ieee search papers

Getting Startedwith IEEE Xplore™

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ii

Copyright © 2001. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Company and/or product names used herein are trademarks of their respective owners.

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Using Search

GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ iii

Table of Contents

Purpose of this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v

1: What is IEEE Xplore™? ...............................1

Record Structure of the IEEE Xplore™ Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Collections in the IEEE Xplore™ Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Subscription Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2IEEE Xplore™ Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3IEEE Xplore™ Access and Page Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4IEEE Xplore™ Browse and Search Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

2: Getting Started...........................................5

Accessing IEEE Xplore™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Establishing an IEEE Web Account (IEEE Members Only) . . . . . . .5Logging In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3: Browsing Tables of Contents....................9

Locating a Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Locating an Issue (Journals) or Volume (Conference

Proceedings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Performing a Quick Search: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Viewing a Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

4: Searching by Author: Author Search ....13

Locating an Author’s Articles or Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14How to Enter Author Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

5: Using Basic Search..................................17

Performing a Basic Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Specifying Multiple Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Order of Precedence Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Basic Search Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

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6: Using Advanced Search ..........................27

When to Use Advanced Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Performing an Advanced Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Overview of Search Query Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Tips for Using Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Advanced Search Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

7: Working with Search Results.................39

Viewing Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Changing the Search Results Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Revising a Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Printing Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Viewing an Abstract/Citation Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Viewing an HTML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Viewing a PDF Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

8: Learning More About IEEE Xplore™:

Online Help ................................................47

Using the Help System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Additional Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Glossary........................................................49

Index .............................................................61

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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ v

Purpose of this Guide

The purpose of this guide is to help you quickly find the IEEE/IEE

articles, papers, and standards you need, using IEEE Xplore™.

This guide provides an overview of what IEEE Xplore™ can do for

you and tells you how you can get started immediately.

For the most straightforward searches, this guide is all you need.

For more detail, this guide explains how to access IEEE Xplore™ ’s

comprehensive online help.

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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 1

1What is IEEEXplore™?

IEEE Xplore™ is a powerful electronic resource for accessing

documents in a database of publications from the Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEE Xplore™ contains

more than 610,000 articles in over 12,000 individual publications,

with more than two million page images. In addition, IEEE adds

about 25,000 new pages to the database per month, which builds

upon a back file of content published since 1988.

IEEE Xplore™ provides convenient, real-time access to this contin-

ually updated database. You can search by specifying one or more

authors, keywords, or other criteria. You can view and print

individual articles and papers, search results lists, tables of

contents, bibliographic records, and full-page images with no limit

on the number of prints.

Record Structure of the IEEE Xplore™ Database

The IEEE Xplore™ database merges a subset of the INSPEC biblio-

graphic database of abstracts, compiled from technical journals

published worldwide, with full-page images of all publications.

INSPEC is the leading English-language information service

providing access to the world’s scientific and technical literature.

To locate articles, you can search complete bibliographic

citations—including abstracts, subject indexing terms, and

hyperlinked reference lists—and soon in the article’s full text.

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The IEEE Xplore™ database contains complete original page

images, including all charts, graphs, diagrams, photographs, and

illustrative material—from an integrated-circuit schematic to a

topographic map to a photograph of a new crystalline structure.

All articles, papers, and standards are in PDF format so you see

them as published.

All IEEE journal articles, published since 1996 are also available in

HTML format. You can view HTML files using your Internet

browser.

Collections in the IEEE Xplore™ Database

The IEEE Xplore™ database contains the following IEEE collec-

tions:

• Journals and Magazines (referred to as “journals”) published

by the IEEE and IEE, dating from January 1988.

• Conference proceedings published by the IEEE and IEE,

dating from January 1988.

• IEEE Standards, including superseded standards but not draft

standards, dating from January 1988 but also including earlier

standards that are still active.

You have access to all or part of the collections based on whether

you are a member or whether your organization subscribes to all

or part of the collections in the IEEE Xplore™ database.

Subscription Packages

You must subscribe to a publication in order to view the full text

using IEEE Xplore™.

IEEE members have an automatic subscription to IEEE Spectrum

Magazine online. Members belonging to one or more IEEE

societies have access to their societies’ publications and any

personal subscriptions (formerly known as OPeRA subscriptions).

Institutions may purchase a subscription to the whole IEEE

Xplore™ database (known as IEL Online) or to a variety of subset

collections. Available subscription packages include:

• IEEE/IEE Electronic Library (IEL Online): all IEEE and IEE

journals, transactions, and magazines published since 1988, all

IEEE and IEE conference proceedings and colloquia published

since 1988, and all active IEEE standards.

The IEEE Xplore™ collectionscontain publications for whichthe IEEE or IEE has solecopyright.

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• IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP): 107 IEEE

society-sponsored journals, transactions, and magazines

published from 1998 to present.

• IEEE Conference Proceedings Order Plan (POP): 135 IEEE

conference proceedings published from 1998 to present.

• IEEE Conference Proceedings Order Plan All (POP ALL):

all IEEE conference proceedings from 1998 to present.

• The Proceedings of the IEEE: all issues of Proceedings of the

IEEE from 1998 to present.

• IEEE Spectrum Magazine: all issues of Spectrum Magazine

from 1998 to present.

IEEE Xplore™ Requirements

To use IEEE Xplore™, your computer should have the following:

• Browser software, for accessing IEEE Xplore™. IEEE Xplore™ is

optimized for operation within versions 4.x of Microsoft Internet

Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Older versions or other

browsers may display different results.

Note: IEEE Xplore™ displays the Search page in its own

window; all other pages share a window. If you use Internet

Explorer 3.x, you will need to manage these windows manually.

For example, to view the list of articles and papers found by a

search conducted in the Search page window, make the other

window active.

• Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0, for viewing and printing full-page

images.

Note: For optimal performance and utility, set up Acrobat

Reader as a plug-in rather than as a helper application. Using

Acrobat Reader as a plug-in allows you to start viewing the full-

page images in PDF files faster. It also allows printing of these

images with the click of a button.

• Optionally, Sun Microsystems’ Java plug-in, for enhanced

functionality when using IEEE Xplore™’s Search capability.

To upgrade your system, refer to the IEEE Xplore™ FAQs for links

to the latest versions of this software.


Introduction

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IEEE Xplore™ Access and Page Types

The IEEE Xplore™ Web site is at

http://www.ieee.org/ieeexplore.

IEEE Xplore™ Browse and Search Functions

IEEE Xplore™ allows you to perform two main actions — you can

browse tables of contents or search the database.

Browse functions:The browse functions are available to everyone and are located

under Tables of Contents on the navigation menu. After

specifying a collection — Journals, Conference Proceedings, or

Standards — you can browse to a title of interest by using either

the browse letters or the Quick Find feature.

To use Quick Find, type a key word or phrase in the search box.

IEEE Xplore™ displays all titles in the collection that include the

keyword.

Search functions:The search functions are available only to IEEE members and IEEE

subscribers. IEEE Xplore™ allows to you perform searches three

ways:

• Basic Search guides you through the process of creating a

search query. You can enter a single keyword, or create a more

advanced query without knowing search syntax by selecting

field codes and search operators from pull-down menus. You

can control what is being searched using search options.

• Advanced Search allows you to enter a free-form search

query. You can enter a single keyword, a phrase, or a complete

search query using search syntax. Lists of field codes and

search operators can easily be displayed to provide assistance.

You can control what is being searched using search options.

• Author Search is similar to the Quick Find feature used by the

browse functions. It allows you to enter a complete or partial

name and searches the author field in each citation record for

your entry.

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2GettingStarted

While access to tables of contents is available to all, access to

search functions, abstracts, and full texts depends on your having

membership or subscription status. IEEE members can set up an

IEEE web account and then log in. If you belong to a subscribing

institution your system administrator will inform you whether you

need to log in. Access from home or while on travel may require

you to log in, even if access from your office does not.

Accessing IEEE Xplore™

You can access IEEE Xplore™ directly by going to

http://www.ieee.org/ieeexplore. The IEEE Xplore™ home page

appears, at which point you can browse tables of contents or log

in (if necessary) to access search functions.

Establishing an IEEE Web Account (IEEE Members Only)

The Establish an IEEE Web Account page enables an IEEE member

to create a user name and password for logging in to IEEE

Xplore™ and enjoying membership privileges. Click Establish

IEEE Web Account under Member Services on the navigation

menu to access this page.

Web accounts createdthrough OPeRA will notwork with IEEE Xplore™.You need to set up a newIEEE web account.

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To set up a web account:

1. Click Establish IEEE Web Account on the navigation menu.

2. Click Register for an IEEE Web Account and follow the

directions. The system will ask you to:

• Enter your member number (found on your membership card

or confirmation letter)

• Enter your registration PIN number (found in membership

renewal packet or new member welcome kit)

• Create a user name and password

• Enter an e-mail address

• Create personal security identifiers to help you remember your

password in case you forget it

The system verifies that you are listed in the member database

and saves your user name and password. You will receive an

email message confirming that your web account has been

established. Once your web account is established, you may

log in.

Logging In

The Log-in page allows IEEE members to access search functions

and selected documents by entering an established user name

and password. (If you belong to a subscribing institution, your

system administrator will inform you whether you need to log in.)

To log in:Note: IEEE members need to create a user name and password

by establishing an IEEE Web Account before they can log in.

1. Click Log-in Now under Welcome to IEEE Xplore™ on the

navigation menu to access this page.

2. Enter your user name (or your institution’s user name if you are

using an institution log-in ID).

3. Enter your password (or your institution’s password if you are

using an institution log-in ID).

4. Click Login. The system verifies your user name and password

and returns you to the home page or the page you were

attempting to access.

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Getting Started

To log out:Click the Logout button in the navigation bar at the top of most

IEEE Xplore™ pages to end the session.

Do I need to log in?Anyone can access IEEE Xplore™ without logging in to view

Tables of Contents pages for the journals, conference proceedings,

and standards in the collection (see Chapter 3, “Browsing Tables

of Contents”). In addition, some users may have full access

without logging in, depending on their membership/subscription

status and how they are accessing IEEE Xplore™.

Review the table below to determine whether you need to log in.

Note that subscribing organizations can set up IEEE Xplore™ to

verify their subscription status by IP address or a log-in ID. Your

librarian or system administrator can tell you if you need to log in.

Need Web Need to Log If You Are: You Can View: Account? In to Access?

Non-member or guest Tables of contents no no

IEEE member All abstract and citation records yes yesSpectrum yes yesPersonal subscriptions yes yes

IEEE society member All abstract and citation records yes yesSpectrum yes yesPersonal subscriptions yes yes

Non-member at a sub- Institution’s subscription package(s) no maybe*scribing institution

IEEE member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing institution

Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no maybe*

Society member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing Institution

Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no maybe*

IEEE member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing institution, while traveling

Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no yes***

Users accessing IEEE Xplore™through a subscribing institutionmight not need to log in.

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Need Web Need to Log If You Are: You Can View: Account? In to Access?

Society member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing institution, while traveling

Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no yes***

Non-member at a sub- Institution’s subscription package(s) no yes***scribing institution, while traveling

* Check with system administrator** Member log-in ID*** Institution log-in ID

Note: A member at a subscribing institution who logs in with a

member username and password will have access to the content

allowed by membership only. To access the subscribing institu-

tion’s content, DO NOT log in as a member.

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3BrowsingTables ofContents

Tables of Contents pages in IEEE Xplore™ enable you to identify

the specific articles and papers you need. If you subscribe to the

publication in which they are published, you also have access to

the full-page content of the publication’s articles, papers, and

other documents.

The Tables of Contents Search pages for journals, conference

proceedings, and standards all include the same basic elements:

For non-members and guests,the publication’s table ofcontents enables you to findthe articles and papers torequest at your local library.

Locate titles containing thekeyword(s)

Jump to a section of the titles list

Display the publication’s issue list

Enter title keyword(s)

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Locating a Publication

Use the following general procedure to locate a journal, confer-

ence proceeding, or standard in the IEEE Xplore™ collections.

1. Under Tables of Contents on the navigation menu, select

Journals, Conference Proceedings, or Standards.

IEEE Xplore™ displays a list of titles starting with the letter A.

2. Choose a title to browse.

• To quickly locate a specific publication, enter one or more

keywords from the title of the publication in the Quick Find

box, then click Go. If you are unsure of the spelling, you may

enter a partial keyword.

OR

• If you are not looking for a specific publication and just want to

browse the list of titles, you can jump to a section of the

alphabet by clicking on one of the letters below the Quick Find

box.

3. View multiple pages of results by using the Previous and Next

buttons.

4. Click on a title. For journals and conferences, the Publication page

opens. For standards, the Table of Contents page opens.

The Quick Find functionreturns plural and suffixedforms of the keyword(s). Forexample, if you enter thekeyword “electron,” theresults include titles containingwords such as electrons,electronic, and electronically.This capability helps you locatepublications by topic when youare unsure of the exact title.

IEEE Xplore™ automaticallylists titles beginning withthe letter A.

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Browsing ToCs

Locating an Issue (Journals) or Volume (ConferenceProceedings)

1. Locate a journal or conference proceeding as described in

“Locating a Publication” on page 12.

2. Click on an issue or volume link to view its table of contents.

Issues List Volumes List

3. Click on a year under Previous Years to view a list of issues or

volumes for that year. Then click on an issue or volume link to

access its table of contents.

Performing a Quick Search:

Note: This feature is available to IEEE members and subscribers.

It allows you to search for articles or papers within all available

issues of a specific publication.

1. Click in the text box and enter one or more keywords, names, and

dates.

2. Click Search. IEEE Xplore™ returns a list of search results (rather

than a table of contents).

<And> operators are implicitwhen you enter more than oneword. For example, IEEEXplore™ interprets acoustic

imaging as acoustic and

imaging.

The results include plural andsuffixed forms of any key-words entered. For example,entering electron will returnwords like electrons andelectronics. You can also enterpartial keywords if desired.

You can view full text if you, oryour institution, subscribes tothe publication. You can viewabstracts if you are an IEEEmember or your institutionsubscribes to the publication.

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Viewing a Table of Contents

The Table of Contents page is a special search results page that

displays the title and author of all documents in a journal or

conference proceeding (for standards only the title is displayed).

This page is accessed by clicking on an issue or volume link on a

journal or conference proceeding’s Publication page, or by clicking

a standard title on the Standards page.

On the Table of Contents page, you can:

• Print the Table of Contents by clicking the Print button in your

browser’s navigation bar.

• View a document’s abstract and citation record by clicking

View Abstract, if you are an IEEE member or your organiza-

tion subscribes to the publication.

• View the full text of a document by clicking View PDF, if you

or your organization subscribes to the publication.

• Return to your previous location in IEEE Xplore™ by clicking

the Back button in your browser’s navigation bar.

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4Searching byAuthor:Author Search

You can quickly find articles or papers written by a particular

author by using Author Search to search the author field of

citation records. (You can also search by author using Basic

Search and Advanced Search, discussed in later chapters.) Take a

moment to look at the Author Search page of IEEE Xplore™ and

learn what each of its elements lets you do.

Locate titles written by thatauthor

Jump to a section of the author list

Display a list of articles by theauthor

Enter full or partial author name

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Locating an Author’s Articles or Papers

Click By Author under Search on the navigation menu to access

the Author Search page.


There are two ways to find authors using the Author Search page:

• Search for the author

• Browse the author list

To search for an author:

1. Enter a name in the Quick Find an Author box and click Go.

See “Formatting Author Names” on the next page for information

about entering first names and initials.

2. Use the Previous and Next buttons to scroll through the results,

fifty at time.

3. Click on a name to view a list of articles written by that author.

To browse the author list:

1. Click on one of the browse letters located beneath the “Quick Find

an Author” area. IEEE Xplore™ returns a list of the first fifty

authors whose last name starts with that letter.

2. Use the Previous and Next buttons to scroll through the results,

fifty at a time.

3. Click on a name to view a list of articles written by that author.

You can enter a partial nameif you are unsure how tospell the author’s name. IEEEXplore™ returns a list of lastnames starting with theletters you entered.

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Author Search

How to Enter Author Names

To find an article written by an author, you need to follow the IEEE

Xplore™ rules for specifying author names:

• Enter the last name first.

• If you know the first name or initial, enter a space, followed by

the initial, followed by a period (.). Do not enter a comma (,)

after the last name and do not enter the entire first name.

• If you know the middle name or initial, enter a space, followed

by the initial, followed by a period (.).

• Asian names appear as provided in the article or paper. If an

Asian name includes a non-Asian first name, that part of the

name is abbreviated to a first initial.

Examples:Johnson J. W.

Matches Johnson, J. W. Does not match Johnson, J. (both

initials must match) or Johnson, J. R.

Johnson S.

Matches Johnson, S. and Johnson, S. L. Does not match

Johnson, J. or Johnson, J. S.

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5Using BasicSearch

Use Basic Search to look for articles, conference papers, or

standards in the IEEE Xplore™ database. On the Basic Search

page, you enter one or more search expressions and select criteria

from lists to build a search query. With Basic Search, you can

perform highly targeted searches without being an expert in IEEE

Xplore™’s query language syntax.

Take a moment to look at the Basic Search page and learn what

each of its elements lets you do.

Limit the databaserecords searched

Enter search text

Clear the search text

Limit the fields searchedfor the text

Start the search process

Define the relationshipbetween the text boxes

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Performing a Basic Search

The Basic Search page guides you through the process of

constructing a search query. Click Basic under Search on the

navigation menu to access this page.


To perform a Basic Search:

1. On the Basic Search page, click in the first text box and enter a

search string. The string can be a keyword, last name, date, or

phrase. You can also enter partial words if necessary. Note that

<and> operators are implicit for phrases. For example, IEEE

Xplore™ interprets optical fiber as optical and fiber.

2. If desired, limit your search by selecting a field from the pull-down

menu next to the text box. This choice tells IEEE Xplore™ to look

for the search string in only that field of the citation record—such

as the title, abstract, or subject field.

3. If you want to specify additional criteria, use the same process to

enter search text and select field codes for additional search query

boxes. Define the relationship between the criteria by selecting

search operators from the pull-down menus between the text

boxes. (See “Specifying Multiple Criteria,” next.)

IEEE Xplore™ searches foritems regardless of capital-ization.

The results include plural andsuffixed forms of anykeywords entered. Forexample, entering fiber

returns words like fibers andfiberglass.

Enclose your search text inquotation marks to look forthat exact phrase, withoutvariations.

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4. If desired, limit your search further by adjusting the selections in

the Search Options box. You can:

• Select publication types—decide whether you want IEEE

Xplore™ to look for your search query in the journals, confer-

ence proceedings, standards, or any combination of the three

collections.

• Select years to search—decide whether you want IEEE

Xplore™ to limit records searched to a specific range of years.

• Organize search results—decide how you want IEEE

Xplore™ to present the results.

5. Click the Search button.

Specifying Multiple Criteria

If you are searching for documents meeting any of several criteria,

you need to define the relationships among your criteria using

search operators.

Specifying a combination of criteria:If you are searching for articles meeting a combination of criteria

(for example, articles jointly written by M. Delgado and M. A. Vila),

select the <And> operator to combine items. Your search results

will list all articles meeting all criteria you specify. For example:

Specifying one of two or more criteria:If the documents you seek need to meet any one of the criteria,

select the <Or> operator to combine items. Your search results

will list all documents containing any of the items you specify. For

example, if you are searching for articles about fuzzy control or

fuzzy systems, you can enter:

If you need to specify fouror more criteria, useAdvanced Search.


Basic Search

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Specifying the exclusion of a criteria:If you want to exclude an item from your search, use the <Not>

operator. Your search results will include those documents that

meet the first criteria, but exclude the second. For example, if you

are searching for articles about imaging but not acoustic

imaging, you can enter:

Order of Precedence Guidelines

“Order-of-precedence” refers to how IEEE Xplore™ performs

multiple operations within a search query. In Basic Search, order

of precedence is governed by the order of criteria in the search

query boxes. If you use all three search query boxes, the phrase

formed by the first two boxes takes precedence over the entry in

the third box (in other words, the first operator has precedence

over the second).

For example, if you want to find all articles on inference

mechanisms written by both M. Delgado and M. A. Vila, you can

specify the following search selections:

In Advanced Search, you useparentheses to specify thatcertain operations take placebefore others.

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Basic Search

The search results provide a list of two articles (IEEE Xplore™ Jan

2000) written by both Delgado and Vila about inference

mechanisms. However, suppose you want to find articles by

either of these authors about inference mechanisms. If you

specify:

you receive a list of eight articles, four written by Delgado (two

jointly with Vila) about inference mechanisms, and four written

by Vila (one jointly with Delgado) about other subjects.

In search query language, you intended to specify:

inference mechanisms <and> (Delgado M. <Or> Vila M A.)

However, IEEE Xplore™ interpreted the specification as:

(inference mechanisms <and> Delgado M.) <Or> Vila M A.

That is, IEEE Xplore™ processes the first two boxes as a phrase.

Instead, if you specify the Or condition first:

you receive a list of four articles, all written by either Delgado or

Vila (or both), and all about inference mechanisms. IEEE

Xplore™ interprets the specification as:

(Delgado M. <Or> Vila M.A.) <and> inference mechanisms

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Basic Search Examples

You can use the following series of search query examples as

models for building your own queries using Basic Search.

Searching for a journalSuppose you want to find the article “First-Order Optimal Reduced

Delay Sample-Data Holds” by F. Leonard in the July 1999 issue of

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. You might construct a

Basic Search query targeting content in specific fields:

If you are missing information such as the exact title or author,

search for keywords in All Fields. For example, if you know the

article is about sample-data holds and it appeared in a journal on

automatic control, you might construct the following query:

Searching for conference proceedingsSuppose you want to find the conference paper “Evolving Optical

Fiber Designs” by K. M. Able, presented at the 1997 IEEE Canadian

Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. You might

construct a Basic Search query that looks similar to this:

Select “Conference proceed-ings” in Search Options tosearch only the conferenceproceedings.

Select “Journals” in Search

Options to search only thejournals collection.

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If you are missing information such as the exact title, author, or

date of the conference, look for keywords in All Fields. For

example, if you know the presentation was about optical fiber

designs and was given at a Conference on Electrical and

Computer Engineering, you might construct the following query:

Searching for a standard:Suppose you want to find the IEEE standard 1070-1995 IEEE Guide

for the Design and Testing of Transmission Modular Restoration

Structure Components. You might construct a Basic Search query

that looks similar to one of the following:

Example 1:

or

Example 2:

If you are missing information such as the exact title or standard

number, search for keywords in All Fields. For example:

Because the titles of standardstend to be lengthy, it is usuallymost effective to enter a fewkey words or the number.

Select “Standards” in Search

Options to search only in thestandards collection.


Basic Search

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Searching for an author:Suppose you want to find a conference paper by Berger about

language modeling. However, you do not know the exact title of

the paper or the conference. You might construct a Basic Search

query that looks similar to this:

Searching for variations of a name: You can use wildcard

characters to search for variations of a name if you are unsure of

the spelling. For example, you can search for Berger or Burger by

using the ? character.

Type as many letters as you know of the author’s name in the first

text box, and use the “?” or “*” wildcard character to specify

letters you do not know or are unsure of. The “*” wildcard

character represents “any or no characters” and the “?” wildcard

character represents “any single character”. (Use no punctuation

except the wildcard characters.) Then click Search, and review the

search results for a name you recognize.

Searching for multiple authors: You can search for author

combinations by using the <and> operator.

You can search for alternate authors by using the <or> operator.

If you only know the authorname, the easiest way tolocate their articles or presen-tations is to use By AuthorSearch.

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Basic Search

See “Specifying Multiple Criteria” and “Order of Precedence

Guidelines” earlier in this chapter for more information about

using the <and> and <or> operators.

Searching with keywordsSuppose you want to find journal articles about fuzzy logic or

fuzzy set theory. You might construct a Basic Search query that

looks similar to this:

IEEE Xplore™ searches all fields for occurrences of either fuzzy

logic or fuzzy set theory.

Excluding topics:Suppose your search query returned a number of articles about

inference mechanisms, in which you are not interested. You can

revise your query to add the <not> operator and exclude these

articles.

See “Logical Operators” in the online help for more information

about using the <not> operator.

You can use quotation marksaround your search text toindicate that you want IEEEXplore™ to look for that exactsearch string with no wordstem variations.

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6UsingAdvancedSearch

Use Advanced Search to look for articles, papers, or standards in

the IEEE Xplore™ database by directly typing in your own search

query rather than selecting criteria from lists. To use Advanced

Search effectively, you need to learn about IEEE Xplore™’s query

language syntax. This chapter gives a brief overview.

Take a moment to look at the Advanced Search page and learn

what each of its elements lets you do.

Limit the databaserecords searched


Clear the search query

Enter search text

Display a list of searchoperators

Display a list of fieldcodes

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When to Use Advanced Search

Advanced Search offers the most flexibility in constructing

complex search queries. If you know IEEE Xplore™ query

language syntax, this alternative can produce highly targeted

results. Using Advanced Search is a good choice if you need to:

• Search on more than three terms.

• Perform more powerful searches using additional operators

besides <And>, <Or>, and <Not>. For example, if you want to

search for two words occurring near each other, you can use

the <Near> operator available in Advanced Search.

• Construct search queries with a complex nesting of search

expressions within other search expressions.

Note that you need not invest a lot of time in learning the search

syntax. IEEE Xplore™ provides several types of assistance to help

you construct queries:

• Basic Search: You can build a Basic Search query, and view

the query language syntax in the Search Again box on the

Search Results page. You can then edit the search expression or

enter a new one.

• Search Examples: Click on Search Examples on the

Advanced Search page to see illustrations of the specific types

of search you wish to perform.

• Viewing lists of fields and operators: You can use the

More links on the Advanced Search page to display lists of

fields and operators that you can use as you build your query.

• Reading additional help topics: You can click on the Help

button at the top of the Advanced Search Page, then click on

the Query Language Reference link, for complete information

on constructing searches with the IEEE Xplore™ query

language.

Performing an Advanced Search

The Advanced Search page lets you construct your own free-form

search queries. Click Advanced under Search on the navigation

menu to access this page.


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Advanced Search

To perform an advanced search:

1. On the Advanced Search page, click in the text box and construct

a query using one or more keywords, names, dates, or phrases,

connected by search operators. You can also enter partial words if

needed. Note that <and> operators are implicit for phrases. For

example, IEEE Xplore™ interprets acoustic imaging as acoustic

and imaging.

2. If desired, limit your search by using field codes and search

operators.

Note: Commonly used field codes and search operators are

shown below the search query box. Click on the More links for

complete lists of operators and field codes. See the Query

Language Reference in the online help for more information about

search query syntax.

3. Limit your search results by adjusting the selections in the Search

Options box. See step 4 on page 21 for descriptions of the search

options.

4. Click the Start Search button.

Overview of Search Query Syntax

This overview of search query syntax is intended for people who

are new to writing search queries. It walks through a progressively

more complex search query example to explain the elements of

queries and their syntax. For a detailed description of IEEE

Xplore™ search query syntax, refer to “Query Language

Reference” in the IEEE Xplore™ online help.

Simple search syntax:The most basic search query you can specify using Advanced

Search is:

searchtext

where searchtext is the term or name you are seeking. If you are unfamiliar with thesearch query language, youcan learn more about it bybuilding a query on theSearch page, then selectingDisplay Query to see theactual syntax.

The results include plural andsuffixed forms of anykeywords entered. Forexample, entering acoustic

returns words like acoustics

and acoustical.

Enclose your search text inquotation marks to look forthat exact phrase, withoutvariations.

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Stem variations: When you enter a search word without any

double quotation marks, IEEE Xplore™ searches through the

entire database for the word and for any stem variations of the

word. A stem variation is the base word plus varying endings

including plurals, -ing, and -ed.

For example, the following search specification:

cable

instructs IEEE Xplore™ to search in all fields for the words cable,

cables, cabled, and cabling. Matching records also include

records with the author name Cable in the Authors field.

Literal matches: If you search for the term cable but enclose it

in double quotation marks:

“cable”

you receive fewer matches because the double quotation marks

indicate that IEEE Xplore™ should look for an exact match of the

word, without stem variations.

Searching by exclusion: If you want to find all documents that

do not contain the word cable or its variations, you use the

following search specification:

<not> cable

Of course, this specification would yield a tremendous number of

records. You are more likely to use the <not> operator to modify

an existing search specification, as shown in “Building complex

queries” later in this section.

Searching in fields: Suppose you want to find articles or papers

by an author named Cable. That is, you want to find documents

by authors or editors named Cable, not about the subject term

cable. Use the following syntax:

cable <in> au

where au is the two-letter abbreviation for the Authors field. (The

most common individual fields available for searching are listed in

“Tips for Using Fields,” later in this section.)

IEEE Xplore™ looks for any combination of lowercase and

uppercase for the terms you specify. The above specification

returns all articles and papers with Cable in the Authors field.

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Searching for initials: If you know that the author’s first initial is

M, you can add that initial to the query as:

cable m. <in> au

Be sure to include the period after the initial when specifying

author names with initials in search queries. Also, omit the

comma between the last name and the initial.

Summary of operators:The <in> and <not> operators mentioned in the previous

examples belong to a set of operators you can use in Advanced

Search to make a search query more specific. The most commonly

used operators are defined below. Additional examples of using

operators are provided in “Building complex queries,” later in this

section.

Logical operators:

<and>, and: Specifies that two words or phrases must occur.

<or>, or: Specifies that either of two words or phrases must

occur.

<not>: Specifies that a word or phrase must not occur.

Proximity operators:

<in>: Specifies that a word or phrase must appear in a specific

field. A list of fields on which you can search is provided in “Tips

for Using Fields,” later in this section.

<near/N>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in close

proximity, or within N words of each other, where you specify N

as a whole number.

<paragraph>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in the

same paragraph.

<phrase>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in the

same phrase.

<sentence>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in the

same sentence.

Although you can omit thesurrounding brackets (<>)on “and” and “or”, theyare recommended forclarity.

Asian names are listed as theywere provided in the article orpaper. If the name includes anon-Asian first name, the lastname appears first, followedby the first name initial.


Advanced Search

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Thesaurus, wildcards, and truncation:

<thesaurus>: Specifies searching for words with similar meaning

to the search word.

?: The ? wildcard specifies any one alphanumeric character.

*: The * wildcard specifies zero or more alphanumeric characters.

<wildcard>: Specifies other variations, as shown in the following

examples. Note the use of the backquote (`). Also note that IEEE

Xplore™ does not search for stem variations when you use the

<wildcard> operator.

<wildcard> `resist[eo]r` locates occurrences of resister and

resistor.

<wildcard> `laminat{es,ion}` locates occurrences of laminates

and lamination.

Refer to the IEEE Xplore™ online help for more wildcard choices.

Note that the searches described earlier under “Simple search

syntax” are easy to accomplish using Basic Search as described in

Chapter 5. The examples are provided here as a starting point for

describing search query syntax. More complex queries (described

next) are possible with Advanced Search.

Building complex queries:By knowing the search operators available and the rules for

punctuation in search queries, you can construct complex,

effective queries. Here is an example of building a complex query

to achieve a very targeted search.

Specifying a broad topic: Returning to the subject term cable,

suppose you are interested in articles and papers about the use of

fiber optics in cable television networks. If you specify:

cable television, optical network

you search for all stem variations of these two phrases, where a

matching document needs to have only one of these phrases.

(The comma serves as the <or> operator.)

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Specifying the intersection of two topics: Rather than

finding articles about either topic, suppose you would like to find

articles and papers containing both the phrases cable television

and optical network. Use the <and> operator as follows:

cable television <and> optical network

This specification finds a more manageable number of articles.

Broadening the intersection: The two phrases you supplied

above do not capture all possible wordings of the concepts for

which you are searching. For example, they lack references to

fiber networks (and “fibre” networks, the British spelling) and to

cable “TV” rather than “television”. The following specification

broadens the search to include those possibilities:

(cable <phrase> (television <or> TV)) <and> ((optical

<or> fiber <or> fibre) <phrase> network)

The <phrase> operator lets you specify that two words must

appear within the same phrase. The parentheses ensure that IEEE

Xplore™ interprets the order of operations the way you intend

them.

Wildcard characters: Another way to specify the alternative

choices of “fiber” and “fibre” is to use wildcard characters and

truncation. The following specification:

fib??

instructs IEEE Xplore™ to look for all terms beginning with “fib”

and ending in any two characters. This specification finds “fiber”

and “fibre”, but other words as well. The specification:

fib*

finds all terms beginning with “fib” and ending in any number of

characters.

Excluding unwanted matches: Suppose you want the earlier

search to exclude documents with “satellite” in their title, because

that is not your focus. You can add the <not> and <in> operators

to the earlier complex specification, as follows:

(cable <phrase> (television <or> TV)) <and> ((optical

<or> fiber <or> fibre) <phrase> network) <not> satellite

<in> ti


Advanced Search

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Adding the <not> and <in> operators to exclude matches with

“satellite” in the ti (Title) field reduces the number of matches to

the targeted articles and papers you seek.

Searching for all similar terms: IEEE Xplore™ can also locate

words and phrases with similar meanings by using its proprietary

thesaurus. To instruct it to use the thesaurus, use the <thesaurus>

operator. For example:

<thesaurus> optical networks

Tips for Using Fields

Fields can help you target searching to only specific parts of the

bibliographic record. When you do not specify a field, IEEE

Xplore™ searches all fields.

Specifying a field in a query is especially effective in these

situations:

If you already know: Use this field specification:

Author name(s) <in> au

Conference title <in> ct

Date of a conference <in> cy

Editor name(s) <in> au

ISBN or ISSN <in> in

Issue of a publication <in> is

Journal name <in> jn

Publication name <in> jn

Subject term <in> de

Title or partial title; <in> ti

article title

Volume of a publication <in> vo

Refer to the IEEE Xplore™ online help for more information about

fields and advanced searching.

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Advanced Search Examples

You can use the following series of sample search query examples

as models for building your own queries using Advanced Search.

Searching for a journal:Suppose you want to find the article “First-Order Optimal Reduced

Delay Sample-Data Holds” by F. Leonard in the July 1999 issue of

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. You might construct an

Advanced Search query that looks similar to one of the following:

Example 1 (most specific): (“First-Order Optimal Reduced

Delay Sample-Data Holds” <in> ti) <and> (“IEEE Transactions on

Automatic Control” <in> jn) <and> (Leonard F. <in> au)

Example 2 (less specific): (Sample Data Holds <in> ti) <and>

(Automatic Control <in> jn) <and> (Leonard <in> au)

If you are missing information such as the exact journal name,

article title, or author, enter what you know and add a keyword.

Example 3 (least specific): (Automatic Control <in> jn) <and>

(sample-data holds)

Searching for a conference proceeding:Suppose you want to find the paper “Evolving Optical Fiber

Designs” made by K.M. Able at the 1997 IEEE Canadian

Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. You might

construct an Advanced Search query that looks similar to this:

Example 1 (most specific): (“Evolving Optical Fiber Designs”

<in> ti) <and> (“Electrical and Computer Engineering ” <in> ct)

<and> (Able <in> au) <and> (1997 <in> cy)

Example 2 (less specific): (Optical Designs <in> ti) <and>

(Electrical Engineering <in> ct) <and> (Able <in> au)

If you are missing information such as the exact journal title,

presentation title, or presenter, enter what you know and add a

keyword:

Example 3 (least specific): (electrical computer engineering

<in> ct) <and> (optical fiber)

Select “Conferenceproceedings” in Search

Options to search only inthe conference proceedingscollection.

Select “Journals” in Search

Options to search only inthe journals collection.


Advanced Search

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Searching for a standard:Suppose you want to find the IEEE standard 1070-1995 IEEE Guide

for the Design and Testing of Transmission Modular Restoration

Structure Components. You might construct an Advanced Search


Example 1 (most specific): (“Design and Testing of

Transmission Modular Restoration Structure Components” <in> ti)

Example 2 (less specific): (1070 <in> ti)

If you are missing information such as the exact title, enter what

you know and add a keyword:

Example 3: (design and testing <in> ti) <and> (transmission

components)

Searching for an author:Suppose you want to find a presentation made by Berger about

language modeling. However, you do not know the exact title of

the presentation or the conference. You might construct an

Advanced Search query that looks similar to this:

Example 1: (Berger <in> au) <and> language modeling

You can use wildcard characters to search for variations of a name

if you are unsure of the spelling. For example, you could search

for Berger or Burger by using the ? character:

Example 2: (B?rger <in> au) <and> language modeling

You can search for author combinations by using the <and>

operator:

Example 3: ((Berger <and> Miller) <in> au) <and> language

modeling

You can search for alternate authors by using the <or> operator:

Example 4: ((Berger <or> Miller) <in> au) <and> language

modeling

Use parentheses to specify operations that take place before other

operations.

Since the titles of standardstend to be lengthy, it isusually most effective toenter the number.

Select “Standards” in Search

Options to search only in thestandards collection.

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Advanced Search

Searching with keywords:Suppose you want to find journal articles about fuzzy logic or

fuzzy set theory. You might construct an Advanced Search


Example 1: (fuzzy logic <or> fuzzy set theory)

IEEE Xplore™ searches all fields for occurrences of either fuzzy

logic or fuzzy set theory.

Suppose your search query returned a number of articles about

inference mechanisms, in which you are not interested. You can

use the <not> operator to revise your query and exclude these

articles:

Example 2: (fuzzy logic <or> fuzzy set theory) <not> (inference

mechanisms)

See “Logical Operators” in the online help for more information

about using the <not> operator.

You can use quotation marks around your search text to indicate

that you want IEEE Xplore™ to look for that exact search string

with no word stem variations. See “Searching for an Exact Word

or Phrase” in the online help for more information. If you want to

look for specific variations, see “Searching for a Root Word and

Words Derived from It” in the online help.

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7Working withSearchResults

IEEE Xplore™ displays the results of a search query on the Search

Results page. From this page, you can modify your search, print

results, and view abstract/citation records and full text. Take a

moment to look at the Search Results page and learn what each of

its elements lets you do.

Provides a summary ofsearch results

Edit or enter new search text

Type of publication


Display the abstract/citationrecord

Display the full-lengthdocument

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Viewing Search Results

The Search Results page lists titles of documents that meet your

search criteria. This page appears after you click on Search or

Start Search on the Author, Basic, Advanced, or Quick Search

pages.

Search results are organized by year in descending order with

fifteen results per page, unless otherwise specified under Search

Options on the Basic or Advanced Search pages. Each results

listing is five lines long, providing the document title,

author(s)/editor(s), the complete title, and page numbers.

On the Search Results page, you can:

• Revise your search specification to generate broader or

narrower results using the Search Again query box.

• Print the search results by clicking your browser’s print button.

• Scroll through the search results pages using the Previous and

Next buttons.

• View the citation/abstract record for a document by clicking

Abstract.

• View the full text of a document to which you or your institution

subscribes by clicking View HTML (where available) or PDF

FULL-TEXT.

Note: The results may include some titles for which you cannot

access full text. For example, if your institution subscribes to the

All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP), the results may include

conference proceedings or standards that match your search

criteria, but are not included in the subscription package.

The last line of ach resultsitem tells you whether adocument appears in ajournal (JRN), conferenceproceeding (CNF), orstandard (STD).

The Quick Search feature islocated on the PublicationPage.

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Search Results

Changing the Search Results Format

By default, search results are sorted according to year in

descending order listing 15 results per page. In Basic or Advanced

Search, you have the option to modify the results format.

To modify the search results format:

1. Select Basic or Advanced under Search on the navigation

menu. If you are navigating from a Search Results page, use your

browser’s Back button.

2. Enter or modify your search query as needed.

3. Go to “Organize search results” in the Search Options box.

4. For Sort by, select one of the following options:

• Score sorts records based on scores assigned to each record

by IEEE Xplore™. The higher the score, the more relevant the

article. Note that the Score setting only sorts records by score;

it does not assign scores to them. You may need to use the

<many> operator to assign scores to the results. Unquoted

search terms are scored by default; quoted search terms and

the results of some operators are not. Also, to view the most

relevant articles first (at the top of the results list), make sure

you select Descending in the next step.

• Year sorts records by publication year.

• Publication Title sorts records by article title.

5. For In…order, select one of the following orders:

• Descending (the default) sorts and displays at the top of the

results those records with the highest-relevance scores or latest

years, or with titles and authors in Z-A order.

• Ascending sorts and displays at the top of the results those

records with the lowest-relevance scores or earliest years, or

with titles and authors in A-Z order.

6. For List…Results per page, select 50, 25, or 10 results per

page.

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Revising a Search

If the search results you receive consist of too many or too few

documents, your first step is to analyze your results using the

guidelines shown below in “Narrowing a search” and

“Broadening a search.” Then you need to modify the existing

search query or start a new search.

Narrowing a searchYour first search attempt might result in many pages of titles. To

reduce the results to documents of greater relevance, a process

called “narrowing a search,” you can:

• Analyze the results for relevant titles, and note recurring

authors or publications. Then add an author or publication

specification to your search query.

• Read the citations of relevant titles, looking in the reference lists

for related articles or in the Index Terms field for additional

keywords that will further narrow your search.

Broadening a searchIf you have defined a search that results in few or no documents

matching your search criteria, you can broaden your search so

that it finds more matches. Try these techniques:

• Add an alternative search term to your original specification,

using the Or operator.

• Use truncation and the “*” wildcard character to specify

additional variations of a search term.

Example: To find documents about MOS, CMOS, and

BiCMOS, you can specify

*MOS

• IEEE Xplore™ returns all matches with words that end in MOS.

• Use the “?” wildcard character to specify a single unknown or

varying character in your search term.

Example: Suppose you know that someone named Gardner or

Gartner wrote an article about the use of robots. You can

specify robots for the subject term, and for the author you can

specify

Gar?ner

IEEE Xplore™ returns all documents about robots written by

either Gardner or Gartner.

Be sure to observe order-of-precedence rules when youcombine Or and And

operators. (See “Order ofPrecedence Guidelines” formore information.)

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To modify the existing search query:

• Edit the search query as it appears on the Search Results page

and click Search Again.

OR

• Return to your original search page using your browser’s Back

button and edit the search query.

To start a new search:

• Enter a new query in the text box on the Search Results page

and click Search Again.

OR

• Click on By Author, Basic, or Advanced in the navigation

menu, or use your browser’s Back button to return to your

original search page and enter a new query.

Printing Search Results

To print the list of titles and short citations generated by a search:

1. Click the Print button on your browser’s toolbar.

2. Click OK in the Print dialog box to start printing.

3. If the search results exceed one page, print each subsequent page

by:

a. Scrolling to the bottom of the page.

b. Clicking the next page number or Next to display the next

page.

c. Clicking the Print button in the browser toolbar, and OK in

the Print dialog box.

Viewing an Abstract/Citation Record

Click Abstract on the Search Results or Table of Contents results

page to access the document’s abstract. The Abstract/Citation

page provides full bibliographic citation records for most

documents, including the title, author(s)/editor(s), publication

identity, and page numbers, which are also listed on the Search

Results page. In addition, it lists the number of bibliographic

references cited in the article, the affiliation; the ISSN or ISBN

number; the CODEN reference; the INSPEC accession number; the

full abstract; and the subject terms used to index the document in

the IEEE Xplore™ database.

This feature is available toIEEE members and thepublication’s subscribers.

The Author Search and QuickSearch functions do not retainthe search query when youuse the browser’s Back

button.


Search Results

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For most journals published since 1996, bibliographic references

for each article are also listed in the abstract/citation record.

Among these references, those which are to other IEEE

documents held within the IEEE Xplore™ database (starting from

1988)—journal and magazine articles, conference papers, or

standards—include a hyperlink to the referenced document's

abstract and PDF full-text. Users with subscription rights to the

referenced document or its abstract can access it, or its abstract,

through the hyperlinks.

The bibliographic citation has no abstract if it represents one of

the following:

• An interim IEEE-created record that will be replaced when the

final INSPEC bibliographic record is available.

• An IEEE-created record for a document (such as a letter to the

editor, paper submission guidelines, or a new product review)

for which INSPEC supplies no bibliographic record.

On the Abstract/Citation page, you can:

• Print the abstract/citation record by clicking the Print button in

the browser’s navigation bar.

• Return to the search results page by clicking SEARCH

RESULTS at the top of the page.

• View a document in the reference list, if it is in the IEEE

Xplore™ database and you or your institution have subscription

rights to it.

• View the full text of a document to which you or your institution

subscribes by clicking View HTML (where available) or PDF

FULL-TEXT at the top of the page.

To print an abstract/citation record:

1. Click the to optimize the display for printing.



Viewing an HTML Document

IEEE Xplore™ will provide the full text of some documents in

HTML format beginning in 2001 so you can view them using your

Internet browser. Click View HTML on the Search Results or Table

of Contents page to view the full text of the document. This

feature is available to the publication’s subscribers.

Words shown in red on theAbstract/Citation page indicatethe occurrences of the searchterms you specified usingBasic or Advanced Search.

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Search Results

The HTML full-text includes the document’s complete content

including integrated links to figures, tables, and charts; math

formulae; and images. In a future release, you will be able to click

on a reference number and jump directly to that reference.

HTML files are generally used when you want to quickly view a

document online. If you want to view the document as published,

you should view the PDF version of the document.

To print an HTML document:



Viewing a PDF Document

IEEE Xplore™ uses Adobe Acrobat Reader to present complete

full-page images of documents in PDF format. These images show

all text and illustrative material, as published, and are available to

the publication’s subscribers. Click PDF FULL-TEXT next to a

document title on the Search Results or Table of Contents page to

view the full text of the document.

When viewing a PDF document, you can:

• View the displayed document page, using:

to enlarge the image size

to decrease the image size

to view the image at 100%

to select a specific image viewing size

• Move the document page on the screen by holding down the

left mouse button as you move the cursor over the page image

(the cursor appears as a hand).

• View the next pages of the displayed document by clicking .

• Return to previous pages of the displayed document by clicking

.

• Go to a specific page by clicking in the lower left

corner and either entering a number or clicking an arrow to go

forward or go back one page.

• Print the entire article or the current page by clicking the Print

button at the top of the page display.

You can also view somedocuments in HTML format.

You can also view documentsin PDF format.

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8LearningMore AboutIEEEXplore™:Online Help

Getting Started with IEEE Xplore™ is intended to provide the

concepts and examples needed to make effective, immediate use

of IEEE Xplore™. For that reason, it concentrates on frequently

used features to help you get started more quickly. Additional

assistance is available for in-depth use of IEEE Xplore™: the

online help and other onscreen information sources.

Using the Help System

For more information about using IEEE Xplore™, you can consult

its context-sensitive online help. Click the Help button in the

navigation bar of any IEEE Xplore™ page to display the Help

window, which presents information about using the IEEE

Xplore™ page you are viewing.

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For example, if you click Help on the Basic Search page, the

following help page appears:

From any help page, you can find additional information you need

in one of three ways:

1. Follow the underlined links from that page to the information you

need.

For example, on the help page for Performing a Basic Search, you

can click on “Order-of-Precedence Guidelines” near the bottom to

read more about that topic.

2. View the help Contents by clicking on Contents at the top of the

help page. Scroll through the Contents to find a topic of interest.

Click on that topic to view it.

3. Search through the Help system by clicking on Index at the top of

the help page. You can locate the topic of interest in the index by

typing it in the space provided. The index scrolls to that topic.

Additional Assistance

Additional onscreen assistance is provided for users of Advanced

Search. On the Advanced Search page there are lists of commonly

used field codes and search operators. Clicking the More button

next to either of these lists displays a help topic, including

relevant syntax information.

For information about building search queries for your specific

information needs, or for help with installation issues such as

gaining access to IEEE Xplore™ or printing to your local printer,

consult your online information specialist or librarian.

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Glossary

Abstract: A summary of the contents of a document. The

abstract commonly explains the main points made in an article or

paper, including the main theme, argument, process, and results.

Abstract button: A link appearing next to each document listed

on a Search Results or Table of Contents Page. Click the link to

view the abstract/citation record of the document.

Abstract/Citation record: A description of an article, paper, or

standard that includes the following information: author name(s);

editor name(s); title of the article, paper, or standard; title,

volume/issue number, page number, and date of the publication in

which the article or paper appeared; other identifying information

including the accession number, ISSN or ISBN number, and

CODEN specification; and reference list.

Accession number, INSPEC: The record number created when

the bibliographic record was added to the INSPEC database, a

component of IEEE Xplore™. All IEEE Xplore™ documents have a

unique INSPEC accession number.

Adobe Acrobat Reader: The viewer software used by IEEE

Xplore™ to display page images of documents.

Affiliation: The organization or company employing the author

of an article or paper, or the corporate source if no personal

authors are credited.

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Alphanumeric character: Any letter A-Z or a-z, or any digit 0-9.

And operator: Indicates the relationship between your search

criteria. And means results should match all criteria.

ANSI: The American National Standards Institute, an organization

that coordinates U.S. voluntary standards for a wide range of

business, public, and consumer areas.

Article title: The full title of the document as published.

Conference paper titles and standard titles are also found under

the generic term “article title” in IEEE Xplore™.

ASPP: All-Society Periodicals Package. A digital library of IEEE

journal articles from 1998 forward.

Author: The author or presenter of the document as published.

Author list: A complete listing of all authors in the IEEE Xplore™

database, which can be accessed from the Author search page.

You can browse this list using the browse letters, or you can

search for a particular author using the Quick Find feature.

Clicking on an author name returns a list of articles and presenta-

tions by that author.

Back button: A button on the browser toolbar that enables you

to go to the previously viewed page. For example, while viewing a

list of search results, you can click the Back button to return to

the search page that generated those results.

Browse letters: An alphabet of clickable links appearing on the

Journals, Conference Proceedings, Standards, and Author pages.

Clicking on a letter allows you to jump to that section of the list of

titles.

Browser: The viewing software through which you use IEEE

Xplore™. Currently, IEEE Xplore™ operates within Microsoft

Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, versions 4.0 or higher.

Catalog number: The IEEE Catalog Number for the document.

Clear button: Clears the search query box (or boxes) so you can

reenter your search criteria.

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CODEN: A unique alphanumeric code assigned to serial and

monographic publications and used as a permanent identifier. The

CODEN system was developed in 1963 by the American Society

for Testing and Materials for scientific and technical publications,

but has since expanded in scope. In 1975, the Chemical Abstracts

Service assumed responsibility for the assignment and dissemina-

tion of CODEN designations.

Colloquium: A meeting or conference, usually conducted by the

IEE.

Conference date: Date of the conference where the paper was

presented.

Conference proceedings list: A complete listing of all confer-

ence proceedings in the IEEE Xplore™ database which can be

accessed from the Conference Proceedings page. You can browse

this list using the browse letters, or you can search for a particular

conference using the Quick Find feature. Clicking on a conference

title returns a list of volumes for that conference.

Conference title: The name of a conference or meeting.

Country: The country in which the conference was held.

Document: An article, paper, or standard stored as a record in

IEEE Xplore™.

Document type: A legend on the Search Results page that

describes the publication category of the documents listed in the

results. CNF indicates conference proceedings, JNL indicates

periodicals (journals and magazines), and STD indicates

standards.

End page: The ending page of the article within the publication.

Evidence operator: An operator in search syntax that enables

you to expand a search word into a list of related words to be

used in addition to the original search word to retrieve document

matches.

FAQ Button: A button that appears on the IEEE Xplore™ banner

that provides a link to a list of frequently asked questions.

Field: A specific type of information within an abstract/citation

record. For example, the AUTHORS field, abbreviated au, contains

the name of the author of the document.


Glossary

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Fields list: A list of commonly used field codes that appears on

the Advanced Search page. Click More to see a complete list of

available field codes.

Fields menu: A pull-down menu on the Basic Search page that

allows you to select a specific field in which to search for the

associated search text.

Full-page image: A digital representation of an article, paper, or

standard in its published form. In IEEE Xplore™, full-page images

are in portable document format (PDF).

Go button: A button appearing on the Journals, Conference

Proceedings, Standards, and Author pages that starts the Quick

Find process.

Help button: A button appearing on the IEEE Xplore™ banner

that provides a link to online help.

HTML Full-Text button: A link appearing next to documents

listed on a Search Results or Table of Contents page, or at the top

of an Abstract/Citation page, if HTML format is available. Click on

the link to view the full text of the document in HTML format.

IEL: IEEE/IEE Electronic Library: A digital library of all articles,

conference papers, and standards published by IEEE and IEE since

1988.

INSPEC: An English-language information service providing a

bibliographic database of abstracts compiled from scientific and

technical literature, of which IEEE Xplore™ uses a subset.

ISBN: The International Standard Book Number: a four-part, ten-

character identifying code given a book (a non-serial literary

publication) before publication. The four parts are: group identifier

(e.g., national, geographic, language); publisher identifier; title

identifier; title identifier; and check digit. Started by British

publishers in 1967, the standard book number has been an

international standard since 1969. The numbering system is

administered among cooperating publishers in participating

countries by a standard book numbering agency. Most IEEE

Xplore™ conference publications have a unique ISBN.

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ISSN: The International Standard Serial Number: the international

numerical code that identifies a serial publication, based on

American National Standard Identification Number for Serial

Publications, Z39.9-1971, and approved by the International

Organization for Standardization as ISO 3297, International

Standard Serial Numbering. The ISSN program became operative

in the United States in 1971. Each IEEE Xplore™ transaction,

magazine, and journal publication has a unique ISSN.

Issue list: The issue list appears on the left side of the

Publication page, which is accessed by clicking a title on the

Journals page. Recent Issues are listed at the top, followed by a

listing of Previous Years. If you click on a year, the list of recent

issues is replaced by a list of issues for that year. Click on an issue

to access its table of contents.

Issue number: The number that uniquely identifies an issue of a

periodical or newspaper.

Issue part number: The number that uniquely identifies part of

an issue of a periodical or newspaper.

Journal: As used in IEEE Xplore™, any serial publication such as

a journal or magazine.

Journals list: A complete listing of all journals in the IEEE

Xplore™ database which can be accessed from the Journals page.

You can browse this list using the browse letters, or you can

search for a particular journal using the Quick Find feature.

Clicking on a journal title returns a list of issues from that journal.

Login button: A button located on the Log-in page that starts the

login process.

Logout button: A button that appears on the IEEE Xplore™

navigation menu that allows you to log out of the IEEE Xplore™

site.

Magnification: The size of the displayed page image, adjusted as

a percentage.

Matches: Records that meet search criteria and are listed on the

search results list.

More About menu: A list of links on the right side of the Home

page that lead to information about subscription packages. For

more information, see subscription packages.


Glossary

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Navigation bar: The banner at the top of each IEEE Xplore™

page that provides links to pages in IEEE’s main web site.

Navigation menu: The buttons at the left of each page that let

you navigate the pages within IEEE Xplore™.

Navigation numbers: Page numbers that appear at the bottom

of each Search Results page, allowing you to go to the results

pages generated by the search. Click a page number, or click Next

to go to the next page and Previous to go to the previous page.

Next button: A button that displays the next screen of results.

Not operator: Indicates the relationship between your search

criteria. Not means the results should not match this particular

criterion.

Operator: A syntax element in the search query language that

describes a relationship to another element. Commonly used

operators are <and>, <or>, and <not>.

Operators list: A list of commonly used search operators that

appears on the Advanced Search page. Click More to see a

complete list of available operators.

Operators menu: A pull-down menu on the Basic Search page

that allows you to specify the relationship between several search

strings using the <and>, <or>, and <not> operators.

Or operator: Indicates the relationship between your search

criteria. Or means results should match any one criterion.

Order of precedence: The order in which IEEE Xplore™

processes the parts of a search query. IEEE Xplore™ processes

Advanced Search queries from left to right, with items in

parentheses processed first. For a search specified in query boxes

on the Basic Search page, IEEE Xplore™ processes the specifica-

tion from the top down, so the first operator takes precedence

over the second operator.

Organize search results: An option in Basic and Advanced

Search that specifies how many records to include in one web

page of search results, in what order, and according to what

criteria.

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Password: Part of the log-in information you enter on the Log-in

page. Note that you may have two passwords — an IEEE member

password and a subscriber institution password — that allow

access to different documents. You create your IEEE member

password through the Establish an IEEE Web Account page.

Passwords may be up to eight alphanumeric characters long.

PDF: PDF (Portable Document Format) is a format that maintains

the page layout, color, graphics, and typography of the original

document. It can be viewed onscreen or printed from any type of

computer, using the Adobe Acrobat Reader software.

PDF Full-Text link: A link appearing next to documents listed on

a Search Results or Table of Contents page, or at the top of an

Abstract/Citation page. Click on the link to view the full text of the

document in PDF format.

PDF page viewer navigation buttons: Use the Adobe Acrobat

page viewer navigation buttons to:

Display the first page of the document.

Display the previous page.

Display the next page.

Display the last page of the document.

PDF page viewer supplemental navigation bar: Use the

Adobe Acrobat page viewer supplemental navigation bar choices

to:

Go directly to a page image.

Increase or decrease the image size by a specific

percentage.

Select whether images are displayed as

individual pages or in a continuous stream.

PDF page viewer toolbar (subset): Use these tools in the

Adobe Acrobat page viewer toolbar to:

Print the full-page image.

Display the image at 100%.




Glossary

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Personal security identifier: A reminder word to help you

recover your password if you forget it. You define this identifier

when you set up an IEEE Web Account.

Previous button: A button that displays the previous screen of

results.

POP: Proceedings Order Plans. Digital libraries of IEEE conference

proceedings from 1998 forward.

Printer format icon: An icon( ) that allows you to

change the display to a format that is better for printing.

Publication date: The date of publication of the document.

Publication information: Links to information about the

publication and information for authors. These links appear on the

right side of the Publication page under the Quick Search box.

Publication name: The name of the publication in which an

article or paper appears.

Publisher: The publisher of the document in which an article or

paper appears.

Publisher location: The city and state or province in which the

publisher of an article is located.

Query: A command to find and select records from a database,

often according to specific criteria.

Quick find box: A text box appearing on the Journals,

Conference Proceeding, Standards, and Author pages that filters

the titles in the IEEE Xplore™ database (or authors in the case of

an author search) for the search text entered.

Record: The bibliographic information associated with each

article, paper, and standard in the IEEE Xplore™ database.

Reference list: In the abstract/citation record, the bibliographic

references for the article, with hyperlinks to the referenced

documents’ abstracts and PDF full-text if the document is in the

IEEE Xplore™ database.

Relevance ranking: The determination of relevance of a search

result to the query that generated it, according to the number of

occurrences of the search term(s) in the resulting document.

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Score: The relevance ranking based on the number of

occurrences in the matching document of the search criteria you

specified.

Scroll bar: Use the scroll-bar elements to move through the list:

Scrolls up one line.

Scrolls entire list up and down.

Scrolls down one line.

Search Again query box: An area that appears on the Search

Results page that lets you modify your last query. After modifying

the query, click Search Again.

Search button: Generates a list of documents that meet your

search criteria.

Search expression: A combination of search text, operators, and

field codes that forms part of a search query.

Search Options box: An area on the Basic and Advanced search

pages that allows you to limit records searched and change the

results format.

Search query box: A text box on a search page where you enter

your search query.

Search result: On the Search Results page, a description of a

document stored in IEEE Xplore™ that matches the search criteria

supplied on the Author, Basic, Advanced, or Quick Search pages.

The description includes the document title, which if clicked takes

you to the Citation and Abstract page.

Search results button: A link appearing at the top of an

Abstract/Citation page. Click the link to return to your list of search

results.

Search results legend: A legend appearing on the Search

Results page, indicating that JNL stands for journals, CNF stands

for conference proceedings, and STD stands for standards. These

letters appear next to the results listings to indicate the type of

publication.


Glossary

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Search results summary: Information at the top of the Search

Results page that tells you how many documents matched your

search criteria out of the total number of documents stored in

IEEE Xplore™, the number of documents listed on the current

page, and the sort order of the results list.

Search text: Words, partial words, and phrases you enter in a

search query box to find matching information in IEEE Xplore™

database records. You can search for exact matches or variations

of words and phrases. You can use field codes and search

operators with your search text to form search expressions.

Select publication types: Choices on the Basic and Advanced

search pages that limit a search to journals, conference proceed-

ings, and/or standards.

Select years to search: Choices on the Basic and Advanced

search pages specifying that IEEE Xplore™ should look for the

search text in documents from a particular range of years.

Sponsoring Society: An IEEE society that sponsors or produces

a particular publication. This link appears on the right side of the

Publication page under the Quick Search box.

Standard number: The identifying number of an IEEE standard.

Standards list: A complete listing of all standards in the IEEE

Xplore™ database which can be accessed from the Standards

page. You can browse this list using the browse letters, or you can

search for a particular standard using the Quick Find feature.

Stem variation: The base word for which you are searching,

plus endings including plurals, -ing, and -ed.

Subject term: A significant word used as a descriptor of the

subject of an article or paper.

Table of contents listing: A listing of an article, conference

paper, or standard on a table of contents page. It contains the title,

author (if applicable), and page number.

Thesaurus: A compilation of terms showing synonyms and

hierarchical and other relationships and dependencies, the usual

function of which is to provide a standardized, controlled vocabu-

lary for an information storage and retrieval system. The IEEE

Xplore™ thesaurus enables searching for terms with similar

meanings to the search terms you provide. The IEEE Xplore™

thesaurus is based on the INSPEC thesaurus.

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Truncation: Specification of part of a word, to which you add

wildcard characters to represent the remainder of the word.

User name: Part of the log-in information you enter on the Log-in

page. Note that you may have two user names — an IEEE member

name and a subscriber institution name — that may allow access

to different documents. Member user names are created through

the Establish an IEEE Web Account page. Subscriber user names

are generated when the subscription is initiated.

Volume: The publication volume in which the article appears.

Volume list: The volume list appears on the left side of the

Publication page, which is accessed by clicking a title on the

Conference Proceedings page. All volumes for the conference are

listed, plus a list of conference proceedings from previous years if

available. Click on a volume to access its table of contents.

Welcome graphic: A graphic that appears on the Home page. If

you hold the mouse pointer over the section headings on the

navigation menu (Welcome to IEEE Xplore™, Tables of

Contents, Search, and Member Services), the graphic changes

to text that provides more information about the section.

Wildcard character: A character used in search queries to

represent one or more unspecified characters. The “*” wildcard

character represents “any or no characters” and the “?” wildcard

character represents “any single character.”


Glossary

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60

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AAbstract, 43Abstract/Citation page, 44Access denials, 6Accessing IEEE Xplore™, 5Account (IEEE web), 5Adobe Acrobat Reader, 3, 45Advanced search, 27

examples, 35overview, 27performing, 28results format, 41when to use, 28writing a query, 28

All-society periodicals package, 3And operator, 19Articles, 22

search examples, 22, 35ASPP, 3Author list, 14Author names (formatting), 15Author search, 13, 14

examples, 24, 36overview, 13performing, 14

BBasic search, 17

examples, 22multiple criteria, 19order of precedence, 20overview, 17

performing, 18results format, 41

Bibliographic citation (viewing), 43Broadening a search, 42Browse functions, 4Browse letters, 4, 10Browser requirements, 3Browsing publications, 10

locating, 10, 11Browsing tables of contents, 10By author search, 14, 15

examples, 24, 36formatting names, 15

CChanging the results format, 41Citation record, 1

structure, 1viewing, 43

Collections, 2IEEE Xplore™, 2subscriptions to, 2

Colloquia, 2Combining search expressions, 19Conference proceedings, 2

locating, 10, 11search examples, 22, 35viewing, 12

Conference Proceedings Order Plan, 3

Index

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DDatabase, 1

collections, 2IEEE Xplore™, 1record structure, 1

EEditing a query, 43Establishing an IEEE web account, 6Examples, 22

advanced searches, 35article searches, 22, 35author searches, 24, 36conference proceeding searches, 22, 35journal searches, 22, 35keyword searches, 25, 37magazine searches, 22, 35presentation searches, 23, 35presenter searches, 24, 36standards searches, 23, 36subject term searches, 25, 37

FFields, 30, 34Formatting author names, 15

names, 15Formatting search results, 41Full-text, 44

viewing, 44, 45

GGeneral public (logging in), 6

HHelp, 47HTML full-text (viewing), 44

IIEEE electronic library, 2IEEE member (logging in), 6IEEE Standards (locating), 2

locating, 10IEEE web account, 6IEEE Xplore™, 1

accessing, 5collections, 2record structure, 1requirements, 3subscription packages, 2web site, 4, 5

IEL Online, 2

62

In operator, 31, 33, 34Internet browser, 3Issues (selecting), 11

JJournals, 2

locating, 10, 11search examples, 22, 35viewing, 11, 12

KKeyword, 27

search examples, 25, 37

LLiteral matches, 30Locating an author, 14Locating publications, 10, 11Log-in page, 6Logging in, 6

MMagazines, 2

locating, 10, 11search examples, 22, 35viewing, 11, 12

Member services, 5Members (logging in), 6Multiple criteria, 19

NNames (formatting), 15Narrowing a search, 42Near operator, 31Not operator, 31, 34

OOnline help, 47Operators, 31Or operator, 19Order of precedence, 20Organizing the results format, 41Overview, 1

accessing IEEE Xplore™, 5advanced search, 27, 28author search, 13basic search, 17browse functions, 4collections, 2establishing an IEEE web account, 5

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IEEE Xplore™, 1Logging in, 6online help, 47search functions, 4search query syntax, 29search results, 39tables of contents, 9

PPage viewer, 45Paragraph operator, 31PDF full-text, 45Personal security identifier, 6Performing

advanced searches, 28author searches, 14basic searches, 18

Phrase operator, 31POP, 3POP ALL, 3Presentations, 23

search examples, 22, 35Presenter, 24

search examples, 24, 36Printing search results, 43Proceedings of the IEEE, 2Proceedings Order Plan All, 3

QQueries, 18

constructing, 18editing, 42syntax, 29writing, 28, 32

Quick Find, 10

RRecord structure, 1Reference list, 44Refining a search, 42Results, 40

changing format, 41printing, 43search, 40viewing, 40

Revising a search, 42


Index

SSearch examples, 22

advanced, 35articles, 22, 35author, 24, 36basic, 22by author, 24, 36conference proceedings, 22, 35journals, 22, 35keyword, 25, 37magazines, 22, 35presentations, 22, 35presenter, 24, 36standards, 23, 36subject term, 25, 37

Search functions, 4Search queries, 32

editing, 42writing, 32

Search query syntax, 29Search results, 39

changing format, 41overview, 39printing, 43viewing, 40

Searchingadvanced, 28, 35basic, 18broadening, 42by author, 13, 14by exclusion, 30examples, 22fields, 34for initials, 31for multiple criteria, 19formatting names, 15in fields, 30literal matches, 30narrowing, 42order of precedence, 20overview, 17, 27revising, 42with wildcard characters, 33

Sentence operator, 31Setting up an IEEE web account, 6Sorting results, 41Standards, 2

locating, 10search examples, 23, 36

Stem variations, 30Subscribers (logging in), 6Subscription packages, 2Syntax (search query), 29

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TTables of Contents, 9

viewing, 12Thesaurus operator, 32, 34Transactions, 2

locating, 10, 11viewing, 12

VViewing, 7, 14

abstracts, 43Advanced Search page, 28Basic search page, 18By Author page, 14citation record, 43HTML documents, 44log-in, 7PDF full-text, 45search results, 40tables of contents, 12

Volumes (selecting), 11

WWeb account (establishing an IEEE), 6Wildcard characters, 33Wildcard operator, 32Writing a query, 28, 32, 42

YYear, 41

64

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Index

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ieee search papers

Documents