ieee nashville chapter
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
zzzzzzzzzTechnology Roadmap for Grid Automation
IEEE Nashville Chapter
November 2010
© 2010 by R. W. Beck, An SAIC Company. All Rights Reserved.
![Page 2: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Projected Expenditures 2010 - 2030
Substation
Power Plant$700B1
Transmission$300 – 400B1
2
Utility ControlDistribution
$500 – 800B1
Customers 1 SOURCE: Edison Foundation, Transforming America’s Power Industry: The Investment Challenge 2010-2030
![Page 3: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Smart Grid
� Overlay of a communication and information system on top of the existing power system for purposes of visibility and control
3
and control
![Page 4: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Smart Grid
DOE’s Characteristics of the “Smart Grid”
1. Be able to heal itself
2. Motivate consumers to actively manage their energy consumption
4
energy consumption
3. Resist attack
4. Provide higher reliability and quality of power
5. Accommodate all generation and storage options
6. Enable electricity markets to flourish
7. Run more efficiently
![Page 5: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Federal Story on the Smart Grid
� $4 Billion in Stimulus Funding
� $3.4 Billion in
5
$3.4 Billion in Investment Grants
� $0.6 Billion in Demonstration Projects
![Page 6: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Smart Grid – Components
� AMI and Customer Technologies
� Electric Vehicles
� Demand Response (DR)
� Distributed Resources (DG & Electric Storage)
6
Distributed Resources (DG & Electric Storage)
� Data Management (EMS, DMS, OMS)
� Substation Automation (SA)
� Distribution Automation (DA)
![Page 7: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Developing a Technology Roadmap
SCADA Upgrades
Distribution CIS IntegrationH
igh
Newly Envisioned Future
Opportunity Zone
Integrated DistributedResources
7
Customer Data
Management
Real TimeDemand
Forecasting
Asset Management
Distribution Automation
Status Quo
1 Yr 5 YrsImmediate Benefits
Long Range Benefits
10 Yrs
Low
$ Benefit
AMI
Opportunity Zone
SustainabilityPlan
![Page 8: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
� Definition of AMI refers to systems that incorporate
8
that incorporate automated meter reading, two way communications, and data management
![Page 9: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Electric Vehicles
� Plug In Electric Vehicles(PHEV) – 5kw load during charging
9
load during charging
� Vehicle to Grid (V2G) – sell demand response services to grid
![Page 10: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Demand Response
� Direct Load control of water heaters, air conditioning, etc.
10
conditioning, etc.
� Passive load control –sending price signals to customers
![Page 11: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Distributed Resources
� Solar
� Wind
� Biomass
11
� Biomass
� Diesel Generators
� Energy Storage (batteries, flywheels)
![Page 12: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Data Management
� OMS
� DMS
� EMS
12
� EMS
� SCADA
� CIS
� AMI
� Web portal
![Page 13: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Substation Automation
� Communications to Substations & line devices
13
devices
� Automated Breakers
� Microprocessor-based relays
� Voltage Optimization
![Page 14: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Self-healing T&D systems – Substation Automation
Feeder #1
Feeder #2
Bus #1
XFMR #1
Traditional Scheme(Breaker-and-a-half Bus Configuration)
N.O.N.O.
Feeder #3
Feeder #4
14
Bus #2XFMR #2
Feeder #1
Feeder #2
Bus #1
Bus #2
XFMR #1
XFMR #2
N.O.N.O.
Feeder #3
Feeder #4
Feeder #1
Feeder #2
Bus #1
Bus #2
XFMR #1
XFMR #2
N.O.N.O.
Feeder #3
Feeder #4
Advanced Scheme(Multiple Substations)
![Page 15: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
SA Architecture
15
![Page 16: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Architecture Components
� Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
� Data concentrators
� Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
16
� Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
� SCADA
� Telecommunications
![Page 17: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Communications
� Medium:
� Power line carrier
� Copper
� Fiber
17
� Fiber
� Wireless & Radio
� Peer to Peer (meters, line devices)
� Substations can serve as gateways
![Page 18: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Automated Breakers
� Breakers can house IEDs
18
� Improve remote operation
� Improve data acquisition (status, load, fault current, voltage)
![Page 19: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Microprocessor-based Relays
� Aka – Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
� Allows remote operation & data collection
Virtually eliminates
19
� Virtually eliminates mechanical failure & need for analog transducers
� Reduces overall wiring
� Enables self healing technology
� Provides decentralized data processing
![Page 20: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Technology Needs
� Microprocessor based relays
� SCADA – including communications (peer to peer)
� Model of substation equipment (traditional
20
� Model of substation equipment (traditional scheme)
� Relays settings
� Circuit ratings
� Control logic – can be decentralized
� Model of system (advanced scheme)-Centralized control logic
![Page 21: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Voltage Optimization
Benefits on both sides of the meter
without negative customer impacts
21
![Page 22: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Voltage Optimization – Not a new concept !
22
![Page 23: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Voltage Optimization(a.k.a. Conservation Voltage Regulation = CVR)
� Reduces energy consumption, demand and reactive power requirements (kWh,
23
requirements (kWh, kW, and KVar) by reducing service voltage to the low half of the ANSI 84.1 range (114-126 Volts)
![Page 24: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Conservation Voltage Regulation (CVR)
• AMI provides voltage and energy data to monitor and adjust voltage
• Conservation is achieved through avoided energy imports and behind-the-meter savings
• High confidence level of savings without depending upon customer actions128
24
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
12:00am 6:00am 12:00pm 6:00pm 12:00am
Volts
Pre-AMI Range(Higher Voltages,
Increased Losses)
Post-AMI Range(Tighter Range,
Lower Losses)
Te
rms a
nd
Co
nd
itio
ns
![Page 25: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Voltage OptimizationTypical Practice without DE or VO
� Transformer and service drop to customer additional voltage drop
� System average voltage is in upper end of ANSI range
� High fixed voltage at substation
� Voltage at end of line varies with load
� At peak load 6 to 8 V drop on a feeder
25
Secondary 4-5 V Drop
Minimum Load
Peak Load
Average Feeder Source = 123.4 V
Voltage Profile Along Feeder(Distance From Substation)
drop on a feeder
Average Customer = 120.8 V
At SubstationEnd of Feeder
126
124
120
114
ANSI Service Range
![Page 26: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Voltage OptimizationEnergy Savings ~ 2% to 3%
� Distribution system improvements flatten voltage profile
� 4 - 6 volt drop on primary feeder
� Line drop compensation lowers and raises the voltage at the substation with load
� Average system voltage is reduced
26
126
124
120
114
Peak Load
Average Feeder Source = 120.7 V
At Substation
Secondary 3- 4 V DropAverage Customer = 117.8 V
Minimum Load
ANSI Service Range
End of Feeder
Voltage Profile Along Feeder(Distance From Substation)
SCH2
![Page 27: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Slide 26
SCH2 What is the blue area? What is the black line? Why is this different from the previous illustration? Why is "At Substation" in a different location than on the last illustration? Is the "Average = 117.8 V" at the middle of the feeder? Or is that the average customer voltage over the whole feeder (the arrow inidcates it's at the middle)? Why does minimum load result in a lower voltage than maximum load (opposite of previous slide)?Stephen C. Hadden, 3/21/2010
![Page 28: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Voltage Optimization Coupled with AMI
� Accurate measurement of customer voltage
� Accurate measurement of energy savings from voltage shift
� Precise circuit voltage designRegionalOperations Center
27
AMI
AMIAMI
AMI
AMIAMI
AMI
Center
![Page 29: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Voltage Optimization with AMIEnergy Savings ~ 3% to 5%
� System improvements resolve low voltage areas identified by AMI data
� Safety margins reduced - voltage levels are know through system
� Average system voltage is reduced by an additional 1% to 2%
At Substation
28
126
124
120
114
Minimum Load
Peak Load
Average = 119.5 V
At Substation
Secondary 3-4 V Drop
Average = 116 V
Voltage Profile Along Feeder (Distance from Substation)
ANSI Service Range
End of Feeder
![Page 30: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance CVR Results
Table E-1 Summary of Voltage and Energy Results
Project Voltage Reduction
(∆V) CVRf
(%∆E/%∆V)
Project Energy Savings (MWh)1
Percent Energy Savings
Load Research 5.2 V (4.3%) 0.569 2 87 2.15%
29
Load Research 5.2 V (4.3%) 0.569 2 87 2.15%
Pilot Demonstration 3.03 V (2.5%) 0.69 8,476 2.07%
� Project Savings 8,563 MWhr (1.88 MW annually)� 345 kWhr per residential home annualized (Load Research project)
� Cost for Majority of Pilots of less than 5 Mills (Mills = $0.001/kWhr)
![Page 31: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
CVR –Distribution Efficiency Measures
� Using AMI data to balance loads across phases
� Use data for VAR management
30
� Install voltage regulators along long feeders
� Reconductor to reduce losses
� Break existing overloaded feeder up with new feeder fed from new substation position
![Page 32: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Distribution Automation
� Automated Capacitors
� Electronic Reclosers
� Line Voltage
31
� Line Voltage Regulators
� Automated Sectionalizing
� Self-Healing teams
� Lines Sensors
![Page 33: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Improved Capacitor Controls
� Improve reactive support (voltage stability)
32
stability)
� Move from no control or time based to Voltage based
![Page 34: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Capacitor Control
� Benefits of Smart capacitor control
� Reduce VARs
� Increase available T&D capacity
33
� Reduce losses
� Stabilize voltage
� Greatest value for utilities that have:
� Fixed or time or temperature controlled capacitors
� Heavy reactive load
� Avoid power factor penalties
![Page 35: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Automated Reclosers
� Sectionalizing with SCADA and DA
� Pulse reclosing –
34
� Pulse reclosing –tests for presence of a fault prior to untested reclosing
![Page 36: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Line Regulators
� Similar benefit as with substation
� Closer to load center
35
� Closer to load center
![Page 37: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Automated Sectionalizing -SCADA Mate CX Switch
S&C Current/Voltage
Interrupter
36
S&CCypoxyInsulator
Voltage Sensor
Operating mechanism
Pull-ring for manual operation
Interrupter
![Page 38: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
S&C Remote Supervisory Pad-Mounted Gear
37
![Page 39: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Automated Sectionalizing
� Reconfigures feeder by switching
� Isolates faulted line segment(s)
� Restores supply to un-faulted segment(s)
� Practiced for decades in high value situations
38
� Practiced for decades in high value situations
� New automation extends automated sectionalizing to more locations
� Better response to diverse load / fault conditions
� Benefits not typically quantified in business case
![Page 40: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Self-healing T&D systems
BreakerFeeder recloser
Tie recloser (N.O.)
Breaker
Station A
Feeder recloser
Station B
Traditional Scheme
Team One Team Two
39
Section 1 Section 2 Section 2 Section 1
Breaker Recloser #1
Station A
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Advanced Scheme
Breaker
Station B
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Tie N.O.
Recloser #2
Recloser #3
Recloser #4
Recloser #5
Recloser #1
Recloser #2
Recloser #3
Recloser #4
Recloser #5
Section 5 Section 6
Section 5 Section 6
![Page 41: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Self-healing T&D systems
Breaker Recloser #1
Station A
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Integrated Scheme
Station B Tie N.O.
Recloser #2
Recloser #3
Recloser #4
Recloser #5
Section 5 Section 6
DTeam OneTeam Five
40
Breaker Recloser #1
Station C
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Breaker
Station D
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Tie N.O.
Recloser #2
Recloser #3
Recloser #4
Recloser #5
Recloser #1
Recloser #2
Recloser #3
Recloser #4
Recloser #5
Section 5 Section 6
Section 5 Section 6
Breaker
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4
Recloser #1
Recloser #2
Recloser #3
Recloser #4
Recloser #5
Section 5 Section 6
D D
D
D D
Team Two
Team Three
Team Four
Team Six
Team Seven
Team Eight
![Page 42: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Centralized vs Decentralized Control
� Supervisory control
� Data model
� Restoration times(delays in dispatcher
41
� Restoration times(delays in dispatcher operated)
� Programming logic upgrades
� Software upgrades
� Adaptive learning – ability to look upstream
� Cost
![Page 43: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
DA Architecture
42
![Page 44: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Line Sensors
� Fault Indication
� Monitor voltage,
43
voltage, current, power quality
� Improve feeder balancing
� Reduce losses
![Page 45: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
More Efficient Circuits
� Predictive Analytics – Fault Location, Failure prevention
� Phase Balancing
� Reduced Capital Expenditures
44
� Reduced Capital Expenditures
� Reduced Losses
� Transformer “Right Sizing”
� From more accurate load data
� Fewer No-Load losses
� Increased Load Factors
� Critical Peak Pricing
� Demand Response
![Page 46: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Power Quality monitoring
� Leveraging sensors to measure voltage & current wave forms
� Using system data model, with powerflow software to analyze:
45
software to analyze:
� Harmonics
� Transient Stability
� Voltage Support & Stability
� Installation of mitigation equipment to resolve disturbances
![Page 47: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Advanced Asset Utilization
� Leverage AMI data to improve Transformer Load Management
� Other Predictive Analytics – (i.e., temperature of XMFR oil to determine if
46
temperature of XMFR oil to determine if cooling fans are working).
![Page 48: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
DA Cost/Benefit
Costs
� DMS System - ~$500k
� DA (2 feeders) - ~$120k – reclosers, mid-
47
� DA (2 feeders) - ~$120k – reclosers, mid-point sectionalizing devise, IEDs, data concentrators
Benefits
� Improve reliability, reduces losses, reduce operations costs
![Page 49: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Pitfalls to Avoid
� Communication standards between devices are many (some are propietary)
48
� Future communication standards (ie., IEC 61850)
� Not understanding the capabilities of existing & new equipment
![Page 50: IEEE Nashville Chapter](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022021308/62077c46030b51127743287d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Contact Information
Science Applications International Corporation
Keith Kerzel, PE, PMPVP, Smart Grid Infrastructure,R.W.Beck
49
131 Saundersville, Road, Suite 300
Hendersonville, TN 37075
Office: 615.431.3221
Mobile: 615.519.9415
www.saic.com/energy/utilities