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Growth and Evolution of Industry in India
AdvertisingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the form of communication. For other uses, seeAdvertiser (disambiguation).
"Adverts" redirects here. For the English punk band, seeThe Adverts.
Forcontent guidelineson the use of advertising in Wikipedia articles, seeWikipedia:Spam. For a proposal on
advertising about Wikipedia, seeWikipedia:Advertisements.
ACoca-Colaadvertisement from the 1890s
Marketing
Key concepts
Product marketing
Pricing
Distribution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertiser_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertiser_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertiser_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertisementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertisementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertisementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertisementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertiser_(disambiguation) -
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Service
Retail
Brand management
Account-based marketing
Ethics
Effectiveness
Research
Segmentation
Strategy
Activation
Management
Dominance
Marketing operations
Social marketing
Promotional contents
Promotional media
V
T
E
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account-based_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account-based_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_activationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_activationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Marketing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Marketing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Marketing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_activationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_segmentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account-based_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics) -
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Advertising oradvertizing[1][2][3]is a form ofcommunicationformarketingand used to encourage
orpersuadean audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some
new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial
offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. In Latin, ad vertere means to turn the
mind toward. [1] The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a
company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for bysponsorsand viewed via
varioustraditional media; includingmass mediasuch asnewspaper,magazines,television commercial,radio
advertisement,outdoor advertisingordirect mail; ornew mediasuch asblogs,websitesortext messages.
Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increasedconsumptionof theirproductsorservicesthrough
"branding," which involves associating a product name or image with certain qualities in the minds
ofconsumers.Non-commercialadvertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a consumer
product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental
agencies.Nonprofit organizationsmay rely on free modes ofpersuasion, such as apublic service
announcement(PSA).
Modern advertising was created with the innovative techniques introduced withtobacco advertisingin the
1920s, most significantly with the campaigns ofEdward Bernays, which is often considered the founder of
modern,Madison Avenueadvertising.[4][5][6]
In 2010, spending on advertising was estimated at $142.5 billion in the United States and $467 billion
worldwide[7]
Internationally, the largest ("big four") advertising conglomerates areInterpublic,Omnicom,Publicis,
andWPP.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 19th century
o 1.2 20th century
1.2.1 On the radio from the 1920s
1.2.2 Public service advertising in WW2
1.2.3 Commercial television in the 1950s
1.2.4 Media diversification in the 1960s
1.2.5 Cable television from the 1980s
1.2.6 On the internet from the 1990s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-centurydict-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-centurydict-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-GlantzModernAds-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-GlantzModernAds-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-WPP_Group_Forecasts-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-WPP_Group_Forecasts-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-WPP_Group_Forecasts-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpublichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpublichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpublichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#On_the_radio_from_the_1920shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#On_the_radio_from_the_1920shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Public_service_advertising_in_WW2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Public_service_advertising_in_WW2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Commercial_television_in_the_1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Commercial_television_in_the_1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Media_diversification_in_the_1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Media_diversification_in_the_1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Cable_television_from_the_1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Cable_television_from_the_1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#On_the_internet_from_the_1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#On_the_internet_from_the_1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#On_the_internet_from_the_1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Cable_television_from_the_1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Media_diversification_in_the_1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Commercial_television_in_the_1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Public_service_advertising_in_WW2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#On_the_radio_from_the_1920shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpublichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-WPP_Group_Forecasts-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-GlantzModernAds-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-centurydict-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-centurydict-1 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2 Advertising theory
o 2.1 Hierarchy of effects model
o 2.2 Marketing mix
3 Types of advertising
4 Sales promotions
5 Media and advertising approaches
o 5.1 Rise in new media
o 5.2 Niche marketing
o 5.3 Crowdsourcing
o 5.4 Global advertising
o 5.5 Foreign public messaging
o 5.6 Diversification
o 5.7 New technology
o 5.8 Advertising education
6 Criticisms
7 Regulation
8 Advertising research
9 Semiotics
10 Gender effects in the processing of advertising
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
[edit]History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Hierarchy_of_effects_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Hierarchy_of_effects_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Marketing_mixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Marketing_mixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Types_of_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Types_of_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Sales_promotionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Sales_promotionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Media_and_advertising_approacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Media_and_advertising_approacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Rise_in_new_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Rise_in_new_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Niche_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Niche_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Crowdsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Crowdsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Global_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Global_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Foreign_public_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Foreign_public_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Diversificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Diversificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#New_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#New_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Gender_effects_in_the_processing_of_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Gender_effects_in_the_processing_of_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Gender_effects_in_the_processing_of_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#New_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Diversificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Foreign_public_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Global_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Crowdsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Niche_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Rise_in_new_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Media_and_advertising_approacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Sales_promotionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Types_of_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Marketing_mixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Hierarchy_of_effects_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#Advertising_theory -
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Edo periodadvertising flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan
Egyptians usedpapyrusto make sales messages and wall posters.Commercial messagesand political
campaign displays have been found in the ruins ofPompeiiand ancientArabia.Lost and foundadvertising on
papyrus was common inAncient GreeceandAncient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is
another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa,
and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indianrock artpaintings that date back
to 4000 BC.[8]History tells us thatOut-of-home advertisingandbillboardsare the oldest forms of advertising.
As the towns and cities of theMiddle Agesbegan to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs
that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such
as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables
were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (town
criers) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.
As education became an apparent need and reading, as well as printing, developed advertising expanded to
include handbills.[citation needed] In the 18th century[when?]advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in
England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which
became increasingly affordable with advances in theprinting press; and medicines, which were increasingly
sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However,false advertisingand so-called "quack" advertisements
became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.
[edit]19th century
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An 1895 advertisement for a weight gain product.
Thomas J. BarrattfromLondonhas been called "the father of modern advertising".[9][10][11]
Working for thePears Soapcompany, Barratt created an effective advertising campaign for the company
products, which involved the use of targeted slogans, images and phrases. One of his slogans, ""Good
morning. Have you used Pears' soap?" was famous in its day and well into the 20th century.[12][13]
Under Barratt's guidance, Pears Soap became the world's first legally registered brand and is therefore the
world's oldest continuously existing brand.
An advertising tactic that he used was to associate the Pears brand with high culture and quality. Most
famously, he used the paintingBubblesbyJohn Everett Millaisas an advertisement by adding a bar of Pears
soap into the foreground. (Millais protested at this alteration of his work, but in vain as Barrat had bought the
copyright.[14]) Barratt continued this theme with a series of adverts of well groomed middle-class children,
associating Pears with domestic comfort and aspirations of high society.
Barrat established Pears Annualin 1891 as a spin-off magazine which promoted contemporary illustration and
colour printing and in 1897 added the Pears Cyclopediaa one-volume encyclopedia.[15]From the early 20th
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century Pears was famous for the annual "Miss Pears" competition in which parents entered their children into
the high-profile hunt for a young brand ambassador to be used on packaging and in consumer promotions. He
recruited scientists and the celebrities of the day to publicly endorse the product.Lillie Langtry, a Britishmusic
hallsinger and stage actress with a famous ivory complexion, received income as the first woman to endorse a
commercial product, advertising Pears Soap.
Barratt introduced many of the crucial ideas that lie behing successful advertising and these were widely
circulated in his day. He constantly stressed the importance of a strong and exclusive brand image for Pears
and of emphasising the products availability through saturation campaigns. He also understood the importance
of constantly reevaluating the market for changing tastes and mores, stating in 1907 that "tastes change,
fashions change, and the advertiser has to change with them. An idea that was effective a generation ago
would fall flat, stale, and unprofitable if presented to the public today. Not that the idea of today is always better
than the older idea, but it is different - it hits the present taste."[10]
As the economy expanded across the world during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United
States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising.
In June 1836, French newspaperLa Pressewas the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to
lower its price, extend its readership and increase itsprofitabilityand the formula was soon copied by all titles.
Around 1840,Volney B. Palmerestablished the roots of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In
1842 Palmer bought large amounts of space in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space
at higher rates to advertisers. The actual ad - the copy, layout, and artwork - was still prepared by the company
wishing to advertise; in effect, Palmer was a space broker. The situation changed in the late 19th century when
the advertising agency of N.W. Ayer & Son was founded. Ayer and Son offered to plan, create, and execute
complete advertising campaigns for its customers. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point
of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession.[16]Around the same time, in
France,Charles-Louis Havasextended the services of his news agency,Havasto include advertisement
brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space
in newspapers.N. W. Ayer & Sonwas the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising
content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia.[16]
[edit]20th century
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A print advertisement for the 1913 issue of theEncyclopdia Britannica
At the turn of the 19th to 20th century, there were few career choices for women in business; however,
advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in
theirhousehold, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women's insight during thecreative process.
In fact, the first American advertising to use asexual sellwas created by a woman for a soap product.
Although tame by today's standards,[citation needed] the advertisement featured a couple with the message "The
skin you love to touch".[17][non-primary source needed]
Modern advertising was created with the innovative techniques used in tobacco advertising beginning in the
1920s, most significantly with the campaigns ofEdward Bernays, which is often considered as the founder of
modern, Madison Avenue advertising.[4][5][6]The tobacco industries was one of the firsts to make use ofmass
production, with the introduction of theBonsack machineto roll cigarettes. The Bonsack machine allowed the
production of cigarettes for a mass markets, and the tobacco industry needed to match such an increase in
supply with the creation of a demand from the masses through advertising.[18]
[edit]On the radio from the 1920s
Advertisement for a live radio broadcast, sponsored by a milk company and published in theLos Angeles Timeson May 6,
1930
In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who
offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations
followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups.[19]
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Advertisements of hotels inPichilemu,Chilefrom 1935.
When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually
sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business' name at the beginning and end
of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling
sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station's broadcasts,
rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show.
[edit]Public service advertising in WW2
The advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate
and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as HIV/AIDS[citation needed], political ideology, energy
conservation and deforestation.
Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational tool capable of reaching and motivating
large audiences. "Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interestit is much too powerful a
tool to use solely for commercial purposes." Attributed toHoward GossagebyDavid Ogilvy.
Public service advertising,non-commercial advertising, public interest advertising,cause marketing, andsocial
marketingare different terms for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing
communications techniques (generally associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial,
public interest issues and initiatives.
In the United States, the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station
broadcasting a certain amount of public service advertising. To meet these requirements, many broadcast
stations in America air the bulk of their required public service announcements during the late night or early
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morning when the smallest percentage of viewers are watching, leaving more day and prime time commercial
slots available for high-paying advertisers.
Public service advertising reached its height duringWorld Wars IandIIunder the direction of more than one
government. During WWII President Roosevelt commissioned the creation of The War Advertising Council
(now known as theAd Council) which is the nation's largest developer of PSA campaigns on behalf of
government agencies and non-profit organizations, including the longest-running PSA campaign,Smokey
Bear.[citation needed]
[edit]Commercial television in the 1950s
This practice was carried over tocommercial televisionin the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was
fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum
should be considered a part of the commons to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The
United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company, theBritish
Broadcasting Company, but incorporated as a public body byRoyal Charterin 1927. In Canada, advocates
likeGraham Sprywere likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model,
creating theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed
with the passage of theCommunications Act of 1934which created theFederal Communications
Commission(FCC).[19]However, the U.S. Congress did requirecommercial broadcastingcompanies to operate
in the "public interest, convenience, and necessity".[20]Public broadcastingnow exists in the United States due
to the 1967Public Broadcasting Actwhich led to thePublic Broadcasting Service(PBS) andNational Public
Radio(NPR).
In the early 1950s, theDuMont Television Networkbegan the modern practice of selling advertisement time to
multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and
compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the
standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to
have single sponsor shows, such asThe United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised
great control over the content of the showup to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing
the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being theHallmark Hall of
Fame.
[edit]Media diversification in the 1960s
In the 1960s, campaigns featuring heavy spending in different mass media channels became more prominent.
For example, theEssogasoline company spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a brand awareness
campaign built around the simple andalliterative[21]theme Put a Tiger in Your Tank.[22]PsychologistErnest
Dichter[23]andDDB WorldwidecopywriterSandy Sulcer[24]learned that motorists desired both power and play
while driving, and chose the tiger as an easytoremember symbol to communicate those feelings. TheNorth
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Americanand laterEuropeancampaign featured extensive television and radio and magazine ads, including
photos with tiger tails supposedly emerging from car gas tanks, promotional events featuring real tigers,
billboards, and inEuropestation pump hoses "wrapped in tiger stripes" as well as pop music songs.[22]Tiger
imagery can still be seen on the pumps of successor firmExxonMobil.
[edit]Cable television from the 1980s
The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction ofcable televisionand particularlyMTV. Pioneering the
concept of themusic video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in forthe advertising
message, rather than it being aby-productor afterthought. As cable andsatellite televisionbecame
increasingly prevalent,specialty channelsemerged, including channels entirelydevoted to advertising, such
asQVC,Home Shopping Network, andShopTV Canada.
[edit]On the internet from the 1990s
Main article:Internet marketing
With the advent of thead server,marketing through the Internetopened new frontiers for advertisers and
contributed to the "dot-com" boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue,
offering everything fromcouponsto free Internet access. At the turn of the 20th to 21st century, a number of
websites including thesearch engineGoogle, started a change inonline advertisingby emphasizing
contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora
of similar efforts and an increasing trend ofinteractive advertising.
The share of advertising spending relative toGDPhas changed little across large changes in media. For
example, in the US in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs onstreetcars, and
outdoorposters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9 percent. By 1998, television and radio
had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly
lowerabout 2.4 percent.[25]
A recent advertising innovation is "guerrilla marketing", which involves unusual approaches such as staged
encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and
interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. Guerrilla
advertising is becoming increasingly more popular with a lot of companies. This type of advertising is
unpredictable and innovative, which causes consumers to buy the product or idea. This reflects an increasingtrend of interactive and "embedded" ads, such as viaproduct placement, having consumers vote through text
messages, and various innovations utilizingsocial network servicessuch asFacebookor Twitter.[citation needed]
[edit]Advertising theory
[edit]Hierarchy of effects model
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This section contains information of unclear or questionableimportanceorrelevanceto the article's
subject matter. Please helpimprove this articleby clarifying or removing superfluous information. (August2012)
Hierarchy of effects model[26]
It clarifies the objectives of an advertising campaign and for each individual advertisement. The model suggests
that there are six steps a consumer or a business buyer moves through when making a purchase. The steps
are:
1. Awareness
2. Knowledge
3. Liking
4. Preference
5. Conviction
6. Purchase
Means-End Theory
This approach suggests that an advertisement should contain a message or means that leads the consumer to
a desired end state.
Leverage Points
It is designed to move the consumer from understanding a product's benefits to linking those benefits withpersonal values.
Verbal and Visual Images
The political economy of advertisement is the theory that a few powerful groups, or knowledge monopolies,
control the thoughts, behaviors, and actions of the public through mass media as communication. As a form of
communication, advertisement uses repeated verbal and visual images to develop and alter society. Over time,
these repeated images and symbols become associated with either positive or negative attributes and can
modify the publics evaluation of such cultural objects as people, religions, ethnic groups, and societal roles.
Thus, the media forms the beliefs and values of the public through media portrayals. The messages of the
((political economy)) commonly correlate with current economic interests.[27]
[edit]Marketing mix
This section contains information of unclear or questionableimportanceorrelevanceto the article's
subject matter. Please helpimprove this articleby clarifying or removing superfluous information. (August2012)
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Main article:Marketing mix
The marketing mix has been the key concept to advertising. The marketing mix was suggested by professorE.
Jerome McCarthyin the 1960s. The marketing mix consists of four basic elements called the four Ps. Product
is the first P representing the actual product. Price represents the process of determining the value of a
product. Place represents the variables of getting the product to the consumer like distribution channels, market
coverage and movement organization. The last P stands for Promotion which is the process of reaching the
target market and convincing them to go out and buy the product.[citation needed]
[edit]Types of advertising
An advertisement for theWikimedia Foundation
An advertisement for a diner. Such signs are common on storefronts.
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Paying people to hold signs is one of the oldest forms of advertising, as with thishuman billboardpictured above
A bus with an advertisement forGAPin Singapore. Buses and other vehicles are popular media for advertisers.
ADBAG Class 101withUNICEFads at Ingolstadt main railway station
Virtually any medium can be used for advertising. Commercial advertising media can includewall
paintings,billboards,street furniturecomponents, printed flyers andrack cards, radio, cinema and television
adverts,web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, webpopups,skywriting, bus stop
benches,human billboardsandforehead advertising, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses,
banners attached to or sides of airplanes ("logojets"),in-flight advertisementsonseatback tray tablesor
overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts andpassenger screens, musical stage shows, subway
platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, doors of bathroom stalls, stickers on apples in
supermarkets,shopping cart handles(grabertising), the opening section ofstreamingaudio and video, posters,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_bannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_bannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_bannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray-tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray-tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray-tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabvisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabvisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabvisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volvo_B9TL_SBS_Transit_SBS7357B.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabvisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray-tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_bannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_billboard 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and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their
message through a medium is advertising.
Television advertising/Music in advertising
The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is
reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercialairtimeduring popular TV events. The
annualSuper Bowlfootballgame in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising
event on television. The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached
US$3.5 million (as of 2012). Some television commercials feature a song orjinglethat listeners soon
relate to the product. Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming
through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops[28]or used to replace
local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience.[29]More controversially, virtual
billboards may be inserted into the background[30]where none exist in real-life. This technique is
especially used in televised sporting events.[31][32]Virtual product placement is also possible.[33][34]
Infomercials
An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word
"infomercial" is a portmanteau of the words "information" & "commercial". The main objective in an
infomercial is to create animpulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then
immediately buys the product through the advertisedtoll-free telephone numberor website.
Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have
testimonials from consumers andindustry professionals.
Radio advertising
Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium ofradio. Radio advertisements are
broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device.
Airtime is purchased from astationornetworkin exchange for airing the commercials. While radio has
the limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an
advantage. Radio is an expanding medium that can be found not only on air, but also online.
According to Arbitron, radio has approximately 241.6 million weekly listeners, or more than 93 percent
of the U.S. population.
Online advertising
Online advertising is a form ofpromotionthat uses the Internet andWorld Wide Webfor the expressed
purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Online ads are delivered by an ad
server. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear onsearch engine results
pages,banner ads, intext ads,Rich MediaAds,Social network advertising,online classified
advertising,advertising networksande-mail marketing, includinge-mail spam.
New media
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-McCarthy-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-McCarthy-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-McCarthy-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Keith_Mcarthur-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Keith_Mcarthur-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Keith_Mcarthur-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Canwestmediaworks.com-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Canwestmediaworks.com-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-Canwestmediaworks.com-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-my-india.net-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-my-india.net-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-my-india.net-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_purchasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_purchasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_purchasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_professionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_professionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_professionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_clickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_clickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_clickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_classified_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_classified_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_classified_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_classified_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_networkhttp://en