Florence, Italy. It originally was a wooden bridge; however it was replaced with three stone

arches which provided more support and stability (Carlisle & Carlisle, 1983).

The evolution of bridges has spanned the globe and their need has amplified. Originally,

bridges served basic necessities. Bridges are now used for transportation, travel and convenience

in addition to making passage more efficient and effective. Builders have discovered that a

successful bridge needs three practical requirementsfirm foundation, strong structure, and

effective working (Blockley, 2010, p. 11). Over the centuries, builders discovered that various

elements affect the design and structure of a bridge, and therefore had to plan accordingly in

advance to compensate for any foreseen and unforeseen problems. In addition to being


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Correlation Between Bridges and Power

When used appropriately, bridges can give a society power, or control. Travel costs and

trade between locations can provide financial benefits and social cohesion with the sharing of

resources such as goods and ideas. By increasing the travel and trades over major rivers and

islands, bridges are ultimately capable of connecting individuals and civilizations that may not

have had any previous relationships. International trading and traveling by way of bridges can

increase efficient distribution between networks (Making the Modern World, 2004). Again, this

can make one society more powerful than another. Bridges can also be built to bypass societies

and keep them secluded or isolated. If a civilization wishes to go undisturbed, either because of

traditions or perhaps religious reasons, bridges may be constructed to redirect traffic from

interrupting their lifestyle. For example, while the Amish use bridges for necessary

transportation, the existence of a bridge to bypass their town or village would serve as a great

asset to them, keeping outsiders from upsetting their peaceful way of life.

Control is not the only type of power. Bridges can produce power as well. Mobility on


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may need to open. Using pulley systems, engines and other sources of power, draw bridges must

be able to provide support for traffic above and below.

Types of Bridges

There are four main structural types of bridges: suspension, arches, trusses and beams. A

fifth form, but one that is less known, is a girder bridge. Suspension bridges are a type of

hanging bridge. They are more commonly associated with celebrating special events and

become icons [with] high emotional impact (Blockley, 2010, p. 153). Just like bridges overall,

suspension bridges have evolved. At first, suspension bridges used tension cables to string across

an obstacle with no support in the center. Wooden footways were eventually added between the

ropes to provide sturdiness. They were not designed for heavy loads, so donkeys and carts were

able to cross. Now, in combination with other forms of bridges, suspension bridges use towers

and girders for support, allowing them to span further distances and still maintain stability and

beauty. The Father of the Modern Suspension Bridges, Judge James Finley built the first

suspension bridge, or stiff bridge deck sometime between 1796 and 1801 (Pelta, 1987). In


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varying goods. It was formed using overhanging steps (Pelka, 1987). In the early seventh century

BC, Sumerians used corbelled arches to make an aqueduct. The Romans, who are renowned

bridge builders, perfected the rounded arch bridge. Using strong bases and sturdy supportive

hinges, they utilized the ends of the semicircular shape to avoid straightening and spreading

sideways. As long as the foundation does not move, an arch bridge can hold its shape for a very

long time (Blockley, 2010).

A truss bridge is a beam made from triangles and is exceptionally strong and durable

since triangles have been proven to be one of the strongest shapes (Canada Science and

Technology Museum, 2013). Even with the similar thickness of a beam bridge, a truss bridge is

actually lighter in weight. People most commonly imagine historic bridges to be wooden truss

bridges, and they appeal to historians and travelers. Truss bridges have promoted the

preservation of bridges over any other type because of their historical beauty, simplicity of

design, and history (Tennessee Department of Transportation, n.d.). In 1570, Andrea Palladio

published four books on architecture, the first book focusing on wooden truss bridges, their uses


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The first beam bridge was created using a log to cross an obstacle. A beam can be a

squared-off log, an oblong piece of timber, a sturdy frame of metal, or a slab of stone used as a

support element in construction. The word beam stems from an old English word meaning tree.

Beams can also be sturdy for strength or support, or flexible for aiding in vibrations or openings

of draw bridges. A cantilever is another type of beam bridge. The cantilever is related to a lever,

and like a diving board, it is permanently attached at one end and free at another. The bridge

levers extend from opposite banks of a river and are able to hold up the center beam. This

dynamic mechanism allows this type of bridge to span over a wide area.

A girder is a support beam used in bridge construction. A girder bridge is built on girders,

or beams, as the two terms are interchangeable. A bridge deck is built on top of the girders to

support traffic. A rolled steel girder bridge and a concrete girder bridge are subtypes of girder

bridges.

Aesthetics and Bridges

Aesthetics of a bridge, or its visual appeal, are becoming very important in the building


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they are so beautiful and their design is unique. Some instances of famous bridges include the

Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, the Clifton in Bristol,

the Masonry Arch Bridge in Bradford, and the Salginatobel Bridge in Switzerland. Not only are

these bridges stunning, they are also functional and symbolize power and protg. For many

architects, sculptors, and engineers, bridges are now forms of art in addition to linking societies

and communities.

Modern Design and the Future of Bridges

In todays modern world, its very important that the best combination of efficiency,

economy and elegance play a major role in future bridge designs. The science of bridge designs

have exploited in so many areas across the world. Bridge aesthetics have began to shift in the

past few decades due to the philosophical shift in community values. All around the world

bridges can a have a major positive social impact. Some structures can become artistic

statements that define ideals and values of the people who live there. Bridge cost has become

enormously expensive as engineers and architects are incorporating both structural and aesthetic


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References

Arnold C. (1986). The Golden Gate Bridge. New York: Reed Business Information, Inc.

Blockley, D. (2010).Bridges: The science and art of the worlds most inspiring structures.

Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Canada Science and Technology Museum, (2013). Structures and shapes. Retrieved from

http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/schoolzone/Info_structures.cfm

Carlisle, M., & Carlisle, N. (1983).A new true book bridges. Chicago: Childrens Press.

Golding, M. (1967).Bridges. New York: Putnams Sons.

Making the Modern World (2004). Bridges. Retrieved from

http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/maths/02.TU.03/

Pelta, K. (1987).Bridging the Golden Gate. Minneapolis: Learner Publications Company.

Tennessee Department of Transportation, (n.d.). Existing covered bridges in Tennessee.

Retrieved from http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/bridges/historybridges.htm


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Connecting to the Concept

What is POWER? You and your partner need to operationalize your own definition ofpower. (2-4 paragraphs)

Power can mean having strength or control. Power doesnt have to be tangible orvisible; it can have an impact on something without seeing an immediate change. Forexample, wind can be very powerful and can even cause damage but while you cantsee the wind, you see the impact it has on its surroundings. Power can also meanhaving authority or influence. Individuals in positions of authority are described as being

in positions of power. These individuals are often responsible for making decisions anddelegating responsibility. Persons working under them are directed to follow the chain ofcommand and respect the power of the authoritative position.

Another interpretation of power is a result of energy sources. Sun and water areknown to be natural producers of power. Such resources can provide energy or powerfor electricity or operating machinery. Motorized devices are also referred to as beingpower operated.

How is the concept of POWER depicted by your topic? Thoroughly explore howPOWER is depicted in your topic, especially in relation to your definition. (approximately2 pages)

Bridges can be very powerful. They have the ability to connect or disconnectsocieties, persons, and communities. One purpose of a bridge is to serve as a link.

When needing to bypass rugged terrain, the development or building of a bridge can aidin the transit of persons, goods, or services. The visible existence of a bridge makes theconnection between places or persons very obvious, whereas there are bridges that are


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and below. Wind, sun and water, as previously mentioned, depict power and can alsoproduce it. In regards to bridges using power, the use of wind, sun and water as natural

resources are economically and financially practical.On day one, students will use their previous knowledge about the types of

bridges to analyze the relationship between power and their purposes. Students willalso discover that merging multiple types of bridge be make a bridge more powerful, butalso demands more maintenance and money. During day two, students will explore howpowerful forces can have a detrimental impact on a bridge. On the third day, beauty willbecome the new focus of power. Students will study aesthetics and the variousmeanings of color. They will apply this knowledge to their rebuild in an effort to achieve

a desired emotional impact. Finally, students will discover how money, or the lack of,can be very powerful in determining the design and materials used to construct abridge.


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TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION

In#the#unit,!If#You#Rebuild#it,#They#Will#Come,#students#will#use#a#variety#of#technological#tools.#The#students#will#view#various#bridges#using#Prezi,#locate#their#assigned#bridge#on#Google#

Maps,#communicate#with#an#expert#on#Skype,#respond#to#questions#using#Poll#Everywhere,#

utilize#the#Internet#and#iPad#applications#to#partake#in#bridge#simulations,#play#Jeopardy#(in#a#

PowerPoint#template),#and#post#discussions#and#comments#using#Edmodo.##As#a#means#for#

checking#their#understanding,#students#will#take#a#multipleHchoice#assessment#and#will#use#a#

tool#call#GradeCam#to#receive#an#immediate#score.#The#use#of#a#Smartboard#will#allow#students#

to#view#the#lessons,#but#also#interact#with#some#of#the#activities#they#will#complete.#The#

engagement#of#technologyHbased#learning#will#help#students#to#learn#and#reach#greater#heights#

of#achievement.#

In#pairs#or#small#groups,#students#will#be#randomly#assigned#a#bridge#that#has#collapsed#

in#the#past#and#their#final#product#will#be#to#redesign#and#reconstruct#that#bridge#using#the#

information they gain during this unit Using our webpage (www rebuildingbridges weebly com)


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these#on#their#own#time#to#gain#knowledge#that#why#will#include#in#their#bridge#rebuild#design#

and#structure.#In#addition#to#these#sites,#students#will#view#the#location#of#their#bridge#on#

GOOGLE#MAPS.#Employing#their#maps,#students#will#share#their#interpretations#on#how#location#

may#have#an#impact#on#a#bridges#function,#materials,#costs,#or#aesthetics.##

The#Internet#itself#is#an#excellent#tool#to#build#upon#understanding#and#expand#on#prior#

knowledge#of#bridges.##The#Internet#connects#us#with#a#wide#range#of#information,#photos,#

videos#and#interactive#materials#related#to#any#subject.#To#alleviate#the#need#to#search#for#these#

items#on#their#own,#students#will#have#access#to#our#webpage,#as#it#will#already#have#the#links#

and#resources#for#students#to#reference.##Using#technology#and#the#Internet#enables#students#to#

enhance#knowledge#of#people,#places#and#things#they#may#have#never#experienced#otherwise.#

Students#will#be#using#predetermined#sites#linked#to#our#page#regarding#their#bridge#to#assist#in#

the#redesign#aspect#of#this#unit.#To#reflect#on#their#understanding,#students#will#post#comments#

about#each#lesson#on#the#Edmodo#course#we#set#up#for#them#named#Rebuilding#Bridges#

(access code nxfcd7) These discussions will build upon their understandings and bridge designs


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applied#to#a#bridge.##The#simulation#will#allow#students#to#view#two#different#forces:##tension#

and#compression.##A#basic#bridge#design#will#be#given#to#the#students,#in#which#they#will#create#a#

design#by#manipulating#buttons#on#the#toolbar.##The#Learning#for#Good#link#gives#students#a#

budget#and#the#cost#of#each#item.##In#its#primitive#form,#their#bridge#starts#off#simple,#and#as#

they#advance#each#level,#their#bridge#design#should#become#more#in#depth#and#aesthetically#

attractive.#When#drawn#by#hand,#students#will#be#given#an#opportunity#to#redesign#their#initial#

bridge#to#be#aesthetically#attractive,#as#well#as#having#at#least#two#different#structures#and#

multiple#materials#used#in#the#design.##An#actual#budget#will#help#students#to#be#more#cost#

efficient#in#designing#their#bridge.#By#the#end#of#the#unit,#students#will#have#actually#constructed#

their#bridge#to#put#on#display.#

In#addition#to#the#simulator,#students#will#have#access#to#iPads.#On#them,#we#will#have#

downloaded#applications#that#combine#gaming#with#the#concept#of#bridge#construction.#Similar#

to#the#simulations,#and#possibly#in#place#of#if#need#be,#the#iPad#apps#offer#more#of#an#intriguing#

expedition for students to incorporate differing materials constructing bridges to withstand


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teaching#students#to#rebuild#a#bridge.#While#it#is#not#a#scientific#as#the#simulator,#students#are#

still#challenged#to#reconstruct#a#bridge#to#serve#a#purpose#while#using#only#the#provided#

materials.#Operating#with#as#many#resources#as#possible#to#manipulate#the#construction#of#their#

bridge#to#still#function#for#its#intended#purpose#and#stay#within#budget#will#reinforce#the#

knowledge#needed#to#explain#the#designs#that#they#create.#

Students#will#have#a#chance#to#play#Jeopardy.#The#PowerPoint#game#will#intrigue#

students#and#help#generate#classroom#discussion#as#students#work#together#to#answer#the#

questions.#As#the#game#progresses,#the#level#of#questions#will#become#more#challenging,#and#

will#promote#higher#order#thinking#skills#by#asking#questions#that#have#students#not#just#

recalling#facts,#but#also#considering#situations#and#creating#responses#or#solutions#to#problems.##

It#may#work#best#if#the#class#is#divided#into#two#groups#to#create#more#inHdepth#thinking#through#

discussions#by#generating#and#forming#a#thought#provoked#dialogue.#

Skype#is#an#effective#tool#for#communicating#with#individuals#when#actual#inHperson#

dialogue is not possible If the expert on bridge design is unable to attend the session using


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long.#The#questions#will#be#geared#toward#the#information#obtained#during#the#unit#and#

students#can#receive#immediate#feedback#and#scores.#

SmartNotebook#is#a#software,#commonly#used#with#SmartBoards,#that#is#similar#to#

PowerPoint#but#with#a#few#differences.#In#the#lesson#in#which#students#will#explore#how#colors#

affect#emotions,#a#random#color#wheel#tool#will#make#the#lesson#interactive.#By#clicking#on#the#

color#wheel,#a#spinner#will#be#activated#and#land#on#a#spot#on#the#wheel.#This#will#expose#

students#to#the#different#meanings#of#each#color#and#the#feelings#and#emotions#that#they#

symbolize.#The#knowledge#they#gain#will#help#students#with#their#bridge#redesign#and#reinforce#

the#idea#of#aesthetics.#

The#tools#selected#are#intended#to#provide#a#variety#of#means#for#engaging#the#students#

and#elevating#their#interest.#These#tools#are#appropriate#for#our#students#and#will#best#meet#

their#needs#to#bridge#any#gaps#in#their#knowledge#of#bridge#structures,#functions,#or#design.##

Technology#is#everywhere#in#the#world,#therefore,#it#is#vital#that#students#become#familiar#with#

and use technology Building technology skills are necessary for life and work in the 21st


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CONTENT OUTLINEI. Powerful+Bridges+++++++

a. Bridge+Structures+i. Functions+of+bridges+include+giving+people+access+to+cross+terrains+and+allowing+

transport+of+goods+in+a+timely+manner++

ii. Bridges+can+be+significant+in+that+they+can+make+connections+between+societies+and+they+can+have+symbolic+meanings+such+as+stability+and+religious+beliefs+

iii. Aesthetics+is+the+appearance+factor+of+a+bridge+and+can+be+influenced+by+differing+aspects+

1. Cost+efficiency+describes+the+ability+to+spend+less+money+but+still+make+a+

bridge+appear+attractive+2. The+location+of+a+bridge+can+impact+its+design+3. When+the+design+of+a+bridge+reflects+what+a+culture+believes+or+displays+

attributes+seen+in+that+society,+individuals+are+aware+of+unique+features+of+

that+culture+b. Construction+and+Materials+

i. Bridges+can+be+constructed+by+hand+or+by+machinery+

ii. Materials+can+range+from+various+metals+to+natural+woods+and+even+to+stone+and+concrete+sources+II.Forces+that+Affect+Bridges+a. If+there+is+not+enough+support+on+a+bridge,+it+could+compress,+or+be+squished+or+

compacted+together,+and+could+ultimately+collapse+b. Tension+applied+to+a+bridge+provides+support+by+pulling+two+opposing+ends+

i. Truss+bridges+are+the+most+common+from+of+tension+bridges+as+they+can+span+long+distances+but+still+hold+ample+weight+

ii. Too+much+tension+can+still+have+a+negative+impact+on+bridges+over+time+if+the+wires+or+cables+become+worn+

c The twisting force of a bridge is called torsion and bridge designers must put things


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b. While+looking+at+various+bridges,+consider+how+beauty+and+the+definition+of+

aesthetics+align+with+bridges+by+describing+the+attributes+of+the+bridge+

IV.Cost+Efficient+Bridges+a. Architects+and+designers+must+consider+their+budget+in+order+to+ensure+that+the+

bridge+meets+the+needs+and+functions+of+its+purpose+

i. Determining+how+the+constraints+of+a+budget+will+assist+in+choosing+the+materials+and+time+used+to+construct+the+bridge+

ii. First+World+versus+Third+World+countries+have+different+financial+influences+that+can+impact+the+construction+of+a+bridge+such+that+a+bridge,+once+built,+may+not+

able+to+be+maintained+

iii. The+ideas+of+how+traffic+will+function+on+the+bridge+can+affect+the+budget+when+considering+the+amount+of+reinforcement+needed+to+withstand+excessive+weights+

b. The+efficiency+of+wooden+bridges+versus+steel+also+influence+a+budget+in+that+certain+materials+in+certain+areas+can+have+different+ranges+of+prices +


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LESSON #1Theres Power in Bridges

I. DEFINE OBJECTIVES AND CONTENT

LESSONOBJECTIVE

1. Analyze the relationship between power and purpose and how theywill be incorporated into their bridge rebuild.2. Distinguish between form and function and discuss how both canalign to power and purpose.

POINT TOPONDER

Bridges can exist without having a function.

ESSENTIALQUESTION

What attributes or characteristics of a bridge make it powerful to itssociety?

CONTENTOutline thecontent youwill teach inthis lesson.

I. Powerful+Bridges+++++++a. Bridge+Structures+

i. Functions+of+bridges+include+giving+people+access+to+cross+terrains+and+allowing+transport+of+goods+in+a+timely+manner++

ii. Bridges+can+be+significant+in+that+they+can+make+connections+

between+societies+and+they+can+have+symbolic+meanings+such+as+stability+and+religious+beliefs+

iii. Aesthetics+is+the+appearance+factor+of+a+bridge+and+can+be+influenced+by+differing+aspects+

1. Cost+efficiency+describes+the+ability+to+spend+less+money+

but+still+make+a+bridge+appear+attractive+2. The+location+of+a+bridge+can+impact+its+design+

3. When+the+design+of+a+bridge+reflects+what+a+culture+

believes+or+displays+attributes+seen+in+that+society,+individuals+are+aware+of+unique+features+of+that+culture+

b Construction and Materials


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that studentsshould take away

from the lesson?(Define the BIGIdeas.)

b. bridges can have more than one function and purpose

c. the many factors that play a role in the construction of bridges,such as materials and cost

What 3 items areimportant forstudents to be ableto DO?(Define what

students should beable to DO as aresult of yourlesson.)

Students will be able to:a. explain the relationship power and purpose have with bridges

b. manipulate a bridges structure to ensure its stability usingtechnological simulations and stay within a budget

c. combine more than one type of bridge in their bridges redesign

I. PLANNINGHOOKDescribe howyou will grabstudentsattention at thebeginning of thelesson. BeCREATIVE.

London Bridge is Falling Down (10 minutes)-play and sing1-breakdown the lyrics and interpret their meaning; ie my fair lady-relate lyrics to topic

INSTRUCTION

Explain Step-by-step what youwill do in this

1. Poll Everywhere, Prezi, Google Maps (20 minutes)2

- using Poll Everywhere, students will record their own definitions ofpower and purpose, and then how they both relate to bridges; usinglaptops, students will go online to our webpage and click the poll


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organized; this will affect where bridges are built in communities;students will also contrast how a cultures belief can influence a

bridges design and function; they will be introduced to examples ofcultural beliefs in the Prezi and will use this to make predictionsabout how the beliefs can impact a bridges features- refer to the Essential Question so students can begin thinkingabout how a bridge symbolizes power for its society or civilization inwhich it exists

2. Guest Speaker (either in person or via Skype) (30 minutes)

- through a presentation and question and answer session,students will interface with an expert on bridges- discuss power, functions, cost, materials, aesthetics- students my need to take notes in their COW notebooks

3. Begin redesign (5 minutes)- groups will be assigned one of three bridges: Oakland Bay Bridge,Seongsu Bridge or I-35W Bridge

- we will share with students that the purpose of the redesign isbecause these bridges have collapsed in the past and need to berebuilt; students will virtually visit these bridges using pictures onour webpage that depict before images and pictures of thecollapses; the students will offer ideas as to why bridge designersmay want to change the look of a bridge- they will view and discuss the rubric; we will have aquestion/answer session to address any confusion they may have- brainstorm in groups4- sketch design


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ASSESSMENT AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSsmartboard, laptops, guest speaker, materials for bridge construction, London Bridge

song1 iTunes and www.enchantedlearning.com2 Our camp website: www.rebuildingbridges.weebly.com or use the QR code below3 Poll Everywhere: www.pollev.com/aigcampbridge4 What types of bridges will you combine? What materials will youuse? How will you make it functional? What was the bridges initialpurpose? In your rebuild, how will your bridge serve other purposes?How will power be incorporated in your new design? What is our

budget and how can we maintain it (budget will be given on anotherday)? Students will also have to justify their answers. (Materials thatsymbolize what they would use will be purchased based on this list, however we willalso already have items there for them to use)5 Self Assessment Questions:

1. I can relate power and purpose to the bridge I will rebuild2. I can incorporate the appropriate function, materials, cost and ideas of

aesthetics based on the location of the bridge I will rebuild

3. I can construct my bridge rebuild using the knowledge I gained from thespeaker

4. I can integrate more than one type of bridge in my rebuild6 Edmodo: Rebuilding Bridges, access code t1cy88PREZI: located on webpage

Rubric for bridge rebuild:


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LESSON #2May The Forces be with You


LESSONOBJECTIVE

1. Determine what forces have a powerful impact on bridges.2. Recreate the environmental forces that affect the stability of abridge.

POINT TOPONDER

One of the most powerful force affecting bridges are humans.

ESSENTIAL

QUESTION

How can a bridge be constructed to withstand the powerful forces

that can affect it?CONTENTOutline the contentyou will teach inthis lesson.

II.+Forces+that+Affect+Bridges+a. If+there+is+not+enough+support+on+a+bridge,+it+could+compress,+or+

be+squished+or+compacted+together,+and+could+ultimately+

collapse+

b. Tension+applied+to+a+bridge+provides+support+by+pulling+two+opposing+ends+

i. Truss+bridges+are+the+most+common+from+of+tension+bridges+as+they+can+span+long+distances+but+still+hold+

ample+weight+

ii. Too+much+tension+can+still+have+a+negative+impact+on+bridges+over+time+if+the+wires+or+cables+become+worn+

c. The+twisting+force+of+a+bridge+is+called+torsion+and+bridge+designers+must+put+things+in+place+to+reduce+it+as+much+as+

possible+since+is+unavoidable+

d. Shear+force+occurs+when+parts+of+an+object+are+made+to+go+in+opposite+directions+and+in+a+bridge+this+can+cause+it+to+rip+in+half+

e Environmental influences such as the weather heat water cold


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What are theenduring

understandingsthat studentsshould take awayfrom the lesson?(Define the BIGIdeas.)

Students will UNDERSTAND:a. that there are several forces that disturb and distress bridges:

compression, tension, torsion and shear

b. knowing the weather conditions about where a bridge is locatedis beneficial to the builders and designers

c. bridges must periodically be maintained to ensure they functionproperly

What 3 items are

important forstudents to be ableto DO?(Define whatstudents should beable to DO as aresult of yourlesson.)

Students will be able to:

a. demonstrate the different forces that alter a bridges structure

b. recreate environmental powers to prove that bridges areaffected by things other than just being used

c. design their bridge to withstand the different types of force

III. PLANNINGHOOKDescribe how youwill grab studentsattention at thebeginning of the

lesson. BeCREATIVE.

Tug of War (10 minutes)- while students will not actually attempt to pull the other groupacross a central point, they will pull the rope tug to illustratetension- students will then, still holding the rope, walk towards each other

to demonstrate compression- as a group, discuss both and if they can coexist in the structureof a bridge


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reproduce rain and flooding by squirting them with water andsubmerging them in water, and reproduce an earthquake by

simply shaking the table (other factors such as heat, cold andsnow are harder to recreate; or students can come up with anyother weather/environmental conditionsstudents will bechallenged to recreate any of these forces at home and post avideo on Edmodo)- their findings will be recorded in their COW notebooks

3. Online simulator and iPad applications (15 minutes)

- using the websites and applications provided, students will havetime to play around with ideas and budgets to reinforce the skillsand concepts they have learned so far9- discussion will include how bridges must constantly bemaintained in order to continue to function

4. Continue to work on redesign (10 minutes)- add to their sketches

- incorporate their knowledge on various forces to try to avoiddamage to their bridge- will be given their budget (each group will be different)- begin building (materials to symbolize what they would use willbe provided using the lists the students created, in addition to thematerials we will already have there)- during the process of their rebuild, students will need to testenvironmental forces on their build

ASSESSMENT(Performance

Ticket out the Door and answer the Essential Question (5 minutes;Essential Question may be done at home, along with the video


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8 foldable:

9 Bridge to Classroom http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/bridgetoclassroom/engineeringfor.html orLearn for Good http://www.learn4good.com/games/simulation/build_bridge_across_canyon2.htm 10 Ticket out the Door


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LESSON #3Dont Hate Me Because Im Beautiful

I. DEFINE OBJECTIVES AND CONTENTLESSONOBJECTIVE

Establish multiple meanings and purposes of beauty and alignthem with the bridges that students are redesigning.

POINT TOPONDER

There is nothing in machinery, there is nothing in embankmentsand railways and iron bridges and engineering devices to obligethem to be ugly. Ugliness is the measure of imperfection.

-- H. G. Wells

Bridges are perhaps the most invisible form of public architecture.-- Bruce Jackson

ESSENTIALQUESTION

How can beauty symbolize power?

CONTENTOutline the contentyou will teach inthis lesson.

III.Beautiful+Bridges+a. Definitions+of+beauty+can+be+just+a+diverse+as+the+designs+of+

bridges+themselves+i. The+color+of+a+bridge+is+often+selected+based+on+the+

impression+that+the+designers+want+to+portray+ii. The+various+structural+designs+of+a+bridge+can+impact+

emotions+and+beliefs+in+such+a+way+that+persons+can+be+

emotionally+moved+by+them+iii. Just+the+mere+height+of+bridge+can+make+it+seem+beautiful+

and+impressive+

iv. When+being+designed,+the+architects+consider+the+location+

of+the+bridge+and+this+can+influence+the+plan+when+it+comes+to+the+design+or+materials+used+for+it+

b While looking at various bridges consider how beauty and the


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from the lesson?(Define the BIG

Ideas.)

to either those that see it or merely to the civilization it isrepresenting

c. bridges can be both beautiful and beneficial as long as thestructure can withstand varying forces

What 3 items areimportant forstudents to be ableto DO?(Define what

students should beable to DO as aresult of yourlesson.)

Students will be able to:a. make generalizations on how materials denote beauty andpower

b. integrate size, form and color into their bridge redesign

c. defend how the attractiveness of their redesign symbolizespower

III. PLANNINGHOOKDescribe how youwill grab studentsattention at thebeginning of thelesson. BeCREATIVE.

Video and Discussion (5 minutes)Using clips from movies, students will watch a VERY short video11(to adhere to copyright laws) on how bridges are used in the media.Each clip will be edited and all movie clips will be combined tomake one short video that will be downloaded to the computer foreasy access. Students will discuss both how such movies havemade bridges famous and how already famous bridges make it intomovies.a. ThorBifrost Bridge

b.X-Men: The Last Standbridge between mutants and humansc. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom rope bridged. Sleepy Hollow wooden bridgebut not true to the story


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eight (8) colors and hyperlinks to pages in the file that list themeanings and emotions brought on by those colors12

- in their COW notebook, students will have a copy of the colorwheel and can record the lists- the file will also be saved as a pdf extension and put on theEdmodo page if students need to go back to it as a reference

3. Materials and color (5 minutes)Once students began their rebuild, they were introduced to thematerials they will be using (see Lesson 2). As the construction

continues, students will incorporate and justify their color choices.The materials and supplies for adding color will be made availableto students and displayed on tables in the classroom.

- if a bridge cannot be painted, the materials used can be madeto resemble that certain color- based on the materials the students have chosen, they willneed to plan how they can be modified for their desired look andfeel of their redesign and include this in their plan

- disadvantages of aesthetics: cost, people not agreeing, locationconflicts, limited resources (students can add to this list)- it is not just about the pigments; other things students shouldconsider (http://www.bridgeaesthetics.org/):

Visual Designlines

shapesform

texture

Aesthetic Designorder

proportionrhythm

harmonybalance


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mastered thecontent? Be

specific andinclude actualassessment withunit materials.

The class will then toss, or pass around gently, their balled upanswers until told to stop. Students will then open the papers and

hopefully not have their own. For multiple-choice questions,students can go to one of four corners that will be labeled A, B, C,and D then review as a class. For short answer questions, studentscan just read aloud the responses. This will create a gooddiscussion. Students will be asked five (5) questions, at least onefrom each day so far.

2. Use Edmodo to answer the Essential Question. For a more in-

depth conversation, students are encouraged to comment onothers postings. Students will also need to reflect on their initialdefinitions of power, purpose and beauty then post whether or nottheir ideas have changed and how.

DOES THE ASSESSMENT ALLOW YOU TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THESTUDENTS HAVE MET YOUR STATED LESSON OBJECTIVE? YES OR NO

ASSESSMENT AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSsmartboard, laptops, color wheels, glue, materials for constructing bridges11 video is in the process of being made and will be saved only on Dropbox andviewed only for educational, non-profit purposes12 color wheel spinning tool from SmartNotebook:


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d. tension3. Fact or Fiction: Regular maintenance helps prevent bridge collapses.

4. Which part of a suspension bridge receives the most compression?a. the cablesb. the deckc. the towersd. the beams

5. What is a disadvantage to considering an aesthetical approach to bridge designs?


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LESSON #4Is It Worth It?


LESSONOBJECTIVE

1. Outline how the budget was implemented in the redesign.2. Support the decision to use certain materials based on cost andlocation of bridge.

POINT TOPONDER

1. A little money can go a long way.2. Money is power.

ESSENTIAL

QUESTION

How much power can a budget have on a bridge construction?

CONTENTOutline the contentyou will teach inthis lesson.

IV.Cost+Efficient+Bridges+a. Architects+and+designers+must+consider+their+budget+in+order+

to+ensure+that+the+bridge+meets+the+needs+and+functions+of+its+

purpose+

i. Determining+how+the+constraints+of+a+budget+will+assist+in+choosing+the+materials+and+time+used+to+construct+the+

bridge+

ii. First+World+versus+Third+World+countries+have+different+financial+influences+that+can+impact+the+construction+of+a+

bridge+such+that+a+bridge,+once+built,+may+not+able+to+be+

maintained+

iii. The+ideas+of+how+traffic+will+function+on+the+bridge+can+affect+the+budget+when+considering+the+amount+of+

reinforcement+needed+to+withstand+excessive+weights+

b. The+efficiency+of+wooden+bridges+versus+steel+also+influence+a+budget+in+that+certain+materials+in+certain+areas+can+have+

different ranges of prices


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Ideas.) efficient or effective

What 3 items are

important forstudents to be ableto DO?(Define whatstudents should beable to DO as aresult of yourlesson.)

Students will be able to:

a. select materials that are conducive to the purpose, function andlocation of a bridge while also considering aesthetics and power

b. provide a detail list of the distribution of their budget

c. defend their choices on the decisions they made about theirrebuild as if presenting to a group of individuals in the redesignprocess.

III. PLANNING

HOOKDescribe how youwill grab studentsattention at thebeginning of the

lesson. BeCREATIVE.

Money Music Mash-Up (5 minutes)A music collage of songs about money. Only the parts aboutmoney will be played. Students will discuss how a budget canaffect the design of a bridge and its chosen materials. In addition,students will develop ways for saving money by using natural

resources of power (such as sun, wind, and water) in their rebuild.a. [Money] Cant buy me love Beatlesb. Money Pink Floydc. Money The Flying Lizards (Barratt Strong)d. Mo Money, Mo Problems Notorious B.I.G.e. Take the money and run The Steve Miller Bandf. For the love of money The OJays

INSTRUCTIONExplain Step-by-step what you will

1. Cost efficiency tips (10 minutes)- builders bid for the job; this means they have to develop aplan and provide estimates for their construction and a


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- finish their bridge redesigns by using the necessary materials;they will finish incorporating color and other aesthetic attributes

- use their budget from day two to create a list of how theirmoney was spentASSESSMENT(PerformanceTask) What willthe students DOto demonstratethat they have

mastered thecontent? Bespecific andinclude actualassessment withunit materials.

Bridge Rebuild Rubric, GradeCam and answer Essential Question(10 minutes)1. Using the rubric, students will evaluate themselves and eachother in addition to the grade we gave them to determine theoverall bridge rebuild rating.+

2. Students will answer 10 questions about the unit usingGradeCam14. Each student will receive a three-digit code and abubble sheet. After the assessment, students will scan their bubblesheets, using the camera on a macbook, to receive their score.

3. Use Edmodo to answer the Essential Question. For a more in-depth conversation, students are encouraged to comment onothers postings.

DOES THE ASSESSMENT ALLOW YOU TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THESTUDENTS HAVE MET YOUR STATED LESSON OBJECTIVE? YES OR NO

ASSESSMENT AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSsmartboard, materials for constructing bridges, laptop with camera, JeopardyPowerPoint

the tools and tips on cost efficiency and prices of materials will depend on the bridgethat students are assigned


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d. yellow5. Architects is more likely to consider the ____ of a material when focusing on

aspects for aesthetic purposes.a. textureb. costc. locationd. function

6. What gives an arch bridge is strength?a. its materialb. its size

c. its shaped. its cost

7. Tension acts primarily on which part of a suspension bridge?a. the anchorageb. the cablesc. the towersd. the deck

8. The rotational or twisting force applied to a bridge is called:

a. tensionb. compressionc. torsiond. shear

9. In some countries it is more expensive to repair a bridge than to simply build anew one.

a. trueb. false

10. Costs of materials are most commonly priced by length.a. true


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Resources

1. http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/10-02/13-famous-bridges-around-the-world-that-you-can-climb-or-walk-across.html 2. http://arch-bridges.beamss.info/famous-truss-bridges/ 3. http://www.inspiremonkey.com/2011/05/outstanding-famous-bridges-around-the-world/4. http://www.city-data.com/picfilesc/picc42484.php5. http://www.aviewoncities.com/gallery/bridges.htm 6.

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.headupgames.bridgeconstructorfreeversion#?t=W251bGwsMSwyLDIxMiwiY29tLmhlYWR1cGdhbWVzLmJyaWRnZWNvbnN0cnVjdG9yZnJlZXZlcnNpb24iXQ7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYtIFM1ek_M8. Bridge.ppt9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n71abhaadRs10. LocalBridgesIntroductoryPowerPoint.ppt


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BRIDGES

Maria F. Parra

November 3, 2001Revised June 2003

SECME M-DCPS Division of Mathematics and Science EducationFIU


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History of Bridge Development How Bridges Work Basic Concepts Types of Bridges Concepts Associated with

Bridge Engineering

Truss Analysis Tips for Building Bridges Bridge Construction

Work Plan

Hi t f B id D l t


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700 A.D. Asia

100 B.C. Romans

Natural Bridges

Clapper Bridge

Tree trunkStone

The ArchNatural CementRoman Arch Bridge

History of Bridge Development

Great Stone Bridge in China

Low BridgeShallow Arch

1300 A.D. Renaissance

Strength ofMaterials

MathematicalTheoriesDevelopment ofMetal

Hi t f B id D l t


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First Cast-Iron Bridge

Coalbrookdale, England

1800 A.D.

History of Bridge Development

Britannia Tubular Bridge

1850 A.D.

Wrought Iron

Truss Bridges

Mechanics ofDesign

Suspension Bridges

Use of Steel forthe suspendingcables

1900 A.D.

1920 A.D.

PrestressedConcrete

Steel

2000 A.D.

H B id W k?


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Every passing vehicle shakes the bridge up and

down, making waves that can travel at

hundreds of kilometers per hour. Luckily the

bridge is designed to damp them out, just as it

is designed to ignore the efforts of the wind to

turn it into a giant harp. A bridge is not a dead

mass of metal and concrete: it has a life of its

own, and understanding its movements is as

important as understanding the static forces.

How Bridges Work?

B i C t


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Compression Tension

Basic Concepts

Span - the distance between two bridgesupports, whether they are columns, towers

or the wall of a canyon.

Compression - a force which acts to

compress or shorten the thing it is acting

on.

Tension - a force which acts to expand orlengthen the thing it is acting on.

Force - any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of

a structure

B i C t


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Basic Concepts

Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element

Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar

Cantilever- a projecting structure supported only at one end,

like a shelf bracket or a diving board

Beam

Pier

Load - weight distribution throughout a structure

Basic Concepts


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Basic Concepts

Truss- a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joinedto form a series of triangles or other stable shapes

Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation;

stability (n.) characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a

realistic load without collapsing or deforming significantly

Deform - to change shape

Basic Concepts


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To dissipate forces is to spread them out over a greater area,

so that no one spot has to bear the brunt of the concentrated

force.

To transferforces is to move the forces from an area of

weakness to an area of strength, an area designed to handle

the forces.

Basic Concepts

Buckling is what happens when the force of

compression overcomes an object's ability tohandle compression. A mode of failure

characterized generally by an unstable

lateral deflection due to compressive action

on the structural element involved.

Snapping is what happens when tension overcomes an

object's ability to handle tension.

T f B id


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The type of bridge used depends on various features of the

obstacle. The main feature that controls the bridge type is thesize of the obstacle. How far is it from one side to the other?

This is a major factor in determining what type of bridge to use.

The biggest difference between the three is the distances they

can each cross in a single span.

Types of Bridges

Basic Types:

Beam BridgeArch BridgeSuspension Bridge


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T f B id


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Forces

When something pushes down on the beam, the beam

bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom

edge is pulled apart.

Types of Bridges

Beam Bridge

T f B id


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Truss Bridge

Forces

Every bar in this cantilever bridge experiences either apushing or pulling force. The bars rarely bend. This is why

cantilever bridges can span farther than beam bridges

Types of Bridges

T f B id


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Arch Bridges

The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago,

Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges

are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800

feet.

Types of Bridges

T f B id


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Forces

The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is

carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end.

The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and

prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.

Types of Bridges

Arch Bridges

T f B id


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Suspension Bridges

This kind of bridges can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way farther

than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a

truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and

twisting.

Types of Bridges

T pes of Bridges


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Forces

In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive

steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured

into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of

the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but becausethe roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into

compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of

the bridge's weight.

Types of Bridges

Suspension Bridges

Types of Bridges


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The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports

the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way.

The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming

a unique "A" shape.

Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges

for medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000 feet).

Types of Bridges

Cable-Stayed Bridge

Interactive Page


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How do the following affect your structure?!Forces!Loads!Materials!ShapesLets try it:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/lab/forces.html

The bridge challenge at Croggy Rock:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/index.htmlbridge/index.html

Interactive Page


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Congratulations!


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Congratulations!

Bridge Engineering


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Pythagorean Theorem

Basic math and science concepts

Bridge Engineering

""

"a

c

b

"c2=b2+a2""++=180

Bridge Engineering


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Bridge Engineering

Fundamentals of Statics

Fy = R1+R2-P = 0"

Fx = 0"

F

R1 R2

x

y

Bridge Engineering


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Bridge Engineering

Fundamentals of Mechanics of Materials

Modulus of Elasticity (E):

E

"

" E= StressStrain

F/AL/Lo

=

Where:

F = Longitudinal ForceA = Cross-sectional Area

L = Elongation

Lo = Original Length

Lo

F

F

Bridge Engineering


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To design a bridge like you need to take into account themany forces acting on it:

The pull of the earth on every partThe ground pushing up the supportsThe resistance of the ground to the pull of the cablesThe weight of every vehicle

Then there is the drag and lift produced by the wind

The turbulence as the air rushes past the towers


Bridge Engineering

Bridge Engineering


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Density 163 10 kg/m

low density 4.7 MPa

medium density 12.1 MPahigh density 19.5 MPa

low density 7.6 MPa

medium density 19.9 MPa

high density 32.2 MPa

Elastic Modulus - Compression 460 71 MPa

Elastic Modulus - Tension 1280 450 MPa

Compressive Strength

Tensile Strength

Bridge Engineering

Balsa Wood Information

Bridge Engineering


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Truss Analysis

Bridge Engineering

Structural Stability Formula

K = 2J - R

Where:K = The unknown to be solved

J = Number of JointsM = Number of Members

R = 3 (number of sides of a triangle)

K Results Analysis:

If M = K Stable Design

If M < K Unstable Design

If M > K Indeterminate Design

Bridge Engineering


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Truss Analysis

Bridge Engineering

Structural Stability Formula (Example)

Joints

J=9

Members

M=15

K = 2 (9) 3 = 15

15 = M = K then The design is stable

Bridge Engineering


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http://www.jhu.edu/virtlab/bridge/truss.htm

West Point Bridge Software:

http://bridgecontest.usma.edu/

Bridge Engineering

Truss Analysis


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Tips for building a bridge

1. Commitment - Dedication and attention to details. Be sure you

understand the event rules before designing your prototype.

1) Draw your preliminary design2) ALL joints should have absolutely flush surfaces before

applying glue.

! Glue is not a "gap filler", it dooms the structure!3) Structures are symmetric.4) Most competitions require these structures to be weighed. Up

to 20% of the structure's mass may be from over gluing.

Th I t f C ti


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Stresses flow like water.

Where members come together there are stressconcentrations that can destroy your structure.

Here is a connection detail of one of the spaghettibridges.

The Importance of Connections

Tacoma Narrows Failure


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Tacoma Narrows Failure


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BRIDGE EXPLORATIONS

!What makes bridges stay up!What makes bridges fall down!Different types of bridges!You will design and construct a bridge!You will test your bridges load capacity


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Beam Bridges


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The Tarr Steps England

Circa 1000 B.C.


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KOCHER VIADUCT, AUTOBAHN, GERMANY

185 m HIGH, 1128 m LONG


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Top of beam is

in compression

and bottom is in

tension.

The middle of

the beam is

neutral themiddle is in

neither

compression or

tension.

Making a beam stiffer:


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Making a beam stiffer:

I Beams move most of the beams material awayfrom the neutral axis which is underutilized.

This results in a stiffer beam.

Arch Bridges


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Arch Bridges

PONT DU GARD, FRANCE, 63 BC-13 BC 47.4 m HIGH


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MOSTAR BRIDGE, YUGOSLAVIA 1566-1567

27.3 m SPAN, 19 m HIGH


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Cabin John Bridge, Washington D.C.


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RHINE RIVER, BONN- BUEL, 1948


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FRANCIS SCOTT KEY BRIDGE, WASHINGTON, DC


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HEILBRONN, AUT0BAHN, GERMANY


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Truss Bridges

A truss is a hinged triangle


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TENMON BRIDGE, KUMAMOTO PREFECTURE, JAPAN

SPAN 100 + 300 +100 m 42 m CLEARANCE, 1966

Why are trusses so common?


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y

The members are in either experiencing

compression or tension; the members are not

bending.

Trusses can be arranged into many shapes.


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Truss Bridge with a moveable center section.


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Cabin John Bridge, under construction

using timber false work


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Cantilever Truss Bridge

C til B id


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Cantilever is a beam supported at only one end.

Cantilever Bridges


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The Forth Rail Bridge c.1882-1889Scotland

One the worlds most massive bridges.


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Suspension Bridges


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p g


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Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge 3911 m


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=kuWHIAOxcLA&feature=PlayList&p=

B7C0C5CE439D8D7C&playnext=1&play

next_from=PL&index=11

Cable is made by running spools of smaller cable back and


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forth across the towers. This is called spinning the cable.

C bl St B id


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Cable Stay Bridges

Kaohsiung County, Taiwan


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resund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden

Relatively inexpensive to construct no large

cables need to be spun over towers. Able to

span large distances.


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What kind of Bridges?


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g


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MARACAIBO BRIDGE, VENEZUELA, 1957


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FEHMARNSUND BRIDGE, 248 m SPAN


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Combination arch and beam.


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GANTER BRIDGE DESIGNED BY CHR. MENN

E i i D i P


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Engineering Design Process

Problem Statement Problem Analysis

Design Specifications Brainstorming / Ideageneration

Idea Selection Implementation

P bl S


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Problem Statement

What is the maximum

load a short paper bridge

can carry?

P bl A l i


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Problem Analysis

How will structure carry loads? How is failure likely to occur? What can be done to prevent

failure?

D i S ifi ti


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Design Specifications

10 minimum span

1 max. bearing at abutment

Tape is connector only.

Bridge cannot be taped to the abutment.

Materials: Three 2X12 strips (cut from

heavy poster paper)


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I l t ti


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Implementation

Construct bridge

Test bridge

Review and evaluate design

Bridge

Types

Powerful

Bridges

Bridge

Forces

Beautiful

Bridges

Famous

Bridges


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200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

100


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The first bridge


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What is a log


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A structure of connected

elements forming triangular units


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What is a truss bridge


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the weight of the deck is

supported by vertical cables

suspended from further cables


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What is a suspension bridge


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a bridge with abutments at each

end shaped as a curved arch


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What is an arch bridge


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A covered bridge is what type of

bridge


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What is a truss


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The function of a bridge?


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What is to cross or pass an area


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The significance of a bridge


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What is to help the world to

communicate with another part of

the world


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Determine the aesthetics of a

bridge


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What is cost efficiency, location,

economically productive, cultural

awareness


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A factor that dramatically

increases due to human appeal or

likeness


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What is cost


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Powerful bridges are

constructed from what kind of

material


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What is steel, fiber, concrete,

brick, etc.


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To create a increase in pressure


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To apply a force


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What is tension


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A span supported by a truss


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What is a truss span


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Affects a bridges structure


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What is environment, weather,

heat, water, cold, snow, etc.


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Keeps a bridges formation


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What is abutment, a retaining

wall supporting the ends of a

bridge or viaduct


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Characteristics of a beautiful

bridge


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What is cost, structure, height,

design and location


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Aligns the cost efficiency beauty

of a bridge


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What is a budget


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A budget is needed when

constructing a bridge because


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What is controlling cost


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It makes it difficult to construct a

bridge


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What are budget constraints,economic status, first world

verses third world countries,

needs, desires, traffic function


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More efficient that a wooden

bridge


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What is steel, metal, fiber,

concrete, etc.


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Famous bridge located in

California


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What is the Golden Gate Bridge


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The only S bridge in the

country


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What is the S bridge located in

Hertford, North Carolina


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The first build arch bridge


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What is the Zhaozhou Bridge,

located in China, more than 1400

years ago.


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One of the oldest suspension

bridge located in New York,

United States


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The Brooklyn Bridge, New York


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The London Tower Bridge is

what type of bridge


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What is a bascule (draw bridge)

and supension

if you rebuild it, they will come - pierce and sawyer

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