ielts writing task 1 simon.doc

8/12/2019 IELTS Writing Task 1 Simon.doc

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IELTS Writing Task 1 Simon

Contents

1. Line graph.................................................................................................................................2

1.1. Tips for Line graph............................................................................................................2

1.2. Internet Users as percentage of population.......................................................................3

1.3. Internatioal migration in UK.............................................................................................4

1.4. UK acid rain emission.......................................................................................................5

1.5. Water consumption............................................................................................................6

1.6. ar o!nership..................................................................................................................."

2. #ar chart...................................................................................................................................$

2.1. %arriages and di&orces.....................................................................................................$

2.2. Le&els of participation......................................................................................................'

2.3. onsumer good...............................................................................................................11

2.4. (ouse prices....................................................................................................................12

3. Ta)le.......................................................................................................................................13

3.1. Tips for ta)le...................................................................................................................13

3.2. *ail net!or+s..................................................................................................................14

3.3. ,o&ert- proportion in ustralia.......................................................................................15

3.4. /ail- acti&ities................................................................................................................16

3.5. 0oods consumer..............................................................................................................1"

4. ,ie chart..................................................................................................................................1$

4.1. am" page 11...............................................................................................................1$

4.2. /iet..................................................................................................................................1'

5. %ap.........................................................................................................................................2

5.1. illage of horle-!ood..................................................................................................2

5.2. 0aller-.............................................................................................................................21

5.3. (ouse design...................................................................................................................22

5.4. 2 proposed supermar+et..................................................................................................23

6. ,rocess....................................................................................................................................24

6.1. Tips for process diagram.................................................................................................24

Writing Task 1 - Simon Page 1


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6.2. orecast in ustralia........................................................................................................25

6.3. #ric+ manufactuting........................................................................................................26

6.4. Water c-cle......................................................................................................................2"

1. Line graph

1.1. Tips for Line graph

Line graphs al!a-s sho! changes o&er time. (eres some ad&ice a)out ho! to descri)e them

Tr- to !rite 4 paragraphs 7 introduction summar- of main points 2 detail paragraphs.

or -our summar- paragraph loo+ at the 8)ig picture8 7 !hat changes happened to all ofthe lines from the )eginning to the end of the period sho!n 9i.e. from the first -ear to thelast:. Is there a trend that all of the lines follo! 9e.g. an o&erall increase:;

ust mention general things li+e o&erall change highest and lo!est !ithoutgi&ing specific figures.

=e&er descri)e each line separatel-. The e?aminer !ants to see comparisons.

If the graph sho!s -ears -ou !ont ha&e time to mention all of them. The +e- -ears to

descri)e are the first -ear and the last -ear.


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The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries !ho used the Internet

)et!een 1''' and 2'.

It is clear that the proportion of the population !ho used the Internet increased in each countr-

o&er the period sho!n. B&erall a much larger percentage of anadians and mericans had

access to the Internet in comparison !ith %e?icans and anada e?perienced the fastest gro!th

in Internet usage.

In 1''' the proportion of people using the Internet in the UA !as a)out 2C. The figures for

anada and %e?ico !ere lo!er at a)out 1C and 5C respecti&el-. In 25 Internet usage in

)oth the UA and anada rose to around "C of the population !hile the figure for %e?ico

reached Dust o&er 25C.

#- 2' the percentage of Internet users !as highest in anada. lmost 1C of anadians

used the Internet compared to a)out $C of mericans and onl- 4C of %e?icans.

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1.3. International migration in UK

The chart gi&es information a)out UK immigration emigration and net migration )et!een 1'''

and 2$.

#oth immigration and emigration rates rose o&er the period sho!n )ut the figures for

immigration !ere significantl- higher. =et migration pea+ed in 24 and 2".

In 1''' o&er 45 people came to li&e in the UK !hile the num)er of people !ho emigrated

stood at Dust under 3. The figure for net migration !as around 16 and it remained at

a similar le&el until 23. rom 1''' to 24 the immigration rate rose )- nearl- 15

people )ut there !as a much smaller rise in emigration. =et migration pea+ed at almost 25

people in 24.

fter 24 the rate of immigration remained high )ut the num)er of people emigrating

fluctuated. Emigration fell suddenl- in 2" )efore pea+ing at a)out 42 people in 2$. s

a result the net migration figure rose to around 24 in 2" )ut fell )ac+ to around 16

in 2$.

915':

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1.4. UK acid rain emission

The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tones, from four

different sectors between 1990 and 2007.

I!e made the following essa" into a gap#fill e$ercise.

The line graph compares four sectors in FFFFFF of the amount of acid rain emissions that the-

produced o&er a period of 1" -ears in the UK.

It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK FFFFFF FFFFFF )et!een 1''

and 2". The most FFFFFF decrease !as seen in the electricit- gas and !ater suppl- sector.

In 1'' around 3.3 million tones of acid rain emissions came from the electricit- gas and !ater

sector. The transport and communication sector !as FFFFFF for a)out ." million tones of

emissions !hile the domestic sector FFFFFF around .6 million tones. >ust o&er 2 million tones

of acid rain gases came from other industries.

Emissions from electricit- gas and !ater suppl- fell dramaticall- to onl- .5 million tones in

2" a FFFFFF of almost 3 million tones. While acid rain gases from the domestic sector andother industries fell graduall- the transport sector FFFFFF a small increase in emissions FFFFFF

a pea+ of 1 million tones in 25.

%ill the gaps using these words&

produced reaching fell responsi)le sa! considera)l- terms drop dramatic

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1.5. Water consumption

The graph and table below gi!e information about water use worldwide and water

consumption in two different countries.

The charts compare the amount of !ater used for agriculture industr- and homes around the

!orld and !ater use in #raGil and the /emocratic *epu)lic of ongo.

It is clear that glo)al !ater needs rose significantl- )et!een 1' and 2 and that agriculture

accounted for the largest proportion of !ater used. We can also see that !ater consumption !as

considera)l- higher in #raGil than in the ongo.

In 1' around 5+mH of !ater !as used )- the agriculture sector !orld!ide. The figures for

industrial and domestic !ater consumption stood at around one fifth of that amount. #- 2

glo)al !ater use for agriculture had increased to around 3+mH industrial !ater use had risen

to Dust under half that amount and domestic consumption had reached appro?imatel- 5+mH.

In the -ear 2 the populations of #raGil and the ongo !ere 1"6 million and 5.2 million

respecti&el-. Water consumption per person in #raGil at 35'mH !as much higher than that in the

ongo at onl- $mH and this could )e e?plained )- the fact that #raGil had 265 times more

irrigated land.

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91$4 !ords )and ':

1.6. ar o!nership

The graph below gi!es information about car ownership in 'ritain from 1971 to 2007.

The graph sho!s changes in the num)er of cars FperFF household in 0reat #ritain Fo&erF a

period of 36 -ears.

B&erall car o!nership in #ritain increased F)et!eenF 1'"1 and 2". In particular the num)er

of households !ith t!o cars rose !hile the num)er of households F!ithoutFF a car fell.

In 1'"1 almostF half of all #ritish households did not ha&e regular use of a car. round 44C of

households had one car )ut onl- a)out "C had t!o cars. It !as uncommon for families to o!n

three or more cars F)-F around 2C of households falling into this categor-.

The one7car household !as the most common t-pe from the late 1'"s Fon!ardsF although

there !as little change in the FfiguresFF for this categor-. The )iggest change !as seen in the

proportion of households !ithout a car !hich fell steadil- o&er the 367-ear period F!ithFFFFF

around 25C in 2". In contrast the proportion of t!o7car families rose steadil- reaching a)out

26C in 2" and the proportion of households !ith more than t!o cars rose FtoFF around 5C.

%ill the gaps in the essa" with the following words&

almost to figures per )et!een )- o&er !ith !ithout on!ards

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2. "ar chart

2.1. #arriages and di$orces

The Jrst )ar chart sho!s changes in the num)er of marriages and di&orces in the UA and the

second chart sho!s Jgures for the marital status of merican adults in 1'" and 2.

It is clear that there !as a fall in the num)er of marriages in the UA )et!een 1'" and 2.The maDorit- of adult mericans !ere married in )oth -ears )ut the proportion of single adults

!as higher in 2.

In 1'" there !ere 2.5 million marriages in the UA and 1 million di&orces. The marriage rate

remained sta)le in 1'$ )ut fell to 2 million )- the -ear 2. In contrast the di&orce rate

pea+ed in 1'$ at nearl- 1.5 million di&orces )efore falling )ac+ to 1 million at the end of the

period.



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round "C of merican adults !ere married in 1'" )ut this Jgure dropped to Dust under 6C

)- 2. t the same time the proportion of unmarried people and di&orcees rose )- a)out 1C

in total. The proportion of !ido!ed mericans !as slightl- lo!er in 2.

91"4:

2.2. Le$els of participation

The charts below show the le!els of participation in education and science in de!eloping and

industrialised countries in 19(0 and 1990.

The three )ar charts sho! a&erage -ears of schooling num)ers of scientists and technicians and

research and de&elopment spending in de&eloping and de&eloped countries. igures are gi&en for

1'$ and 1''.

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It is clear from the charts that the figures for de&eloped countries are much higher than those for

de&eloping nations. lso the charts sho! an o&erall increase in participation in education and

science from 1'$ to 1''.

,eople in de&eloping nations attended school for an a&erage of around 3 -ears !ith onl- a slight

increase in -ears of schooling from 1'$ to 1''. Bn the other hand the figure for industrialisedcountries rose from nearl- ' -ears of schooling in 1'$ to nearl- 11 -ears in 1''.

rom 1'$ to 1'' the num)er of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost

dou)led to a)out " per 1 people. Apending on research and de&elopment also sa! rapid

gro!th in these countries reaching 35 )illion in 1''. #- contrast the num)er of science

!or+ers in de&eloping countries remained )elo! 2 per 1 people and research spending fell

from a)out 5 )illion to onl- 25 )illion.

91$" !ords:



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2.3. onsumer good

The )ar chart compares consumer spending on si? different items in 0erman- Ital- rance and

#ritain.

It is clear that #ritish people spent significantl- more mone- than people in the other three

countries on all si? goods. Bf the si? items consumers spent the most mone- on photographic

film.

,eople in #ritain spent Dust o&er 1" on photographic film !hich is the highest figure

sho!n on the chart. #- contrast 0ermans !ere the lo!est o&erall spenders !ith roughl- the

same figures 9Dust under 15: for each of the si? products.



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The figures for spending on to-s !ere the same in )oth rance and Ital- at nearl- 16.

(o!e&er !hile rench people spent more than Italians on photographic film and /s Italians

paid out more for personal stereos tennis racMuets and perfumes. The amount spent )- rench

people on tennis racMuets around 145 is the lo!est figure sho!n on the chart. (154 words)

2.4. %ouse prices

The )ar chart compares the cost of an a&erage house in fi&e maDor cities o&er a period of 13 -ears

from 1'$'.

We can see that house prices fell o&erall )et!een 1'' and 1''5 )ut most of the cities sa!

rising prices )et!een 1''6 and 22. London e?perienced )- far the greatest changes in house

prices o&er the 137-ear period.

B&er the 5 -ears after 1'$' the cost of a&erage homes in To+-o and London dropped )- around

"C !hile =e!


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1'$' a&erage )ut homes in To+-o remained cheaper than the- !ere in 1'$'. The cost of an

a&erage home in %adrid rose )- a further 2C !hile prices in ran+furt remained sta)le. (165)

3. Ta&le

3.1. Tips for ta&le

Ta)les seem difficult !hen the- contain a lot of num)ers. (eres some ad&ice


#efore -ou start !riting highlight some +e- num)ers. hoose the )iggest num)er in each

categor- in the ta)le 9i.e. in each column and ro!:. If the ta)le sho!s -ears loo+ for the)iggest changes in num)ers o&er the time period.


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3.2. 'ail net!or(s

The table below gi!es information about the underground railwa" s"stems in si$ cities.

%ull essa" )band 9*&

The ta)le sho!s data a)out the underground rail net!or+s in si? maDor cities.

The ta)le compares the si? net!or+s in terms of their age siGe and the num)er of people !ho

use them each -ear. It is clear that the three oldest underground s-stems are larger and ser&e

significantl- more passengers than the ne!er s-stems.

The London underground is the oldest s-stem ha&ing opened in 1$63. It is also the largest

s-stem !ith 3'4 +ilometres of route. The second largest s-stem in ,aris is onl- a)out half the

siGe of the London underground !ith 1'' +ilometres of route. (o!e&er it ser&es more people

per -ear. While onl- third in terms of siGe and age the To+-o s-stem is easil- the most used

!ith 1'2" million passengers per -ear.

Bf the three ne!er net!or+s the Washington / underground is the most e?tensi&e !ith 126

+ilometres of route compared to onl- 11 +ilometres and 2$ +ilometres for the K-oto and Los

ngeles s-stems. The Los ngeles net!or+ is the ne!est ha&ing opened in 21 !hile the

K-oto net!or+ is the smallest and ser&es onl- 45 million passengers per -ear.

91$5 !ords:

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3.3. )o$ert* proportion in +ustralia

The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families li!ing in po!ert" in

+ustralia in 1999.

The ta)le gi&es information a)out po&ert- rates among si? t-pes of household in ustralia in the

-ear 1'''.

It is noticea)le that le&els of po&ert- !ere higher for single people than for couples and people

!ith children !ere more li+el- to )e poor than those !ithout. ,o&ert- rates !ere considera)l-

lo!er among elderl- people.

B&erall 11C of ustralians or 1$3" people !ere li&ing in po&ert- in 1'''. ged people

!ere the least li+el- to )e poor !ith po&ert- le&els of 6C and 4C for single aged people and

aged couples respecti&el-.

>ust o&er one fifth of single parents !ere li&ing in po&ert- !hereas onl- 12C of parents li&ing

!ith a partner !ere classed as poor. The same pattern can )e seen for people !ith no children

!hile 1'C of single people in this group !ere li&ing )elo! the po&ert- line the figure for

couples !as much lo!er at onl- "C.

915 !ords )and ':

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3.4. ,ail* acti$ities

The chart below shows a!erage hours and minutes spent b" UK males and females on

different dail" acti!ities.

I!e made the following essa" into a gap#fill e$ercise.

The ta)le compares the a&erage amount of time per da- that men and !omen in the UK spend

doing different acti&ities.

It is clear that people in the UK spend more time sleeping than doing an- other dail- acti&it-.

lso there are significant differences )et!een the time spent )- men and !omen on

emplo-ment@stud- and house!or+.

Bn a&erage men and !omen in the UK sleep for a)out $ hours per da-. Leisure ta+es up the

second largest proportion of their time. %en spend 5 hours and 25 minutes doing &arious leisureacti&ities such as !atching T or doing sport F!hileF !omen ha&e 4 hours and 53 minutes of

leisure time.

It is noticea)le that men !or+ or stud- for an a&erage of "' minutes more than !omen e&er- da-.

#- contrast !omen spend "' minutes more than men doing house!or+ and the- spend o&er

t!ice as much time loo+ing after children.

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%ill the gaps using these words& doing up o&er spent !hile sleeping sleep t!ice amount

ta+es

3.5. -oods consumer

The table below gi!es information on consumer spending on different items in fi!e differentcountries in 2002.

,ercentage of national consumer e?penditure )- categor- 7 22

The ta)le sho!s percentages of consumer e?penditure for three categories of products and

ser&ices in fi&e countries in 22.

It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each countr- !ent on food drin+s

and to)acco. Bn the other hand the leisure@education categor- has the lo!est percentages in the

ta)le.

But of the fi&e countries consumer spending on food drin+s and to)acco !as noticea)l- higher

in Tur+e- at 32.14C and Ireland at nearl- 2'C. The proportion of spending on leisure and

education !as also highest in Tur+e- at 4.35C !hile e?penditure on clothing and foot!ear !as

significantl- higher in Ital- at 'C than in an- of the other countries.

It can )e seen that A!eden had the lo!est percentages of national consumer e?penditure forfood@drin+s@to)acco and for clothing@foot!ear at nearl- 16C and Dust o&er 5C respecti&el-.

Apain had slightl- higher figures for these categories )ut the lo!est figure for leisure@education

at onl- 1.'$C.

9155:

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4. )ie chart

4.1. am/ page 101

The pie charts compare the amount of electricit- produced using fi&e different sources of fuel in

t!o countries o&er t!o separate -ears.

Total electricit- production increased dramaticall- from 1'$ to 2 in )oth ustralia and

rance. While the totals for )oth countries !ere similar there !ere )ig differences in the fuel

sources used.

oal !as used to produce 5 of the total 1 units of electricit- in ustralia in 1'$ rising to

13 out of 1" units in 2. #- contrast nuclear po!er )ecame the most important fuel source

in rance in 2 producing almost "5C of the countr-s electricit-.

ustralia depended on h-dro po!er for Dust under 25C of its electricit- in )oth -ears )ut the

amount of electricit- produced using this t-pe of po!er fell from 5 to onl- 2 units in rance. Bil

on the other hand remained a relati&el- important fuel source in rance )ut its use declined in

ustralia. #oth countries relied on natural gas for electricit- production significantl- more in

1'$ than in 2. 91" !ords:



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4.2. ,iet

%ill the gaps with these words&

constitutes, drops, amount, fifth, higher, mae, one, relati!e, figure, up

The pie charts compare the proportion of car)oh-drates protein and fat in three different diets

namel- an a&erage diet a health- diet and a health- diet for sport.

It is noticea)le that sportspeople reMuire a diet comprising a significantl- higher proportion of

car)oh-drates than an a&erage diet or a health- diet. The a&erage diet contains the lo!estpercentage of car)oh-drates )ut the highest proportion of protein.

ar)oh-drates FFFFFF FFFFFF 6C of the health- diet for sport. This is 1C FFFFFF than the

proportion of car)oh-drates in a normal health- diet and 2C more than the proportion in an

a&erage diet. Bn the other hand people !ho eat an a&erage diet consume a greater FFFFFF

FFFFFF of protein 94C: than those !ho eat a health- diet 93C: and sportspeople 925C:.

The third compound sho!n in the charts is fat. at FFFFFF e?actl- FFFFFF FFFFFF of )oth the

a&erage diet and the health- diet )ut the FFFFFF FFFFFF to onl- 15C for the health- sports diet.



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5. #ap

5.1. illage of horle*!ood

The map sho!s the gro!th of a &illage called horle-!ood )et!een 1$6$ and 1''4.

It is clear that the &illage gre! as the transport infrastructure !as impro&ed. our periods ofde&elopment are sho!n on the map and each of the populated areas is near to the main roadsthe rail!a- or the motor!a-.

rom 1$6$ to 1$$3 horle-!ood co&ered a small area ne?t to one of the main roads.

horle-!ood ,ar+ and 0olf ourse is no! located ne?t to this original &illage area. The &illagegre! along the main road to the south )et!een 1$$3 and 1'22 and in 1'' a rail!a- line !as)uilt crossing this area from !est to east. horle-!ood station is in this part of the &illage.

The e?pansion of horle-!ood continued to the east and !est alongside the rail!a- line until1'". t that time a motor!a- !as )uilt to the east of the &illage and from 1'" to 1''4further de&elopment of the &illage too+ place around motor!a- intersections !ith the rail!a-and one of the main roads.



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91"4:

5.2. -aller*

The first picture sho!s the la-out of an art galler- and the second sho!s some proposed changes

to the galler- space.

It is clear that significant changes !ill )e made in terms of the use of floor space in the galler-.

There !ill )e a completel- ne! entrance and more space for e?hi)itions.

t present &isitors enter the galler- through doors !hich lead into a lo))-. (o!e&er the plan isto mo&e the entrance to the ,ar+inson ourt side of the )uilding and &isitors !ill !al+ straight

into the e?hi)ition area. In place of the lo))- and office areas !hich are sho!n on the e?isting

plan the ne! galler- plan sho!s an education area and a small storage area.

The permanent e?hi)ition space in the rede&eloped galler- !ill )e a)out t!ice as large as it is

no! )ecause it !ill occup- the area that is no! used for temporar- e?hi)itions. There !ill also



22/28

)e a ne! room for special e?hi)itions. This room is sho!n in red on the e?isting plan and is not

currentl- part of the galler-. (178 words, band 9)

5.3. %ouse design

The diagrams sho! ho! house designs differ according to climate.

The most noticea)le difference )et!een houses designed for cool and !arm climates is in the

shape of the roof. The designs also differ !ith regard to the !indo!s and the use of insulation.

We can see that the cool climate house has a high7angled roof !hich allo!s sunlight to enter

through the !indo!. #- contrast the roof of the !arm climate house has a pea+ in the middle

and roof o&erhangs to shade the !indo!s. Insulation and thermal )uilding materials are used in

cool climates to reduce heat loss !hereas insulation and reflecti&e materials are used to +eep the

heat out in !arm climates.

inall- the cool climate house has one !indo! !hich faces the direction of the sun !hile the

!arm climate house has !indo!s on t!o sides !hich are shaded from the sun. #- opening the

t!o !indo!s at night the house designed for !arm climates can )e &entilated and the stored

heat during the da- is remo&ed.



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9162 !ords )and ':



24/28

5.4. 2 proposed supermar(et

The map below is of the town of -arlsdon. + new supermaret )* is planned for the town.

The map shows two possible sites for the supermaret.

The map sho!s t!o potential locations 9A1 and A2: for a ne! supermar+et in a to!n called

0arlsdon.

The main difference )et!een the t!o sites is that A1 is outside the to!n !hereas A2 is in the

to!n centre. The sites can also )e compared in terms of access )- road or rail and their positions

relati&e to three smaller to!ns.

Loo+ing at the information in more detail A1 is in the countr-side to the north !est of 0arlsdon

)ut it is close to the residential area of the to!n. A2 is also close to the housing area !hich

surrounds the to!n centre.

There are main roads from (indon #ransdon and ransdon to 0arlsdon to!n centre )ut this is a

no traffic Gone so there !ould )e no access to A2 )- car. #- contrast A1 lies on the main road to

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(indon )ut it !ould )e more difficult to reach from #ransdon and ransdon. #oth supermar+et

sites are close to the rail!a- that runs through 0arlsdon from (indon to ransdon. (171)

6. )rocess

6.1. Tips for process diagram

,rocess diagrams sho! ho! something is done or made. The- al!a-s sho! steps@stages. (eressome ad&ice a)out ho! to descri)e them


Write the introduction )- paraphrasing the Muestion 9re!rite it )- changing some of the

!ords:.

or -our summar- first sa- ho! man- steps there are in the process. Then sa-

!here@ho! the process )egins and ends 9loo+ at the first and last stages:.

In paragraphs 3 and 4 descri)e the process step )- step. Include the first and last steps

that -ou mentioned in the summar- )ut tr- to descri)e them in more detail or in adifferent !a-.

ust start paragraph 4 some!here in the middle ofthe process.

%ention e&er- stage in the process.

Use seMuencing language e.g. at the first @ second @ follo!ing @ final stage of the process

ne?t after that then finall- etc.

Times 9e.g. past dates: are not usuall- sho!n so use the present simple tense.

Its usuall- a good idea to use the passi&e e.g. t the final stage the product is deli&ered

to shops 9)ecause !e dont need to +no! !ho deli&ered the product:.



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6.2. orecast in +ustralia

The diagram below shows how the +ustralian 'ureau of /eteorolog" collects up# to#the#

minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.

The figure illustrates the process used )- the ustralian #ureau of %eteorolog- to forecast the

!eather.

There are four stages in the process )eginning !ith the collection of information a)out the

!eather. This information is then anal-sed prepared for presentation and finall- )roadcast to the

pu)lic.

Loo+ing at the first and second stages of the process there are three !a-s of collecting !eather

data and three !a-s of anal-sing it. irstl- incoming information can )e recei&ed )- satellite and

presented for anal-sis as a satellite photo. The same data can also )e passed to a radar station and

presented on a radar screen or s-noptic chart. Aecondl- incoming information ma- )e collected

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directl- )- radar and anal-sed on a radar screen or s-noptic chart. inall- drifting )uo-s also

recei&e data !hich can )e sho!n on a s-noptic chart.

t the third stage of the process the !eather )roadcast is prepared on computers. inall- it is

deli&ered to the pu)lic on tele&ision on the radio or as a recorded telephone announcement.

91":

6.3. "ric( manufactuting

%ere are m* 2 main paragraphs descri&ing the steps

t the )eginning of the process cla- is dug from the ground. The cla- is put through a metalgrid and it passes onto a roller !here it is mi?ed !ith sand and !ater. fter that the cla- can )eshaped into )ric+s in t!o !a-s either it is put in a mould or a !ire cutter is used.

t the fourth stage in the process the cla- )ric+s are placed in a dr-ing o&en for one to t!o da-s.=e?t the )ric+s are heated in a +iln at a moderate temperature 92 7 ' degrees elsius: and



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then at a high temperature 9up to 13 degrees: )efore spending t!o to three da-s in a coolingcham)er. inall- the finished )ric+s are pac+aged and deli&ered.

6.4. Water c*cle

The diagram below shows the water c"cle, which is the continuous mo!ement of water on,abo!e and below the surface of the arth.

The picture illustrates the !a- in !hich !ater passes from ocean to air to land during the natural

process +no!n as the !ater c-cle.

Three main stages are sho!n on the diagram. Bcean !ater e&aporates falls as rain and

e&entuall- runs )ac+ into the oceans again.

#eginning at the e&aporation stage !e can see that $C of !ater &apour in the air comes from

the oceans. (eat from the sun causes !ater to e&aporate and !ater &apour condenses to form

clouds. t the second stage la)elled Nprecipitation on the diagram !ater falls as rain or sno!.

t the third stage in the c-cle rain!ater ma- ta+e &arious paths. Aome of it ma- fall into la+es or

return to the oceans &ia Nsurface runoff. Bther!ise rain!ater ma- filter through the ground

reaching the imper&ious la-er of the earth. Aalt !ater intrusion is sho!n to ta+e place Dust )eforeground!ater passes into the oceans to complete the c-cle.

9156 !ords )and ':
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