ieee pes gm 2012 pgm presentation

8/9/2019 Ieee Pes Gm 2012 Pgm Presentation

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New Energy Horizons

Opportunities and Challenges

Performance of Relaying

During Wide-area Stressed Conditions

IEEE Power Systems Relaying Committee

C12 Working Group Report

Presented y Pratap !ysoreH"R Engineering In#$

%uly 2&' 2(12'

San "iego' C)


2/45

New Energy Horizons


C12 Working Group

C*air+ "amir No,osel

-i#e #*air+ George .artok

!emers+

)$ )postolo,/ !$ .ego,i#/ 0$ .e*rendt/ G$ .enmouyal/ !$.loder/ S$ .ra*ma' G$ .runello/ )$ .uanno/ $ Calero/ !$Carpenter/ %$ "e la Ree/ )$ "erona/ W$ Elmore' W$Hartmann/ G$ Henneerg' S$ Horowitz/ S$ Imai/ )$%o*nson/ .$ 0asztenny/ .$ 0ennedy/ P$ 0errigan/ S$ 0im/C$W$ 3iu/ -$ !adani/ P$!ysore/ S$ Saygin' !$ S*a*/ %$Soe*ren/ -$ 4erzia' "$ 4ziou,aras/ !$ -enkata/ S$Ward/"$ Ware/ 4$ Wiedman/ .$ Wosz#zyk


3/45

New Energy Horizons


C12 WG Report Organization

"es#ription and detailed analysis o5 #auses t*at lead to widearea disturan#e

Relay e*a,ior under stressed #onditions

ield e6perien#e and e6amples

Solutionsto mitigate undesired operations$ Report a,ailale on t*e PSRC wesite+

*ttp+77www$pes8psr#$org7
http://www.pes-psrc.org/http://www.pes-psrc.org/


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New Energy Horizons


lackouts

In#rease in 5re9uen#y o5 maor' #ostly' la#kouts sin#e :;result?@ o5 our de#isions

)nalysis o5 disturan#es re,eals some #ommon t*reads+

Prote#tion e9uipment *as *ad maor impa#t on disturan#e propagation+

)ddress solutions to pre,ent propagationA

Propagation o5 t*e la#kout #an e arrested

Restoration time #an e redu#ed

It is not possile to a,oid multiple #ontingen#y initiated la#kouts'

*owe,er+

4*e proaility' size and impa#t o5 wide area

la#kouts #an e redu#edA


5/45

New Energy Horizons


!ndesired" !ne#pected Relay

Operation During a Distur$ance

Sometimes #ontriutes to t*e propagation$

)ug$ 1


6/45

New Energy Horizons


%actors &nfluencing Relay Performance

During a Wide 'rea Distur$ance

Conditions not #onsidered in t*e relay

settings #riteria = !ultiple #ontingen#ies'

se,ere o,erload #ondition' system ,oltage and

5re9uen#y e6#ursions eyond t*e normal

operating range$

Hidden 5ailures in t*e s#*eme$


7/45

New Energy Horizons


Causes of Wide 'rea Distur$ance

In,ol,es a #omination o5+

-oltage instaility7 ,oltage #ollapse

)ngular instaility

-oltage7 re9uen#y e6#ursions

Small Signal Instaility

Hig* e9uipment loading and *ig* power trans5ers/

Hig* system unalan#e


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New Energy Horizons


(oltage &nsta$ility

Inaility to maintain ,oltage so t*at ot* power and ,oltage are#ontrollale

4ypi#al s#enario+ *ig* system loading' 5ollowed y a 5ault' line o,erload

or generators *itting an e6#itation limit

Grid o,erloads' more rea#ti,e power #onsumed and ,oltages drop

ollowed y motors stalling at lower ,oltages

How t*e system gets to t*e knee pointF

Continuous load growt*

Generator *its t*e rea#ti,e limit andt*e P- #ur,e s*i5ts

Contingen#y #auses t*e knee pointF to

s*i5t to a lower #riti#al load ,alueReal

Power

Voltage

Margin

Pre-contingencycase

Post-contingencycase

PV Curve

108% Peak- in 3 years

100% Peak

Margin

108% Peak


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New Energy Horizons


(oltage )#cursions

lu#tuations eyond t*e a##epted operating range$ Can o##ur due to *ea,y loads' sudden loss o5 load'

!otor Starting' Swit#*ing operations #apa#itor7

rea#tors$

!ore #ontrollale t*an -oltage instaility7#ollapse$

3ong term ,ariations = se,eral minutes$

S*ort term = 1(82( ms or 5ew #y#les/ E6#ursions are

typi#ally larger t*an long term ,ariations su#* as

t*ose during 5aults$


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New Energy Horizons


*ransient 'ngular &nsta$ility

Caused y t*e rotor dynami#s o5generators w*en t*ey a##elerate at

di55erent speeds

ut8o58Step Relaying

"o not trip on re#o,erale swings

Separate t*e out o5 step segments

Separate to mat#* generation and load

"etailed staility studies re9uired

"ete#ting t*e multi8area out8o58step may

e re9uired

P

0 180

Equal-area: A1 > A !> insta"ility

Fault

0

CR

L

PF

Pre-fault

A1

Post-fault

A

P0

PC

R


11/45

New Energy Horizons


Small Signal &nsta$ility

Inaility o5 power system to restore a state o5 e9uilirium5ollowing a small disturan#e$

Primarily due to Generator rotors swinging relati,e to one

anot*er$

($181 HD etween inter8area$

182 HD 8 lo#al plant mode$

ndamped os#illations #an rea#* #ontrol limits or result in

prote#ti,e relay operation$

Power System Stailizers >PSS@ o55set negati,e dampingand supplement e6#itation #ontrol$


12/45

New Energy Horizons


+ig, )uipment .oading and +ig,

Po/er *ransfers

Stressed #onditions o5ten o##ur at or near t*esystem peak load$

4*is #ould e poor power 5a#tor loads generating

*ig* #urrent 5low t*roug* e9uipment$ Hig* temperatures may result in #ondu#tor sag

and insulation 5ailures propagating t*edisturan#e$


13/45

New Energy Horizons


Cold .oad Pickup

3oss o5 load di,ersity a5ter a long outage$

Cold load pi#k up is t*e inrus* #urrent during

restoration o5 load$

Inrus* #urrent #ould e se,eral times t*e normalload$

Can #ause o,er#urrent relay operation$


14/45

New Energy Horizons


%reuency )#cursion

##urs due to imalan#e o5 generation and load$

Caused y ,ariation in load or generation/ system

5aults or line swit#*ing$

E6#essi,e load #auses de#line in 5re9uen#y$ E6#essi,e generation #auses in#rease in 5re9uen#y$


15/45

New Energy Horizons


+ig, System !n$alance

Current nalan#e due to asymmetry o5 transmission

line #on5igurations = E6$8untransposed lines$

Hea,y loading generates neg$ se9$ #urrent as *ig* as

1& and zero se9$ #urrent as *ig* as 1( o5 t*e pos$

se9$ #urrent$

"uring single pole tripping #onditions$


16/45

New Energy Horizons


Protection e,a0ior During Stressed

Conditions

4*e report addresses issues wit* t*e 5ollowing+

4ransmission line prote#tion

4rans5ormer prote#tion

Generator Prote#tion

.us Prote#tion

S*unt Rea#tor7 Capa#itor Prote#tion

eeder Prote#tion !otor Prote#tion


17/45

New Energy Horizons


&mpact of %reuency )#cursion

55 =nominal 5re9uen#y operation a55e#ts most o5 t*e

mi#ropro#essor8ased relays$

Relays make use o5 5undamental 5re9uen#y#omponents 5or t*eir prote#tion 5un#tion$

P*asor estimation te#*ni9ues in !i#ropro#essor8

ased relays work well at nominal 5re9uen#y$


18/45

New Energy Horizons


%reuency Response of t,e %ull-cycle

%ourier P,asor )stimator

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

GAIN

frequency, Hz

Nominal Frequency

Upper Envelope

Lower Envelope


19/45

New Energy Horizons


P,asor )stimation- Off-nominal

%reuency Response

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

GAIN

frequency, Hz

Off-Nominal Frequency

The estimated magnitude oscillatesbetween the upper and lower envelopes

momentary overestimation

momentary underestimation

8 re9uen#y 4ra#kingalgorit*ms areslow7 may stoptra#king during adisturan#e$

8 E55e#t on Currentdi55erentials#*emes arein#onse9uential$


20/45


21/45

New Energy Horizons


+ea0y O0erloads

!ay result in 5aults lines sagging into trees or e9uipmentdamage

"istan#e relays pi#k up i5 o,erloads not relie,ed 8 Done B

tripping as Relay dete#ts t*is as t*ree p*ase 5ault

4*ermal line prote#tion' usually not widely used in t*e S

R

X

ZLoad

ZArc

ZLine

Zone 2

Zone 3


22/45

New Energy Horizons


.oad )ncroac,ment .ogic

!et*ods ),ailale

to pre,ent relay

operation 5or loads


23/45

New Energy Horizons


one Summary

Done B #annot e aritrarily remo,ed wit*out re,iewing #on#rete prote#tionappli#ations and alternati,es

Prote#tion )ppli#ations and Settings S*ould not inter5ere wit* peration

Condu#tor 4*ermal Ratings' Sagging' and Re8rating

New installations or upgrades using mi#ropro#essor relays #an minimize

e55e#ts o5 load en#roa#*ment

W*ere #on5li#t etween impedan#e set points and load en#roa#*ment use

alternati,e prote#tion met*ods

"ire#t 4rans5er 4rip

3ine di55erential relays

se o5 adapti,e prote#tion or multi8setting groups


24/45

New Energy Horizons


Po/er S/ing Detection and

'pplication of Relays

Slow -ariation o5 -oltage and #urrent instead o5 astep #*ange during 5aults$

4*ree p*ase alan#ed p*enomenon$

Power swings may #ause unwanted Relay operationsat lo#ations t*at #an lead to #as#ading outages$

Relay appli#ations on transmission lines 5or powerswing lo#king and out o5 step #onditions are #o,ered

in dept* in t*e report produ#ed y IEEE PSRC a5ter)ugust 1


25/45

New Energy Horizons


Po/er S/ing locking Relay 3PS4

PS. = dis#riminates etween 5aults and power swings >Stale

and unstale@$

.lo#ks relay elements prone to operate during stale and

unstale power swings$ )llows relay elements to operate during 5aults or 5or 5aults t*at

e,ol,e during ut o5 step #onditions$


26/45

New Energy Horizons


Out of Step *ripping Relay 3OS*4

"is#riminates etween stale and unstale power

swings$

Initiates system area separation at pre8determined

points to maintain staility$

Prote#tion p*ilosop*y is simple ut' proper

implementation re9uires transient staility studies$


27/45

New Energy Horizons


Out of Step Relay C,aracteristics

Narrow Juadrilateral 5un#tion

R

X

a

R

X

b

R

X

c

R

X

d

dR

dX

Bus R

Bus S

Swing locus

X

R

#a$

Finite tie inside t!e

narrow "uad #one

Bus R

Bus S

Swing locus

X

R

#"$

$!en fault t!e locus

sto%s at t!e fault

%osition

Bus R

Bus S

X

R

#c$

Selecti&e #one

Bus R

Bus S

X

R

#$

'e%endabilit( for

close in faults) sall

o&ertri%%ing s%ots


28/45

New Energy Horizons


'pplication of Super-imposed

Component


29/45


30/45

New Energy Horizons


Distance Relay Operation During

Off-nominal %reuency

-

nI D

I

nP I D -=

!PC3 -=

IZs

IR

IX

-

nI D

I

nP I D -=

!PC3 -=

IZs

IR

IX

B((


31/45

New Energy Horizons


Solutions- %reuency *racking and

Compensation

Numeri#al relays adapt estimation algorit*ms to

maintain a##ura#y during slow #*anges in

5re9uen#y$

Suggested met*ods 5or memory polarized relays+!emory ,oltage is used

nly during 5ault #onditions wit* t*e use o5 5ault

dete#tors$

nly i5 t*e a,ailale ,oltage is elow a le,el$

O i i S


32/45

New Energy Horizons


Ot,er *ransmission Sc,emes and

'pplications

Current di55erential )symmetri# C*annel delays may #ause misoperation

Harmoni#s or 5re9uen#y de,iation may a55e#t

depending on t*e 5iltering te#*ni9ue used$

Generally not a55e#ted y ot*er stressed #onditions$

Parallel lines

!ulti84erminal and 4apped lines

Series #ompensated lines

Hig* speed #ommuni#ation s#*eme #onsiderations


33/45

New Energy Horizons


*ransformer Protection

4*ermal Pro,ides prote#tion against loss o5 li5e o5 t*e trans5ormer

sed 5or tripping i5 top oil or Winding 4emperaturee6#eeds a set point

,er#urrent ,erload prote#tion > Some degree o5 t*ermal

Prote#tion@$

4ypi#ally set to 1B( to 2(( o5 t*e top rating$

!ay operate during temporary o,erloads$


34/45

New Energy Horizons


*ransformer *,ermal" O0ercurrent

Relay Solutions

Super,isory #ontrol a#tion ased on top oil and windingtemperature allowing loss o5 li5e during stressed #onditions

will pre,ent tripping during temporary o,erloads$

Se#ond di55erential s#*eme pro,ides re9uired redundan#y

instead o5 using o,er#urrent relays$


35/45

New Energy Horizons


*ransformer O0er )#citation

Protection

4rans5ormer di55erential relays not e9uipped wit* 5i5t*

*armoni# restraint may trip$

4*e restraint may lo#k operation resulting in 5ailure o5

t*e trans5ormer$ =)ug$1(' 1;;M Cali5ornia disturan#e

resulted in 5our 2B( k- trans5ormer 5ailures during o,er

,oltage 7under85re9uen#y #onditions$

Re#ommended to use -7HD prote#tion on all

trans5ormers$


36/45

New Energy Horizons


*ransformer Differential Protection

ses 2nd '


37/45


38/45

New Energy Horizons


Generator Protection &ssues5 con6

3oss o5 ield Prote#tion 8 Pi#ked up during stalepower swings$ Were not #oordinated wit* e6#itation

#ontrol and limit settings$

nder re9uen#y relays = were not #oordinated wit*

manu5a#turer re#ommendation on low 5re9uen#y

turine operation$ Not re9uired on Hydro units$ No

,oltage super,ision

nknown #auses due to la#k o5 data re#orders$ IEEE PSRC wesite 8 Per5orman#e o5 Generator prote#tion

during maor system disturan#eF


39/45

New Energy Horizons


Generator Relay Coordination

)normal -oltage Prote#tion = !ust #oordinatewit* #ontrol systems allowing operation o5generator and e6#itation system outside t*eirsa5ety limit$

.a#kup prote#tion =3imit t*e rea#* o5 t*ese relaysto #oordinate settings wit* o,erload$ S*ould#oordinate wit* us relays and reaker 5ailurerelays$

or ,oltage #ontrolled relays' t*e ,oltage setting is setelow t*e lowest system operating ,oltage$


40/45

New Energy Horizons


Generator Relay Coordination

3oss o5 ield Prote#tion+ Can trip on re#o,erale powerswing$ Studies needed to determine t*e re9uired time

delay$

,er E6#itation+ -7HD relay s*ould e #oordinated wit*

generator and trans5ormer #apailities and wit* !inimumE6#itation 3imit #ontrol$

ut o5 Step = System studies needed to determine proper

setting$ 4ypi#ally set to trip only on unstale swings$

nder re9uen#y load s*edding relays s*ould e#oordinated wit* generator under 5re9uen#y relay$


41/45

New Energy Horizons


us Protection

"i55erential prote#tion$

C4 saturation dete#tion may lo#k relay during *ig*

#urrent 5lows$

)dapti,e prote#tion s#*eme is proposed in t*e report touse 2 out o5 BF ,oting s#*eme during system stressed

#onditions$


42/45

New Energy Horizons


Ot,er Protection Sc,emes

eeder Prote#tion = !ay operate under #old load pi#k up

#onditions$ Settings are #oordinated to pre,ent operation

during t*is situation$

!otor Prote#tion = impa#ted y anormal ,oltage or

5re9uen#y operation$ IEEE guide to !otor Prote#tion

addresses t*ese issues$


43/45

New Energy Horizons


&mpro0ing Protection Performance

Prote#tion #oordination studies a#ross regions and wit*in in t*e

region$

#oordination wit* e9uipment #ontrol and prote#tion

Study and re,iew prote#tion designs on a regular asis' as system

#onditions #*ange

),oid *idden 5ailures y ade9uate testing o5 not only indi,idual

relays' ut also o,erall relay appli#ations

In#rease t*e se#urity o5 prote#tion design in t*e areas ,ulneraleto la#kouts

-oting s#*emes are implemented y some utilities$


44/45

New Energy Horizons


Conclusions

Prote#ti,e systems are o5ten in,ol,ed in maor wide

area disturan#es' sometimes pre,enting 5urt*er

propagation and sometimes #ontriuting to t*e

spread$ 4*e report identi5ies key system #onditions t*at

a55e#t t*e prote#tion per5orman#e' des#ries pro,en

met*ods and re#ommendations to impro,e t*e

prote#tion per5orman#e$


45/45

New Energy Horizons


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ieee pes gm 2012 pgm presentation

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