ieee internet of things (iot) vertical and topical summit

Università degli studi di PerugiaDipartimento di Ingegneria

IEEE Internet of Things (IoT) Vertical and Topical Summit @RWW2021

Recent Advances and Future Directions in Industrial IoT

Paolo [email protected]

16/01/2021 1/28

IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT

IoT

16/01/2021 2/28

Present Challenges

Connectivity Sensing

IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT16/01/2021 3/28

The additional challenges of tomorrow

Manufacturing processcompatibility

Recyclability

Autonomy


Synergetic approach

• Reduced complexity

• Application oriented• Alternative sources

(RF, solar…)

• Low-power circuits

• Low-cost

• Fast

• High resolution

• Less Polluting

• Flexible

MaterialsManufacturing

Methods

System Architecture

Autonomous

Power Supply


IoT, CPS,IIoT, and Industry 4.0

IoT IIoT CPS

Ind

ust

ry 4

.0IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT16/01/2021 6/28

E. Sisinni et al., «Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions», IEEE transaction on Industrial Informatics, vol.14 n.11, Nov. 2018

IoT Vs IIoT

Consumer IoT Industrial IoT

Impact Revolution Evolution

Service Model Human-centered Machine-oriented

Current Status New devices and standards Existing devices and standards

Connectivity Ad-Hoc (infrastructure is not tolerated; nodes can be mobile)

Structured (nodes are fixed; centralized network management)

Criticality Non stringent (excluding medical applications)

Mission critical (timing, reliability, security, privacy)

Data Volume Medium to High High to Very High


IIoT Connectivity


Standardization of IIoT

• The standardization process has to face several challenges

• Currently, there is a plethora of competing standardization bodies and consortia initiatives at every layer of the IIoT

• The actual fragmentation is effectively highlighted by the ETSI technical report ETSI TR 103375

• Focusing on industrial applications, the most significant and important efforts are those carried out by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

• It is worth noting that, regarding the connectivity issues, IEC62541 is the only standard originated in the industrial vertical context

• Standardization activities for 5G targeting IIoT and critical communication is ongoing in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and falls under the umbrella of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) with the aim of providing 1 ms latency


IIoT Opportunities and Challenges

• Energy Efficiency

• Real-Time performance

• Coexistence and Interoperability

• Security and Privacy


Examples of custom IIoT Sensors

• Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture

• Dual-Frequency RFID Tag for supply chain traceability

• Harmonic-based Crack-Sensor

• Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag


Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture



Pumpkin plants divided into two groups:

▪Plants under drought stress (Tleaf-Tair=-0.33°C)

▪Plants on the verge of requiring new irrigation (Tleaf-Tair=-1.25°C)


Dual-Frequency RFID Tag for supply chain traceability

• Dual-frequency RFID Transponder :

o 13.56 MHz (NFC)

o 866 MHz (EPC Gen2)

• Identified single chip with two ports:EM4423 model of the EMMicroelectronic

• Tag integrated into the garment


Harmonic-based Crack-Sensor

Crack sensors for:

Structural health monitoring

Electronic sealing

Supply chain monitoring

Crack sensor

𝑃𝑅𝑋 =1

4

𝑃𝑇𝑋𝐺1𝑟𝐺1

𝑡𝐺2𝑡𝐺2

𝑟

𝐶𝑙𝑥

𝜆04𝜋𝑑

4

where 𝑥 = 𝑖 in intact condition

𝑥 = 𝑐 in cracked condition

2

/4 @ f0

𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑠𝑓0

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2𝑓0


V. Palazzi, F. Alimenti, P. Mezzanotte, G. Orecchini, L. Roselli, “Zero-power, long-range, ultra low-cost harmonic wireless sensors for massively distributed monitoring of cracked walls”, 2017 IEEE MTT-SInternational Microwave Symposium (IMS), 4-9 June 2017, pp.1-4.

Harmonic-based Crack-SensorIntact tag

Cracked tag

• f0=2.45 GHz (ISM band)• weight: 3 grams


Harmonic-based Crack-Sensor

• PT=25 dBm EIRP• Band-stop filter to suppress self-generated

2nd harmonic• G2,reader=14 dBi• Receiver sensitivity=-100 dBm• Tag in air• Tag-to-reader distance from 0.5 to 6 m

RX

TX and filter

Tag

Maximum read range (green) determined by receiversensitivity

Minimum read range (orange) determined by the leakage of the second harmonic

PT should be varied on the basis of the expected tag distance


Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag


✔f 0: received by an antenna insensitive to rotation

✔2 f 0: generated by a diode circuit and divided in two parts.

✔E h: directly re-transmitted in vertical polarization

✔E x: re-transmitted in horizontal polarization after a phase shifting

✔Phase shifting: determined by the sensor (contains information)

✔The two transmitted signals at 2 f 0 acts one as the reference for the other !

After F. Alimenti, L. Roselli, European Patent EP2660755, April 2013


16/01/2021 23/28

frequencydoubler

phaseshifter

powerdivider

voltagecontrol

dual polarizationoutput antennas

f 0

2 f 0

circular polarizationinput antenna

2 f 0 95 mm

95 mm

Eh

Ex

✔Physical demonstrator @ f 0 = 1.04 GHz

✔Voltage-controlled reflection type phase shifter (varactor diodes) ...

After F. Alimenti, L. Roselli, in Progress in Electromagnetic Research Journal, 2013

IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT


16/01/2021 24/28IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT

RF generatorf 0 = 1.04 GHz

TXantenna

RXantennas

TAG

Spectrum Analyzer2 f 0 = 2.08 GHz

Varactorcontrol voltage

H-polE x

V-polE y

✔The phase D f “programmed” at TAG level can be retrievedmeasuring E x (H-pol.) and E y (V-pol.) with a Spectrum Analyzer ...

✔Polarization separation: > 30 dB @ 20 cm



Scatter plot of experiments with P TX = 0 dBm

(deg.)

@ TAGrelated to thephase shifter

control voltage@ READER

retrieved byE x /E y meas.

Conclusions


• We have provided an overview of the IIoT

• The main opportunities and Challenges have been addressed

• Several examples of low-cost, low power, eco-friendly sensors for IIoT applications have been proposed

The current HFE-Lab Team


Prof. Luca Roselli Prof. Paolo Mezzanotte Prof. Federico Alimenti Eng. Valentina Palazzi(Assistant Professor)

Prof. Stefania Bonafoni Eng. Giordano Cicioni(PhD Student)

Eng. Guendalina Simoncini(PhD Student)

Eng. Raffaele Salvati(PhD Student)

References

• E. Sisinni et al., «Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions», IEEE transaction on Industrial Informatics, vol.14 n.11, Nov. 2018

• V. Palazzi, «Analysis of a multi-node system for crack monitoring based on zero-power wireless harmonic transponders on paper», IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), pp. 92-95, 2018

• V. Palazzi, «Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture», IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), pp. 1-4, 2019

• F. Alimenti and al., «Theory of Zero-Power RFID Sensors Based on Harmonic Generation and Orthogonally Polarized Antennas», Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 134, 337-357, 2013.

• P. Mezzanotte and al., « Innovative RFID Sensors for Internet of Things Applications », IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol.1 n.1, 2021.


ieee internet of things (iot) vertical and topical summit

Documents