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Identifying High-RiskSmall Business Industries

The Basis for Preventing Occupational Injury,Illness, and Fatality

NIOSH Special Hazard Review

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health Service � Centers for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

May 1999

Disclaimer

Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.

Copies of this and other NIOSH documents are available from:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthPublications Dissemination4676 Columbia ParkwayCincinnati, OH 45226–1998

Fax number: (513) 533–8573Telephone number: 1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674)E-mail: [email protected]

To receive other information about occupational safety and health problems, call1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674), or visit the NIOSH Homepageon the World Wide Web at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 99–107

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Foreword

The United States has a long, proud tradition of entrepreneurship. Small busi-nesses in particular are a vital component of our economy and provide em-

ployment for more than half the workers in American industry. Often, occupa-tional safety and health issues are only one of a multitude of concerns with which asmall business owner must contend. Promoting occupational safety and healththrough appropriate prevention programs is often a difficult task for small businessbecause of the dispersion of worksites, the variability of work settings, and thesmall number of workers who can be reached at any one worksite.

As a result, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)has prepared this report to characterize the risk of occupational injury, illness, andfatality in industries composed mostly of small business establishments. Iden-tifying these risks will provide essential information to practitioners in occupa-tional safety and health, the small business community (owners, managers, andemployees), labor officials, trade associations, insurers, product suppliers, localand State agencies, and others involved with small business. This document will beof special interest to researchers in occupational safety and health as a first steptoward identifying the underlying causes of injuries and illnesses in small busi-ness industries and designing effective and appropriate prevention strategies for ahard-to-reach target audience.

Linda Rosenstock, M.D., M.P.H.Director, National Institute for

Occupational Safety and HealthCenters for Disease Control and Prevention

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Abstract

More than half of the U.S. workforce is employed in business establishmentswith fewer than 100 employees. Prevention of occupational illness and in-

jury is often difficult in these small business establishments because they have fewsafety and health resources, cannot usually hire staff devoted to safety and healthactivities, and often lack the ability to identify occupational hazards and conductsurveillance. This investigation was conducted to identify high-risk small businessindustries from national data on occupational injury, illness, and fatality. Both thetotal number of cases and incidence rates were considered. Small business indus-tries were identified as those with standard industrial classification (SIC) codes inwhich at least 80% of the employees work in business establishments with fewerthan 100 employees.

In this report, 253 small business industries were identified with data from theU.S. Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for the years1994–1995. These industries represent nearly 4 million establishments and morethan 30 million employees—roughly one-third of all employees in private indus-try. Occupational injury, illness, and fatality data were available for 105 of theseindustries. From the data for these industries, the top 25% (n=26) were rankedaccording to their injury, illness, and fatality experience. A combined risk index(i.e., the combined risk of occupational injury, illness, and fatality) was also used torank these small business industries. The highest-ranked small business industriesinclude Logging (SIC 241); Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328); Trucking Ter-minal Facilities (SIC 423); Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176);Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703); Landscape and HorticulturalServices (SIC 708); Animal andMarine Fats andOils (SIC 2077); Concrete, Gyp-sum, and Plastic Products (SIC 327); and Taxicabs (SIC 412). This informationcan be used by the small business community, labor officials, occupational safetyand health practitioners and agencies, and others to target prevention activities tosmall business industries with the greatest need.

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Executive Summary

More than half (56%) of the U.S. workforce in private industry is employed inbusiness establishments with fewer than 100 employees [Bureau of the

Census 1997; Wiatrowski 1994]. Of the approximately 6.5 million private indus-try establishments operating in the United States, more than 6.3 million (98%)employ fewer than 100 employees, and more than 5.6 million (87%) employfewer than 20 employees. Prevention of occupational illness and injury is often dif-ficult in these establishments because small businesses generally have few safetyand health resources, cannot usually hire staff devoted to safety and health activi-ties, and often lack the ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct sur-veillance [Wiatrowski 1994; Pedersen and Sieber 1988]. Given limited Federal,State, and local resources available in the United States for occupational safety andhealth, public and occupational health practitioners must focus prevention activi-ties on industries that have the greatest need. Identifying and understanding therisks associated with such industries will also prove useful to employers, employ-ees, and insurers involved in small business. Therefore, this report provides infor-mation about high-risk small business industries identified from national datasources. Included are both the total number of cases and incidence rates (IRs) ofoccupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in small business industries.

For this report, small business industries were identified as those with standard in-dustrial classification (SIC) codes in which at least 80% of the employees work inbusiness establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

According to County Business Patterns 1994* [Bureau of the Census 1996], 253industries were identified as meeting the criterion for small business industries.The 253 small business industries include

� 1 industry at the two-digit SIC level,

� 102 industries at the three-digit SIC level, and

� 150 industries at the four-digit SIC level.

Of the 150 small business industries identified at the four-digit SIC level, 96existed within a broader (three-digit) small business industry.

Occupational injury and illness data by SIC code for small business industries wereobtained from the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 1995 [BLS 1997c](the SOII). Information about fatal occupational injuries was derived from the

*The most recent year available at the time this report was prepared.

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Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1994 [BLS 1995] (the CFOI). The smallbusiness industries identified in this study include nearly 4 million establishmentsand more than 30 million employees—roughly one-third of all employees in pri-vate industry. Small business industries accounted for more than 1.5 millionnonfatal occupational injury cases and 56,000 illness cases in 1995 (total cases,with and without lost workdays), and 1,924 fatal occupational injuries (including356 self-employed workers) in 1994. Detailed occupational injury, illness, and fa-tality data were available for 105 of the 253 identified small business industries;that is, data were not available for most of the four-digit SIC codes because the1995 SOII [BLS 1997c] is designed to generate industry estimates at this levelonly for manufacturing industries, and at the three-digit level for nonmanufactur-ing industries.

The 105 small business industries with available data were ranked according to thetotal number of cases and IRs for occupational nonfatal injuries, illnesses, lostworkdays, and fatal injuries. They were also ranked by a combined risk index foreach industry. This combined risk index was the total of the scores for the rankingsof the IRs for nonfatal occupational injuries, occupational illnesses, and fatal occu-pational injuries. For each small business industry, the total number of cases andIRs for occupational illnesses, injuries, and fatalities reflect the extent and severityof the risk. However, the number of illnesses, injuries, or fatalities in a particularsmall business industry reflects both the risk associated with that industry and thenumber of workers in the industry.

The highest IRs (per 100 full-time employees) for nonfatal injuries occurred in thefollowing industries:

IR

Manufacturing Wood Containers (SIC 244) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9

Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5

Manufacturing Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077). . . 16.4

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) . . . . . . . . . 14.8

Truck Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7

By comparison, the average IR for nonfatal injuries in all private industry was 7.5per 100 full-time employees. All of the top 26 small business industries (the top25%) exceeded this rate. The largest numbers of nonfatal injuries occurred amongemployees in the following industries:

Number

Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365,600

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) . . . . . 102,700

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171) . . . . . . 84,900

Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies (SIC 508) . . . . . . . . 53,600

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501) . . . . . . . . . 46,000

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The highest-ranking small business industries by occupational illness IR (per 100full-time workers) included employees involved with the following industries:

IR

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501) . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7Manufacture of Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077) . . . 0.7Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) . . . . . . . . . 0.6

By comparison, the average illness IR for all private industry was 0.6 per 100full-time employees. The highest numbers of illness cases occurred among work-ers in the following small business industries:

Number

Eating and Drinking Establishments (SIC 581) . . . . . . . . . 13,600Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors (SIC 801) . . . . . . . . 5,200Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501). . . . . . . . . . 2,900General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) . . . . . 2,000Real Estate Operators and Lessors (SIC 651) . . . . . . . . . . 1,500

Fatal occupational injury cases were examined as a measure of the most severeconsequences of exposure to occupational hazards. For fatal occupational injuries,the highest IRs (per 100,000 full-time workers) occurred among employees in-volved with the following small business industries:

IR

Taxicabs (SIC 412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) . . . . . . . . . . . . . >159†

Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328). . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6

These rates were more than 10 times the average fatal occupational injury rate forall private industry (4.8 deaths per 100,000 workers), and all small business indus-tries in the top quartile exceeded this rate. The greatest numbers of fatalities oc-curred among the following small business industries:

Number

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) . . . . . . . 161Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) . . . . . . . . 158Employees in Eating Places (SIC 5812) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Taxicab Drivers (SIC 412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

† > indicates uncertainty about the employment total for the industry, resulting in a conservative IR.

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The leading causes of fatal occupational injuries among various small business in-dustries were as follows:

Cause of fatal injury

Number of small business

industries in which it

is a leading cause Comment

Transportation incidents . . . . . . . . . 26 This trend persists forall private industry.

Assaults and violent acts . . . . . . . . . 17 Primarily retail serviceindustries.

Contact with objects and equipment . . 6 Construction, specialtytrades, logging, mining.

Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Primarily constructionindustries.

Exposure to harmful substancesand environments . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Manufacture of WoodContainers (SIC 244);also associated withdeaths in 15 other smallbusiness industries.

When morbidity and mortality measures are combined into a single index, thehighest-risk small business industries include the following:

Logging (SIC 241)Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423)Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703)

A brief discussion of each small business industry is included in the Appendix. Thepurpose of this discussion is to provide an understanding of the activities involvedwith each small business industry and possible factors that may contribute to theoccupational injury and illness experience.

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Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiAbstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivExecutive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

1 � Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Targeting Small Business Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Incidence of Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . 6Consequences of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses . . . . . . 6Occupational Health Services Provided by Small Businesses . . 7Strategies for Increasing Occupational Health Services . . . . . 8

2 � Defining and Identifying Small BusinessIndustries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Small Business Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Description of the County Business Patterns 1994 . . . . . . . . . 13SIC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Criterion for Small Business Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 � Small Business Industries and RelatedMeasures of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Small Business Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) . . . . . 34BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) . . . . . . . . 35Injury, Illness, and Fatality Statistics for All

Small Business Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4 � Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Nonfatal Occupational Illnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Cases Involving Lost Workdays Due to Nonfatal

Occupational Injury and Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Fatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66High-Risk Small Business Industries: A Combined Risk Index . . . 74

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5 � Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

The Next Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Study Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Appendix � Descriptions of SIC Codesfor Small Business Industries . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.0 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105A.1 Division A–Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fishing (SIC 01–09). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105A.2 Division B–Mining (SIC 10–14). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106A.3 Division C–Construction (SIC 15–17) . . . . . . . . . . . 108A.4 Division D–Manufacturing (SIC 20–39) . . . . . . . . . . 112A.5 Division E–Transportation, Communications,

Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services (SIC 40–49) . . . . . 117A.6 Division F–Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) . . . . . . . . . 120A.7 Division G–Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) . . . . . . . . . . . 128A.8 Division H–Finance, Insurance, and

Real Estate (SIC 60–67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138A.9 Division I–Services (SIC 70–89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

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Abbreviations

BLS U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

CFOI Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries

hr hour(s)

IR incidence rate

MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEC not elsewhere classified

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NOES National Occupational Exposure Survey

NSC National Safety Council

OMB Office of Management and Budget

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

SAFE Safety Actions for Europe

SBA U.S. Small Business Administration

SIC Standard Industrial Classification

SOII Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

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Acknowledgments

This document was prepared by Thomas J. Lentz (NIOSH, Education and In-formation Division), Andrea H. Okun (NIOSH, Deputy Director of the Edu-

cation and Information Division), Paul A. Schulte (NIOSH, Director of the Edu-cation and Information Division), and Leslie T. Stayner (NIOSH, Education andInformation Division, Risk Evaluation Branch Chief). The authors are grateful toall who contributed timely and relevant information to this investigation, in partic-ular Guy Toscano (Bureau of Labor Statistics), Elyce Biddle (NIOSH, Division ofSafety Research), Carol Burnett (NIOSH, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evalu-ations, and Field Studies), and Robert Mason (NIOSH, Education and Informa-tion Division). For their critical reviews and comments, the following technical ad-visers are gratefully acknowledged: Lynn Jenkins (NIOSH, Office of theDirector), Marie Haring Sweeney (NIOSH, Education and Information Division,Document Development, Branch Chief), Ralph Zumwalde (NIOSH, Educationand Information Division), Lee Sanderson (NIOSH, Office of the Director), KittyTownsend (NIOSH, Division of Safety Research), Leela Murthy (NIOSH, Educa-tion and Information Division), and Randy Young (NIOSH, Division of Surveil-lance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies). The authors also wish to thankVanessa Becks, Susan Feldmann, Anne Hamilton, Susan Kaelin, and Jane Weber(all of NIOSH, Education and Information Division) for their editorial supportand contributions to the design and layout of this document.

Also important to the development of this document were the external reviewsand comments provided by the following: Kathy Condit and Marthe Kent (Occu-pational Safety and Health Administration); Letitia Davis (Massachusetts Depart-ment of Public Health); J. Paul Leigh (San Jose State University); Thomas M.Sullivan (National Federation of Independent Business); Ted R. Miller (NationalPublic Services Research Institute); Earl S. Pollack (Center to Protect Workers’Rights); Sara Rice (Small Business Administration); Steve C. Smith (CaliforniaDepartment of Industrial Relations); William L. Weber (Bureau of Labor Statis-tics); and Paul T. Zeisset (Bureau of the Census).

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Introduction

1

Objectives . . . . . . . 3

Background . . . . . . 4

The consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses are significant. Inaddition to causing pain, suffering, and loss of productivity for affectedemployees and their families, occupational injuries and illnesses exact ahefty toll on U.S. industry.

2 Introduction

Introduction

Objectives

More than half (56%) of the U.S. workforce in private industry is employed inbusiness establishments with fewer than 100 employees [Bureau of the

Census 1997; Wiatrowski 1994]. Of all U.S. private industry establishments, 98%employ fewer than 100 employees, and more than 87% employ fewer than 20 em-ployees. revention of occupational injury and illness is often difficult in these es-tablishments because small businesses generally have few safety and health re-sources, cannot usually hire staff devoted to safety and health activities, and oftenlack the ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct surveillance[Wiatrowski 1994; edersen and Sieber 1988]. The National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recognizes these special challenges to safetyand health in small business establishments. As a result, this investigation was con-ducted to characterize the risk of occupational injury, illness, and fatality associ-ated with industries composed mostly of small business establishments. The threeprimary objectives of this investigation were as follows:

1. To identify standard industrial classification (SIC) codes meeting the defi-nition of a small business industry

2. To identify the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by rank-ing them according to total cases and incidence rates (IRs) of occupationalinjuries, illnesses, and fatalities

3. To identify the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by rank-ing them according to a combined risk index (achieved by combining data oninjuries, illnesses, and fatalities).

Ranking small business industries on the basis of occupational injury, illness, and fa-tality data should prove useful to a broad audience, including occupational safetyand health practitioners, the small business community (owners, managers, and em-ployees), labor officials, trade associations, product suppliers, and local and Statehealth agencies. This document is especially intended for identifying high-risk smallbusiness industries that may warrant further investigation, additional hazard charac-terization, or risk assessment. Ultimately, this information is intended to promoteprevention activities targeting industries with the greatest need.

Small business industries are those with SIC codes in which at least 80% of the employees work inbusiness establishments with fewer than 100 workers.

Introduction 3

BackgroundAs stated, 56% of the U.S. workforce in private industry is employed in businessestablishments with fewer than 100 employees [Bureau of the Census 1997;Wiatrowski 1994]. In 1994 in the United States, 6.5 million private industry es-tablishments were operating, and they employed more than 96.7 million employ-ees [Bureau of the Census 1997]. These private industry establishments representall major divisions of the economy except self-employed persons, domestic serviceemployees, railroad employees, agricultural production workers, most govern-ment employees, and employees in oceanborne vessels in foreign countries.

Of all private industry establishments operating in 1994 in the United States, 98%(6.38 million) employed fewer than 100 employees, and more than 87% (5.66million) employed fewer than 20 workers. Table 1 shows the number and percent-age of employees in establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees in1994.

These statistics are given in terms of business establishments—not companies. Anestablishment is an individual business location such as a fast-food restaurant. Incontrast, a company consists of all establishments under common ownership orcontrol, such as a chain of fast-food restaurants owned by a single employer. TheBureau of the Census [1998] reports that the 6.5 million private establishmentsoperating in the United States in 1994 were owned by 5.3 million companies. Thisfigure indicates that most companies own only a single establishment, but multi-establishment companies may have a disproportionate impact. Although 56% ofthe U.S. private workforce is employed by establishments with fewer than 100employees, only 38% is employed by companies with fewer than 100 employees[Bureau of the Census 1997].

Statistics about establishment size are generally the most appropriate for this re-port, since regulations and guidelines usually apply to individual establishmentsat a given business location. When we refer to resources available to an employer,company size might be more relevant. This distinction is important when com-paring statistics from different agencies. For example, the U.S. Small BusinessAdministration (SBA) defines small business in terms of company size, not es-tablishment size.

Targeting Small Business Industry

Small business establishments (those with fewer than 100 employees at a singlebusiness location) are found in all industrial segments. Occupational safety andhealth prevention activities (including inspections and other enforcement strate-gies of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]) have oftenfocused on the 2% of private industry establishments with 100 or more employ-ees—though the agency has established a number of programs designed to provideconsultation and other services specifically to small businesses [DOL 1993, 1996].As noted earlier, small business establishments generally have few safety and

4 Introduction

TABLE 1.TABLE 1. Number and percentage of employees in establishments with fewer thanNumber and percentage of employees in establishments with fewer than100, 20, and 10 employees, by industry division in 1994100, 20, and 10 employees, by industry division in 1994

IndustryIndustrydiv is iondivis ion

Number ofNumber ofemployeesemployees **

<100<100 employeesemployees <20<20 employeesemployees <10<10 employeesemployees

NumberNumber % % NumberNumber % % Number Number %%

AgricultureH 551,507 478,147 87 336,800 61 215,612 39

Mining 607,721 >272,655 >45I >100,747 >17I >47,306 >8I

Construction 4,709,379 3,716,851 79 2,150,840 46 1,336,954 28

Manufacturing 18,098,123 5,393,542 30 1,501,576 8 684,653 4

Transportation,communications,and public utilities 5,713,515 2,637,978 46 1,024,351 18 551,853 10

Wholesale trade 6,365,973 4,681,038 74 2,254,753 35 1,193,682 19

Retail trade 20,320,266 15,457,780 76 6,929,207 34 3,770,063 19

Finance, insurance,and real estate 7,002,431 4,149,983 59 2,262,835 32 1,388,866 20

Services 33,253,032 16,616,313 50 8,726,606 26 5,370,812 16

Total 96,733,300 >53,404,287 >55I >25,287,715 >26I >14,559,801 >15I

Source: Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns 1994.*Includes salary and wage-earning employees in all private industry.HAgricultural services only (SIC 07).IIndicates that it was not possible to determine the exact percentages in all size categories, as employment information is routinely

withheld from County Business Patterns (CBP) data by the Bureau of the Census to assure confidentiality of operations forsome establishments. It was still possible to calculate at least the minimum percentages of workers in the desired categories forevery industry.

health resources, few if any staff devoted to safety and health activities, and lim-ited ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct surveillance [Wiatrowski1994; edersen and Sieber 1988]. Because more than 98% (6.3 of the approxi-mately 6.5 million) of the private industry establishments operating in the UnitedStates are classified as small business establishments, it is difficult to determinewhere best to use limited Federal, State, and local resources available for occupa-tional safety and health. Thus a decision was made to target small business indus-tries—that is, those with SIC codes in which 80% of the employees work inbusiness establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

Employers, employees, and insurers involved with small businesses can all benefitfrom a heightened awareness of the risks and hazards within various small businessindustries. Other accounts have noted that providing this information (possibly inthe form of industry report cards) would spur market-adjusting forces to reduceinjuries and illnesses as employees are made aware of risks and as employers striveto provide safer workplaces or pay a higher compensating wage [Schroeder andShapiro 1984; Leigh 1998]. This report focuses on identifying high-risk small busi-ness industries using national injury, illness, and fatality data (both total cases andIRs).

Incidence of Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the incidence of nonfatalwork-related injuries and illnesses in private industry fell in 1995 to the lowest ratethis decade, continuing a 3-year decline in these rates [BLS 1997a]. A total of 6.6million work-related injuries and illnesses were reported during 1995. This figuretranslates into an average rate for all private industry of 8.1 cases per 100 full-timeequivalent workers (i.e., per 200,000 hr, based on 40 hr per week for 50 weeks peryear per worker), compared with a high of 8.9 cases per 100 full-time equivalentworkers in 1992. Although this trend is encouraging, nearly 6.1 million injuriesalone in 1995 resulted in lost work time, medical treatment other than first aid,loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, or transfer to another job. Anestimated half million occupational illnesses occurred in 1995. However, thisestimate is uncertain, as it is generally more difficult to determine whether an ill-ness is work-related. Therefore, occupational illnesses tend to be underreported.Work-related fatalities in private industry totaled 5,495 in 1995 and 5,521 in 1996[BLS 1997b]. These figures also indicate that serious hazards are still associatedwith many workplaces.

Consequences of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

The consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses are significant. In additionto causing pain, suffering, and loss of productivity for affected employees and theirfamilies, occupational injuries and illnesses exact a hefty toll on U.S. industry. TheNational Safety Council (NSC) estimates that occupational injuries and fatalitiesin the United States in 1996 cost $121 billion, or $790,000 per death and $26,000

6 Introduction

per disabling injury [NSC 1997]. These data do not include costs associated withoccupational illness. Another study places employers’ costs of occupational inju-ries alone at $155 billion annually (in December 1990 dollars) [Miller 1997].Leigh et al. [1997] estimate the total annual costs of occupational injuries, illness,and fatalities in the United States to be greater than $170 billion in 1992, notingthat these estimates are conservative because (1) they ignore costs associated withpain and suffering and home care provided by family members and (2) the num-bers of work-related injuries and illnesses are likely to be undercounted. Under-reporting of occupational injuries and illnesses, especially among small business es-tablishments, has been recognized as a major source of bias in the Federal statistics[Mendeloff and Kagey 1990; Nelson et al. 1992; Oleinick et al. 1995; Murphy etal. 1996; Leigh et al. 1997; Leigh and Miller 1998a].

Occupational Health Services Provided by Small Businesses

Over the last half century, devising strategies to provide a safe workplace and toprotect the health of workers have been common goals of government agencies, la-bor organizations, and industry groups. roviding for the safety and health of work-ers was identified as a priority in a 1965 report to the U.S. Surgeon Generalentitled Protecting the Health of Eighty Million Americans A National Goal forOccupational Health [DHEW 1966]. The report recognized that with a few ex-ceptions, minimal or no occupational health surveillance or services were providedby small business establishments—a fact that was later verified by the NationalOccupational Exposure Survey (NOES) [ edersen and Sieber 1988]. Significantdifferences found by NOES between small business establishments (8 to 99 em-ployees) and large ones (500 or more employees) include the percentage of estab-lishments that provide the following:

Smallestablishments

( )

Largeestablishments

( )

On-site occupational health units:With a physician in charge. . . . . . . . . . 0.1 30With a staff person in charge . . . . . . . . 1.9 78

One or more medical screening testsfor all employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 54

replacement physicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 82Industrial hygiene or safety personnel . . . . . 2 59Industrial hygiene consultants . . . . . . . . . 14 56

OSHA conducted a similar but broader survey of more than 7,000 establishmentsin 1990 [ORA 1993]. They determined that of 5.3 million establishments with85 million employees, only 6.3% had a medical surveillance program. The categoryof smallest business establishments (1 to 19 employees) had the fewest establish-ments with a medical surveillance program (3.8 %), followed by those with 20 to

Introduction 7

99 employees (14.4%), those with 100 to 249 employees (33.4%), and those with250 or more employees (55.8%).

Strategies for Increasing Occupational Health Services

Recognizing occupational safety and health challenges for small businesses is animportant first step toward determining effective strategies for addressing theseconcerns. In drafting the national public health agenda published in Healthy People2000 National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives [DHHS1990], the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services expressed the need to“establish in 50 States either public health or labor department programs that pro-vide consultation and assistance to small businesses to implement safety andhealth programs for their employees.”

On an international level, the importance of setting safety and health priorities forsmall businesses has also been recognized. Within the European Union, increasingemphasis is being placed on providing education, training, and additional supportto small and medium-sized enterprises for improving the recognition, communica-tion, and prevention of hazards in these establishments [Hunter et al. 1995].Rather than introducing legislation and enforcing regulations, the European Com-mission for a Fourth European Union Action rogramme on Safety, Hygiene, andHealth at Work has focused on information campaigns for small and medium-sizedenterprises in a program called Safety Actions for Europe (SAFE) [Rogers 1995].

More than 30 years ago, the Surgeon General suggested that to provide occupa-tional health services, health surveillance, and industrial hygiene and safety sup-port to small business establishments, occupational safety and health programsshould be established at the local level in county and city health departments[DHEW 1966]. Despite this recommendation, a 1992–93 survey conducted bythe National Association of County and City Health Officials found that only 20%of local health departments provided occupational safety and health services di-rectly; 4% did so by contract, and 76% provided no occupational safety and healthservices [NACCHO 1995].

Although the report to the Surgeon General focused on providing workers withoccupational health services, others have addressed small business establishmentowners, operators, and franchise managers [Finch 1977; Frazis et al. 1995;ersonick and Windau 1995; Tuskes and Key 1988; Wiatrowski 1994]. In 1984,OSHA established a program to consult with employers about establishing effec-tive occupational safety and health programs [29 CFR 1908]. The program isactive in all 50 States and emphasizes businesses with the most hazardous opera-tions. rimary attention is given to smaller businesses (i.e., those with fewer than250 workers). The OSHA Targeted Training rogram (recently renamed the SusanHarwood Training Grant rogram) provides grants for safety and health training

Code of Federal Regulations. See CFR in references.

8 Introduction

programs in small businesses and for specialized training in ergonomics, scaffold-ing, and workplace violence [OSHA 1997]. To reduce the burden of regulatorycompliance for small businesses, the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fair-ness Act of 1996 requires Federal agencies to help small businesses comply withgovernment regulations and to develop policies that reduce or eliminate fines forsmall businesses. In implementing the statutes of the Act, the U.S. Department ofLabor reported that 88% of small businesses fined by OSHA between March andDecember 1997 had fines reduced by a total of $110 million [AIHA 1998].

Introduction 9

Defining and IdentifyingSmall Business Industries

2

Small Business Establishments . . . 13

Description of theCounty Business Patterns . . . . . 13

SIC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Criterion for Small BusinessIndustries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Ninety-eight percent of all private industry workplaces

met the definition of small business establishments.

Defining and IdentifyingSmall Business Industries

Small Business Establishments

Definitions for small business establishments vary slightly among agencies, asshown in Table 2. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) de-

fines an establishment as “an economic unit, generally at a single physical location,where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are per-formed” [OMB 1987]. The BLS recognizes small business establishments in onecitation as those having fewer than 100 employees [Wiatrowski 1994] and in an-other as those having fewer than 50 employees [BLS 1997c]. NOES defines smallbusiness establishments as those having fewer than 100 employees [Pedersen andSieber 1988], whereas the OSHA Susan Harwood Training Grants Program de-fines them as those having 250 or fewer employees.

The SBA defines a business on the basis of company* size (i.e., the number of em-ployees or the maximum annual revenue) to determine its eligibility for Federalassistance. Employment totals are used to determine eligibility in the followingclassifications: mining (fewer than 500 employees); manufacturing (fewer than500 to 1,000 employees, depending on the industry); transportation and publicutilities (fewer than 500 to 1,500 employees, depending on the industry); andwholesale trade (fewer than 100 employees) [SBA 1997].

In this report, a small business establishment is considered a regional or branch of-fice, storage facility, family-operated store, or any other business with fewer than100 employees at a single site. Special trade contractors such as carpenters wouldalso meet this definition when operating as a distinct economic unit with fewerthan 100 employees at a single site.

Description of the County Business Patterns 1994

The number of small business establishments and the number of employees whowork in these establishments were obtained from the County Business Patterns1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. These data are compiled annually by the U.S.Bureau of the Census. Data in the County Business Patterns series are presentedby industry as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual:1987[OMB 1987]. All major economic divisions within private industry are represented in

*A company is all business establishments under a common ownership.

Defining and Identifying Small Business Industries 13

TABLE 2.TABLE 2. Definitions of small business establishments cited in the literatureDefinitions of small business establishments cited in the literature

Agency/source Agency/source Defini t ion of small business establ ishmentsDefinit ion of small business establ ishments

BLS [Wiatrowski 1994] ó100 employees (per establishment)

BLS [1997c] In the1995 SOII*: ó50 employees (per establishment)

NIOSH [Pedersen and Sieber 1988] For the National Occupational Exposure Survey: ó100 employees (perestablishment)

OSHA [1997]For the OSHA Susan Harwood Training Grant Program: ò250 employees (per

establishment)

SBA [1997] To determine the eligibility of small business establishments for federalassistance, definitions vary by SIC code and are established as a maximumnumber of employees or millions of dollars in annual revenue per company asfollows:

C Agriculture [SIC 0111B0971]: ranges from $0.5 to $5 million, dependingon specific industry

C Mining [SIC 1011B1499]: 500 employees or $5 million, depending onspecific industry

C Construction Trades [SIC 1521B1799]: ranges from $7 to $17 million,depending on specific industry

C Manufacturing [SIC 2011B3999]: ranges from 500 to 1,000 workers,depending on specific industry

C Transportation and Public Utilities [SIC 4011B4971]: ranges from 500 to1,500 employees or $5 to $25 million, depending on specific industry

C Wholesale Trade [SIC 5012B5199]: 100 employees

C Retail trade [SIC 5211B5999]: ranges from $5 to $21 million, dependingon specific industry

C Finance, Insurance, Real Estate [SIC 6021B6799]: ranges from $5 to $15million in annual revenue, or $100 million in assets, depending on specificindustry

C Services [SIC 7011B8999]: ranges from $5 to $21.5 million, depending onspecific industry

C Nonclassifiable establishments [SIC 9999]: $5 million

*Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses [BLS 1997c].

County Business Patterns, although the series does not include data on self-employed persons, domestic service employees, railroad employees, agriculturalproduction workers, most government employees, and employees on oceanbornevessels in foreign countries.

According to the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996],all private industry for that year consisted of 6.5 million establishments with96.7 million employees. Allowing that small business establishments are thosewith fewer than 100 employees,

− more than 6.3 million small business establishments employed 53 millionemployees in private industry in 1994,

− 98% of all private industry workplaces met the definition of small businessestablishments, and

− 56% of the entire U.S. workforce in private industry was employed in suchestablishments [Bureau of the Census 1996].

SIC Codes

The U.S. Government SIC codes group business establishments by the type ofactivity they perform or the product they manufacture [OMB 1987]. This multi-layer system proceeds from general industrial groupings (divisions) to specific in-dustries. The 11 major industrial divisions include the following:

Division A—Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (SIC 01–09)Division B—Mining (SIC 10–14)Division C—Construction (SIC 15–17)Division D—Manufacturing (SIC 20–39)Division E—Transportation, Communications, andPublic Utilities (SIC 40–49)

Division F—Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51)Division G—Retail Trade (SIC 52–59)Division H—Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (SIC 60–67)Division I—Services (SIC 70–89)Division J—Public Administration (SIC 91–97)Division K—Nonclassifiable Establishments (SIC 99)

The broad division categories (e.g., Division B, Mining) are divided into (1) majorgroups with two-digit codes (e.g., Major Group 14,Mining andQuarrying of Non-metallic Minerals Except Fuels), (2) industry groups with three-digit codes (e.g.,SIC 142, Crushed and Broken Stone), and (3) individual industries with four-digitcodes (e.g., SIC 1422, Crushed and Broken Limestone). Activities or products as-sociated with business establishments are most similar for establishments in thesame four-digit SIC code. At this level, hazards and their effects are most likely tobe similar among establishments. Preventive measures are also more likely to be


generally applicable to the establishments classified together at the four-digitlevel. However, within some four-digit classifications, the types of activitiesperformed are still significantly variable. An example of this variability occurs inSIC code 7539, Automobile Repair Shops, not elsewhere classified (NEC). Thisfour-digit SIC code includes radiator repair shops as well as frame repair and auto-motive electrical repair.

OMB has developed a new classification system that will replace the SIC codes.The manual for the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)—United States, 1997 [OMB 1998] was released in 1998. The NAICS uses asix-digit classification code that allows for greater flexibility in the coding struc-ture compared with the four-digit SIC codes. The new system also provides moredetail for newly developed service industries such as information services, healthcare provision, and high-tech manufacturing at the most basic level of industrial ag-gregation [Murphy 1998]. However, the transition from SIC codes to NAICS isexpected to be difficult and is only in the initial stages. Therefore, data used forthis investigation are limited to the four-digit SIC level and in many cases are avail-able only at the three-digit SIC level.

In the County Business Patterns data as well as in the occupational injury, illness,and fatality data prepared by the BLS, data are not consistently available for eachof the more than 900 four-digit SICs. Often data are available only at thethree-digit level and occasionally at the two-digit level. The BLS annual Survey ofOccupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) [BLS 1997c] is designed to provide in-formation at the four-digit SIC level for manufacturing industries only and at thethree-digit SIC level for all other industries. Despite the decreasing specificity ofactivities and hazards at the three-digit SIC level, occupational injury, illness, andfatality data for certain three-digit codes may nevertheless be important for thisinvestigation when information at the four-digit level is lacking.

Criterion for Small Business Industries

Small business establishments (those with fewer than 100 employees) are moreprominent in some industry divisions than others (Table 1). Among the major in-dustrial divisions, Services (SIC 70–89), Retail Trade (SIC 52–59), andManufac-turing (SIC 20–39) have the greatest numbers of employees in establishmentswith fewer than 100 employees (33.2 million, 20.3 million, and 18 million work-ers, respectively). Agriculture (SIC 01–09) (87%), Construction (SIC 15–17)(79%),Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) (76%), andWholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) (74%)have the highest percentages of employees in small business establishments.

Although the figures in Table 1 demonstrate that small business establishmentsexist in all major industry groups, this report distinguishes between a small busi-ness establishment and a small business industry. To identify industries that con-sist predominantly of small business establishments, small business industrieswere defined as those with SIC codes in which at least 80% of the employees work inestablishments with fewer than 100 employees.The concept of a small business

16 Defining and Identifying Small Business Industries

industry was used to help provide information about industrial segments consist-ing primarily of small business establishments and to determine which of thesemay be in greatest need of occupational safety and health prevention activities.By convention, 100 employees was used as the cut-off for defining small businessestablishments—as previously established for NIOSH surveillance projects(Table 2). Many of the small business establishments with fewer than 100 em-ployees are also much smaller, with fewer than 20 or even 10 employees. Smallbusiness establishments exist in all industries, but the intent of this investigation isto identify industries that are predominantly composed of small business estab-lishments. Somewhat more arbitrary was the decision to limit small business in-dustries to industries with SIC codes in which at least 80% (versus 70%, 75%, or90%) of the employees work in establishments with fewer than 100 employees.Although choosing one of the latter numbers might have excluded some SIC codesor included others, it is unlikely that it would have had much influence on whichsmall business industries were identified using this criterion. Ultimately, 253 SICcodes were identified as small business industries from a total of 936 four-digitSIC codes.


Small Business Industriesand Related Measures of Risk

3

Small Business Industries . . . . . . . . . 21

BLS Survey of OccupationalInjuries and Illnesses (SOII) . . . . . . 34

BLS Census of Fatal OccupationalInjuries (CFOI). . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Injury, Illness, and Fatality Statisticsfor All Small Business Industries . . . . 36

The 253 small business industries that meet the criterionfor a small business industry consist of nearly 4 millionestablishments with more than 30 million employees.

Small Business Industriesand Related Measures of Risk

Small Business Industries

Data for all SIC codes listed in the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau ofthe Census 1996] were examined to identify industries meeting the criterion

for a small business industry. Of 253 SIC categories determined to be small busi-ness industries, 1 was identified at the two-digit SIC level, 102 at the three-digitlevel, and 150 at the four-digit level. Of the 150 at the four-digit level, 96 werecontained within a broader three-digit small business industry, which was alsoidentified. Each of the SIC codes identified as a small business industry is de-scribed in the Appendix of this report. These 253 small business industries con-sist of nearly 4 million establishments with more than 30 million employees. Theyrepresent 62% of all private industry establishments and 33% of all private indus-try employees. The distribution of these 253 small business industries by major in-dustry division is as follows:

Number of industries

Division A—Agriculture (SIC 01–09) . . . . . . . . . . 4Division B—Mining (SIC 10–14) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Division C—Construction (SIC 15–17) . . . . . . . . . 17Division D—Manufacturing (SIC 20–39) . . . . . . . . 21Division E—Transportation, Communications,and Public Utilities (SIC 40–49) . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Division F—Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) . . . . . . . 45Division G—Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) . . . . . . . . . 61Division H—Finance, Insurance,and Real Estate (SIC 60–67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Division I—Services (SIC 70–89) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Table 1 lists the number and percentage of employees in establishments withfewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by major industry division. Table 3 lists thenumber and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business indus-tries who are in establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees. Insome cases it was not possible to determine the exact percentages in specific sizecategories, as employment information is routinely withheld from County Busi-ness Patterns data by the Bureau of the Census to assure confidentiality of opera-tions for some establishments. For these industries, it was still possible to calculatethe minimum percentages of employees in the desired categories. For example, at

Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk 21

TABLE 3.TABLE 3. Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industriesNumber and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries ** who are in establishments with fewer than who are in establishments with fewer than100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry nameIndustry name SICSICNumber ofNumber of

establ ishmentsestabl ishmentsNumberNumber

of employeesof employees

% employees% employeesin workplaces within workplaces with

<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

All private industry C 6,509,276 96,733,300 >55H >26 >15

Division A, Agriculture [SIC 07 only]:

Soil preparation services 071 630 4,339 >81 53 35

Veterinary services 074 21,549 153,309 >98 80 44

Animal services, except veterinary 075 9,375 39,241 >91 71 54

Landscape and horticultural services 078 62,228 294,854 85 56 39

Division B, Mining [SIC 10B14]:

Uranium-radium-vanadium ores 1094 57 1,023 >94 >16 >7

Natural gas liquids 132 627 14,288 >78 >19 >6

Dimension stone 141 196 1,475 >87 >52 28

Crushed and broken stone 142I 2,001 37,644 >83 >30 >8

Crushed and broken limestone 1422 1,316 24,312 >84 >31 >8

Crushed and broken granite 1423 238 5,180 >89 >24 >3

Sand and gravel 144I 2,459 28,552 >91 45 21

Construction sand and gravel 1442 2,295 25,501 >91 >44 >19

Industrial sand 1446 148 2,872 >90 >21 >8

Nonmetallic mineral services, except fuels 148 143 1,618 >80 >37 >17

Division C, Construction [SIC 15B17]:

General contractors and operative builders 15I 187,470 1,134,095 81 52 35

Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning 171 79,636 645,621 83 49 29

Painting and paper hanging 172 34,627 160,160 92 63 43

Masonry, stonework, and plastering 174I 48,960 397,536 82 44 27

Masonry, stone setting, and other stone work 1741 23,550 144,400 88 56 36

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)

TABLE 3 (Continued).TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industriesNumber and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries ** who are in who are inestablishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry nameIndustry name SIC SICNumber ofNumber of




<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division C, Construction [SIC 15B17] (Continued):

Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work 1743 5,882 31,319 96 61 40

Carpentry and floor work 175I 49,464 230,154 90 65 45

Carpentry work 1751 37,468 178,713 88 64 45

Floor laying and other floor work, NEC§ 1752 10,652 50,223 96 66 45

Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 176 28,420 215,608 90 49 25

Concrete work 177 26,911 188,941 89 53 32

Water well drilling 178 3,672 18,816 97 73 50

Miscellaneous special trade contractors 179I 60,768 477,190 83 48 28

Glass and glazing work 1793 4,529 31,997 97 67 38

Excavation work 1794 18,768 93,383 94 66 44

Wrecking and demolition work 1795 945 11,615 82 >32 >14

Special trade contractors, NEC 1799 27,869 214,386 82 49 29

Division D, Manufacturing [SIC 20B39]:

Prepared feeds and feed ingredients for animals and fowls,except dogs and cats 2048 1,702 35,110 >81 >24 >8

Animal and marine fats and oils 2077 253 8,366 100 >7 >3

Manufactured ice 2097 552 4,454 100 60 27

Fur goods 237 161 686 >80 66 46

Logging 241 13,962 84,624 93 67 42

Special products sawmills, NEC 2429 177 1,714 100 >40 >19

Wood containers 244I 2,546 42,069 >84 >28 >12

Nailed and lock corner wood boxes and shook 2441 299 5,152 92 31 12

Wood pallets and skids 2448 2,009 31,920 >88 >30 >10







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division D, Manufacturing [SIC 20B39] (Continued):

Wood preserving 2491 474 11,218 85 16 7

Industrial gases 2813 600 7,789 92 31 16

Fertilizers, mixing only 2875 458 7,400 85 32 13

Printing ink 2893 518 12,262 87 21 7

Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks 2951 1,073 11,065 92 43 28

Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 327I 9,350 173,474 81 29 10

Concrete block and brick 3271 952 15,978 >93 >32 >9

Ready-mixed concrete 3273 5,058 81,214 90 35 12

Cut stone and stone products 328 931 12,097 >80 38 17

Industrial patterns 3543 651 7,824 >82 >41 >19

Industrial and commercial machinery and equipment, NEC 3599 23,073 271,999 86 40 20

Marking devices 3953 623 8,077 80 36 20

Division E, Transportation, communications, and publicutilities [SIC 40B49]:

Taxicabs 412 3,378 26,516 81 43 24

Bus charter service, except local 4142 885 18,106 >81 >19 >7

Bus terminal and service facilities 417 35 182 100 >63 36

Farm product warehousing and storage 4221 567 6,052 >81 >44 >19

Trucking terminal facilities 423 52 533 80 >24 >14

Ferries 4482 117 1,606 >80 >28 >14

Marinas 4493 3,763 18,496 99 73 47

Pipelines, NEC 4619 59 264 100 >73 >47

Passenger transportation arrangement 472I 32,160 207,423 81 59 43







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division E, Transportation, communications, and publicutilities [SIC 40B49] (Continued):

Travel agencies 4724 28,118 162,795 87 66 49

Freight transportation arrangement 473 13,388 117,767 86 47 28

Irrigation systems 497 325 1,673 >80 59 38

Division F, Wholesale trade [SIC 50B51]:

Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies 501I 46,423 504,484 84 45 24

Motor vehicle supplies and new parts 5013 27,140 274,902 87 52 28

Tires and tubes 5014 3,930 47,053 92 50 21

Motor vehicle parts, used 5015 6,976 42,485 98 76 48

Furniture and home furnishings 502I 16,267 169,461 82 39 21

Furniture 5021 7,197 72,037 86 40 21

Home furnishings 5023 8,824 97,024 80 39 21

Lumber and construction materials 503I 20,473 232,555 >86 >39 >17

Lumber, plywood, millwork, and wood panels 5031 8,604 122,835 >84 >29 >12

Brick, stone, and related construction materials 5032 4,618 35,532 97 63 35

Roofing, siding, and insulation materials 5033 2,902 33,514 >89 >46 >18

Construction materials, NEC 5039 3,982 39,930 88 49 24

Commercial equipment, NEC 5046 5,039 45,117 88 52 28

Metals and minerals, except petroleum 505I 11,137 144,449 81 33 17

Metals service centers and offices 5051 10,246 138,724 81 32 16

Coal and other minerals and ores 5052 766 5,557 >89 >50 34

Electrical apparatus and equipment, wiring supplies, andconstruction materials 5063 18,264 195,300 91 47 24







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division F, Wholesale trade [SIC 50B51] (Continued):

Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment 507I 24,808 254,822 87 48 26

Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies 5074 9,341 92,224 93 54 27

Warm-air heating and air-conditioning equipment andsupplies 5075 5,506 49,661 92 54 31

Refrigeration equipment and supplies 5078 1,421 12,152 >88 >49 >28

Machinery, equipment, and supplies 508I 73,344 707,226 88 50 26

Farm and garden machinery and equipment 5083 10,280 103,375 96 59 25

Industrial machinery and equipment 5084 29,854 268,073 89 49 28

Industrial supplies 5085 15,678 153,968 91 53 28

Service establishment equipment and supplies 5087 7,392 65,316 >84 >45 >24

Sporting and recreational goods and supplies 5091 5,730 56,056 82 43 24

Scrap and waste materials 5093 9,079 102,395 88 39 19

Industrial and personal service paper 5113 5,388 67,972 80 36 18

Piece goods, notions, and other dry goods 5131 5,827 52,100 84 45 25

Fish and seafoods 5146 3,223 29,511 >85 >38 >20

Farm-product raw materials 515I 11,142 104,274 >91 >47 >23

Grain and field beans 5153 6,960 58,117 98 67 36

Livestock 5154 2,372 31,127 99 30 13

Farm-product raw materials, NEC 5159 1,717 14,688 >80 43 26

Chemicals and allied products 516I 14,436 150,985 85 44 22

Plastic materials and basic forms and shapes 5162 3,524 35,112 >86 >42 >19

Chemicals and allied products, NEC 5169 10,695 115,680 83 42 22

Petroleum and petroleum products 517I 14,636 162,814 >84 >43 >19

Petroleum bulk stations and terminals 5171 10,562 124,661 91 47 22







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division F, Wholesale trade [SIC 50B51] (Continued):

Petroleum and petroleum products wholesalers, exceptbulk stations and terminals 5172 3,864 37,663 >80 >40 >20

Farm supplies 5191 16,835 145,383 >80 60 33

Flowers, nursery stock, and florists' supplies 5193 4,277 47,618 86 41 20

Paints, varnishes, and supplies 5198 3,544 29,051 86 60 39

Nondurable goods, NEC 5199 17,778 117,097 82 50 32

Division G, Retail trade [SIC 52B59]:

Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores 523 10,081 47,939 100 90 70

Hardware stores 525 18,227 140,019 98 66 37

Retail nurseries, lawn/garden supply stores 526 11,017 72,757 98 67 38

Mobile home dealers 527 4,294 28,632 >92 >70 >39

Variety stores 533 13,197 106,709 >95 67 43

Meat and fish (seafood) markets, including freezerprovisioners 542 8,480 44,536 95 74 49

Fruit and vegetable markets 543 3,108 17,268 >91 56 35

Candy, nut, and confectionery stores 544 4,940 27,829 >99 87 59

Dairy products stores 545 2,338 8,967 100 >82 61

Miscellaneous food stores 549 9,316 46,362 >97 78 53

Motor vehicle dealers (used only) 552 19,569 72,847 >98 84 64

Auto and home supply stores 553 41,338 294,733 99 78 43

Gasoline service stations 554 99,250 692,240 >96 82 50

Boat dealers 555 4,778 28,925 100 78 45

Recreational vehicle dealers 556 2,850 25,593 97 56 29







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division G, Retail trade [SIC 52B59] (Continued):

Motorcycle dealers 557 3,605 24,984 >98 78 41

Automotive dealers, NEC 559 936 4,357 100 >69 >42

Men’s and boys' clothing/accessory stores 561 14,646 106,542 98 76 47

Women's clothing stores 562 47,715 419,793 95 67 34

Women's accessories and specialty stores 563 8,291 45,485 98 90 60

Children's and infants' wear stores 564 5,264 38,368 97 64 36

Shoe stores 566 34,795 184,533 99 91 71

Miscellaneous apparel and accessory stores 569 9,458 47,451 98 79 51

Furniture and home furnishings stores 571I 66,783 451,368 94 67 41

Furniture stores 5712 32,828 252,493 92 61 35

Floor covering stores 5713 14,165 72,792 >98 80 54

Drapery, curtain, and upholstery stores 5714 2,670 10,867 100 >83 64

Miscellaneous home furnishings stores 5719 16,813 114,772 95 70 43

Household appliance stores 572 9,642 60,676 87 65 43

Radio, television, and computer stores 573I 37,496 277,437 94 60 41

Radio, television, and consumer electronics stores 5731 16,901 135,170 92 54 39

Computer and computer software stores 5734 7,479 47,635 >85 >54 >38

Record and prerecorded tape stores 5735 8,714 69,209 98 68 42

Musical instrument stores 5736 4,138 24,916 >89 >63 37

Eating and drinking places 581I 449,089 6,928,226 91 28 11

Eating places 5812 367,205 6,476,992 91 25 10

Drinking places 5813 52,874 310,238 95 64 43

Drug stores and proprietary stores 591 45,676 583,486 98 49 19







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division G, Retail trade [SIC 52B59] (Continued):

Liquor stores 592 29,554 128,727 99 88 66

Used merchandise stores 593 21,622 111,719 95 69 47

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores 594I 126,594 785,116 96 71 45

Sporting goods stores and bicycle shops 5941 24,456 157,121 96 62 37

Book stores 5942 13,520 102,380 92 66 38

Stationery stores 5943 4,179 23,081 >97 76 50

Jewelry stores 5944 26,995 141,748 95 86 62

Hobby, toy, and game shops 5945 10,402 93,976 97 39 26

Camera and photographic supply stores 5946 2,958 17,704 100 83 58

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 5947 34,402 179,249 97 81 54

Luggage and leather goods stores 5948 1,921 11,031 >94 83 64

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 5949 7,497 58,579 98 77 30

Direct selling establishments 5963 13,207 119,526 82 44 24

Fuel dealers 598I 11,142 89,262 >93 68 40

Fuel oil dealers 5983 4,859 45,632 >88 55 29

Liquefied petroleum (bottled gas) dealers 5984 5,940 42,705 >99 82 50

Fuel dealers, NEC 5989 309 876 100 >79 >67

Retail stores, NEC 599I 90,164 421,359 98 78 57

Florists 5992 26,757 120,354 99 85 62

Tobacco stores and stands 5993 1,655 7,146 >95 81 63

News dealers and newsstands 5994 2,310 9,247 95 79 63

Optical goods stores 5995 14,318 73,120 99 76 57

Miscellaneous retail stores, NEC 5999 44,558 210,825 97 75 54







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division H, Finance, insurance, and real estate [SIC60B67]:

Credit unions 606 15,142 151,685 86 47 27

Insurance agents, brokers, and service 641 123,998 661,685 83 59 43

Real estate operators and lessors 651 99,852 483,250 87 61 45

Title abstract offices 654 4,881 42,593 >86 >49 >27

Subdividers and developers 655I 16,912 106,235 81 45 30

Cemetery subdividers and developers 6553 6,263 43,929 >86 >43 >25

Oil royalty traders 6792 698 2,436 100 >71 58

Investors, NEC 6799 4,975 23,261 82 57 42

Division I, Services [SIC 7011B89]:

Rooming and boarding houses 702 1,627 8,192 >93 65 43

Camps and recreational vehicle parks 703I 6,645 31,418 90 60 40

Sporting and recreational camps 7032 3,018 15,238 92 57 37

Recreational vehicle parks and campsites 7033 3,611 16,173 88 63 43

Laundry, cleaning, and garment services 721I 56,536 433,926 83 51 31

Garment pressing and cleaners’ agents 7212 3,159 12,159 >98 82 63

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaning 7215 12,906 47,458 97 85 69

Drycleaning plants, except rug cleaning 7216 22,024 165,823 97 67 37

Carpet and upholstery cleaning 7217 8,289 39,576 97 69 45

Laundry and garment services, NEC 7219 3,665 20,353 85 55 39

Photographic studios, portrait 722 12,436 74,990 80 63 37

Beauty shops 723 82,478 388,925 >99 86 56

Barber shops 724 4,629 14,237 >99 88 71







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10

Division I, Services [SIC 7011B89] (Continued):

Shoe repair shops and shoeshine parlors 725 2,438 6,109 >96 88 76

Funeral services and crematories 726 15,912 93,562 98 80 52

Miscellaneous personal services, NEC 7299 17,296 97,224 83 61 42

Outdoor advertising services 7312 1,251 12,589 91 42 22

Adjustment and collection services 7322 5,649 76,016 >78 >32 >15

Commercial photography 7335 3,964 16,321 >80 >52 >39

Commercial art and graphic design 7336 12,401 53,026 96 71 51

Secretarial and court reporting services 7338 7,349 32,968 92 61 43

Disinfecting and pest control services 7342 10,716 76,208 97 63 32

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing 735I 25,138 215,956 86 54 33

Medical equipment rental 7352 3,292 33,313 >81 >44 >22

Heavy construction equipment rental 7353 3,661 37,253 88 48 22

Equipment rental and leasing, NEC 7359 17,564 143,828 86 57 37

Computer rental and leasing 7377 812 7,780 >85 >36 >19

Truck rental and leasing, no drivers 7513 4,577 37,421 89 56 34

Utility trailer rental 7519 479 1,989 100 >66 >46

Automobile parking 752 8,879 58,475 89 54 36

Automotive repair shops 753I 133,335 557,862 99 87 64

Tops and body repair and paint shops 7532 35,030 177,811 >98 82 53

Automotive exhaust system repair shops 7533 5,502 24,720 100 96 82

Tire retreading and repair shops 7534 1,913 14,050 92 60 34

Automotive glass replacement shops 7536 4,938 22,786 100 85 64

Automotive transmission repair shops 7537 6,391 25,578 >99 93 77







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10


General automotive repair shops 7538 68,419 249,981 99 89 70

Automotive repair shops, NEC 7539 9,931 41,687 99 88 69

Automotive services, except repair 754I 24,299 184,328 96 56 32

Carwashes 7542 12,197 106,719 95 40 23

Automotive services, except repair 7549 11,704 77,119 98 79 43

Radio and television repair shops 7622 5,611 28,384 94 64 45

Refrigeration and air-conditioning service and repair shops 7623 3,687 24,160 >80 >52 >29

Watch, clock, and jewelry repair 763 1,642 5,140 >95 85 72

Reupholstery and furniture repair 764 6,735 21,796 >97 87 69

Miscellaneous repair shops 769I 42,189 257,741 90 59 39

Welding repair 7692 5,714 25,305 >94 73 53

Armature rewinding shops 7694 2,332 25,021 >81 >41 >19

Repair shops and related services, NEC 7699 34,136 207,396 89 59 39

Motion picture distribution services 7829 188 1,099 100 >51 >40

Motion picture theaters, except drive-ins 7832 6,155 108,358 >96 >34 >8

Drive-in motion picture theaters 7833 435 3,195 >80 38 19

Video tape rental 784 21,562 144,644 98 69 42

Dance studios, schools, and halls 791 5,255 24,430 98 83 57

Bowling centers 793 5,855 92,962 >96 >31 >9

Physical fitness facilities 7991 9,813 154,692 >82 >23 >9

Public golf courses 7992 4,021 47,993 >89 >31 >13

Coin-operated amusement devices 7993 4,722 31,418 90 64 43







<100 <100 <20 <20 <10<10


Offices and clinics of medical doctors 801 198,538 1,621,384 80 53 34

Offices and clinics of dentists 802 110,559 594,259 99 92 66

Offices and clinics of doctors of osteopathy 803 8,385 48,908 99 83 54

Offices of other health practitioners 804I 79,002 314,788 95 82 64

Offices and clinics of chiropractors 8041 28,768 89,121 >99 96 83

Offices and clinics of optometrists 8042 17,080 72,027 99 93 73

Offices and clinics of podiatrists 8043 7,981 26,805 100 97 83

Offices and clinics of health practitioners, NEC 8049 24,817 126,300 88 63 42

Dental laboratories 8072 7,417 39,309 96 67 47

Schools and educational services, NEC 829 14,927 119,070 84 47 27

Child day care services 835 51,191 526,000 95 54 22

Labor organizations 863 19,264 171,996 82 52 29

Religious organizations 866 146,527 1,265,938 82 47 30

Architectural services 8712 18,295 126,421 86 54 35

Surveying services 8713 8,870 49,752 >96 71 47

Public relations services 8743 5,404 30,305 84 53 34

Services, NEC 899 14,632 85,030 >82 >46 >29

All small business industries combined C 3,849,586 30,835,590 C C C

Source: Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns, 1994.*Small business industries are those with 80% or more of their workers in establishments employing fewer than 100 workers.H(>)indicates that it was not possible to determine the exact percentages in all size categories, as employment information is routinely withheld from CBP data by the Bureau of the

Census to assure confidentiality of operations for some establishments. It was still possible to calculate at least the minimum percentages of workers in the desired categories forevery industry.

IIndicates that the SIC category is followed by at least one additional subcategory.§Not elsewhere classified.

least 81% of the employees in Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) work in estab-lishments with fewer than 100 employees, thereby satisfying the definition of asmall business industry. But the exact number of employees in establishmentswith fewer than 100 employees is not provided.

Many of the industrial classifications that meet the definition of a small businessindustry are also characterized as having the majority of their employees in estab-lishments with fewer than 20 employees. In more than half (157) of the 253 smallbusiness industries, 50% of the employees worked in establishments with fewerthan 20 employees. The small business industries with the largest number of em-ployees working in establishments with fewer than 20 employees include the fol-lowing: offices of Podiatrists (SIC 8043) (97%),Chiropractors (SIC 8041) (96%),Optometrists (SIC 8042) (93%),Dentists (SIC 802) (92%), and automotive shopsspecializing in Exhaust System Repair (SIC 7533) (96%) and Transmission Repair(SIC 7537) (93%).

BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses(SOII)

The BLS conducts its annual SOII in private industry. Data from the most recentsurvey year (1995) were used for this investigation [BLS 1997c]. The survey sam-ple includes 250,000 establishments and is designed to provide detailed industryinformation about nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses. Data for coal, metaland nonmetal mining, and railroad transportation are provided by the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (MSHA) and the Federal Railroad Administration,Department of Transportation. The survey excludes self-employed workers andworkers on farms with fewer than 11 employees. The survey includes the follow-ing private industry divisions:

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (SIC 01–09)Oil and Gas Extraction (SIC 13)Sulfur Mining (part of SIC 14)Construction (SIC 15–17)Manufacturing (SIC 20–39)Transportation, Communications, and

Public Utilities (SIC 41–42 and 44–49)Wholesale and Retail Trade (SIC 50–59)Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (SIC 60–67)Services (SIC 70–87 and 89)

Estimated IRs of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses are based on logs keptby private industry employers in accordance with recordkeeping guidelines of theU.S. Department of Labor. The BLS survey data on nonfatal occupational injuriesand illnesses are reported by industry as follows:

� Total number of cases

34 Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk

� Total number of cases involving lost workdays

� Injury IRs per 100 full-time employees

� Combined injury and illness IRs per 100 full-time employees

BLS reports IRs for illnesses per 10,000 employees. For this investigation, illnessIRs are reported per 100 employees to maintain consistency.

The annual survey sample is selected to represent all private industries and all em-ployment class sizes in these industries in the United States and its territories. Thenational sample is designed to provide data at the two-digit SIC level for agricul-ture, forestry, and fishing. Data are provided at the three-digit SIC level for oil andgas extraction; transportation, communications, and public utilities; wholesale andretail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. The survey providesdata at the four-digit SIC level for manufacturing industries. Employers who areselected to participate in the survey are obligated to complete and return the Oc-cupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Form, as specified in 29 CFR 1904.21. Ifselected to participate in the survey, small employers (those with no more than10 employees at a single business establishment) are also obligated to maintain alog of occupational injuries and illnesses for completing the survey form [29 CFR1904.15].

BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)

The BLS also conducts the CFOI annually [BLS 1997b]. A variety of data sources(including death certificates, workers’ compensation reports, news media, and re-cords of Federal, State, and local agencies) are used to compile a comprehensive,verifiable count of fatal work-related injuries in the United States. Data from the1994 survey were used for this investigation, since fatality rates for each smallbusiness industry had to be calculated from (1) the number of fatalities identifiedthrough the survey [BLS 1997c] and (2) the population at risk within each smallbusiness industry identified from the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau ofthe Census 1996]. For each of the small business industries by SIC, a fatality ratewas calculated as follows:

Fatality rate = [(number of fatal work injuries/number employed) × 100,000 employees]

The number of fatal occupational injuries by SIC for salaried and wage-earningemployees in private industry was derived from the 1994 CFOI [BLS1995]. Theemployment totals by SIC code were determined from the County Business Pat-terns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. The BLS Current Population Survey[BLS 1996] and the BLS employment data from the SOII [BLS 1997c] were alsoconsidered. However, employment information was not consistently available forall small business industries by SIC from these sources.

Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk 35

The use of numerator data (i.e., number of fatalities by SIC for 1994) and denomi-nator data (i.e., number of persons employed by SIC for 1994) allowed for the cal-culation of fatality rates by SIC for small business industries in 1994. A potentiallymajor inconsistency between these two data sources (which could significantly af-fect the fatality rate calculations) involves the inclusion or exclusion of data onself-employed workers. Because the CFOI survey data include fatalities amongself-employed workers and the County Business Patterns data exclude this groupfrom employment totals, using the two without adjustment would introduce biasinto the calculation of industry-specific IRs, resulting in artificially high rates[Biddle and Kisner 1998]. To adjust for this inconsistency, we excluded fatal in-jury cases involving self-employed workers reported in the CFOI data, therebybringing the numerator data more closely in line with the denominator data. Thefatality rates calculated by SIC reflect the IR for fatal injury cases among the sala-ried and wage-earning sectors of small business industries within private industry;therefore, these rates do not necessarily characterize the fatality experience forself-employed workers in the same small business industries. In this report, thenumbers of fatalities for self-employed workers within each small business indus-try from the 1994 CFOI [BLS 1995] are presented separately. Still, with insuffi-cient data on self-employed workers by industry, this segment of the U.S.workforce could potentially be the least understood with respect to employmenttotals and occupational hazards—and therefore the most difficult to address withappropriate hazard intervention and prevention strategies. The need to adjust forthese missing data illustrates the importance of characterizing self-employment infuture employment surveillance projects. For example, certain construction andtransportation industries tend to have a high proportion of self-employed workers[Biddle and Kisner 1998]; and other industries in the service division may experi-ence rapid growth in the number of self-employed workers with the increasing re-liance on temporary services, independent consulting, and limited contract work.

Injury, Illness, and Fatality Statistics for All SmallBusiness Industries

Table 4 lists by SIC the small business industries for which occupational injury, ill-ness, or fatality data were available. The table presents data on the numbers andIRs for combined occupational injury and illness cases, lost workday cases, and oc-cupational injury, illness, and fatality cases.

Information was available for 105 of the 253 small business industries identified ateither the three- or four-digit SIC level (and 1 at the two-digit SIC level). Most ofthe small business industries lacking data are in the Service (SIC 70–89), Whole-sale Trade (SIC 50–51), andRetail Trade (SIC 52–59) industry divisions, with 54,36, and 30 small business industries lacking information, respectively. The reasonfor this lack of information is that the BLS survey is designed to generate industryestimates at the four-digit SIC level only for manufacturing industries, and at thethree-digit SIC level for nonmanufacturing industries.

36 Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk

TABLE 4.TABLE 4.TABLE 4.TABLE 4. Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries,Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries,Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries,Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries,by SICby SICby SICby SIC

Industry name Industry name Industry name Industry name SICSICSICSIC

Illnesses andIllnesses andIllnesses andIllnesses andinjuries combinedinjuries combinedinjuries combinedinjuries combined

Lost workdayLost workdayLost workdayLost workdaycasescasescasescases Injuries only Injuries only Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses onlyIllnesses onlyIllnesses onlyIllnesses only Fatal occupational injuriesFatal occupational injuriesFatal occupational injuriesFatal occupational injuries

Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR NumberNumberNumberNumber IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Total Total Total Total SWSWSWSW**** IR IR IR IR††††

All private industry —‡

6,575,400 8.1 2,972,100 3.6 6,080,600 7.5 494,800 0.6 5,923 1,252 4.8

All small businessindustries — 1,561,300 — 644,950 — 1,507,500 — >55,850 — 1,924 356 —

Soil preparation services 071 — — — — — — — — 5 — 115

Veterinary services 074 9,700 7.9 2,900 2.4 9,500 7.7 600 0.2 — — —

Animal services, exceptveterinary 075 3,400 8.6 1,400 3.6 3,300 8.3 100 0.3 — — —

Landscape andhorticultural services 078 33,300 10.5 14,700 4.6 32,000 10.1 1,300 0.4 100 36 22

Uranium-radium-vanadium ores 1094 — — — — — — — — — — —

Natural gas liquids 132 — — — — — — — — — — —

Dimension stone 141 300 9.1 200 5.6 300 9.0 <50 0.1 — — —

Crushed and broken stone 142§ 3,600 5.8 2,100 3.4 3,600 5.7 <50 0.1 13 — 35

Crushed and brokenlimestone 1422 — — — — — — — — — — —

Crushed and brokengranite 1423 — — — — — — — — — — —

Sand and gravel 144§ 1,700 4.9 1,000 3.1 1,600 4.8 100 0.1 8 — 28

Construction sand andgravel 1442 — — — — — — — — — — —

Industrial sand 1446 — — — — — — — — — — —

Nonmetallic mineralservices, except fuels 148 — — — — — — — — — — —


TABLE 4 (Continued).TABLE 4 (Continued).TABLE 4 (Continued).TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries, by SICInjuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries, by SICInjuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries, by SICInjuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business industries, by SIC

Industry name Industry name Industry name Industry name SIC SIC SIC SIC



Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR NumberNumberNumberNumber IRIRIRIR NumberNumberNumberNumber IRIRIRIR Total Total Total Total SWSWSWSW**** IR IR IR IR††††

General contractors andoperative builders 15 104,700 9.8 47,100 4.4 102,700 9.6 2,000 0.2 191 30 14

Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning 171 86,000 12.9 36,100 5.4 84,900 12.7 1,100 0.2 71 14 8.8

Painting and paperhanging 172 11,200 7.3 6,100 4.0 11,000 7.2 200 0.1 40 9 19

Masonry, stonework, andplastering 174§ 37,300 10.8 19,100 5.5 36,900 10.7 400 0.1 53 11 11

Masonry, stone setting,and other stone work 1741 — — — — — — — — — — —

Terrazzo, tile, marble, andmosaic work 1743 — — — — — — — — — — —

Carpentry and floor work 175§ 20,100 10.8 10,200 5.4 19,600 10.5 500 0.3 31 11 8.7

Carpentry work 1751 — — — — — — — — — — —

Floor laying, and otherwork, NEC** 1752 — — — — — — — — — — —

Roofing, siding, and sheetmetal work 176 25,600 14.8 13,400 7.8 25,200 14.6 400 0.2 89 12 36

Concrete work 177 21,800 10.6 10,400 5.0 21,100 10.2 700 0.4 34 4 16

Water well drilling 178 1,900 9.4 900 4.2 1,900 9.3 <50 0.1 8 4 21

Miscellaneous specialtrade contractors 179§ 45,700 9.6 21,400 4.5 44,800 9.4 900 0.2 182 24 33

Glass and glazing work 1793 — — — — — — — — — — —

Excavation work 1794 — — — — — — — — 47 8 42

Wrecking and demolitionwork 1795 — — — — — — — — — — —


TABLE 4 (Continued).TABLE 4 (Continued).TABLE 4 (Continued).TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small businessInjuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small businessInjuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small businessInjuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small businessindustries, by SICindustries, by SICindustries, by SICindustries, by SIC




NumberNumberNumberNumber IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IR IR IR IR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Total Total Total Total WWWW**** IR IR IR IR††††

Special trade contractors,NEC 1799 — — — — — — — — 46 10 17

Prepared feeds, NEC 2048 4,400 10.0 2,000 4.6 4,200 9.6 200 0.4 — — —

Animal and marine fatsand oils 2077 1,500 17.1 800 9.3 1,400 16.4 100 0.7 — — —

Manufactured ice 2097 — — — — — — — — — — —

Fur goods 237 — — — — — — — — — — —

Logging 241 7,700 10.5 4,900 6.7 7,300 10.0 400 0.5 130 39 108

Special products sawmills,NEC 2429 — — — — — — — — — — —

Wood containers 244§ 8,200 17.1 4,000 8.4 8,100 16.9 100 0.2 6 — 14

Nailed and lock cornerwood boxes 2441 — — — — — — — — — — —

Wood pallets and skids 2448 6,200 16.7 3,000 8.2 6,100 16.5 100 0.2 — — —

Wood preserving 2491 1,500 12.6 600 5.6 1,400 12.1 100 0.1 — — —

Industrial gases 2813 600 2.4 300 1.0 500 2.1 100 0.3 — — —

Fertilizers, mixing only 2875 1,000 10.2 500 4.8 1,000 10.1 <50 0.1 — — —

Printing ink 2893 1,200 8.0 400 2.7 1,200 7.9 <50 0.1 — — —

Asphalt paving mixturesand blocks 2951 1,300 9.4 600 3.9 1,300 9.2 <50 0.2 — — —

Concrete, gypsum, andplaster products 327§ 26,600 12.5 12,800 6.0 25,700 12.0 900 0.5 24 — 14

Concrete block and brick 3271 2,200 11.8 1,100 5.9 2,100 11.6 100 0.2 — — —

Ready-mixed concrete 3273 12,200 11.7 6,000 5.7 12,100 11.5 100 0.2 — — —

Cut stone and stoneproducts 328 1,200 9.6 500 3.8 1,100 8.7 900 0.9 6 — 50






NumberNumberNumberNumber IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IR IR IR IR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Total Total Total Total SWSWSWSW**** IR IR IR IR††††

Industrial patterns 3543 — — — — — — — — — — —

Industrial and commercialmachinery andequipment, NEC 3599 32,400 12.3 12,500 4.7 31,100 11.8 1,300 0.5 13 4 3.3

Marking devices 3953 500 6.2 300 3.3 500 5.7 <50 0.5 — — —

Taxicabs 412 1,700 6.1 1,000 3.5 1,700 6.1 <50 0.0 103 17 324

Bus charter service, exceptlocal 4142 — — — — — — — — — — —

Bus terminal and servicefacilities 417 — — — — — — — — — — —

Farm product warehousingand storage 4221 — — — — — — — — — — —

Trucking terminalfacilities 423 600 14.9 300 8.8 600 14.7 <50 0.2 7 — >159††

Ferries 4482 — — — — — — — — — — —

Marinas 4493 — — — — — — — — — — —

Pipelines, NEC 4619 — — — — — — — — — — —

Passenger transportationarrangement 472§ 1,700 0.9 700 0.4 1,500 0.8 200 0.1 13 4 4.3

Travel agencies 4724 — — — — — — — — — — —

Freight transportationarrangement 473 9,300 6.1 5,500 3.6 9,200 6.0 100 0.1 10 — 8.5

Irrigation systems 497 — — — — — — — — — — —

Motor vehicles, parts, andsupplies 501§ 48,900 10.7 23,400 5.1 46,000 10.0 2,900 0.7 24 — 4.8

Motor vehicle supplies andnew parts 5013 — — — — — — — — — — —






Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IR IR IR IR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Total Total Total Total SWSWSWSW**** IRIRIRIR††††

Tires and tubes 5014 — — — — — — — — — — —

Motor vehicle parts, used 5015 — — — — — — — — — — —

Furniture and homefurnishings 502§ 9,200 6.5 4,600 3.3 9,000 6.3 200 0.2 6 — 3.5

Furniture 5021 — — — — — — — — — — —

Home furnishings 5023 — — — — — — — — — — —

Lumber and constructionmaterials 503§ 24,900 10.5 12,000 5.0 24,700 10.4 200 0.1 25 — 11

Lumber, plywood,millwork, and woodpanels 5031 — — — — — — — — — — —

Brick, stone, and relatedconstruction materials 5032 — — — — — — — — — — —

Roofing, siding, andinsulation materials 5033 — — — — — — — — — — —

Construction materials,NEC 5039 — — — — — — — — — — —

Commercial equipment,NEC 5046 — — — — — — — — — — —

Metals and minerals,except petroleum 505§ 18,300 12.5 8,500 5.8 18,000 12.3 300 0.2 8 — 5.5

Metals service centers andoffices 5051 — — — — — — — — — — —

Coal and other mineralsand ores 5052 — — — — — — — — — — —







Electrical apparatus andequipment, wiringsupplies, andconstruction materials 5063 — — — — — — — — — — —

Hardware, plumbing, andheating equipment 507§ 17,800 6.4 8,800 3.2 17,300 6.3 500 0.1 9 — 3.5

Plumbing and hydronicheating supplies 5074 — — — — — — — — — — —

Warm-air heating and airconditioning equipmentand supplies 5075 — — — — — — — — — — —

Refrigeration equipmentand supplies 5078 — — — — — — — — — — —

Machinery, equipment,and supplies 508§ 54,800 7.1 21,800 2.8 53,600 7.0 1,200 0.1 28 — 4.0

Farm and gardenmachinery andequipment 5083 — — — — — — — — — — —

Industrial machinery andequipment 5084 — — — — — — — — — — —

Industrial supplies 5085 — — — — — — — — — — —

Service establishmentequipment and supplies 5087 — — — — — — — — — — —

Sporting and recreationalgoods and supplies 5091 — — — — — — — — — — —







Scrap and waste materials 5093 — — — — — — — — — — —

Industrial and personalservice paper 5113 — — — — — — — — — — —

Piece goods, notions, andother dry goods 5131 — — — — — — — — — — —

Fish and seafoods 5146 — — — — — — — — — — —

Farm-product rawmaterials 515§ 6,700 7.1 2,900 3.1 6,500 7.0 200 0.1 20 — 19

Grain and field beans 5153 — — — — — — — — — — —

Livestock 5154 — — — — — — — — — — —

Farm-product rawmaterials, NEC 5159 — — — — — — — — — — —

Chemicals and alliedproducts 516§ 8,100 5.5 3,700 2.5 7,800 5.4 300 0.1 — — —

Plastic materials and basicforms and shapes 5162 — — — — — — — — — — —

Chemical and alliedproducts, NEC 5169 — — — — — — — — — — —

Petroleum and petroleumproducts 517§ 9,300 6.1 4,000 2.6 8,900 5.8 400 0.3 14 — 8.6

Petroleum bulk stationsand terminals 5171 — — — — — — — — — — —

Petroleum and petroleumproducts wholesalers,except bulk stations andterminals 5172 — — — — — — — — — — —







Farm supplies 5191 — — — — — — — — — — —

Flowers, nursery stock,and florists’ supplies 5193 — — — — — — — — — — —

Paints, varnishes, andsupplies 5198 — — — — — — — — — — —

Nondurable goods, NEC 5199 — — — — — — — — — — —

Paint, glass, and wallpaperstores 523 3,600 6.2 1,600 2.6 3,600 6.2 <50 0.0 — — —

Hardware stores 525 7,100 5.2 2,800 2.1 6,900 5.1 200 0.1 4 — 2.9

Retail nurseries, lawn, andgarden supply stores 526 5,000 6.7 2,200 3.0 4,700 6.5 300 0.2 — — —

Mobile home dealers 527 2,200 6.6 900 2.7 2,200 6.5 <50 0.1 — — —

Variety stores 533 9,000 8.9 4,400 4.4 8,900 8.8 100 0.1 — — —

Meat and fish (seafood)markets, includingfreezer provisioners 542 1,600 4.1 600 1.5 1,600 4.0 <50 0.1 — — —

Fruit and vegetablemarkets 543 1,200 5.7 600 2.8 1,200 5.6 <50 0.1 — — —

Candy, nut, andconfectionery stores 544 900 4.7 600 2.8 900 4.6 <50 0.1 — — —

Dairy products stores 545 500 4.7 300 2.5 400 4.0 100 0.7 — — —

Miscellaneous food stores 549 1,800 3.6 800 1.6 1,800 3.5 <50 0.1 — — —

Motor vehicle dealers(used only) 552 1,700 2.3 700 1.0 1,700 2.3 <50 0.0 10 — 14







Auto and home supplystores 553 33,300 9.2 14,300 4.0 32,800 9.1 500 0.1 16 — 5.4

Gasoline service stations 554 23,700 4.4 10,100 1.9 23,100 4.3 600 0.1 54 4 7.2

Boat dealers 555 1,800 5.9 700 2.4 1,800 5.9 <50 0.0 — — —

Recreational vehicledealers 556 2,200 9.3 600 2.7 2,200 9.3 <50 0.0 — — —

Motorcycle dealers 557 700 2.5 300 1.0 700 2.3 <50 0.2 — — —

Automotive dealers, NEC 559 — — — — — — — — — — —

Mens’ and boys’ clothingand accessory stores 561 1,400 2.1 800 1.1 1,300 2.0 100 0.1 — — —

Women’s clothing stores 562 6,900 3.3 2,700 1.3 6,700 3.2 200 0.1 — — —

Women’s accessories andspecialty stores 563 — — — — — — — — — — —

Children’s and infants’wear stores 564 700 2.9 400 1.7 700 2.9 <50 0.0 — — —

Shoe stores 566 4,000 2.7 2,100 1.4 3,800 2.6 200 0.1 — — —

Miscellaneous apparel andaccessory stores 569 1,800 2.9 700 1.1 1,700 2.8 100 0.1 — — —

Furniture and homefurnishings stores 571§ 30,900 7.2 15,300 3.5 30,500 7.0 400 0.2 16 7 2.0

Furniture stores 5712 — — — — — — — — — — —

Floor covering stores 5713 — — — — — — — — — — —

Drapery, curtain, andupholstery stores 5714 — — — — — — — — — — —

Miscellaneous homefurnishings stores 5719 — — — — — — — — — — —







Household appliancestores 572 5,200 7.2 2,100 2.9 5,100 7.2 100 0.0 — — —

Radio, television, andcomputer stores 573§ 10,500 3.3 4,600 1.4 10,300 3.2 200 0.1 15 5 3.6

Radio, television, andconsumer electronicsstores 5731 — — — — — — — — — — —

Computer and computersoftware stores 5734 — — — — — — — — — — —

Record and prerecordedtape stores 5735 — — — — — — — — — — —

Musical instrument stores 5736 — — — — — — — — — — —

Eating and drinking places 581§ 379,200 7.6 121,700 2.4 365,600 7.4 13,600 0.2 181 33 2.1

Eating places 5812 — — — — — — — — 119 21 1.5

Drinking places 5813 — — — — — — — — 38 11 8.7

Drug stores andproprietary stores 591 13,300 3.2 5,300 1.3 12,800 3.0 500 0.2 — 7 1.2

Liquor stores 592 2,000 2.5 700 0.9 2,000 2.5 <50 0.0 22 12 7.8

Used merchandise stores 593 3,600 4.5 2,100 2.6 3,500 4.4 100 0.1 22 7 13

Miscellaneous shoppinggoods stores 594§ 26,200 3.8 10,500 1.5 25,400 3.7 800 0.1 19 11 1.0

Sporting goods stores andbicycle shops 5941 — — — — — — — — — — —

Book stores 5942 — — — — — — — — — — —






Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR NumberNumberNumberNumber IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IR IR IR IR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR TotalTotalTotalTotal SWSWSWSW**** IRIRIRIR††††

Stationery stores 5943 — — — — — — — — — — —

Jewelry stores 5944 — — — — — — — — — — —

Hobby, toy, and gameshops 5945 — — — — — — — — — — —

Camera and photographicsupply stores 5946 — — — — — — — — — — —

Gift, novelty, and souvenirshops 5947 — — — — — — — — — — —

Luggage and leather goodsstores 5948 — — — — — — — — — — —

Sewing, needlework, andpiece goods stores 5949 — — — — — — — — — — —

Direct sellingestablishments 5963 — — — — — — — — — — —

Fuel dealers 598§ 7,400 8.0 3,600 3.9 7,200 7.8 200 0.2 10 — 11

Fuel oil dealers 5983 — — — — — — — — — — —

Liquefied petroleum(bottled gas) dealers 5984 — — — — — — — — — — —

Fuel dealers, NEC 5989 — — — — — — — — — — —

Retail stores, NEC 599§ 12,000 3.3 4,900 1.3 11,400 3.1 600 0.2 26 11 3.6

Florists 5992 — — — — — — — — — — —

Tobacco stores and stands 5993 — — — — — — — — — — —

News dealers andnewsstands 5994 — — — — — — — — — — —

Optical goods stores 5995 — — — — — — — — — — —






Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR Number Number Number Number IR IR IR IR Number Number Number Number IRIRIRIR TotalTotalTotalTotal SWSWSWSW**** IRIRIRIR††††

Miscellaneous retail stores,NEC 5999 — — — — — — — — — — —

Credit unions 606 3,000 2.2 1,000 0.7 2,700 1.9 300 0.3 — — —

Insurance agents, brokers,and service 641 7,600 1.2 2,700 0.4 6,400 1.0 1,200 0.2 11 — 1.7

Real estate operators andlessors 651 32,100 7.1 16,100 3.6 30,600 6.8 1,500 0.3 31 4 5.6

Title abstract offices 654 200 0.9 100 0.3 200 0.8 <50 0.1 — — —

Subdividers anddevelopers 655§ 7,300 7.7 3,400 3.6 7,000 7.5 300 0.2 — — —

Cemetery subdividers anddevelopers 6553 — — — — — — — — — — —

Oil royalty traders 6792 — — — — — — — — — — —

Investors, NEC 6799 — — — — — — — — — — —

Rooming and boardinghouses 702 — — — — — — — — — — —

Camps and recreationalvehicle parks 703§ 3,100 10.8 1,000 3.5 2,900 10.2 200 0.6 7 — 22

Sporting and recreationalcamps 7032 — — — — — — — — — — —

Recreational vehicle parksand campsites 7033 — — — — — — — — — — —

Laundry, cleaning, andgarment services 721§ 26,400 7.2 13,000 3.5 25,300 6.9 1,100 0.3 13 — 3.0

Garment pressing andcleaners’ agents 7212 — — — — — — — — — — —







Coin-operated laundriesand drycleaning 7215 — — — — — — — — — — —

Drycleaning plants, exceptrug cleaning 7216 — — — — — — — — — — —

Carpet and upholsterycleaning 7217 — — — — — — — — — — —

Laundry and garmentservices, NEC 7219 — — — — — — — — — — —

Photographic studios,portrait 722 1,600 2.9 800 1.4 1,500 2.7 100 0.2 — — —

Beauty shops 723 5,000 1.7 1,900 0.7 3,700 1.3 1,300 0.4 — — —

Barber shops 724 — — — — — — — — 5 — 35

Shoe repair shops andshoeshine parlors 725 — — — — — — — — — — —

Funeral services andcrematories 726 2,400 3.2 1,100 1.5 2,300 3.1 100 0.1 — — —

Miscellaneous personalservices, NEC 7299 — — — — — — — — — — —

Outdoor advertisingservices 7312 — — — — — — — — — — —

Adjustment and collectionservices 7322 — — — — — — — — — — —

Commercial photography 7335 — — — — — — — — — — —

Commercial art andgraphic design 7336 — — — — — — — — — — —

Secretarial and courtreporting services 7338 — — — — — — — — — — —







Disinfecting and pestcontrol services 7342 — — — — — — — — — — —

Miscellaneous equipmentrental and leasing 735§ 16,100 7.9 6,500 3.2 15,600 7.6 500 0.3 14 — 6.5

Medical equipment rental 7352 — — — — — — — — — — —

Heavy constructionequipment rental 7353 — — — — — — — — — — —

Equipment rental andleasing, NEC 7359 — — — — — — — — — — —

Computer rental andleasing 7377 — — — — — — — — — — —

Truck rental and leasing,no drivers 7513 — — — — — — — — — — —

Utility trailer rental 7519 — — — — — — — — — — —

Automobile parking 752 2,900 5.7 1,200 2.4 2,800 5.6 100 0.1 — — —

Automotive repair shops 753§ 35,400 6.6 13,900 2.6 34,400 6.4 1,000 0.2 61 28 5.9

Top, body and upholsteryrepair shops, and paintshops 7532 — — — — — — — — — — —

Automotive exhaustsystem repair shops 7533 — — — — — — — — — — —

Tire retreading and repairshops 7534 — — — — — — — — — — —

Automotive glassreplacement shops 7536 — — — — — — — — — — —







Automotive transmissionrepair shops 7537 — — — — — — — — — — —

General automotive repairshops 7538 — — — — — — — — — — —

Automotive repair shops,NEC 7539 — — — — — — — — — — —

Automotive services,except repair 754§ 12,000 7.1 5,900 3.5 11,700 6.9 300 0.2 14 — 7.6

Carwashes 7542 — — — — — — — — — — —

Automotive services,except repair 7549 — — — — — — — — — — —

Radio and television repairshops 7622 — — — — — — — — — — —

Refrigeration and airconditioning service andrepair shops 7623 — — — — — — — — — — —

Watch, clock, and jewelryrepair 763 — — — — — — — — — — —

Reupholstery and furniturerepair 764 1,000 5.3 600 3.0 1,000 5.2 <50 0.1 — — —

Miscellaneous repair shops 769§ 19,700 9.5 9,100 4.4 19,300 9.3 400 0.2 29 11 7.0

Welding repair 7692 — — — — — — — — — — —

Armature rewinding shops 7694 — — — — — — — — — — —

Repair shops and relatedservices, NEC 7699 — — — — — — — — — — —







Motion picture distributionservices 7829 — — — — — — — — — — —

Motion picture theaters,except drive-ins 7832 — — — — — — — — — — —

Drive-in motion picturetheaters 7833 — — — — — — — — — — —

Video tape rental 784 1,100 1.3 300 0.3 1,100 1.3 <50 0.0 7 — 4.8

Dance studios, schools,and halls 791 100 0.9 <50 0.5 100 0.9 <50 0.0 — — —

Bowling centers 793 2,000 3.8 600 1.2 1,900 3.7 100 0.2 — — —

Physical fitness facilities 7991 — — — — — — — — — — —

Public golf courses 7992 — — — — — — — — — — —

Coin-operated amusementdevices 7993 — — — — — — — — — — —

Offices and clinics ofmedical doctors 801 37,900 2.8 9,800 0.7 32,700 2.4 5,200 0.4 11 — 0.7

Offices and clinics ofdentists 802 10,100 2.4 700 0.2 9,000 2.1 1,100 0.3 6 4 0.3

Offices and clinics ofdoctors of osteopathy 803 — — — — — — — — — — —

Offices of other healthpractitioners 804§ 6,000 1.9 2,700 0.8 5,400 1.7 600 0.2 — — —

Offices and clinics ofchiropractors 8041 — — — — — — — — — — —

Offices and clinics ofoptometrists 8042 — — — — — — — — — — —

Offices and clinics ofpodiatrists 8043 — — — — — — — — — — —







Offices and clinics ofhealth practitioners,NEC 8049 — — — — — — — — — — —

Dental laboratories 8072 — — — — — — — — — — —

Schools and educationalservices, NEC 829 2,800 3.1 1,000 1.1 2,600 2.9 200 0.2 10 — 8.4

Child day care services 835 14,800 3.8 6,700 1.7 13,800 3.5 1,000 0.3 5 — 0.2

Labor organizations 863 — — — — — — — — — — —

Religious organizations 866 2,000 2.6 900 1.2 1,900 2.5 100 0.1 27 — 2.1

Architectural services 8712 — — — — — — — — — — —

Surveying services 8713 — — — — — — — — — — —

Public relations services 8743 — — — — — — — — — — —

Services, NEC 899 900 2.4 500 1.2 800 2.1 100 0.3 7 — 8.2

*SW = the number of fatal occupational injuries associated with self-employed workers; this number is included in the total number of fatal occupational injuries, but it was not usedin the calculation of the fatality rate.

†Fatal occupational injuries associated with self-employed workers are excluded from the calculations in this column. Denominator data were derived from employment totals bySIC in the Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns 1994.

‡— indicates that too few data were reported or available for the industry at this SIC level.

§Indicates that the SIC category listed is followed by at least one additional subcategory.**Not elsewhere classified.††

A wide discrepancy exists between the BLS estimate and the Bureau of the Census data on the number of persons employed in Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]. The SOII1995 estimates employment for this industry to be 4,400, whereas data from the CBP 1994 shows employment to be 553. The larger estimate was used as the denominator tocalculate the fatality rate for this particular SIC category. The fatality rate for this category, though high compared with other SIC categories, is probably conservative.

Results

4

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . 57

Nonfatal Occupational Illnesses . . . . . . . . 60

Cases Involving Lost Workdays Due toNonfatal Occupational Injury and Illness . . 63

Fatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . . . 66

High-Risk Small Business Industries:A Combined Risk Index . . . . . . . . . . . 74

At least one-third of all occupational fatalities occurredin establishments with fewer than 20 employees, and atleast half occurred in establishments with fewer than100 employees.

56 Results

Results

Of the 253 SIC codes that met the definition of small business industry, 105had available occupational injury, illness, and fatality data. These industries

included 101 small business industries with available injury and illness data: 1 atthe two-digit SIC level, 88 at the three-digit level, and 12 at the four-digit level.Of the 150 small business industries identified at the four-digit SIC level, 96 SICcodes were contained within a broader small business industry code at thethree-digit level. Data indicated that there were 62 small business industries inwhich at least one fatal occupational injury had occurred. These included 58 smallbusiness industries with available injury and illness data and 4 without such data.

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries

The BLS defines occupational injury as a laceration, fracture, sprain, amputation,etc. that results from a work-related event or from a single instantaneous exposurein the work environment [BLS 1997c]. In all private industry, an estimated 6.1million nonfatal occupational injury cases occurred in 1995. This number trans-lates to an IR of 7.5 injuries per 100 full-time employees. Figures 1 through 6 iden-tify the highest-risk small business industries (top 25%) for which data areavailable with regard to nonfatal occupational injuries, nonfatal occupational ill-nesses, and lost workday cases for injuries and illnesses [BLS 1997c]. Figure 1 liststhe top quartile of small business industries according to the total number of casesof nonfatal occupational injuries. This ranking does not take into account differ-ences in the number of employees associated with a particular SIC (as with the in-jury rates in Figure 2), but it is important for showing the number of employeesaffected. This ranking on the basis of total number of injury cases is also importantfor recognizing occupational populations to target with interventions that have abroader impact (i.e., those that affect a larger number of employees). Leading thelist are two of the largest small business industries—Eating and Drinking Places(SIC 581) and General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15)—with365,600 cases and 102,700 cases, respectively.

In Figure 2, the top 25% of small business industries are listed by the IRs fornonfatal occupational injury cases. When considering the total number of employ-ees for each SIC, Eating and Drinking Places drops out of the top 25% with an IRof 7.4, andGeneral Contractors and Operative Builders drops to number 22 withan IR of 9.6. Topping the list are the manufacturing categories ofWood Containers(SIC 244), the subcategoryWood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448), and Animal andMarine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077), with rates of 16.9, 16.5, and 16.4, respectively.

Results 57

(Number of cases)

Child day care services [SIC 835]Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing [SIC 735]Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment [SIC 507]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Concrete work [SIC 177]Gasoline service stations [SIC 554]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]Miscellaneous shopping goods stores [SIC 594]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]Furniture and homefurnishings stores [SIC 571]

Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]

Auto and home supply stores [SIC 553]Automotive repair shops [SIC 753]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]Machinery, equipment and supplies [SIC 508]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Eating and drinking places [SIC 581]All private industry

10000 100000 1000000

Figure 1. Small business industries with the highest numbers of nonfatal occupational injury cases (top25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

10,000 100,000 1,000,000

6,080,600365,600102,700

84,90053,60046,00044,80036,90034,40032,80032,700

32,00031,10030,60030,50025,700

25,40025,30025,200

24,70023,100

21,10019,30018,000

17,30015,60013,800

(Per 100 full-time workers)

Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]Recreational vehicle dealers [SIC 556]

Water well drilling [SIC 178]Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]Prepared feeds, N.E.C. [SIC 2048]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]Logging [SIC 241]

Fertilizers, mixing only [SIC 2875]Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Concrete work [SIC 177]Camps and recreational vehicle parks [SIC 703]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]Ready-mixed concrete [SIC 3273]

Concrete block and brick [SIC 3271]Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]Wood preserving [SIC 2491]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Animal and marine fats and oils [SIC 2077]Wood pallets and skids [SIC 2448]

Wood containers [SIC 244]All private industry

0 5 10 15 20

Figure 2. Small business industries with the highest nonfatal occupational injury IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

7.516.916.516.414.814.712.912.312.112.011.811.611.510.710.510.410.210.210.110.110.010.0

9.69.69.49.39.39.3

All small business industries in the top quartile in Figure 2 have IRs for nonfataloccupational injuries that exceed the average rate for all private industry (i.e.,7.5 cases per 100 full-time employees).

Nonfatal Occupational Illnesses

The BLS defines occupational illness as any abnormal condition or disorder (otherthan one resulting from an occupational injury) caused by exposure to factors asso-ciated with employment [BLS 1997c]. This BLS definition includes acute andchronic illness or disease that may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion,or direct contact. Of the estimated 6.5 million cases of nonfatal occupational ill-ness and injury in private industry reported by the BLS for 1995, roughly 495,000(7.5%) were cases of occupational illness. Additional information about occupa-tional illnesses at the two- and three-digit SIC level is available from the BLS, in-cluding data for the following illness categories:

� Skin diseases or disorders (e.g., contact dermatitis, eczema, oil acne, andchemical burns)

� Dust diseases of the lungs (e.g., silicosis, asbestosis, byssinosis, and siderosis)

� Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents (e.g., pneumonitis, farmer’s lung,and acute congestion)

� Poisoning (e.g., by exposure to metals, organic solvents, carbon monoxide,and insecticide sprays)

� Disorders due to physical agents (e.g., heatstroke, heat exhaustion, frostbite,freezing, and ionizing and nonionizing radiation)

� Disorders associated with repeated trauma (e.g., musculoskeletal disorders,noise-induced hearing loss, Raynaud’s phenomenon, synovitis, bursitis, andtenosynovitis)

� All other occupational illnesses (e.g., infectious hepatitis, food poisoning,and histoplasmosis)

Because most of the small business industries examined for this study were identi-fied at the three- and four-digit SIC levels, no analysis was performed of occupa-tional illnesses by the categories listed above for two- and three-digit SIC codes.Instead, SIC codes were identified with the greatest total cases and IRs for occu-pational injury and illness. Subsequent analyses can be performed to determinethe nature of these illnesses, identify related hazards, and determine preventionstrategies for priority industries.

The data on nonfatal occupational illnesses in Table 4 and in Figures 3 and 4 maybe useful in targeting industries where the morbidity rate reflects illnesses that are

60 Results

(Number of cases)

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing [SIC 735]Drug stores and proprietary stores [SIC 591]

Auto and home supply stores [SIC 553]Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment [SIC 507]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]Offices of other health practitioners [SIC 804]

Retail stores, N.E.C. [SIC 599]Gasoline service stations [SIC 554]

Veterinary services [SIC 074]Concrete work [SIC 177]

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores [SIC 594]Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Child day care services [SIC 835]Automotive repair shops [SIC 753]

Offices and clinics of dentists [SIC 802]Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

Insurance agents, brokers and service [SIC 641]Machinery equipment and supplies [SIC 508]

Beauty shops [SIC 723]Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]Eating and drinking places [SIC 581]

All private industry

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Figure 3. Small business industries with the highest numbers of nonfatal occupational illness cases (top 25%).(Source: BLS 1997c.)

494,80013,600

5,2002,9002,0001,5001,3001,3001,3001,2001,2001,1001,1001,1001,0001,000

900900800700600600600600500500500500

100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000


Services, N.E.C. [SIC 891]Child day care services [SIC 835]

Offices and clinics of dentists [SIC 802]Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing [SIC 735]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]

Petroleum and petroleum products [SIC 517]Industrial gases [SIC 2813]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]Animal services, except veterinary [SIC 075]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]Beauty shops [SIC 723]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]Concrete work [SIC 177]

Prepared feeds, N.E.C. [SIC 2048]Logging [SIC 241]

Wood preserving [SIC 2491]Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]Marking devices [SIC 3953]

Camps and recreational vehicle parks [SIC 703]Animal and marine fats and oils [SIC 2077]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]Dairy products stores [SIC 545]

Cut stone and stone products [SIC 328]All private industry

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure 4. Small business industries with the highest nonfatal occupational illness IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

0.60.90.70.70.70.60.50.50.50.50.50.40.40.40.40.40.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.3

caused by exposure to known hazards. Table 4 lists data on the number of occupa-tional illnesses and the corresponding rates for small business industries (whenavailable). In Figure 3, the top 25% of small business industries are ranked by totalcases of occupational illnesses. Leading this list is Eating and Drinking Places (SIC581), with 13,600 cases of occupational illness. Next are Offices and Clinics ofMedical Doctors (SIC 801), with 5,200 cases, andWholesale Trade of Motor Vehi-cles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501), with 2,900 cases. In Figure 4, the top 25% ofsmall business industries are ranked according to IRs for cases of occupational ill-ness. This list is headed by Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328), with an IR of0.9 cases per 100 full-time employees. Next areDairy Products Stores (SIC 545),Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501), and Animal and Marine Fats andOils (SIC 2077), each with an IR of 0.7. Only the top four small business indus-tries in Figure 4 have occupational illness IRs that exceed the average rate for allprivate industry (i.e., 0.6 cases per 100 full-time employees).

Cases of occupational injury and illness (especially the latter) are likely to beunderreported [Leigh et al. 1997]. The data from the annual SOII [BLS 1997c]are collected from private firms that (as some have argued) face an economic in-centive to underreport [Ruser and Smith 1991; Leigh et al. 1997]. One study ofwork-related cumulative trauma disorders (which are considered an occupationalillness) indicates a 60% undercount based on illness reporting by private industry[Nelson et al. 1992].

Cases Involving Lost Workdays Due to NonfatalOccupational Injury and Illness

Figures 5 and 6 present lost workday cases and IRs as measures of more severe oc-cupational illnesses and injuries combined ( i.e., cases requiring days away fromwork, days of restricted work activity, or both) [BLS 1997c]. Figure 5 lists the top25% of small business industries ranked by total number of lost workday cases dueto occupational injury and illness. The ranking in Figure 5 for cases involving lostwork time is very similar to that in Figure 1, which shows all cases of nonfatal occu-pational injuries (with or without lost work time). This similarity is due to the highpercentage of occupational injuries (92.5%) in the combined category. Again, withno consideration of the number of employees in a given SIC, Eating and DrinkingPlaces (SIC 581) tops the list with 121,700 cases.General Contractors and Oper-ative Builders (SIC 15) follows with 47,100 cases. The comparison of the rankingbased on IRs for lost work time injuries and illnesses (Figure 6) with the ranking in-volving IRs for all nonfatal injuries (Figure 2) again indicates remarkable similarity.In Figure 6, rankings by IRs for lost workday cases due to occupational injuries andillnesses show that the manufacturing category of Animal and Marine Fats (SIC2077) leads the list with a rate of 9.3 cases per 100 full-time employees. Next areTrucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423), with an IR of 8.8;Wood Containers (SIC244), with an IR of 8.4; andWood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448), with an IR of 8.2.All small business industries within the top quartile shown in Figure 6 have lost

Results 63

(Number of cases)

Child day care services [SIC 835]Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment [SIC 507]Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]Gasoline service stations [SIC 554]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]Concrete work [SIC 177]

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores [SIC 594]Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Automotive repair shops [SIC 753]Auto and home supply stores [SIC 553]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]Furniture and homefurnishings stores [SIC 571]

Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]Machinery, equipment and supplies [SIC 508]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]Eating and drinking places [SIC 581]

All private industry

1000 10000 100000 1000000

2,972,100

121,70047,10028,40023,40021,80021,40019,10016,10015,30014,70014,30013,90013,40013,00012,80012,50012,00010,50010,40010,20010,100

9,8009,1008,800

Figure 5. Small business industries with the highest numbers of lost workday cases (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000


General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Variety stores [SIC 533]Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]Prepared feeds, N.E.C. [SIC 2048]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]Fertilizers, mixing only [SIC 2875]

Concrete work [SIC 177]Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]Dimension stone [SIC 141]

Wood preserving [SIC 2491]Ready-mixed concrete [SIC 3273]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]Concrete block and brick [SIC 3271]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]Logging [SIC 241]

Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]Wood pallets and skids [SIC 2448]

Wood containers [SIC 244]Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]

Animal and marine fats and oils [SIC 2077]All private industry

0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 6. Small business industries with the highest lost workday IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

3.69.38.88.48.27.86.76.05.95.85.75.65.65.55.45.45.15.05.04.84.74.64.64.54.4

workday IRs that exceed the average rate for all private industry—3.6 lost work-day cases per 100 full-time employees.

Fatal Occupational Injuries

In 1994, the BLS [1995] reported 6,588 fatal occupational injuries for the entireU.S. workforce, including 665 fatalities among government employees and 1,252deaths involving self-employed workers. Excluding these two latter groups, thenumber of fatalities among salaried/wage-earning employees in private industrytotaled 4,671 [BLS 1995]. For this investigation, we examined the 1994 CFOIdata [BLS 1995] to determine which of the small business industries identified forthis study had experienced fatal occupational injuries. Although fatality data formore recent years (1995 and 1996) were available, 1994 CFOI data were used topermit calculation of fatality rates by SIC using the employment data from theCounty Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] as a denominator. Ofthe 253 industries identified in Tables 3 and 4 as small business industries, 62 werelisted in the 1994 CFOI with associated fatal injuries. In Table 5, the small busi-ness industries are listed by number of fatal occupational injuries in 1994 associ-ated with each SIC for both salaried/wage-earning employees and self-employedworkers. Table 5 also includes a breakdown of the percentage of fatal occupationalinjuries attributed to a major event or exposure (i.e., transportation incidents, as-saults and violent acts, contact with objects and equipment, falls, exposure toharmful substances or environments, and fires and explosions). The total numberof reported fatal occupational injuries associated with the small business industriesidentified in this investigation was 1,924—or 32% of all fatal occupational injuriesin private industry. Among small business industries, 356 of the fatal occupationalinjury cases involved self-employed workers. Fatal occupational injuries for allprivate industry totaled 5,923, with 1,252 fatal injuries occurring among self-employed workers.

Fatal occupational injuries in the salaried/wage-earning sector of private industryamong small business industries (excluding self-employed workers) totaled1,568—or 34% of the fatal occupational injuries in this sector of private industry in1994. On the basis of CFOI data for all industries in 1994, the BLS noted that atleast one-third of all work-related fatal occupational injuries occurred in establish-ments with fewer than 20 employees, and at least half occurred in establishmentswith fewer than 100 employees. The size of the establishment was unknown for38% of fatal occupational injuries [BLS 1995].

As shown in Table 5, the greatest numbers of fatal occupational injuries among sal-aried/wage-earning employees occurred with General Contractors and OperativeBuilders (SIC 15) (n=161), Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179)(n=158), Eating Places (SIC 5812) (n=98), Logging (SIC 241) (n=91), Taxicabs(SIC 412) (n=86), Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) (n=77), andLandscape and Horticultural Services (SIC 078) (n=64). Figure 7 ranks the top25% of small business industries with recorded fatal occupational injuries by IRsfor fatal occupational injury. For these injuries, the highest IRs (per 100,000

66 Results

TABLE 5.TABLE 5.TABLE 5.TABLE 5. Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatal occupational injuries forNumber and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatal occupational injuries forNumber and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatal occupational injuries forNumber and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatal occupational injuries for1994199419941994

Industry nameIndustry nameIndustry nameIndustry name SICSICSICSIC RankRankRankRank††††

Number of fatalNumber of fatalNumber of fatalNumber of fataloccupational injuriesoccupational injuriesoccupational injuriesoccupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fatal occupational injuriesType of event or exposure as % of total fatal occupational injuriesType of event or exposure as % of total fatal occupational injuriesType of event or exposure as % of total fatal occupational injuries****

Total,Total,Total,Total,excludingexcludingexcludingexcluding

self-self-self-self-employedemployedemployedemployed

In self-In self-In self-In self-employedemployedemployedemployedworkersworkersworkersworkers

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportationincidentsincidentsincidentsincidents

Assaults/Assaults/Assaults/Assaults/violent actsviolent actsviolent actsviolent acts Contact withContact withContact withContact with

objects andobjects andobjects andobjects andequipmentequipmentequipmentequipment FallsFallsFallsFalls

Exposure to Exposure to Exposure to Exposure toharmfulharmfulharmfulharmful

substances/substances/substances/substances/environmentsenvironmentsenvironmentsenvironments Fires andFires andFires andFires and explosions explosions explosions explosionsTotalTotalTotalTotal HWHWHWHW‡‡‡‡ WSWSWSWS TotalTotalTotalTotal AHAHAHAH HSHSHSHS

Private industry — —§ 4,671 1,252 41 20 5 20 16 14 16 10 10 3

Generalcontractors andoperativebuilders 15 1 161 30 22 14 4 5 4 4 16 42 12 3

Miscellaneousspecial tradecontractors 179 2 158 24 20 8 5 — — — 31 32 9 6

Eating places 5812 3 98 21 12 10 2 77 74 61 — 4 3 —

Logging 241 4 91 39 19 6 5 — — — 79 — — —

Taxicabs 412 5 86 17 12 10 — 86 85 82 — — — —

Roofing, siding,and sheet metalwork 176 6 77 12 9 7 — — — — 6 67 15 —

Landscape andhorticulturalservices 078 7 64 36 33 17 7 7 — — 23 24 17 —

Plumbing,heating, and airconditioning 171 8 57 14 30 21 — 6 — — 23 24 14 —

Gasoline servicestations 554 9 50 4 15 11 — 82 76 65 — — — —


TABLE 5 (Continued).TABLE 5 (Continued).TABLE 5 (Continued).TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatalNumber and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatalNumber and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fatalNumber and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fataloccupational injuries for 1994occupational injuries for 1994occupational injuries for 1994occupational injuries for 1994


Number of fatalNumber of fatalNumber of fatalNumber of fataloccupational injuriesoccupational injuriesoccupational injuriesoccupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fatalitiesType of event or exposure as % of total fatalitiesType of event or exposure as % of total fatalitiesType of event or exposure as % of total fatalities****








substances/substances/substances/substances/environmentsenvironmentsenvironmentsenvironments

Fires andFires andFires andFires andexplosionsexplosionsexplosionsexplosionsTotalTotalTotalTotal HWHWHWHW‡‡‡‡ WSWSWSWS TotalTotalTotalTotal AHAHAHAH HSHSHSHS

Masonry, stonework,and plastering 174 10 42 11 34 25 — — — — — 53 8 —

Excavation work 1794 11 39 8 36 13 11 — — — 53 — — —

Special tradecontractors, NEC 1799 12 36 10 20 13 — — — — 24 15 24 13

Automotive repairshops 753 13 33 28 10 5 — 34 21 18 28 — 10 13

Painting and paperhanging 172 14 31 9 13 — — — — — — 63 15 —

Concrete work 177 15 30 4 27 15 — — — — 35 12 15 —

Machinery,equipment, andsupplies 508 16 28 — 57 39 — — — — 25 — — —

Drinking places 5813 17 27 11 — — — 92 92 76 — — — —

Real estate operatorsand lessors 651 17** 27 4 — — — 45 39 32 16 13 16 —

Religiousorganizations 866 17 27 — 56 26 — 19 19 — — — — —

Lumber andconstructionmaterials 503 20 25 — 48 36 — — — — 20 — 20 —














Concrete, gypsum,and plasterproducts 327 21 24 — 50 33 13 — — — 33 — — —

Motor vehicles, parts,and supplies 501 21 24 — 58 38 — — 13 — 17 — — —

Carpentry and floorwork 175 23 20 11 23 16 — — — — — 55 16 —

Farm-product rawmaterials 515 23 20 — 35 20 — — — — 25 — — —

Miscellaneous repairshops 769 25 18 11 21 21 — 21 14 10 24 — — 21

Auto and homesupply stores 553 26 16 — 50 31 — 38 25 25 — — — —

Used merchandisestores 593 27 15 7 — — — 77 73 55 — — — —

Retail stores, NEC 599 27 15 11 31 23 — 58 54 35 — — — —

Petroleum andpetroleum products 517 29 14 — 69 62 — — — — — — — —

Miscellaneousequipment rentaland leasing 735 29 14 — 57 36 — — — — — — — —

See footnote at end of table. (Continued)










Exposure toExposure toExposure toExposure toharmfulharmfulharmfulharmful



Automobile services,except repair 754 29 14 — 64 21 43 — — — — — — —

Crushed and brokenstone 142 32 13 — 39 — — — — — 39 — — —

Laundry, cleaning,and garmentservices 721 32 13 — 23 23 — 39 39 39 — — — —

Insurance agents,brokers, and service 641 34 11 — 55 46 — — — — — — — —

Offices and clinics ofmedical doctors 801 34 11 — 36 — — 55 27 — — — — —

Freight transportationarrangement 473 36 10 — 80 30 30 — — — — — — —

Motor vehicle dealers(used only) 552 36 10 — 60 — — — — — — — — —

Radio, television, andcomputer stores 573 36 10 5 40 — — 60 60 60 — — — —

Liquor stores 592 36 10 12 — — — 100 100 86 — — — —

Fuel dealers 598 36 10 — 40 30 — — — — — — — —














Schools andeducationalservices, NEC 829 36 10 — 80 — — — — — — — — —

Industrial andcommercialmachinery andequipment, NEC 3599 42 9 4 — — — — — — 31 31 — —

Passengertransportationarrangement 472 42 9 4 39 23 — 39 31 31 — — — —

Hardware, plumbing,and heatingequipment 507 42 9 — 67 33 — — — — — — — —

Furniture and homefurnishings stores 571 42 9 7 25 — — 69 50 38 — — — —

Sand and gravel 144 46 8 — 38 — — — — — — — — —

Metals and minerals,except petroleum 505 46 8 — — — — — — — 50 — — —

Miscellaneousshopping goodsstores 594 46 8 11 — — — 90 79 63 — — — —













Trucking terminalfacilities 423 49 7 — 43 — — — — — — — — —

Drug stores andproprietary stores 591 49 7 — 57 57 — — — — — — — —

See footnotes at end of table.

Camps andrecreational vehicleparks 703 49 7 — 71 — — — — — — — — —

Video tape rental 784 49 7 — — — — 100 100 100 — — — —

Services, NEC 899 49 7 — 71 — — — — — — — — —

Wood containers 244 54 6 — — — — — — — — — 57 —

Cut stone and stoneproducts 328 54 6 — — — — — — — — — — —

Furniture and homefurnishings 502 54 6 — — — — — — — — — — —

Soil preparationservices 071 57 5 — 100 60 — — — — — — — —

Barber shops 724 57 5 — — — — 100 100 100 — — — —

Child day careservices 835 57 5 — 60 — — — — — — — — —













Water well drilling 178 60 4 4 38 — — — — — 35 12 15 —

Hardware stores 525 60 4 — — — — — — — — — — —

Offices and clinics ofdentists 802 62 2 4 — — — 83 — — — — — —

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1994.*Numbers within the event or exposure columns represent the percentage of fatalities within the SIC associated with that event or exposure.†NOTE: Totals for industries at the three-digit SIC-level may include subcategories.

‡Abbreviations: HW=highway accidents; WS=workers struck by vehicle; AH=all homicides; HS=homicides by shooting; NEC=not elsewhere classified.

§Dash indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet publication criteria.

**Identical numbers indicate a tie in the ranking.

(Per 100,000 workers)

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]Fuel dealers [SIC 598]

Motor vehicle dealers (used only) [SIC 552]Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]Wood containers [SIC 244]

Concrete work [SIC 177]Special trade contractors, N.E.C. [SIC 1799]

Farm-product raw materials [SIC 515]Painting and paper hanging [SIC 172]

Water well drilling [SIC 178]Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Camps and recreational vehicle parks [SIC 703]Sand and gravel [SIC 144]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]Crushed and broken stone [SIC 142]

Barber shops [SIC 724]Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Excavation work [SIC 1794]Cut stone and stone products [SIC 328]

Logging [SIC 241]Soil preparation services [SIC 071]

Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]Taxicabs [SIC 412]All private industry

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Figure 7. Small business industries with the highest fatal occupational injury IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997b.)

*Based on employment estimates from the 1995 SOII [BLS 1997c] rather than data from the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of theCensus 1996] (which shows employment at only 553 for this SIC code).

4.8324 159*

115 108 49.641.835.735.134.533.128.022.221.721.319.419.216.815.914.314.213.813.711.210.810.6

8.8

full-time employees) occurred among employees involved with Taxicabs (SIC412) (IR=324), Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) (IR=>159), Soil Prepa-ration Services (SIC 071) (IR=115), Logging (SIC 241) (IR=108), andCut Stoneand Stone Products (SIC 328) (IR=49.6). These rates were significantly higherthan the average fatal injury rate for all private industry (4.8 per 100,000 employ-ees), and all small business industries in the top quartile exceeded this rate. Theleading causes of fatal occupational injuries among small business industries werealso reviewed. Transportation incidents (reported as percentage of all fatal occupa-tional injuries by SIC, percentage associated with highway incidents, and percent-age associated with worker struck by vehicle) were the leading cause of fataloccupational injury in 26 of the 62 small business industries reporting at least 1 fa-tal occupational injury. Transportation incidents were the leading cause of fatal oc-cupational injury for all private industry as well. Assaults and violent acts (reportedas percentage of all fatal occupational injuries by SIC, percentage associated withall homicides, and percentage associated with homicides by shooting) were theleading cause of fatal occupational injuries in 17 of the 62 small business indus-tries, predominantly in the Retail and Service divisions. Assaults and violent actsinclude violence by persons, self-inflicted injury (suicide), and assaults by animals.The vast majority of all fatalities from assaults or violent acts were due to homi-cides; homicides by shooting were the leading cause. Contact with objects andequipment was the leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in 6 small businessindustries. Fatal falls were the leading cause in 6 other small business industries,primarily Construction Industries. Exposure to harmful substances and environ-ments was a leading cause in 1 industry (Manufacture of Wood Containers [SIC244]); this cause was also associated with deaths in 15 other small business indus-tries. Fires and explosions were cited for causing deaths in 7 small business indus-tries.

High-Risk Small Business Industries: A CombinedRisk Index

The small business industry rankings by injury or illness measures in the previoussections are useful for devising and delivering various prevention campaigns. How-ever, ranking these industries by combining data on occupational injury, illness,and fatality is also informative. To determine an overall ranking of the highest-risksmall business industries, a combined risk index was calculated. The combined riskindex uses the rankings of small business industries according to

� IRs for cases of nonfatal occupational injury per 100 full-time employees(Figure 2),

� IRs for cases of nonfatal occupational illness per 100 full-time employees(Figure 4), and

� IRs for cases of fatal occupational injury per 100,000 full-time employees(Figure 7).

74 Results

For every small business industry listed in each of the three figures above, a scorewas assigned from 0 to 5 based on the individual ranking of the industry in the fig-ure. Scores were assigned to rankings as follows:

� A ranking of 1 to 5 was assigned a score of 5.




� A ranking of 21 to the last ranking was assigned a score of 1.

� A score of 0 was assigned if a specific small business industry was not in thetop 25% and therefore did not appear in the rankings.

To calculate the combined risk index, rankings based on IRs for nonfatal occupa-tional injuries (Figure 2) and illnesses (Figure 4) were chosen rather than the rank-ings for total number of cases. Because the IR is derived from the number of casesby SIC divided by the number employed by SIC and is standardized per 100full-time employees, it may be compared among different small business indus-tries, which may not (and need not) be similar in size.

Rankings based on fatality IRs were also included in the calculation of the com-bined risk index. Because these cases involve the most extreme consequences of awork-related injury (i.e., death), it was determined that a fatality measure mightdeserve more weight in identifying hazardous industries. Therefore, a weightingfactor was used to increase the relative value placed on fatal injuries in the calcula-tion of the combined risk index. Such an approach was used previously in calculat-ing an “index of harm” for comparing occupational risk of radiation exposuresacross industries [Solomon and Abraham 1980]. The score assigned to each SICfor fatal occupational injury IR was multiplied by 2 when calculating the combinedrisk index, thus giving the ranking based on fatality IRs a weighting equal to therankings for nonfatal injuries and illnesses combined.

For each small business industry SIC, the three scores were totaled to achieve thecombined risk index. The highest possible score was 20 (i.e., 4 × 5). Each smallbusiness industry SIC was viewed as independent of the others in the rankings andin the calculation of the combined risk index. No adjustment was made for subcat-egories contained within larger small business industries (e.g., Wood Pallets andSkids [SIC 2448] withinWood Containers [SIC 244]). All small business indus-tries that achieved a combined risk index greater than or equal to 1 are presentedby rank in Table 6.

Among the highest-ranking small business industries using the combined risk in-dex was Logging (SIC 241), with a combined risk index of 16, followed by Cut

Results 75

TABLE 6.TABLE 6.TABLE 6.TABLE 6. Small business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk index

Risk scores assigned to the rankings of small businessRisk scores assigned to the rankings of small businessRisk scores assigned to the rankings of small businessRisk scores assigned to the rankings of small businessindustries by injury, illness, and fatality IRs in Figures 2, 4,industries by injury, illness, and fatality IRs in Figures 2, 4,industries by injury, illness, and fatality IRs in Figures 2, 4,industries by injury, illness, and fatality IRs in Figures 2, 4,

and 7*and 7*and 7*and 7*

Industry name Industry name Industry name Industry name SIC SIC SIC SIC Rank by combinedRank by combinedRank by combinedRank by combined

risk indexrisk indexrisk indexrisk indexCombinedCombinedCombinedCombinedrisk indexrisk indexrisk indexrisk index††††

NonfatalNonfatalNonfatalNonfataloccupationaloccupationaloccupationaloccupational

injury IRinjury IRinjury IRinjury IROccupationalOccupationalOccupationalOccupational

illness IRillness IRillness IRillness IRFatal occupationalFatal occupationalFatal occupationalFatal occupational

injury IR × 2injury IR × 2injury IR × 2injury IR × 2‡‡‡‡

Logging 241 1 16 2 4 10

Cut stone and stone products 328 2 15 0 5 10

Trucking terminal facilities 423 2§ 15 5 0 10

Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 176 4 13 5 0 8

Camps and recreational vehicle parks 703 4 13 2 5 6

Landscape and horticultural services 78 6 11 2 3 6

Animal and marine fats and oils 2077 7 10 5 5 0

Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 327 7 10 4 4 2

Taxicabs 412 7 10 0 0 10

Concrete work 177 10 9 2 3 4

Miscellaneous special trade contractors 179 10 9 1 0 8

Wood containers 244 10 9 5 0 4

Crushed and broken stone 142 13 8 0 0 8

Excavation work 1794 13 8 0 0 8

Wood preserving 2491 13 8 4 4 0

Industrial and commercial machinery andequipment, NEC 3599 13 8 4 4 0

Barber shops 724 13 8 0 0 8

Water well drilling 178 18 7 1 0 6

Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies 501 18 7 2 5 0

Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning 171 20 6 4 0 2


TABLE 6 (Continued).TABLE 6 (Continued).TABLE 6 (Continued).TABLE 6 (Continued). Small business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk index



Industry nameIndustry nameIndustry nameIndustry name SIC SIC SIC SIC Rank by combinedRank by combinedRank by combinedRank by combined





injury IR× 2injury IR× 2injury IR× 2injury IR× 2‡‡‡‡

Painting and paper hanging 172 20 6 0 0 6

Masonry, stonework, and plastering 174 22 5 3 0 2

Carpentry and floor work 175 22 5 3 2 0

Wood pallets and skids 2448 22 5 5 0 0

Lumber and construction materials 503 22 5 3 0 2

Dairy products stores 545 22 5 0 5 0

Special trade contractors, NEC 1799 27 4 0 0 4

Prepared feeds and feed ingredients foranimals and fowls, except dogs and cats 2048 27 4 1 3 0

Marking devices 3953 27 4 0 4 0

Metals and minerals, except petroleum 505 27 4 4 0 0

General contractors and operative builders 15 31 3 1 0 2

Concrete block and brick 3271 31 3 3 0 0

Ready-mixed concrete 3273 31 3 3 0 0

Beauty shops 723 31 3 0 3 0

Offices/clinics of medical doctors 801 31 3 0 3 0

Animal services, except veterinary 75 36 2 0 2 0

Industrial gases 2813 36 2 0 2 0

Fertilizers, mixing only 2875 36 2 2 0 0

Petroleum and petroleum products 517 36 2 0 2 0


TABLE 6 (Continued).TABLE 6 (Continued).TABLE 6 (Continued).TABLE 6 (Continued). Small business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk indexSmall business industries ranked according to combined risk index



Industry nameIndustry nameIndustry nameIndustry name SIC SIC SIC SIC Rank by combinedRank by combinedRank by combinedRank by combined





injury IR× 2injury IR× 2injury IR× 2injury IR× 2‡‡‡‡

Motor vehicle dealers (used) 552 36 2 0 0 2

Real estate operators and lessors 651 36 2 0 2 0

Laundry, cleaning, and garment services 721 36 2 0 2 0

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing 735 36 2 0 2 0

Offices/clinics of dentists 802 36 2 0 2 0

Child day care services 835 36 2 0 2 0

Services, NEC 891 36 2 0 2 0

Recreational vehicle dealers 556 47 1 1 0 0

Miscellaneous repair shops 769 47 1 1 0 0

*Scores of 0 to 5 were assigned as follows: a ranking of 1–5 in Figures 2, 4, or 7 was assigned a score of 5; a ranking of 6–10 was assigned a score of 4; a ranking of 11–15 wasassigned a score of 3; a ranking of 16–20 was assigned a score of 2; a ranking of 21–last ranking was assigned a score of 1; no ranking was assigned a score of 0.

†The combined risk index is the total of the risk scores assigned to the rankings of small business industries by injury, illness, and fatality IRs in Figures 2, 4, and 7.

‡2=weighting factor.

§Identical numbers indicate a tie in the ranking.

Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328) and Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423),with scores of 15. Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) and Campsand Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) had combined risk indices scores of 13,and Landscape andHorticultural Services (SIC 078) had a score of 11.Animal andMarine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077), Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products(SIC 327), and Taxicabs (SIC 412) each had a combined risk indices score of 10.

Although fatalities were a major contributor to the combined risk index, they didnot always drive the rankings in Table 6. The calculation of a combined risk indexis another strategy for considering the injury, illness, and fatality data. However,this calculation is not necessarily the most important measure of risk, since pre-vention efforts can also be implemented on the basis of any of the individual occu-pational injury and illness measures.

Results 79

Discussion

5

The Next Step . . . . . . . . 89

Study Limitations . . . . . . . 91

This report serves as a starting point for identifying thesmall business industries that are most likely to requireadditional attention and intervention to improve safetyand health conditions.

Discussion

By drawing from the available data sources for information about the employ-ment totals and the injury, illness, and fatality experiences of various indus-

tries, it was possible to determine which small business industries involve the high-est risks to the safety and health of workers. This report serves as a starting pointfor identifying the small business industries that are most likely to require addi-tional attention and intervention to improve safety and health conditions. The re-port also points out the lack of data for many of the small business industries, indi-cating a need for better surveillance of these industries.

As part of this report, the morbidity and mortality indices are presented both asabsolute measures (estimated number of cases) and IRs. The total counts of injury,illness, and fatality cases by industry indicate the number of employees affected byhazards within given SIC codes. These counts also focus attention on industries inwhich interventions and hazard controls could affect the greatest number of em-ployees. For example, Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) leads all other smallbusiness industries in the number of nonfatal injuries (365,600) and lost workdaycases from injuries and illnesses combined (121,700); this SIC is also the largestsmall business industry, with more than 449,000 establishments and more than6.9 million employees. Because the total number of cases do not account for dif-ferences in the number of employees in various SIC codes, they do not allow riskcomparisons across SIC codes. However, the IRs represent the number of employ-ees affected divided by the number of employees in a given SIC per 100 full-timeemployees for nonfatal injuries and illnesses and per 100,000 workers for fatal in-juries. For example, employees in Manufacturing of Wood Containers (SIC 244)experienced 8,100 nonfatal injuries in 1995—16.9 cases per 100 full-time em-ployees. This industry ranks first among all small business industries with dataavailable for injury IR. By comparison, Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) hasan injury IR of 7.4 cases per 100 full-time employees and does not rank in the top25% of the highest-risk small business industries for nonfatal injuries. AlthoughIRs allow for comparisons across small business industries, they must also be quali-fied. A case in point is the category of Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071). This in-dustry has the third highest fatality rate (115 cases per 100,000 employees) but itis based on only 5 fatal injuries (all associated with transportation incidents) thatoccurred in 1994 in an industry with only 4,300 employees. This industry alsolacks a ranking for occupational injury and illness because too few data were re-ported for these outcomes. In contrast, employment in Plumbing, Heating, andAir Conditioning (SIC 171), which accounted for 57 fatal occupational injuriesplus 14 deaths for self-employed workers, ranked only 26th among all small busi-ness industries on the basis of its fatal occupational injury IR (8.8 cases per

Discussion 83

100,000 employees) as a reflection of the number of persons employed in this SICcode (645,000). Thus for the most complete representation of the risks associatedwith each small business SIC code, both total numbers of cases and IRs should beconsidered.

Of all small business industries, those in the Construction Trades (Division C)were most consistently listed in the top 25% of the highest-risk small business in-dustries by total cases and IRs for occupational injury, lost workday cases, and fataloccupational injuries. Eight of the 17 small business construction trades were inthe top 25% for nonfatal occupational injury IR. Roofing, Siding, and Sheet MetalWork (SIC 176) ranked fourth, with 14.6 cases per 100 full-time employees; andPlumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171) ranked sixth, with 12.7 casesper 100 full-time employees. Seven construction trades were also within the top25% by IR for lost workdays from injuries and illnesses combined. Again, the lead-ing construction industry was Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176),ranking fifth, with 7.8 lost workday cases per 100 full-time employees. Construc-tion Trades represented 10 of the top 25% of the highest-risk small business indus-tries based on fatal injuries (for both numbers of cases and IRs). GeneralContractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) and Miscellaneous Special TradeContractors (SIC 179) together accounted for 373 fatal occupational injuries in1994, including 54 deaths of self-employed construction workers. Falls, contactwith objects and equipment, and transportation incidents (both highway incidentsand worker struck by vehicle) were the leading causes of fatal occupational injuriesin the small business construction trades. Fewer of the construction trades werelisted among the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by occupa-tional illnesses (either total cases or IRs). Concrete Work (SIC 177) had an illnessIR of 0.4 cases per 100 full-time employees (a tie for 12th place), and Carpentryand Floor Work (SIC 175) had an illness rate of 0.3 cases per 100 full-time em-ployees (a tie for 16th place).

Many of the 21 small business industries identified in theManufacturing Division(Division D) were listed in the top 25% of the highest-risk small business indus-tries based on IRs for nonfatal injuries (11 manufacturing SIC codes), nonfatal ill-nesses (9 manufacturing SIC codes), and lost workdays (11 manufacturing SICcodes). Leading the list for nonfatal injury IR was theManufacture of Wood Con-tainers (SIC 244), with a rate of 16.9 cases per 100 full-time employees, followedby the subgroup of Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448), with a rate of 16.5 casesper 100 employees, and Animal andMarine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077), with a rateof 16.4 cases per 100 employees. Each of these three SIC codes was listed withinthe top five of the highest-risk small business industries based on lost workdaycases from injuries and illnesses combined, with rates of 9.3, 8.4, and 8.2 cases per100 full-time employees for SICs 2077, 244, and 2448, respectively.Manufactureof Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077) also tied for second place basedon the IR for nonfatal illness alone (0.7 cases per 100 employees), behind the man-ufacturing small business industry of Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328),with a rate of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time employees. Fewer manufacturing smallbusiness industries numbered among the top 25% based on fatal occupational

84 Discussion

injuries. Logging (SIC 241) had the fourth highest fatal occupational injury IR,with 108 cases per 100,000 employees; Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)followed in fifth place, with 49.6 cases per 100,000 employees.

Of the four small business SIC codes in Agriculture (Division A), one was listedmore frequently within the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industriesbased on both morbidity and mortality measures. Landscape and HorticulturalServices (SIC 078) tied for the following places: 11th place, based on nonfatal ill-ness IR (0.4 cases per 100 full-time employees); 18th place, based on nonfatal in-jury IR (10.1 cases per 100 full-time employees); and 21st place, based on IR forlost workday cases from injuries and illnesses combined (4.6 cases per 100full-time employees). SIC 078 also experienced 64 fatal occupational injuries(plus 36 self-employed workers) in 1994, earning a rank of 7th among small busi-ness industries by total cases, and 13th based on a fatal occupational injury IR of21.7 cases per 100,000 employees. An important note is the underrepresentationof agricultural industries in this report. Agricultural Production Industries Dealingwith Crops (SIC 01) and Livestock (SIC 02) were not represented because theseindustries are excluded from the County Business Patterns data collected by theBureau of the Census [1996]. However, estimates from the 1995 SOII [BLS1997c] indicate that these two major industry groups combined contained morethan 734,000 employees, experienced 51,600 occupational injuries and illnesses(with and without lost workdays) in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and reported 613 fatal oc-cupational injuries in 1994 [BLS 1995].

Within the Transportation, Communications, and Public Utilities Division (Divi-sion E), Taxicabs (SIC 412) rated the highest among all small business industriesfor fatal occupational injury IR (324 cases per 100,000 employees), followed byTrucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) (159 cases per 100,000 employees).Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) was also listed among the top five smallbusiness industries based on IRs for nonfatal injuries and lost workday cases frominjuries and illnesses combined.

From the remaining industry divisions (Mining, Division B;Wholesale Trade, Divi-sion F; Retail Trade, Division G; Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate, Division H;and Services, Division I), several SIC codes appeared more frequently within the25% of the highest-risk small business industries. Within the Services Division,Laundry, Cleaning, and Garment Services (SIC 721) ranked among the top 25%for total cases of nonfatal illnesses, injuries, and lost workday cases. Employment inCamps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) also ranked in the top 25% basedon IRs for illness (0.6 cases per 100 full-time employees), nonfatal injury (10.2cases per 100 full-time employees), and fatal occupational injury (22.2 cases per100,000 employees). Barber Shops (SIC 724) recorded five occupational injuriesin 1994 for an IR of 35.1 cases per 100,000 employees. In the Retail Trade Divi-sion, Employment in Gasoline Service Stations (SIC 554) ranked in the top quartilebased on total cases of illness (600 cases), nonfatal injury (23,100 cases), fatal oc-cupational injury (50 cases plus 4 self-employed worker deaths), and lost workdaycases from injury and illness combined (10,100 cases). Dairy Products Stores

Discussion 85

(SIC 545) tied for the second highest occupational illness IR, with 0.7 cases per100 full-time employees. The fact that some SIC codes from major industry divi-sions are underrepresented in the rankings may indicate that the workplaces andassociated activities for these industries involve fewer occupational hazards. How-ever, it may also indicate that small business industries in these divisions requirebetter surveillance or are less familiar with reporting requirements for occupa-tional injuries and illnesses. As noted previously, data on injuries and illnesses arenot available for many of the SIC codes because the SOII is not designed to pro-vide information for them at the four-digit SIC level.

Finally, to consider the three measures of occupational risk together, a combinedrisk index was calculated by adding the scores assigned to the rankings of smallbusiness industries by IRs for nonfatal injuries, illnesses, and fatal occupational in-juries in Figures 2, 4, and 7 (see Chapter 4 and Table 6). Under this system, 1 ill-ness is equivalent to approximately 12 injuries, and 1 death is roughly equivalent to1,301 injuries. Although this combined method of ranking is subjective, it appearsto be reasonable based on the recognition that injuries are the most common mea-sure of occupational risk reported, illnesses are grossly underreported, and fatali-ties are the least common and most severe consequence of exposure tooccupational hazards. Among the top 25% of small business industries ranked inTable 6, the following SIC codes appeared consistently, whether the industrieswere ranked by combined or separate risk scores:

� Division A (Agriculture)—Landscape and Horticultural Services (SIC 078)

� Division B (Mining)—Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142)

� Division C (Construction)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)Concrete Work (SIC 177)Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179)Excavation Work (SIC 1794)Water Well Drilling (SIC 178)Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171)Painting and Paper Hanging (SIC 172)Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174)Carpentry and Floor Work (SIC 175)

� Division D (Manufacturing)

Logging (SIC 241)Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077)Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327)Wood Containers (SIC 244)Wood Preserving (SIC 2491)Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (SIC 3599)Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448)

� Division E (Transportation, Communications, and Public Utilities)

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423)Taxicabs (SIC 412)

86 Discussion

� Division F (Wholesale Trade)

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501)

Lumber and Construction Materials (SIC 503)

� Division G (Retail Trade)—Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545)

� Division H (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate)

� Division I (Services)

Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703)

Barber Shops (SIC 724)

The combined risk index is not intended as the paramount measure for rankingand comparing small business industries. However, it does reflect SIC codes thatappear more frequently in the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industriesbased on reported injury, illness, and fatality experience. The ranking by this indexmay be useful in prioritizing the industries and SIC codes that deserve further in-vestigation to identify and characterize hazards and to develop strategies for theirprevention and control. Note that in the ranking by the combined risk index(Table 6), only two small business industries have ranks that are untied. One possi-ble suggestion for breaking the ties would be to consider the number of workers inthe competing small business industries listed in Table 3 and to give higher priorityto the industry with the greater number of workers. Another method for breakingthe ties would be to consider the total cases of injury, illness, and fatal occupa-tional injury and to give priority to industries in which more cases of occupationalmorbidity and mortality are reported. A third strategy would be to investigate fur-ther the nature of the occupational morbidity to determine the severity using lostwork time, total compensation costs by industry, average cost per injury or illness,the degree of disability associated with the injuries, and other information.

Costs of job-related injuries and illnesses have also been used previously as an in-dex for ranking industries. Total costs by industry and average costs per employeehave been calculated from BLS data for 1985–86 for 8 broad industry divisions andup to as many as 395 specific industries at the three-digit SIC level [Leigh andMiller 1998]. The authors used BLS injury and illness data with workers’ compen-sation data for 8 States from 1985 and 1986. Of the top 100 most costly industrieslisted, 14 were small business industries identified in this report. The top 5 smallbusiness industries based on total cost by industry annual average (1986 dollars)included the following:

Rank

Averageannual costs(in millions)

Trucking and Truck Terminals (SIC 423) . . . . . . . . 1 $241.1

Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581). . . . . . . . . . 2 205.8

Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) . . . 7 84.8

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171) . . 8 80.2

Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 76.7

Discussion 87

The 5 small business industries with the highest average annual cost for injury andillness per employee (1986 dollars) were as follows:

Rank

Averageannual

cost/employee

Logging (SIC 241). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 $5,703

Carpentry and Flooring (SIC 175) . . . . . . . . . . 9 1,375

Trucking and Truck Terminals (SIC 423) . . . . . . . 16 1,115

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) . . 28 935

Manufacturing of Wood Containers (SIC 244) . . . . 30 917

Industry rankings vary depending on which index is used (total industry cost bySIC, average annual cost per employee by SIC, and the combined risk index inTable 6), yet many of the small business industry SIC codes appear consistently atthe top of each ranking. The comparability of the rankings is noteworthy, as nearly10 years separate the comparison periods for which data were collected (1985–86versus 1994–95). The following small business industry SIC codes were listed atthe top of the rankings for all three independent measures (total industry cost bySIC from 1985–86 data, average annual cost per employee by SIC from 1985–86data, and the combined risk index in Table 6):

Logging (SIC 241)

Trucking and Terminal Facilities (SIC 423)

Carpentry and Floor Work (SIC 175)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171)

Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327)

Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174)

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15)

In examining the relative costs of occupational hazards by industry, Leigh et al.[1996] ranked the top 50 industries with the highest costs at the three-digit SIClevel. The ranking was based on a calculation of the average compensation cost perworker by industry for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 1992. Of the50 highest-cost industries, 8 were small business industries, including the following:

Logging (SIC 241)

Taxicabs (SIC 412)

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)

Meat and Fish (Seafood) Markets (SIC 542)

Water Well Drilling (SIC 178)

Concrete Work (SIC 177)

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171)

88 Discussion

One additional reference worth noting is an assessment of causes of death in theworkplace by Leigh [1995]. This investigation used BLS data from 11 States col-lected for 6 years between 1979 and 1986. Fatality rates were determined andused to rank 323 industries. Of the 10 industries with the highest fatality rates forthat period, the following 6 were also small business industries recognized in thisreport:

Deaths/100,000employees Rank

Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 1

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328) . . . . . . . . 103 2

Taxicabs (SIC 412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3

Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142) . . . . . . . . . . 37 5

Trucking and Truck Terminals (SIC 421). . . . . . . . 32 8

Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) . . 32 9

Again, these rankings are comparable with those shown in Figure 7: all 6 of the in-dustries above are also ranked among the top 10 small business industries accord-ing to occupational fatality rates for 1994. These similarities indicate that manysmall business industries continue to experience higher numbers and rates of occu-pational fatalities and reportable injuries and illnesses.

The Next Step

This investigation of high-risk small business industries does not evaluate the varia-tions in injury, illness, and fatality counts and rates by establishment size within in-dustries. For example, injury and illness IRs (with or without lost work time) forTrucking and Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) are listed by establishment size for1995, as follows:

Injury and illness cases/100 employees

11–49 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6

50–249 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8

All establishments in this industry . . . . . . . . 14.9

According to the 1995 SOII [BLS 1997c], the nonfatal occupational injury IR forall private industry was 7.5 cases per 100 full-time employees, with the followingIRs by establishment size groups:

Injury cases/100 employees

1–10 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0

11–49 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5

50–249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6

250–999 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5

�1,000 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8

Discussion 89

Generally, this pattern holds true in each of the major industry divisions—withthe smallest establishments (1 to 10 employees) recording the lowest injury andillness rates, the medium-size establishments (50 to 249 employees) recording thehighest rates, and the largest establishments recording rates that fall somewhere inbetween. This pattern contradicts that seen with fatal occupational injuries, whichoccur at higher rates in small business establishments. This difference has been at-tributed to better reporting of occupational fatalities. Fatality rates by establish-ment size are shown below:

Fatal injury cases/100,000 employees

1–19 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9

20–49 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

50–99 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3

>100 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7

These rates were determined using 1994 CFOI data [BLS 1995] for total fatal oc-cupational injuries andCounty Business Patterns 1994 data [Bureau of the Census1996] for employment totals. The fatality rates (which are shown for slightly dif-ferent establishment size categories because of reporting differences) excludeself-employed worker deaths. For 1,971 of the fatal occupational injuries (37%),the employee’s establishment size was not known. For comparison, the fatalityrate for all private industry (excluding self-employed workers) was 4.8 fatal occu-pational injuries per 100,000 employees.

Further investigation and better surveillance may be required to obtain more accu-rate measures of injury and illness for industries within the various established sizecategories. This type of inquiry is a logical next step and could provide useful in-sight about work processes, equipment, controls, level of training, and other fac-tors that influence worker safety and health and may differ by establishment size.

Additional research within various industries might also indicate the types of haz-ards and associated injuries for particular occupations and activities. For example,data from the 1995 SOII show that sprains and strains accounted for most (morethan a fourth [n=1,167]) of the nonfatal occupational injuries reported in theLogging Industry (SIC 241). Sprains and strains were followed by cuts and punc-tures (815 cases) [BLS 1997c]. The leading event associated with fatal injuries inLogging was contact with objects and equipment (79%); more specifically, 75% ofdeaths in Timber Cutting and Logging Operations were caused by being caught inor compressed by objects [BLS 1995]. These objects included plants, trees andvegetation, logs, and industrial vehicles [Leigh 1995]. The literature contains sev-eral investigations of job-related diseases and deaths [Leigh 1987; Toscano 1997;Leigh and Miller 1998b] as well as estimated working lifetime risks of fatal occu-pational injuries by occupation [Fosbroke et al. 1997]. Determining hazards withthese and other sources will help focus prevention activities and lead to the devel-opment of control strategies, targeted training, and hazard communication efforts.

90 Discussion

Study Limitations

The goals of this analysis are straightforward: to identify small business industriesand to determine those with the highest risk of occupational injury and illness.However, the means for accomplishing these goals have limitations.

Differing Definitions

An important limitation for accomplishing the study goals is that various agenciesdefine small business establishments differently. This report considers small busi-ness establishments to be those with 100 or fewer employees. A review of the lit-erature revealed that this definition recurs frequently and is comparable with thecriteria used by several Federal agencies.

Additional investigation may be required to determine differences in the hazardsthat may exist for “very small establishments”—those with fewer than 20 or even10 employees. Because establishments with fewer than 100 employees are foundin all industries, the criteria for identifying small business industries were furtherlimited to the SIC codes in which 80% of workers were employed in small estab-lishments. This requirement eliminated more than two-thirds of the SIC codes,many of which are likely to contain numerous small business establishments. Oneexample is Fishing, Hunting, and Trapping (SIC 09), which in 1994 had a majorityof establishments with fewer than 100 employees (n=2,148). Yet this industryalso had 20 larger establishments with 40% of the employees in the industry. Toidentify small business industries consistently according to the criteria established,certain industries with bimodal distributions by establishment size have beenomitted.

Regional Differences

This investigation did not account for regional differences by industry. Therefore,the analysis of data at the national level obscures differences in injury and illnessrates for industries in various geographical areas of the United States. Such differ-ences are likely and require further investigation for prioritizing high-risk smallbusiness industries on a local, State, or regional level.

Information Gaps

County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] was chosen as themost comprehensive recent survey of U.S. businesses for providing employmentinformation by SICs at the four-digit level. Even so, this survey does not includeinformation about self-employed workers, domestic service employees, agricul-tural production workers, or several other work groups (see Section 2). Newerindustries such as those associated with communication and information technolo-gies are not specifically recognized under the present SIC system and thereforecannot be characterized with the existing national databases. In addition, nontradi-tional employees (mobile or multilocation employees, temporary employees, con-tractual workers, family members, and volunteers) are not likely to be included in

Discussion 91

conventional surveys of the workforce. Addressing these information gaps wouldmore accurately characterize all small business industries, some of which may havebeen excluded from this investigation as a result of these deficiencies.

Similar limitations were associated with the 1995 SOII [BLS 1997c], which alsoexcludes self-employed workers and farms with fewer than 11 employees (seeSection 3). Again, this survey was chosen because it provided the most recent datacharacterizing the occupational injury and illness experience of industries identi-fied from County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. The an-nual BLS survey is one of the best instruments for characterizing occupationalmorbidity; yet underreporting of work-related injuries and illnesses is likely be-cause of economic incentives, lack of familiarity with reporting requirements, orother factors [Leigh et al. 1997; Ruser and Smith 1991; Nelson et al. 1992].

The BLS survey data have consistently shown lower morbidity rates for smaller es-tablishments with fewer than 50 employees. Investigations of this phenomenonand comparisons with other data sources (e.g., OSHA fatality records and the1994 CFOI [BLS 1995]) indicate that underreporting of occupational injuriesand especially illness is a substantial possibility among smaller establishments[Mendeloff and Kagey 1990; Oleinick et al. 1995; Murphy et al. 1996; Leigh andMiller 1998a]. The extent and effect of underreporting are difficult to quantify.Acute injuries are more easily recognizable and therefore are probably reportedmore often. However, conditions related to chronic exposures are least likely to bereported. Recognizing that an illness is work-related or reporting it as such is espe-cially difficult; as a result, estimates of the prevalence of occupational diseases inprivate industry are especially suspect. Although nonoccupational factors (e.g.,smoking habits, substance abuse, physical fitness, and recreational activities) alsoaffect the health of the working population, it is not possible to determine fromthe BLS data whether morbidity associated with these factors influences estimatesof occupational illness. Further epidemiologic investigations of industries wouldbe required to address these issues.

Fatal occupational injury data from the 1994 CFOI [BLS 1995] include informa-tion about fatalities among self-employed, agricultural, and other workers (seeChapter 3, subsection entitled BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI).This fact required some adjustment to compare data among surveys. To calculatethe fatality IR, fatality cases for self-employed workers by each SIC had to be sub-tracted from the total number of fatality cases for that SIC to allow comparisonwith the denominator (i.e., employment totals from the County Business Patterns1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]). Elaboration on this topic is provided inChapter 3 and in the article by Biddle and Kisner [1998].

Finally, characterizing hazards associated with small business industries is furthercomplicated by the lack of data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalitiesfor many of the small business industries at the three- and four-digit SIC levels.However, the data are sufficient for this investigation to characterize the high-est-risk small business industries because of the numbers of injuries and illnesses

92 Discussion

associated with these industries. The difficulties expressed here emphasize thechallenge of accurately characterizing small business industries and identifying as-sociated occupational hazards.

Discussion 93

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Appendix

Descriptions of SIC Codes forSmall Business Industries

A.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.1 Division A–Agriculture, Forestry,and Fishing (SIC 01–09). . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.2 Division B–Mining (SIC 10–14) . . . . . . . . . 106

A.3 Division C–Construction (SIC 15–17) . . . . . 108

A.4 Division D–Manufacturing (SIC 20–39). . . . . 112

A.5 Division E–Transportation,Communications, Electric, Gas, andSanitary Services (SIC 40–49). . . . . . . . . 117

A.6 Division F–Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) . . . . 120

A.7 Division G–Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) . . . . . . 128

A.8 Division H–Finance, Insurance, andReal Estate (SIC 60–67) . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

A.9 Division I–Services (SIC 70–89). . . . . . . . . 139

Descriptions of SIC Codesfor Small Business Industries

A.0 Introduction

In this appended section, small business industries are reviewed by industry divi-sion. For each small business industry, a description of size characteristics (numberand distribution of employees and establishments) is provided as determined fromthe County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. Informationabout nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses [BLS 1997c] and fatal occupa-tional injuries [BLS 1995] is also summarized. Providing a comprehensive profileof each industry is beyond the scope of this report; however, potential hazards andhealth effects of concern are highlighted for some industries, and additional refer-ences are cited.

A.1 Division A—Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing(SIC 01–09)

The SIC for the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Division consists of 58 indus-tries at the four-digit level. Within the entire division in 1995, there were 120,800nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases, with an IR of 9.7 per 100 full-timeemployees [BLS 1997c]. The total number of occupational fatalities in this divi-sion in 1994 was 847; of these, 518 were identified as self-employed. The numberof fatalities within this division among the salaried/wage-earning sector of privateindustry (n=329) constitutes 7.1% of the total for private industry (n=4,617)[BLS 1995].

Only those small business industries identified within the major group Agricul-tural Services (SIC 07) were included in this investigation, as the County BusinessPatterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] data exclude information about farmestablishments. The BLS annual survey of nonfatal occupational injuries and ill-nesses also excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. The major group, Agri-cultural Services, describes establishments primarily engaged in performingservices for others on a contract or fee basis—soil preparation services, crop ser-vices, veterinary services, other animal services, farm labor and management ser-vices, and landscape and horticultural services. Agricultural Services contain 14subcategories, of which four were identified as small business industries. Thesefour industries are described below.

Appendix 105

� Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) refers to establishments primarily en-gaged in land breaking, plowing, application of fertilizer, seed bed prepara-tion, and other services for improving the soil for crop planting. This industrywas made up of 630 establishments and 4,339 employees in 1994 [Bureau ofthe Census 1996]. No data on occupational injury and illness cases for 1995were reported for this industry by the BLS [BLS 1997c]. Five fatal occupa-tional injury cases were reported for this industry in 1994; all were attrib-uted to transportation incidents [BLS 1995].

� Veterinary Services (SIC 074) includes establishments of licensed practi-tioners of veterinary medicine, dentistry, or surgery for cattle, hogs, sheep,goats, and poultry. This industry consisted of 21,549 establishments and153,309 employees in 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. In 1995, this in-dustry experienced 9,700 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illness[BLS 1997c]. A breakdown of fatal occupational injury cases was not avail-able for SIC 074 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Animal Services, Except Veterinary (SIC 075) describes livestock and ani-mal specialty services other than veterinary services, including grooming,training, boarding, breeding, and pedigree record services. This industry con-sisted of 9,375 establishments and 39,241 employees in 1994. This industryexperienced 3,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, resulting inan IR of 8.6 cases per 100 workers [BLS 1997c]. A breakdown ofwork-related fatalities was not available for this industry in the 1994 CFOI[BLS 1995].

� Landscape and Horticultural Services (SIC 078) encompasses landscapeplanning, lawn and garden services, and ornamental shrub and tree services.In 1994, this industry consisted of 62,228 establishments employing294,854 workers. Occupational injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled33,300 for this industry, or an IR of 10.5 per 100 full-time employees. Fataloccupational injury cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 100 (including 36self-employed workers) associated with the following causes: transportationincidents (33%), contact with objects and equipment (23%), falls (24%),and exposure to harmful substances or environments (17%) [BLS 1995].

A.2 Division B—Mining (SIC 10–14)

This division covers industries that involve the extraction of minerals occurringnaturally, including coal and ores, crude petroleum, and natural gas. Division B alsodescribes quarrying, well operations, milling, and other preparation done at a minesite or as a mining-related activity. TheMining Division consists of 31 industries atthe four-digit SIC level that are grouped according to type of mining: MetalMining (SIC 10), nine industries; Coal Mining (SIC 12), four industries;Oil andGas Extraction (SIC 13), five industries; andMining and Quarrying of Nonmetal-lic Minerals Except Fuels (SIC 14), 13 industries. As a division, theMining indus-try experienced an estimated 37,800 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995,

106 Appendix

resulting in an IR of 6.2 per 100 full-time employees [BLS 1997c]. Occupationalfatality cases totaled 180 (including 8 self-employed worker deaths), with leadingcauses being contact with objects and equipment (34%), transportation incidents(31%), and exposure to harmful substances or environments (15%) [BLS 1995].For this investigation, a total of 10 small business industries (including four subcat-egories of larger small business industry categories) were identified in theMiningdivision, as listed below.

� Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ores (SIC 1094) describes establishmentsand employees engaged in mining, milling, and other preparations of theseparticular ores. There were 57 such establishments and 1,023 employees inthis industry in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injury and illness caseswas not available for this industry in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and no occupationalfatalities were reported in the 1994 CFOI.

� Natural Gas Liquids (SIC 132) covers establishments and employees en-gaged in producing liquid hydrocarbons from oil and gas field extractions.This small business industry consisted of 627 establishments employing14,288 workers in 1994. There was no breakdown of cases of occupationalinjury and illness for this industry in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and no fatal occupa-tional injury cases were reported in the 1994 CFOI.

� Dimension Stone (SIC 141) as an industry includes establishments thatmine or quarry for dimension stone (e.g., granite, marble, sandstone, andothers), and/or are involved in producing rough blocks and slabs. There were196 such establishments employing 1,475 workers in 1994. There were 300occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, re-sulting in an IR of 9.1 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. No occupa-tional fatalities were listed for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142) encompasses the activities related toMining or Quarrying Crushed and Broken Limestone (SIC 1422), Granite(SIC 1423), and Other Stone (SIC 1429). This industry was comprised of2,001 establishments and 37,644 employees in 1994. There were 3,600 oc-cupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995 and anIR of 5.8 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. There were 13 recordedfatal injury cases for this industry in 1994, the leading causes being transpor-tation incidents (39%) and contact with objects and equipment (39%)[BLS 1995].

� Crushed and Broken Limestone (SIC 1422) is a subcategory of SIC 142that describes specifically the mining and quarrying of this type of stone.There were 1,316 establishments and 24,312 employees in this industry in1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reportedat the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

Appendix 107

� Crushed and Broken Granite (SIC 1423) is another small business indus-try subcategory of SIC 142 that refers to mining and quarrying of crushedand broken granite exclusively. There were 238 establishments and 5,180employees in this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and ill-ness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industryduring the reference period.

� Sand and Gravel (SIC 144) encompasses the activities ofOperating Sandand Gravel Pits and Dredges for Use in Construction (SIC 1442) and OtherIndustrial Applications (SIC 1446). This small business industry consisted of2,459 establishments and 28,552 employees in 1994. There were 1,700work-related injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995, indicating anIR of 4.9 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. There were 8 fatal injurycases recorded for this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transporta-tion incidents (38%). There are concerns about the health effects of expo-sures to crystalline silica for workers in these industries.

� Construction Sand and Gravel (SIC 1442) is a small business industrysubcategory of SIC 144 limited to products used in construction. Therewere 2,295 establishments and 25,501 employees associated with this in-dustry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities werereported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference pe-riod.

� Industrial Sand (SIC 1446) is another small business industry subcategoryof SIC 144 limited to products for industrial applications other than con-struction (e.g., glassmaking, molding, and abrasives). This industry was com-prised of 148 establishments and 2,872 employees in 1994. No cases ofoccupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Nonmetallic Mineral Services, Except Fuels (SIC 148) is a small businessmining industry that involves the removal of overburden, strip mining, andother services for non-metallic minerals for others on a contract or fee basis(e.g., geophysical exploration, boring test holes, mine development, or drain-age). There were 143 establishments and 1,618 employees in this industry in1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were recordedfor this industry during the reference period.

A.3 Division C—Construction (SIC 15–17)

TheConstruction Division is composed of 26 industries at the four-digit SIC level.The industries are grouped by the following categories:

� Building Construction (SIC 15), five industries

108 Appendix

� Heavy Construction Other than Building Construction (SIC 16), four indus-tries

� Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17), 17 industries

According to the definition for small business industries used for this investigation,both Building Construction (SIC 15) and Special Trades Contractors (SIC 17) aresmall business industries at the two-digit SIC level. Within these two industriesthere are 17 subcategories that are small business industries. The constructionsmall business industries are described below.

� General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) describes con-struction of residential, farm, industrial, commercial, or other buildings. Thisis a large small business industry with 187,470 establishments and 1,134,095employees in 1994. There were 104,700 occupational injury and illness casesin 1995 for this industry, which translates to an IR of 9.8 per 100 full-timeworkers [BLS 1997c]. Fatal occupational injury cases totaled 191 (including30 self-employed) in 1994, the leading causes being falls (42%) and trans-portation incidents (22%).

� Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17) is a group of 17 industries that collec-tively employ 2,871,613 workers in 398,568 establishments. Eight subcate-gories at the three-digit SIC level and eight subcategories at the four-digitSIC level also met the criteria for a small business industry. The number ofoccupational injuries and illnesses (309,600) and corresponding IR (11.1 per100 full-time employees) for Special Trade Contractors were among thehighest of all the small business industries [BLS 1997c]. This industry alsohad the highest number of fatal injury cases in 1994 with 592 (including 105self-employed) [BLS 1995]. As with fatalities among SIC 15, the leadingcauses of fatalities for SIC 17 were falls (39%) and transportation incidents(21%), followed by contact with objects and equipment and exposure toharmful substances or environments (17% each).

� Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning (SIC 171) is a small businessindustry that employed 645,621 workers in 79,636 workplaces in 1994. Oc-cupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995 totaled 86,000 foran IR of 12.9 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1995c]. Fatal injury cases forthis industry in 1994 numbered 71 (including 14 self-employed) with morethan half (57%) attributed to transportation incidents. This industry ranksamong the top 50 industries for average compensation cost per worker by in-dustry for nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1992 [Leigh et al.1996].

� Painting and Paperhanging (SIC 172) is a small business industry with34,627 establishments employing 160,160 workers in 1994. Nonfataloccupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995 totaled11,200, with an IR of 7.3 per 100 full-time workers. There were 40 fatal

Appendix 109

injury cases (9 were self-employed) recorded for this industry in 1994, theleading cause being falls (63%). In addition to the fall hazards associated withthis industry, exposures to paint pigments and solvents is also an occupa-tional health concern.

� Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174) is composed of three sub-categories at the four-digit SIC level that include: Masonry, Stone Setting,and Other Stonework (SIC 1741); Plastering, Drywall, Acoustical, and Insu-lationWork (SIC 1742); and Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, andMosaicWork (SIC1743). Within SIC 174 there were 48,900 establishments and 397,536 em-ployees in 1994. The industry experienced 37,300 work-related injury andillness cases with an IR of 10.8 in 1995 [BLS 1997c]. Occupational fatalitiesnumbered 53 (11 self-employed) in 1994, with more than half (53%) due tofalls and one-third (34%) due to transportation incidents.

� Masonry, Stone Setting, and Other Stone Work (SIC 1741) is a subcate-gory of SIC 174 that consisted of 23,550 establishments and 144,400 em-ployees in 1994. There are no cases of occupational injury and illness orfatalities recorded at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the ref-erence period.

� Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and Mosaic Work (SIC 1743) refers to specialtrade workers involved in setting and installing ceramic tile, marble, and mo-saic. This small business industry consisted of 5,882 establishments and31,319 employees in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fa-talities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during thereference period.

� Carpentry and FloorWork (SIC 175) consists of two related special tradesindustries (SIC 1751 and SIC 1752) containing a total of 230,154 employ-ees in 49,464 establishments in 1994. This industry was characterized by20,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995 for an IR of 10.8 per 100full-time workers. There were 31 (including 11 self-employed) work-relatedfatal injury cases reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. The leadingcause of fatalities in this industry was falls (55%), followed by transportationincidents (23%). The following sub-categories of SIC 175 were also identi-fied as small business industries.

� Carpentry Work (SIC 1751) describes activities such as building and in-stalling cabinets at the job site, framing, store fixture installation, and win-dow and door installation. In 1994, this special trade consisted of 178,713employees in 37,468 establishments. A breakdown of cases of occupationalinjury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level forthis industry during the reference period.

� Floor Laying and Other Work, NEC (SIC 1752) is another subcategory ofSIC 175 that comprised of special trade contractors engaged in the

110 Appendix

installation of asphalt tile, carpeting, linoleum, and resilient flooring. The in-dustry also includes the activities of laying, scraping, and finishing parquetand other hardwood flooring. The industry employed 50,223 workers in10,652 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injuryand illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this in-dustry during the reference period.

� Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) is a small business in-dustry comprised of 215,608 employees in 28,420 establishments in 1994.This industry experienced 25,600 work-related injury and illness cases in1995, with one of the highest IRs among small business industries (14.8 per100 full-time workers). Fatal injury cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 89(including 12 self-employed); more than two-thirds were associated withfalls. This industry also ranks 24th among all three-digit SIC industries basedon injury and illness cost per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].

� Concrete Work (SIC 177) is a small business industry describing specialtrade contractors who work with concrete, Portland cement, and asphalt,primarily in the construction of private drive- and walk-ways. The industryconsisted of 16,384 establishments with 26,911 employees in 1994. Therewere 21,800 occupational injury and illness cases recorded for this industryin 1995, resulting in an IR of 10.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal in-jury cases numbered 34 (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, theleading causes being contact with objects and equipment (35%) and trans-portation incidents (27%). This industry ranks 39th among all three-digitSIC industries based on injury and illness cost per employee in 1992 [Leighet al. 1996].

� Water Well Drilling (SIC 178) is a small business industry comprised of18,816 employees in 3,672 establishments in 1994. This industry experi-enced 1,900 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, for an IR of 9.4 per100 full-time workers. Eight work-related fatalities (including 4 self-employed)were recorded in the 1994 CFOI for this industry. The leading cause of fatal-ities was exposure to harmful substances or environments (63%), followedby transportation incidents (38%). The water well drilling industry ranked32nd among all three-digit SIC industries for workers’ compensation costsper employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].

� Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) is comprised of6 four-digit SIC industries; four are small business industries (Table 3). In1994, SIC 179 consisted of 477,190 workers in 60,768 establishments. Thisindustry experienced 45,700 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,for an IR of 9.6 per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases numbered 182(including 24 self-employed worker deaths) in 1994. Leading causes of fatalinjuries were falls (32%), contact with objects and equipment (31 percent),and transportation incidents (20%). The four subcategories of SIC 179 thatare small business industries are listed below.

Appendix 111

� Glass and Glazing Work (SIC 1793) is a small business industry com-prised of 4,529 establishments and 31,997 employees in 1994. A breakdownof cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Excavation Work (SIC 1794) includes persons and establishments engagedin digging foundations, performing incidental concrete work, grading (exceptfor transportation thoroughfares), and general excavation and loading. Thisindustry consisted of 18,768 establishments with 93,383 employees in1994. This industry experienced 47 fatal injury cases (including 8 self-employed persons) in 1994. The leading causes of fatalities were contactwith objects and equipment (53%) and transportation incidents (36%). Abreakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Wrecking and Demolition Work (SIC 1795) includes activities such asbreaking concrete for streets and highways, dismantling steel oil tanks (ex-cept oil field work), and demolition and wrecking of buildings or other struc-tures (except marine). This small business industry employed 11,615workers in 945 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupa-tional injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Special Trade Contractors, NEC (SIC 1799) covers a broad range of con-struction activities including construction of swimming pools and fences,erection and installation of ornamental metal work, house moving, shoringwork, waterproofing, dampproofing, fireproofing, sandblasting, and steamcleaning of building exteriors. This industry employed 214,386 workers in27,869 establishments in 1994. There were 46 fatal injury cases (including10 self-employed persons) in SIC 1799 in 1994, the leading causes beingcontact with objects and equipment (24%), exposure to harmful substancesor environments (24%), and transportation incidents (20%). A breakdown ofcases of occupational injury and illness was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

A.4 Division D—Manufacturing (SIC 20–39)

The Manufacturing Division, which employed nearly 18.1 million workers (ex-cluding self-employed persons) in 1994, is dominated by large industries; only30% of manufacturing workers are employed in workplaces with fewer than 100employees, 8% in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees, and 4% in placeswith fewer than 10 employees (Table 2). TheManufacturing Division consists of459 four-digit SIC industries. Only 21 small business industries were identified inthis division, 6 at the three-digit SIC-level and 15 at the four-digit SIC-level (Ta-bles 3 and 4).

112 Appendix

In 1995, the Manufacturing Division experienced 2.1 million nonfatalwork-related injuries and illnesses. The division recorded 789 fatal injuries (in-cluding 69 self-employed persons) in the 1994 CFOI. Of these fatalities, 188(24%) occurred in small business industries. Descriptions of the 21 small businessindustries in theManufacturing Division are provided below.

� Prepared Feeds and Feed Ingredients for Animals and Fowls, ExceptDogs and Cats (SIC 2048) is a small business manufacturing industry thatemployed 35,110 workers in 1,702 establishments in 1994. This industryexperienced 4,400 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IRof 10.0 cases per 100 full-time workers. Information on fatal injuries was notavailable at the four-digit SIC level for this prepared feeds industry. In thelarger category of Grain Mill Products (SIC 204), there have traditionallybeen elevated illness rates for dust diseases of the lungs (pneumoconiosis)and disorders associated with repetitive motion.

� Animal andMarine Fats andOils (SIC 2077) describes the production ofanimal oils, including fish oil and other marine animal oils and fish and animalmeal. This small business industry employed 35,110 workers in 1,702 estab-lishments in 1994. One hundred percent of the employees in this industrywork in establishments with fewer than 100 persons. There were 1,500work-related injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, withthe highest IR among small business industries (17.1 cases per 100 full-timeworkers). A breakdown of occupational fatality cases was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Manufactured Ice (SIC 2097) describes establishments primarily involvedin manufacturing ice for sale. In 1994, 552 such establishments existed em-ploying 4,454 workers. One hundred percent of the employees in this indus-try work in establishments with fewer than 100 persons. A breakdown ofcases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Fur Goods (SIC 237) includes establishments that manufacture coats andother clothing, accessories, and trimmings made of fur. This industry con-sisted of only 686 employees in 161 establishments in 1994. A breakdown ofcases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Logging (SIC 241) describes establishments engaged in cutting timber andin producing rough, round, hewn, or riven primary forest or wood raw mate-rials, or in producing wood chips in the field. This industry employed 84,624workers in 13,962 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 7,700occupational injury and illness cases with an IR of 10.5 in 1995. There were130 fatal injury cases (including 39 self-employed workers) in this industryin 1994. The leading cause of fatalities was contact with objects and equip-ment (79%), followed by transportation incidents (19%). In 1994, NIOSH

Appendix 113

issued an ALERT publication entitled Request for Assistance in PreventingInjuries and Deaths of Loggers [NIOSH 1994]. In addition to this document,NIOSH has also performed fatality assessment and control evaluations in re-sponse to fatalities in this field [NIOSH 1993a,b]. In an analysis of fatal in-jury risk by industry in the United States, the logging industry wasdetermined to have the highest lifetime (45-year work life) injury risk(47/1,000 full-time workers) of any industry [Fosbroke et al. 1997]. Amongall three-digit SIC industries, logging ranks number one based on costs forworkers’ compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996].

� Special Products Sawmills, NEC (SIC 2429) is a small business industrycomprised of 177 workplaces and 1,714 employees in 1994, 100% of whomwork in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. It is one of three in-dustries within the larger category of Sawmills and Planing Mills (SIC 242)and the only small business industry in the group. Information on occupa-tional injuries, illnesses, and fatalities were not reported separately for Spe-cialty Product Sawmills, but the three-digit group experienced 35 fatalities(including four self-employed workers) in 1994, the leading cause being con-tact with objects and equipment (60%).

� Wood Containers (SIC 244) is comprised of three subcategories that in-clude Nailed and Lock Corner Wood Boxes and Shook (SIC 2441), WoodPallets and Skids (SIC 2448), andWoodContainers,NEC (SIC 2449). Onlythe first two subcategories are also small business industries. The manufac-ture of wood containers in 1994 employed 42,069 workers in 2,546 estab-lishments. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995totaled 8,200, with one of the highest IRs among small business industries(17.1 cases per 100 full-time workers). There were six reported fatalities forSIC 244 in 1994, four of which were associated with exposure to harmfulsubstances or environments.

� Nailed and Lock Corner Wood Boxes and Shook (SIC 2441) is a smallbusiness industry involved in the manufacture of lumber or plywood boxesand shook for nailed and lock corner boxes. This industry had 299workplaces and 5,152 employees in 1994. Information on occupational in-jury and illness cases and fatalities was not reported separately for SIC 2441.

� Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448) is a small business manufacturing in-dustry comprised of 2,009 workplaces and 31,920 employees in 1994. Thisindustry experienced 6,200 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995,and also had one of the highest IRs among small business industries (16.7 per100 full-time workers). Information was not available on fatalities at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Wood Preserving (SIC 2491) is a small business manufacturing industrythat includes establishments engaged in treating wood, sawed or planed inother establishments, with creosote or other preservatives to prevent decay

114 Appendix

and to protect against fire and insects. This industry contained 474 work-places and 11,218 employees in 1994. Fatal occupational injuries were notreported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

� Industrial Gases (SIC 2813) describes establishments engaged in theman-ufacture of industrial gases in compressed, liquid, and solid forms, includingacetylene, argon, carbon dioxide, dry ice, helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen,nitrous oxide, and oxygen. This industry had 600 establishments and 7,789employees in 1994, 92% of whomworked in places with fewer than 100 em-ployees. Industrial gases experienced 600 injury and illness cases in 1995,with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injurieswere not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

� Fertilizers, MixingOnly (SIC 2875) is a small business industry comprisedof 458 establishments and 7,400 employees engaged in mixing fertilizersfrom purchased fertilizer materials. This industry experienced 1,000work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 10.2 cases per100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for thisindustry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

� Printing Ink (SIC 2893) employed 12,262 workers in 1994 in 518 estab-lishments engaged in the manufacture of gravure ink, screen process ink, andlithographic ink. SIC 2893 had 1,200 work-related injury and illness cases in1995, with an IR of 8.0 per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injurieswere not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994. Print-ing ink is the only small business industry among the five industries that com-prise the group Miscellaneous Chemical Products (SIC 289). For thisindustry group at the three-digit SIC level, there have traditionally beenproblems of skin disorders and diseases associated with dermal exposures tochemicals.

� Asphalt Paving Mixtures and Blocks (SIC 2951), comprised of 1,073 es-tablishments with 11,065 workers in 1994, is the only small business indus-try within the major group of Petroleum Refining and Related Industries(SIC 29). There were 1,300 occupational injury and illness cases in SIC2951 in 1995, with an IR of 9.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occu-pational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digitSIC-level in 1994. For workers in the petroleum manufacturing industries,there is concern for exposure to carcinogens and coke dust [Lee et al. 1986;Lipscomb and Lee 1983].

� Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327) consists of five sub-categories that includeConcrete Block and Brick (SIC 3271);Concrete Prod-ucts, Except Block and Brick (SIC 3272); Ready-Mixed Concrete (SIC3273); Lime (SIC 3274); and Gypsum Products (SIC 3275). In 1994, SIC327 had 9,350 establishments with 173,474 employees. There were 26,600work-related injury and illness cases associated with this industry in 1995,

Appendix 115

with an IR of 12.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. This industry experi-enced 24 fatal occupational injuries in 1994, the major causes being trans-portation incidents (50%) and contact with objects and equipment (33%).

The following two subcategories of SIC 327 are also small business industries.

� Concrete Block and Brick (SIC 3271) employed 15,978 workers in 952 es-tablishments in 1994 primarily engaged in manufacturing concrete buildingblock and brick from a combination of cement and aggregate. The number ofinjury and illness cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 2,200, with an IR of11.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not re-ported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

� Ready-Mixed Concrete (SIC 3273) covers establishments engaged in man-ufacturing Portland cement concrete that is delivered to a purchaser in aplastic and unhardened state. There were 5,058 such establishments in 1994that employed 81,214 workers. This industry reported 12,200 work-relatedinjury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 11.7 cases per 100 full-timeworkers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry atthe four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

� Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328), employing 12,097 workers in931 establishments in 1994, describes the cutting, shaping, and finishing ofgranite, marble, limestone, slate, and other stone for building and miscella-neous uses. There were 1,200 occupational injury and illness cases in this in-dustry in 1995, with an IR of 9.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. Six fataloccupational injuries occurred in this industry in 1994. Causes of fatalitieswere not specified [BLS 1995]. Among all three-digit SIC industries, CutStone and Stone Products ranks 12th based on workers’ compensation costsper employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996]. In this industry, there are concernsabout the health effects of exposures to airborne silica and other dusts.

� Industrial Patterns (SIC 3543), covering establishments engaged in manu-facturing foundry cores and patterns, is the only small business industryamong the nine subcategories comprising the group Metalworking Machin-ery and Equipment (SIC 354). This industry employed 7,824 workers in 651establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and ill-ness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this indus-try during the reference period.

� Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (SIC

3599) is a small business industry with 271,999 employees in 23,073 estab-lishments engaged in manufacturing machinery and equipment and partssuch as amusement park equipment and flexible metal hose and tubing. Thisindustry experienced 32,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,with an IR of 12.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatalities reported for thethree-digit category ofMiscellaneous Industrial and Commercial Machinery

116 Appendix

and Equipment (SIC 359) in 1994 totaled 13, the leading causes being con-tact with objects and equipment (31%) and falls (31%). A breakdown of fa-tal occupational injuries was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for thisindustry during the reference period.

� Marking Devices (SIC 3953) is a small business industry comprised of623 establishments and 8,077 employees engaged in manufacturing rubberand metal hand-stamps, dies, seals, steel letters and figures, and stencils foruse in painting or marking. There were 500 injury and illness cases reportedfor this industry in 1995, with an IR of 6.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Abreakdown of fatal occupational injuries was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

A.5 Division E—Transportation, Communications, Electric,Gas, and Sanitary Services (SIC 40–49)

This division employed more than 5.7 million workers (excluding self-employedpersons) in 1994, almost half (46%) of whom were in establishments with fewerthan 100 workers (Table 2). The Division consists of 67 four-digit SIC industriesand includes establishments providing to the general public or business enterprisespassenger and freight transportation, communications services, or electricity, gas,steam, water, or sanitary services, and all establishments of the U.S. Postal Ser-vice. Among all industries in this division, 523,600 work-related injury and illnesscases occurred in 1995, with an IR of 9.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Occupa-tional fatalities for the division totaled 1,001 (including 57 government workersand 83 self-employed workers) in 1994. Roughly two-thirds of the fatalities wereassociated with transportation incidents.

Within the Transportation and Public Utility Industries Division, 12 small businessindustries were identified (6 at the three-digit SIC level and 6 at the four-digit SIClevel). Of these, one is a subcategory of a larger small business industry (i.e., TravelAgencies [SIC 4724] within Passenger Transportation Arrangement [SIC 472]). De-scriptions of the 12 small business industries in the Transportation and Public Util-ities Division are provided below.

� Taxicabs (SIC 412) is a small business industry with 3,378 workplaces and26,516 employees in 1994, 81% of whom worked in places with fewer than100 employees and 43% in places with fewer than 20 employees (Table 3). In1995, this industry experienced 1,700 nonfatal occupational injury and ill-ness cases, with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 103occupational fatalities (including 17 self-employed workers) among personsemployed in SIC 412. Only 12% of the fatalities were associated with trans-portation incidents; however, 86% were associated with assaults and violentacts. Among all three-digit SIC-level industries, Taxicabs ranks eighth basedon workers’ compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et al. 1996]. Ina previous NIOSH document characterizing violence in the workplace[Jenkins 1996], Taxicab Services were determined to have the highest rate

Appendix 117

of work-related homicide (41.4 homicides/100,000 workers), nearly 60times the national average rate of work-related homicides (0.70 homicides/100,000 workers).

� Bus Charter Service, Except Local (SIC 4142) consisted of 885 establish-ments and 18,106 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupationalinjury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-levelfor this industry during the reference period. SIC 4142 makes up more thanhalf of the employment total for the three-digit SIC level group of Bus Char-ter Service (SIC 414) that experienced 1,500 work-related injury and illnesscases in 1995 and an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers.

� Bus Terminal and Service Facilities (SIC 417) employed 182 workers in35 workplaces in 1994. Workers in this industry operate bus terminals andprovide maintenance for motor vehicle passenger transportation; theseestablishments are not operated by companies that also furnish motorvehicle passenger transportation. All of these workplaces had fewer than 100workers, and more than 63% had fewer than 20 workers (Table 3).Occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported at thethree-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (SIC 4221) is the only smallbusiness industry among four subcategories that comprise Public Ware-housing and Storage (SIC 422). SIC 4221 had 567 workplaces and 6,052employees in 1994, more than 81% of whom were in workplaces with fewerthan 100 employees (Table 3). A breakdown of cases of occupational injuryand illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for thisindustry during the reference period.

� Trucking Terminal and Joint Terminal Maintenance Facilities for Mo-tor Freight Transportation (SIC 423) is a small business industry that de-scribes establishments engaged in the operation of terminal facilities used byhighway-type property carrying vehicles. There is some discrepancy be-tween the County Business Patterns data and the SOII data concerning thisindustry: according to the County Business Patterns, there were 52 such es-tablishments employing 533 employees in 1994. However, in the 1995SOII, this industry was estimated to have an average employment of 4,400,with a reported 600 injury and illness cases and an IR of 14.9 per 100full-time workers. Seven fatalities were reported for this industry in 1994,43% of these due to transportation incidents.

� Ferries (SIC 4482) employed 1,606 workers in 117 workplaces in 1994 foroperating vessels in the transportation of passengers or vehicles. A break-down of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not avail-able at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.In the larger category of Water Transportation of Passengers (SIC 448),there were 30 fatalities in 1994, the leading cause being transportation

118 Appendix

incidents (50%), followed by exposure to harmful substances or environ-ments (30%). The IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses inSIC 448 was 11.0 cases per 100 full-time workers.

� Marinas (SIC 4493) is a small business industry that includes operation ofyacht and boat yards, marine basins, and other marinas where boat slips arerented and other boat services such as cleaning and repair are performed.There were 3,763 such facilities employing 18,496 workers in 1994, 99% ofwhom worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, with 73%in establishments with fewer than 20 workers, and 47% in establishmentswith fewer than 10 employees. Occupational injury and illness and fatalitieswere not reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the ref-erence period.

� Pipelines, NEC (SIC 4619) is a small business industry comprised of 59establishments and 264 employees in 1994 engaged in the pipeline trans-portation of commodities, except crude petroleum, refined products of pe-troleum, and natural gas. All employees worked in establishments withfewer than 100 workers; more than 73% worked in establishments withfewer than 20 workers; and more than 47% worked in establishments withfewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury andillness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this in-dustry during the reference period.

� Passenger Transportation Arrangement (SIC 472) is a small business in-dustry comprised of the following three subcategories: Travel Agencies (SIC4724); Tour Operators (SIC 4725); and Arrangement of Passenger Transpor-tation, NEC (SIC 4729). This industry employed 207,423 workers in32,160 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases re-ported for this industry in 1995 totaled 1,700, with an IR of less than 1 caseper 100,000 workers. Occupational fatalities for SIC 472 totaled 13 (includ-ing 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, with 39% of these associated withtransportation incidents and another 39% associated with assaults and vio-lent acts.

� Travel Agencies (SIC 4724) is a small business industry comprised of es-tablishments furnishing travel information and acting as agents in arrangingtours, transportation, rental of cars, and lodging for travelers. There were28,118 travel agencies employing 162,795 workers in 1994; 87% worked inestablishments with fewer than 100 workers. A breakdown of cases of occu-pational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Freight Transportation Arrangement (SIC 473) covers establishmentsengaged in furnishing shipping information and acting as agents in arrangingtransportation for freight and cargo. This small business industry employed117,767 workers in 13,388 establishments in 1994. There were 9,300

Appendix 119

nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases reported for SIC 473 in 1995,with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Ten occupational fatalitieswere recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI; 80%were associated withtransportation incidents.

� Irrigation Systems (SIC 497) describes the activities of water distributionor operating supply systems and impounding reservoirs for irrigation. In1994, this industry consisted of 325 establishments and 1,673 employees.Cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported forthis industry during the reference period.

A.6 Division F—Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51)

The Division of Wholesale Trade is comprised of 18 three-digit SIC industrygroups containing 69 four-digit SIC industries. In 1994, Wholesale Trade em-ployed more than 6.3 million workers; nearly 4.7 million (74%) were employed inestablishments with fewer than 100 workers. Work-related injury and illnesscases among all Wholesale Trade industries in 1995 totaled more than 1.6 mil-lion, with an IR of 7.5 per 100 full-time workers. There were 270 (including 22self-employed workers) fatal occupational injuries inWholesale Trade recorded inthe 1994 CFOI. Transportation incidents accounted for half of the fatalities, andcontact with objects and equipments was responsible for one-fifth of the fatal in-jury cases.

For this investigation, 45 subcategories of Wholesale Trade were identified assmall business industries: 9 at the three-digit SIC-level, 36 at the four-digitSIC-level, and 25 of which are subcategories of a larger small business industry.These small business industries within theWholesale Trade are described below.

� Motor Vehicles andMotor Vehicle Parts and Supplies (SIC 501) consistsof 4 four-digit SIC industries; 3 are small business industries. The industryemployed a total of 504,484 workers in 46,423 establishments in 1994.There were 48,900 work-related injury and illness cases reported for SIC501 in 1995, with an IR of 10.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. The indus-try experienced 24 fatal injury cases recorded in the 1994 CFOI, the leadingcauses being transportation incidents (58%) and contact with objects andequipment (17%).

� Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts (SIC 5013) is a small businesswholesale trade industry that employed 274,902 workers in 27,140 estab-lishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illnessand fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industryduring the reference period.

� Tires and Tubes (SIC 5014) consisted of 3,930 establishments and 47,053employees in 1994 engaged in the wholesale distribution of tires andtubes for passenger and commercial vehicles. A breakdown of cases of

120 Appendix

occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Motor Vehicle Parts, Used (SIC 5015) was comprised of 6,976 establish-ments and 42,485 employees in 1994 involved with the distribution atwholesale or retail of used motor vehicle parts. Nearly all (98%) of the em-ployees in this industry worked in establishments with fewer than 100 work-ers, with 76% in establishments with fewer than 20 workers and 48% inworkplaces with fewer than 10 workers. A breakdown of cases of occupa-tional injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Furniture and Homefurnishings (SIC 502) is a small business industrycomprised of two subcategories, Furniture (SIC 5021) andHomefurnishings(SIC 5023); both are also small business industries. Furniture and Home-furnishings employed 169,461 persons in 16,267 establishments in 1994.Work-related injuries and illnesses in 1995 totaled 9,200, with an IR of 6.5cases per 100 full-time workers. Six fatal occupational injuries within this in-dustry were recorded in the 1994 CFOI. The causes of the fatalities werenot specified.

� Furniture (SIC 5021) refers to establishments primarily engaged in whole-sale distribution of household furniture, office furniture, and furniture forpublic parks and buildings. This industry employed 72,037 workers in 7,197establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and ill-ness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this indus-try during the reference period.

� Homefurnishings (SIC 5023) is the second subcategory of SIC 502 and re-fers to establishments engaged in the wholesale distribution of homefurnish-ings and housewares such as antiques, china, glassware, lamps, draperies, lin-ens, and floor coverings. This industry consisted of 8,824 establishmentswith 97,024 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injuryand illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for thisindustry during the reference period.

� Lumber and Other Construction Materials (SIC 503) consists of 4four-digit SIC industries; all are small business industries. The industry des-ignated by SIC 503 employed a total of 232,555 workers in 20,473workplaces in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases reported by the in-dustry in 1995 numbered 24,900, with an IR of 10.5 cases per 100 full-timeworkers. The industry experienced 25 fatal occupational injuries in 1994,the leading causes being transportation incidents (48%), contact with objectsand equipment (20%), and exposure to harmful substances or environments(20%). A breakdown of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was notavailable at the four-digit level for the following subcategories in either the1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI.

Appendix 121

� Lumber, Plywood, Millwork, and Wood Panels (SIC 5031), which em-ployed 122,835 workers in 8,604 establishments in 1994, describes estab-lishments primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of rough, dressed, andfinished lumber; plywood; reconstituted wood fiber products; doors, win-dows, and their frames; and wood fencing.

� Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Materials (SIC 5032) consistedof 4,618 establishments with 35,532 employees in 1994; 97% worked in es-tablishments with fewer than 100 employees. This small business industryinvolves the wholesale distribution of stone, cement, lime, construction sandand gravel, asphalt, and concrete mixtures.

� Roofing, Siding, and Insulation Materials (SIC 5033) is a small businesswholesale industry with 2,902 workplaces and 33,514 employees in 1994.

� ConstructionMaterials,NEC (SIC 5039) is a small business industry with3,982 workplaces and 39,930 employees in 1994. This industry involves thewholesale distribution of mobile homes and of Construction Materials,NEC, including prefabricated buildings and glass.

� Commercial Equipment, NEC (SIC 5046) is one of seven subcategories ofProfessional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies (SIC 504). The onlysmall business industry within SIC 504, Commercial Equipment, NEC em-ployed 45,117 workers in 5,039 establishments in 1994. These establish-ments are primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of commercialmachines and equipment such as food service equipment, partitions, lockers,store fixtures, electrical signs, and shelving. A breakdown of cases of occupa-tional injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

� Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (SIC 505) consists of two small-business wholesale trade industries that collectively employ 144,449 em-ployees in 11,137 workplaces. The industry recorded 18,300 nonfatal occu-pational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 12.5 cases per 100full-time workers. Eight fatal occupational injuries occurred in 1994; halfwere attributed to contact with objects or equipment.

The following two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 505. A break-down of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at thefour-digit level for these subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994CFOI.

� Metals Service Centers and Offices (SIC 5051) is a small business indus-try with 10,246 workplaces and 138,724 employees in 1994. These employ-ees are primarily engaged in marketing semifinished metal products, exceptprecious metals.

122 Appendix

� Coal and Other Minerals and Ores (SIC 5052) is a small business indus-try employing 5,557 workers in 766 establishments in 1994. This industryinvolves the wholesale distribution of coal and coke, metal ores, and crudenonmetallic minerals, except crude petroleum.

� Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies, and Construc-tion Materials (SIC 5063) is one of four subcategories of Electrical Goods(SIC 506). This small business industry employed 195,300 workers in18,264 establishments in 1994. These establishments perform wholesaledistribution of electrical power equipment. A breakdown of occupational in-juries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit level for this in-dustry in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category ofElectrical Goods (SIC 506), there were 6 fatal occupational injuries in 1994(4 associated with transportation incidents) and an IR for nonfatal occupa-tional injuries and illness of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers.

� Hardware, Plumbing, and Heating Equipment (SIC 507) is comprised offour subcategories; three are also small business industries. In 1994, therewere 254,822 employees and 24,808 establishments in SIC 507. Work-related injury and illness cases for this wholesale trade industry totaled17,800 in 1995, with an IR of 6.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Nine fataloccupational injuries occurred in this industry in 1994, the leading cause be-ing transportation incidents (67%). The following three small business indus-tries are subcategories of SIC 507. A breakdown of occupational injuries,illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for thesesubcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

� Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies (Hydronics) (SIC

5074) is a small business wholesale industry that employed 92,224 workersin 9,341 workplaces in 1994.

� Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Supplies (SIC

5075) consisted of 5,506 establishments and 49,661 employees in 1994 en-gaged in wholesale distribution of furnaces, air pollution control equipment,and air-conditioning equipment.

� Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5078) employed 12,152workers in 1,421 establishments in 1994 engaged in the wholesale distribu-tion of refrigeration equipment and supplies.

� Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies (SIC 508) is a small business indus-try comprised of six subcategories; four are also small business industries.This specialty wholesale industry was responsible for employing 707,226workers in 73,344 establishments in 1994. With a total of 54,800 occupa-tional injury and illness cases in 1995, SIC 508 had an IR of 7.1 cases per 100full-time workers. There were 28 work-related fatalities recorded in the

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1994 CFOI for this industry; 57% were due to transportation incidents, and25% were due to contact with objects and equipment.

The following four small business industries are subcategories of SIC 508. Abreakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at thefour-digit SIC level for these subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994CFOI.

� Farm and Garden Machinery and Equipment (SIC 5083) is a small-business wholesale industry with 10,280 workplaces and 103,375 employeesin 1994; 96% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees.

� Industrial Machinery and Equipment (SIC 5084) is a small business in-dustry with 29,854 workplaces and 268,073 employees in 1994. This indus-try is involved in the wholesale distribution of equipment such as conveyorsystems, industrial cranes, elevators, derricks, and cement making machin-ery.

� Industrial Supplies (SIC 5085) is a small business wholesale industry with153,968 employees in 15,678 workplaces in 1994. Types of supplies in-cluded in this category are abrasives, barrels, bottles, drums, gaskets, hose,industrial fittings, rope, and twine.

� Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5087) is a smallbusiness industry with 7,392 workplaces and 65,316 employees in 1994. Es-tablishments in this industry are engaged in wholesale distribution of equip-ment and supplies for barber shops, beauty parlors, power laundries,drycleaning plants, upholsterers, undertakers, and related personal serviceestablishments.

� Sporting and Recreational Goods and Supplies (SIC 5091) is one of5 four-digit SIC industries contained inMiscellaneous Durable Goods (SIC509). In 1994, SIC 5091 employed 56,056 workers in 5,730 establishmentsengaged in wholesale distribution of sporting goods and accessories. A break-down of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at thefour digit-level for this subcategory during the reference period. In the largercategory of SIC 509, there were 36 fatal occupational injuries (including6 self-employed workers) in 1994 and a nonfatal occupational injury and ill-ness IR of 8.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

� Scrap and Waste Materials (SIC 5093) describes establishments engagedin assembling, breaking up, sorting, and wholesale distributing of scrap andwaste materials. There were 9,079 such establishments in 1994, with102,395 workers. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatali-ties was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this subcategory of SIC509 in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

124 Appendix

� Industrial and Personal Service Paper (SIC 5113) describes the whole-sale distribution of wrapping and other coarse paper, paperboard, and con-verted paper and related disposable plastics products, such as bags, boxes,dishes, eating utensils, napkins, and shipping supplies. There were 5,388 es-tablishments with 67,972 employees in this industry in 1994. No breakdownof occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level forthis subcategory was provided in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. Inthe larger category of Paper and Paper Products (SIC 511), there were 6 fa-talities in 1994 (4 associated with transportation incidents) and an IR fornonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 4.9 cases per 100 full-timeworkers.

� Piece Goods, Notions, and Other Dry Goods (SIC 5131) is a small-business wholesale industry consisting of 52,100 employees in 5,827 estab-lishments in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatali-ties was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this category in either the1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Apparel, Piece Goodsand Notions (SIC 513), there were no occupational fatalities recorded for1994 and an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 4.6 per100 full-time workers.

� Fish and Seafoods (SIC 5146) is a small business wholesale industry thatemployed 29,511 workers in 3,223 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of oc-cupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this category in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In thelarger category ofGroceries and Related Products (SIC 514), comprised of9 four-digit SIC industries, there were 39 fatal occupational injury cases in1994 (70% were due to transportation incidents) and an IR for work-relatedinjury and illness of 11.6 cases per 100 full-time workers.

� Farm-Product RawMaterials (SIC 515) consists of 3 four-digit wholesaleindustries; all are also small business industries. As a group, the three indus-tries employed 104,274 workers in 11,142 establishments in 1994. In 1995,the industry experienced 6,700 nonfatal occupational injury and illnesscases, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 20work-related fatal injuries in this industry in 1994; 35% were related totransportation incidents, and 25% attributed to contact with objects orequipment.

The following three small business industries are subcategories of SIC 515. Abreakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994CFOI.

� Grain and Field Beans (SIC 5153) is a small business wholesale industrythat employed 58,117 workers in 6,960 workplaces in 1994. All but 2% ofthe employees in this industry worked in establishments with fewer than

Appendix 125

100 employees, and two-thirds worked in establishments with fewer than 20employees.

� Livestock (SIC 5154) is a small business wholesale industry with 2,372workplaces and 31,127 employees in 1994; 99%worked in places with fewerthan 100 employees.

� Farm Product RawMaterials, NEC (SIC 5159) is a small business whole-sale industry with 1,717 workplaces and 14,688 employees in 1994. Exam-ples of materials covered by this industry include hops, horses, unprocessedpeanuts, furs, pelts, skins, wool, and raw cotton.

� Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC 516) is a small business wholesaletrade industry comprised of two subcategories that are also small business in-dustries. Within SIC 516, there were 150,985 employees in 14,436 estab-lishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industrytotaled 8,100 in 1995, with an IR of 5.5 cases per 100 full-time workers.There were no fatalities recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. Thefollowing two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 516. Abreakdown of occupational injuries and illness was not available at thefour-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in the 1995 SOII, and there wereno fatalities recorded by the 1994 CFOI.

� Plastic Materials and Basic Forms and Shapes (SIC 5162) is a smallbusiness industry that involves wholesale distribution of plastic materials,film, sheets, rods, tubes, and other basic forms and shapes. In 1994, this in-dustry employed 35,112 persons in 3,524 establishments.

� Chemicals and Allied Products,NEC (SIC 5169) is a small business indus-try involving the wholesale distribution of chemicals and allied products suchas acids, industrial and heavy chemicals, dyestuffs, industrial salts, rosin, andturpentine. In 1994, 115,680 workers were employed in 10,695 establish-ments in this industry.

� Petroleum and Petroleum Products (SIC 517) consists of 2 four-digit SICsubcategories; both are also small business industries. This small businesswholesale industry employed 162,814 workers in 14,636 establishments in1994. The occupational injury and illness case total for this industry was9,300 in 1995, with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. This indus-try experienced 14 fatal occupational injuries in 1994; 70% were linked totransportation incidents. The following two small business industries aresubcategories of SIC 517. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, andfatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these subcategoriesin either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

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� Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (SIC 5171) describes establish-ments engaged in the wholesale distribution of crude petroleum and petro-leum products, including liquefied petroleum gas, from bulk liquid storagefacilities. There were 10,562 such establishments in 1994, employing124,661 workers.

� Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers, Except Bulk Stationsand Terminals (SIC 5172) includes wholesale distributors of bottled pe-troleum products such as kerosene, lubricating oils and greases, aircraft fuel-ing services, and petroleum brokers. This industry employed 37,663 personsin 3,864 establishments in 1994.

� Farm Supplies (SIC 5191) is a small business wholesale industry consistingof 16,835 workplaces and 145,383 employees in 1994. There are no data oninjury, illness and fatality cases reported for this industry at the four-digitSIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994CFOI. In the larger category ofMis-cellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), which consists of 6 four- digit SICindustries including SIC 5191, there were 24 fatal injury cases (includingfour self-employed workers) recorded in the 1994 CFOI. The IR fornonfatal work-related injury and illnesses for SIC 519 in 1995 was 8.1 casesper 100 full-time workers.

� Flowers, Nursery Stock, and Florists’ Supplies (SIC 5193) is a small-business wholesale industry with 4,277 workplaces and 47,618 employees in1994. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for thisindustry at the four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994CFOI. This industry is 1 of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger cate-gory of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above inFarm Supplies (SIC 5191).

� Paints, Varnishes, and Supplies (SIC 5198) is a small business wholesaleindustry with 3,544 workplaces and 29,051 employees in 1994. There are nodata on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at thefour-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of MiscellaneousNondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC5191).

� Nondurable Goods, NEC (SIC 5199) is a small business wholesale indus-try with 17,778 workplaces and 117,097 employees in 1994. There are nodata on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at thefour-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of MiscellaneousNondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC5191).

Appendix 127

A.7 Division G—Retail Trade (SIC 52–59)

The Retail Trade Division is the second largest division with more than 20 milliontotal employees; 75% work in small business establishments. In 1995, RetailTrades experienced more than 1.1 million nonfatal occupational injuries and ill-nesses and an IR of 7.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injuries in 1994totaled 797, of which 233 were self-employed workers. The leading causes of fa-talities inRetail Tradeswere assaults and violent acts (70%), followed by transpor-tation incidents (20%). Within the Retail Trades Division there are 64 four-digitSIC industries. For this investigation, 61 small business industries were identifiedwithin the Retail Trades Division as follows: 33 three-digit SIC industries and 28four-digit SIC industries. Of the 61 small business industries, 27 were subcatego-ries of a broader small business industry. The small business retail industries arediscussed in the following paragraphs.

� Paint, Glass, andWallpaper Stores (SIC 523) is a small business retail in-dustry comprised of 10,081 establishments and 47,939 employees in 1994;all worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, with 90% inestablishments with fewer than 20 employees and 70% in workplaces withfewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 3,600 work-related injuryand illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 6.2 cases per 100 full-time workers.There were no fatalities for SIC 523 recorded in the 1994 CFOI.

� Hardware Stores (SIC 525) describes retail establishments that specializein basic hardware items, such as tools, builders’ hardware, paint and glass,housewares, and household appliances. In 1994, there were 18,827 such es-tablishments with 140,019 employees; 98% worked in stores with fewerthan 100 employees. This retail industry experienced 7,100 nonfatal occu-pational injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 5.2 cases per 100full-time workers. There were four fatal occupational injury cases recordedfor Hardware Stores in the 1994 CFOI. Causes of the fatalities were notspecified.

� Retail Nurseries; Lawn and Garden Supply Stores (SIC 526) is a smallbusiness retail industry with 11,017 workplaces and 72,757 employees in1994; 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. There were5,000 work-related nonfatal injury and illness cases for SIC 526 in 1995,with an IR of 6.7 per 100 full-time workers. No fatal injuries were recordedfor this industry in the1994 CFOI.

� Mobile Home Dealers (SIC 527) is a small business industry that involvesthe retail sale of new and usedmobile homes, parts, and equipment. In 1994,there were 4,294 establishments in this industry and 28,632 employees.Work-related injury and illness cases among mobile home dealers totaled2,200 in 1995, with an IR of 6.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There wereseven fatal occupational injury cases reported for SIC 527 in the1994 CFOI.Causes were not specified.

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� Variety Stores (SIC 533) is a small business industry consisting of retail es-tablishments specializing in a variety of merchandise in the low and popularprice ranges. There were 13,197 such establishments in 1994, employing106,709 workers. This industry experienced 9,000 occupational injury andillness cases in 1995, with an IR of 8.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. Nofatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Meat and Fish (Seafoods)Markets, Including Freezer (SIC 542) is a smallbusiness industry consisting of 44,536 employees in 8,480 establishments in1994. Work-related nonfatal injury and illness cases in this industry totaled1,600 in 1995, with an IR of 4.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Among allthree-digit SIC-level industries, Meat and Fish Markets (SIC 542) ranks28th based on workers’ compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh etal. 1996]. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994CFOI.

� Fruit and Vegetable Markets (SIC 543) is a small business industry spe-cializing in the retail sale of fresh fruits and vegetables. There were 3,108such establishments in 1994 employing 17,268 workers. This industry re-ported 1,200 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with anIR of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for thisspecific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Historically, skin disorders and allergieshave been health concerns associated with this industry.

� Candy, Nut, and Confectionary Stores (SIC 544) is a small business retailindustry consisting of 4,940 establishments and 27,829 employees in 1994;more than 99% worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees; 87% werein shops smaller than 20 employees. In 1995, there were 900 occupationalinjury and illness cases recorded for this industry, with an IR of 4.7 cases per100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry inthe 1994 CFOI.

� Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545), referring specifically to the retail sale ofbutter, cheese, packaged ice cream, milk ,and other dairy products, is a smallbusiness industry comprised of 2,338 establishments and 8,967 employeesin 1994. AllDairy Products Stores in 1994 were smaller than 100 employees;more than 82% of all employees were found in establishments with fewerthan 20 workers; and 61% of all workers were employed in stores with fewerthan 10 employees (Table 3). An estimated 500 nonfatal work-related injuryand illness cases occurred in SIC 545 in 1995, with an IR of 4.7 per 100full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the1994 CFOI.

� Miscellaneous Food Stores (SIC 549) is another small business food indus-try that involves the retail sale of specialized foods such as eggs, poultry,health foods, spices, herbs, coffee, and tea. There were 9,316 such foodstores in 1994, employing 46,362 employees; more than 97% worked in

Appendix 129

stores with fewer than 100 employees. This industry experienced 1,800 oc-cupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.6 per 100full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for SIC 549 in the 1994

� Motor Vehicle Dealers (UsedOnly) (SIC 552) is a small business retail in-dustry consisting of 19,569 establishments and 72,847 employees in 1994;nearly two-thirds work in places with fewer than 10 employees. This indus-try experienced 1,700 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases in 1995,with an IR of 2.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 10 fatal workinjuries in this industry in 1994, 60% of these related to transportation inci-dents.

� Auto and Home Supply Stores (SIC 553) describes establishments thatspecialize in the retail sale of new automobile tires, batteries, and other auto-mobile parts and accessories. These establishments frequently sell home ap-pliances, radios, and television sets as well. In 1994, there were 294,733persons employed in this industry in 41,338 establishments. Nearly all(99%) employees worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees, and 78%worked in stores with fewer than 20 employees. There were 33,300 nonfataloccupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of9.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 16 fatal work injuries in SIC553 in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (50%) and as-saults and violent acts (38%).

� Gasoline Service Stations (SIC 554) is a small business industry consistingof 99,250 stations and 692,240 employees in 1994; more than 96% work instations with fewer than 100 employees; half work in places with fewer than10 employees. In 1995, the Gasoline Service Station industry experienced23,700 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, with an IR of 4.4 casesper 100 full-time workers. There were 54 (including 4 self-employed work-ers) fatal work injury cases recorded for SIC 554 in 1994; 80% of these weredue to assaults and violent acts, and 15% were due to transportation inci-dents.

� Boat Dealers (SIC 555) employed 28,925 persons in 1994 in 4,778 estab-lishments; all were smaller than 100 employees. Work-related injury and ill-ness cases in 1995 totaled 1,800 for SIC 555, with an IR of 5.9 cases per 100full-time workers. No fatal occupational injury cases were recorded for thisindustry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Recreational Vehicle Dealers (SIC 556), describing establishments en-gaged in the retail sale of new and used motor homes, recreational trailers,and campers, employed 25,593 persons in 2,850 establishments in 1994.This industry experienced 2,200 nonfatal occupational injury and illnesscases in 1995, with an IR of 9.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalitieswere listed for this SIC 556 in the 1994 CFOI.

130 Appendix

� Motorcycle Dealers (SIC 557) consisted of 3,605 workplaces and 24,984employees in 1994, more than 98% of whom were in places with fewer than100 employees and 78% in establishments smaller than 20 employees. Thisindustry experienced 700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in1995, with an IR of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities werelisted for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Automotive Dealers, NEC (SIC 559) is a small business industry engagedin the retail sale of automotive vehicles, utility trailers, and automotiveequipment and supplies such as snowmobiles, dunebuggies, go-carts, and air-craft. In 1994, there were 936 establishments and 4,357 employees in thisindustry; all were in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers. Informationon nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this indus-try, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 559 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Men’s and Boy’s Clothing and Accessory Stores (SIC 561) employed106,542 persons in 14,646 establishments in 1994. This industry experi-enced 2,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.1cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were indicated for this specificindustry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Women’s Clothing Stores (SIC 562) consisted of 47,715 stores employing419,793 persons in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases forthis industry totaled 6,900 in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per 100 full-timeworkers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994CFOI.

� Women’s Accessory and Specialty Stores (SIC 563) consisted of 8,291stores and 45,485 employees in 1994. Nearly all (98%) employees were instores with fewer than 100 workers, with 90% in stores with fewer than 20workers and 60% in stores with fewer than 10 employees. Information onnonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry,and no fatalities were listed for SIC 563 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Children’s and Infants’ Wear Stores (SIC 564) employed 38,368 personsin 5,264 establishments in 1994. This industry recorded 700 nonfatal workinjuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-time work-ers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Shoe Stores (SIC 566) consisted of 34,795 establishments and 184,533 em-ployees in 1994; 91% were in stores with fewer than 20 employees, and 71%were in stores with fewer than 10 workers. There were 4,000 nonfatal workinjury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.7 cases per100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry inthe 1994 CFOI.

Appendix 131

� Miscellaneous Apparel and Accessory Stores (SIC 569) numbered 9,458establishments with 47,451 employees in 1994. This industry experienced1,800 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.9cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific in-dustry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Home Furniture andHomefurnishings Stores (SIC 571) is a small businessindustry comprised of 4 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small busi-ness industries. SIC 571 employed 451,368 persons in 66,783 establishmentsin 1994. This retail industry experienced 30,900 nonfatal occupational injuryand illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.2 cases per 100 full-timeworkers. Fa-tal injury cases in 1994 totaled 16 (including 7 self-employed persons) for thisindustry, the leading causes being assaults and violent acts (69%) and transpor-tation incidents (25%).

� Furniture Stores (SIC 5712), engaged in the retail sale of household furni-ture, included 32,828 establishments in 1994 with 252,493 employees. In-formation on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed forthis industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC5712 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Floor Covering Stores (SIC 5713) is a small business retail industry with14,165 workplaces and 72,792 employees in 1994; more than 98% workedin places with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked inplaces with fewer than 10 employees. Information on nonfatal work injuryand illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalitieswere listed for SIC 5713 in the 1994 CFOI. For workers in this industry whomay incidentally perform installation, health concerns include developingmusculoskeletal disorders and exposure to solvents as a result of laying floorcoverings [Evans and Wilcox 1978].

� Drapery, Curtain, and Upholstery Stores (SIC 5714) is a small businessretail industry consisting of 2,670 establishments and 10,867 employees in1994; all worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. Information onnonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry,and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5714 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Miscellaneous Homefurnishings Stores (SIC 5719) includes establish-ments engaged in the retail sale of miscellaneous homefurnishings such askitchen ware; bedding and linen; brooms and brushes; lamps, mirrors andpictures; and window shades. This industry employed 114,772 workers in16,813 stores in 1994. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness casesin 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC5719 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Household Appliance Stores (SIC 572) is a small business retail industrycomprised of 9,642 workplaces and 60,676 employees in 1994. Nonfatal

132 Appendix

work injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled 5,200 for this industry, with anIR of 7.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for SIC572 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Radio, Television, and Computer Stores (SIC 573), a small businessretail industry, contains 4 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also smallbusiness industries. This industry group employed 135,170 persons in16,901 stores in 1994. There were 10,500 nonfatal occupational injury andillness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per100 full-time workers. SIC 573 experienced 15 fatal injury cases (including5 self-employed workers) in 1994, most due to assaults and violent acts(60%) and the remainder related to transportation incidents (40%).

� Radio, Television, and Consumer Electronics Stores (SIC 5731) em-ployed 135,170 persons in 16,901 stores in 1994. Information on nonfatalwork injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at thefour-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5731 in the 1994CFOI.

� Computer and Computer Software Stores (SIC 5734) is a small businessretail industry consisting of 7,479 stores and 47,635 employees in 1994. In-formation on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed forthis industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC5734 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Record and Prerecorded Tape Stores (SIC 5735) included 8,714 estab-lishments that employed 135,170 persons in 1994; 98% worked in storeswith fewer than 100 persons. Information on nonfatal work injury and illnesscases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, andno fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5735 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Musical Instrument Stores (SIC 5736) is a small business retail industryconsisting of 4,138 stores and 24,916 employees in 1994. A breakdown ofnonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry, and the fatal injury cases for SIC 573 do not spec-ify cases by four-digit SIC-level in the 1994 CFOI.

� Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) is a small business industry com-prised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories, both of which are small businesses.Within SIC 581, which includes retail establishments selling prepared foodsand drinks for consumption on the premises, there were 449,089 establish-ments with 6,928,226 employees in 1994. This group experienced 379,200work-related injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 7.6 per 100full-time employees. SIC 581 was second only to the major group of SpecialTrades Contractors (SIC 17) in the total number of work-related fatalitieswith 181 (including 33 self-employed workers); 75% of these were due toassaults and violent acts.

Appendix 133

� Eating Places (SIC 5812) is a small business industry that employed6,476,992 workers in 367,205 establishments in 1994. This industry experi-enced 119 fatal injury cases in 1994 (including 21 self-employed workers);73% were due to assaults and violent acts. A breakdown of nonfatal work in-jury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this in-dustry.

� Drinking Places (SIC 5813), a subcategory of the small business industrydesignated by SIC 581, includes establishments primarily engaged in the re-tail sale of alcoholic drinks (i.e., beer, ale, wine, and liquor) for consumptionprimarily on the premises. In 1994, there were 52,874 such establishmentswith 310,238 employees; 95% were in establishments with fewer than 100workers. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not avail-able at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry. There were 38 fatal work in-juries (including 11 self-employed workers) recorded for Drinking Places in1994, 92% of these were attributed to assaults and violent acts.

� Drug Stores and Proprietary Stores (SIC 591), engaged primarily in theretail sale of prescription drugs, proprietary drugs, and non-prescriptionmedicines, employed 583,486 persons in 45,676 stores in 1994. This indus-try recorded 13,300 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,with an IR of 3.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Seven fatal work injuriesoccurred inDrug Stores in 1994, with 57% of these due to transportation in-cidents.

� Liquor Stores (SIC 592) included 29,554 establishments with 128,727employees in 1994; nearly all (99%) worked in stores with fewer than 100workers, and two-thirds were in stores with fewer than 10 employees.Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases reported for Liquor Stores to-taled 2,000 in 1995, with an IR of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. Therewere 22 fatal injuries (including 12 self-employed workers) that occurred inthis industry in 1994; all were attributed to assaults and violent acts.

� Used Merchandise Stores (SIC 593) is a small business retail industry in-volving the retail sale of used merchandise, antiques, and secondhand goods.This industry was comprised of 21,622 stores and 111,719 employees in1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for SIC 593 totaled3,600 in 1995, with an IR of 4.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were22 fatal work injury cases (including 7 self-employed workers) in Used Mer-chandise Stores in 1994, the leading cause being assaults and violent acts(77%).

� Miscellaneous ShoppingGoods Stores (SIC 594) is a small business indus-try with 9 four-digit subcategories; all are also small business industries. In1994, these miscellaneous retail stores numbered 126,594 and employed785,116 persons. Among all types ofMiscellaneous Shopping Goods Stores, atotal of 26,200 nonfatal injury and illness cases occurred in 1995, with an IR

134 Appendix

of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 19 fatal injury cases (in-cluding 11 self-employed workers) recorded for this industry in 1994, 90%due to assaults and violent acts.

� Sporting Goods Stores and Bicycle Shops (SIC 5941) consisted of 24,456stores and 157,121 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injuryand illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industryin 1995, and no fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5941 in the 1994CFOI.

� Book Stores (SIC 5942) consisted of 13,520 stores and 102,380 employeesin 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not avail-able at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalitieswere listed specifically for SIC 5942 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Stationery Stores (SIC 5943) employed 23,081 workers in 4,179 stores in1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not avail-able at the four-digit SIC level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities arelisted specifically for SIC 5943 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Jewelry Stores (SIC 5944) consisted of 26,995 stores and 141,748 employ-ees in 1994, 86% of whom worked in stores with fewer than 20 persons. Abreakdown of nonfatal work injuries and illnesses and fatalities was not avail-able at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS surveys.

� Hobby, Toy, and Game Shops (SIC 5945) employed 93,976 workers in10,402 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illnesscases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5945 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Camera and Photographic Supply Stores (SIC 5946) consisted of 2,958stores and 17,704 employees in 1994; all worked in establishments withfewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illnesscases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5946 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Gift, Novelty, and Souvenir Shops (SIC 5947) employed 179,249 personsin 34,402 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and ill-ness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5947 in the 1994CFOI.

� Luggage and Leather Goods Stores (SIC 5948) included 1,921 stores and11,031 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illnesscases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5948 in the 1994 CFOI.

Appendix 135

� Sewing, Needlework, and Piece Goods Stores (SIC 5949) consisted of7,497 stores with 58,579 employees in 1994, 98% of whomworked in storessmaller than 100 employees. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illnesscases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5949 in the 1994 CFOI.

� Direct Selling Establishments (SIC 5963) is a small business industrywithin the larger category ofNonstore Retailers (SIC 596).Direct Selling Es-tablishments involve the retail sale of merchandise by telephone, byhouse-to-house canvass, or from trucks, wagons, or other temporary loca-tions. There were 13,207 such establishments with 119,526 employees in1994.While a breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases or fatal in-jury cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry dur-ing the reference period, the larger category ofNonstore Retailers (SIC 596)had an IR of 7.4 nonfatal injury and illness cases per 100 workers in 1995.SIC 596 recorded 32 fatal injury cases (including 22 self-employed workers)in 1994; 63% were due to transportation incidents, and the remainder weredue to assaults and violent acts.

� Fuel Dealers (SIC 598) contains 3 four-digit subcategories; all are smallbusiness industries. In 1994, Fuel Dealers included 11,142 establishmentswith 89,262 employees. There were 7,400 nonfatal occupational injury andillness cases for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 8.0 per 100 full-timeworkers. Ten fatal injury cases occurred in this industry in 1994, the leadingcause being transportation incidents (40%). The subcategories of SIC 598are described below.

� Fuel Oil Dealers (SIC 5983) is a small business industry consisting of es-tablishments engaged in the retail sale of fuel oil. This industry had 4,859workplaces and 45,632 employees in 1994. A breakdown of workplace inju-ries, illness, or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for thisindustry in the BLS data during the reference period.

� Liquified Petroleum (Bottled Gas) Dealers (SIC 5984) is a small businessretail industry with 5,940 workplaces and 42,705 employees; more than99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 82% worked inplaces with fewer than 20 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries,illness, or fatalities was not available for this industry in the BLS data duringthe reference period.

� Fuel Dealers, NEC [5989) is a small business industry describing establish-ments engaged in the retail sale of coal, wood, or other fuels, NEC. This in-dustry employed 876 persons in 309 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown ofworkplace injuries, illness, or fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.

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� Retail Stores, NEC (SIC 599) is a small business industry comprised of5 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are small business industries. SIC 599 em-ployed 421,359 persons in 90,164 establishments in 1994. Occupational in-jury and illness cases for this industry totaled 12,000 in 1995, with an IR of3.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. Retail Stores,NEC recorded 26 fatal in-jury cases (including 11 self-employed workers) in 1994; the leading causeswere assaults and violent acts (58%) and transportation incidents (31%).Subcategories of SIC 599 are described below.

� Florists (SIC 5992), specializing in the retail sale of cut flowers and growingplants, included 26,757 workplaces and 120,354 employees in 1994; 99%work in places with fewer than 100 employees and more than 60% work inplaces with fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries,illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this in-dustry in the BLS data during the reference period.

� Tobacco Stores and Stands (SIC 5993) is a small business industry special-izing in the retail sale of cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, and smokers’ supplies.There were 1,655 such stores with 7,146 employees in 1994; more than 95%worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of workplaceinjuries, illness, and fatalities was not available for this industry in the BLSdata during the reference period.

� News Dealers and Newsstands (SIC 5994), specializing in the retail saleof newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals, consisted of 2,310 estab-lishments and 9,247 employees in 1994; nearly two-thirds worked in storeswith fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness,and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC- level for this industry inthe BLS data during the reference period.

� Optical Goods Stores (SIC 5995) consisted of 14,318 establishments and73,120 employees in 1994 engaged in the retail sale of eyeglasses and contactlenses to prescription for individuals. Nearly all (99%) employees in this in-dustry worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, with 76% in storeswith fewer than 20 workers. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, andfatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in theBLS data during the reference period.

� Miscellaneous Retail Stores, NEC (SIC 5999) describes establishmentsengaged in retail sale of specialized lines of merchandise such as artists’ sup-plies, orthopedic and artificial limbs, rubber stamps, pets, religious goods,and monuments and tombstones. There were 210,825 persons employed in44,558 such retail stores in 1994. More than half (54%) of the employees inthis industry were in establishments with fewer than 10 workers, and 97%were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown ofworkplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.

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A.8 Division H—Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate(SIC 60–67)

This industry division, which consists of 30 three-digit SIC subcategories and 53four-digit industries, employed more than 7 million persons in 1994; nearly 60%worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. Within this division in1994, there were 5 three-digit SIC industries and 3 four-digit SIC subcategoriesidentified as small business industries, 1 of which is a subcategory of a broadersmall business industry. The eight small business industry categories within Divi-sion H are discussed below.

� Credit Unions (SIC 606) is the only small business industry within the ma-jor group of Depository Institutions (SIC 60). Credit Unions is comprised of2 four-digit SIC subcategories: Credit Unions, Federally Chartered (SIC6061) and Credit Unions, Not Federally Chartered (SIC 6062). Collec-tively, Credit Unions employed 151,685 employees in 15,142 establish-ments in 1994. This industry experienced 2,200 nonfatal occupational injuryand illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR among small business in-dustries of 2.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injurycases were not recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Services (SIC 641) is a major group com-prised of only 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 6411) designated by thesame industry name. This industry is comprised of agents primarilyrepresenting one or more insurance carriers or performing the placement ofinsurance contracts with carriers. In 1994, there were 123,998 such estab-lishments employing 661,685 persons. This industry experienced 7,600nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IRamong small business establishments of 1.2 cases per 100 full-time workers.Eleven fatal injury cases occurred in SIC 641 in 1994; 54% were attributedto transportation incidents.

� Real Estate Operators and Lessors (SIC 651) consisted of 99,852 estab-lishments with 483,250 employees in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injuryand illness cases for this industry totaled 32,100 in 1995, with an IR of 7.1cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 31 fatal work injury cases (in-cluding 4 self-employed workers) among Real Estate Operators and Lessorsin 1995; the leading causes were assaults and violent acts (45%), followed bycontact with objects and equipment (16%), exposure to harmful substancesor environments (16%), and falls (13%).

� Title Abstract Offices (SIC 654) includes establishments engaged insearching real estate titles. There were 4,881 such establishments with42,593 employees in 1994. Nonfatal work injury and illness cases for SIC654 totaled 200 in 1995, with one of the lowest recorded IRs among smallbusiness industries of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities wererecorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

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� Land Subdividers and Developers (SIC 655) is a small business industrycomprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories; 1 is also a small business indus-try. SIC 655 employed 106,235 workers in 16,912 workplaces in 1994. Thisindustry experienced 7,300 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,with an IR of 7.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were re-corded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Cemetery Subdividers and Developers (SIC 6553), a subcategory of SIC655, is a small business industry engaged in subdividing real property intocemetery lots and in developing the property for resale on their own account.This industry employed 43,929 persons in 6,263 establishments in 1994. Abreakdown of injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digitSIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded forthis specific industry or the broader category of SIC 655 in the 1994CFOI.

� Oil Royalty Traders (SIC 6792) is a small business industry that consistedof 698 establishments with 2,436 employees in 1994; all worked in estab-lishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of injury and illnesscases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLSdata. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or the broader cat-egory of SIC 679 in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal injury and illnesscases for the broader category ofMiscellaneous Investing (SIC 679) was 1.1cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

� Investors, NEC (SIC 6799) is a small business industry that includes com-modity contract pool operators, investment clubs, venture capital compa-nies, and commodity contract trading companies. There were 4,975 suchestablishments employing 23,261 employees in 1994. A breakdown of injuryand illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industryin the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or thebroader category of SIC 679 in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal occupa-tional injury and illness cases for the broader category of Miscellaneous In-vesting (SIC 679) was 1.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

A.9 Division I—Services (SIC 70–89)

This is the largest industry division included in theCounty Business Patterns 1994,employing more than 33 million persons; 16.6 million (50%) work in establish-ments with fewer than 100 employees. The Services Division consists of 150four-digit SIC industries. For this investigation, 75 small business industries wereidentified in the Services Division, either at the three- or four-digit SIC-level.Among all Service Division industries, there was an IR of 6.4 cases of nonfatal workinjuries and illness per 100 full-time workers in 1995. Fatal occupational injurycases totaled 905 (including 61 government workers and 143 self-employed work-ers) in 1994; 42% were due to transportation incidents, and 30% were due to as-saults and violent acts. The small business industries within the Services Divisionare discussed below.

Appendix 139

� Rooming and BoardingHouses (SIC 702) consists of 1 four-digit SIC sub-category (SIC 7021) designated by the same name. This industry, engaged inrenting rooms with or without board on a fee basis, employed 8,192 workersin 1,627 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of injury and illness cases wasnot available at the three-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. Nofatalities were reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) is a small business in-dustry comprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories; both are also small busi-ness industries. In 1994, there were 6,645 Camps and Recreational VehicleParks employing 31,418 persons. This industry experienced 3,100 occupa-tional injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 10.8 cases per 100full-time workers. Seven occupational fatality cases occurred in this industryin 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (71%).

� Sporting and Recreational Camps (SIC 7032) is a small business industrywith 3,018 workplaces and 15,238 employees; 92% worked in places withfewer than 100 employees; over half worked in places with fewer than 20employees. The BLS did not report nonfatal occupational injury and illnessdata for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1995. Likewise, a break-downwas not available of the 7 fatalities that occurred in SIC 703 among the2 four-digit SIC subcategories.

� Recreational Vehicle Parks and Campsites (SIC 7033) is a small businessindustry that employed 16,173 persons in 3,611 workplaces in 1994. TheBLS did not report nonfatal occupational injury and illness data for this in-dustry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1995, and a breakdown was not availableof the 7 fatalities that occurred in SIC 703 among the 2 four-digit SIC sub-categories.

� Laundering, Cleaning, and Garment Services (SIC 721) is composed of8 four-digit SIC industries; 5 are also small business industries. In 1994, theindustry employed 433,926 workers in 56,536 establishments. SIC 721 ex-perienced 26,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of7.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 13 fatal work injury cases in1994; 39% were attributed to assaults and violent acts. Among the healthconcerns for workers in this industry are the potential health effects of expo-sures to and other solvents. The five subcategories of SIC 721, for whichthere are no individual data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in the BLSdata at the four-digit SIC-level, are described below.

� Garment Pressing and Cleaners’ Agents (SIC 7212) are establishmentsengaged in providing laundry and drycleaning services but which have thelaundry and drycleaning work done by others. There were 3,159 such estab-lishments with 12,159 employees in 1994; more than 98% worked in estab-lishments with fewer than 100 workers; 82% worked at workplaces with

140 Appendix

fewer than 20 workers; and 63% worked at sites with fewer than 10 employ-ees.

� Coin-Operated Laundries and Drycleaning (SIC 7215) describes estab-lishments that provide coin-operated or similar self-service laundry anddrycleaning equipment for use on the premises or in apartments, dormito-ries, and similar locations. In 1994, there were 12,906 such establishmentswith 47,458 employees; 97% were in establishments with fewer than 100workers, and 69% were at sites with fewer than 10 employees.

� Drycleaning Plants, Except Rug Cleaning (SIC 7216) is a small businessindustry with 22,024 establishments and 165,823 employees in 1994; 97%worked in places with fewer than 100 employees; and 67% worked in placeswith fewer than 20 employees.

� Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning (SIC 7217) is a small business industryconsisting of 8,289 workplaces and 39,576 employees in 1994; 97% workedin places with fewer than 100 employees; and 45% worked in places withfewer than 10 employees.

� Laundry and Garment Services, NEC (SIC 7219) is a small business in-dustry comprised of establishments engaged in furnishing laundry and gar-ment services such as repair, alteration, and storage of apparel and providingdiaper services. In 1994, there were 3,665 such establishments with 20,353employees.

� Photographic Studios, Portrait (SIC 722) is a small business industry com-prised of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7221) designated by the samename. This industry, which includes establishments engaged in still or videoportrait photography for the general public, employed 74,990 persons in12,436 establishments in 1994. There were 1,600 occupational injury andillness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-timeworkers. No fatalities were reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Beauty Shops (SIC 723) is a small business service industry comprised of1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7231) designated by the same name. In1994, there were 82,478 Beauty Shops with 388,925 employees; more than99% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 persons; and 56%worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees. In 1995, this industry expe-rienced 5,000 work injury and illness cases, with a relatively low IR amongsmall business industries of 1.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. There wereno fatalities recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Barber Shops (SIC 724) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digitSIC subcategory (SIC 7241) designated by the same name. In 1994, therewere 4,629 Barber Shops with 14,237 employees; more than 100% were em-ployed in shops with fewer than 100 workers; and 71% were employed in

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shops with fewer than 10 workers. There is no listing of nonfatal occupationalinjury and illness cases for Barber Shops in the BLS data for 1995; however,there were 5 fatal occupational injury cases in Barber Shops in 1994, all ofwhich occurred as a result of assaults or violent acts.

� Shoe Repair Shops and Shoeshine Parlors (SIC 725) is a small business in-dustry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory designated by the same name.In 1994, this industry included 2,438 workplaces and 6,109 employees;more than 96% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers; and76% worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees. The BLS data does notlist nonfatal injury and illness data for this industry in 1995. Likewise, thereare no occupational fatalities reported for this specific industry in the 1994CFOI. Occupational hazards historically associated with this industry in-clude exposures to dyes and repetitive motion that can lead to musculo-skeletal disorders.

� Funeral Services and Crematories (SIC 726) is a small business industrycontaining 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7261) designated by the samename. In 1994, this industry was comprised of 15,912 establishments with93,562 employees; 98% in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers and80% in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees. This industry experi-enced 2,400 nonfatal injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.2 casesper 100 full-time workers. No occupational fatalities were reported for thisspecific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Occupational hazards identified for thisindustry include exposure to formaldehyde and infectious agents [Seitz andDecker 1992] and musculoskeletal disorders and stress.

� Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (SIC 7299) is a small business in-dustry engaged in providing personal services such as babysitting, blood pres-sure testing, costume rental, dating services, tanning salons, tattoo parlors,and other personal services NEC. In 1994, there were 17,296 such establish-ments with 97,224 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses,and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digitSIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, in the broader category ofMiscella-neous Personal Services (SIC 729) there was a work injury and illness IR of1.7 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995 and 6 fatal injury cases in 1994;83% were due to assaults and violent acts.

� Outdoor Advertising Services (SIC 7312) is a small business industryspecializing in the preparation of poster displays and painted and electricdisplays on billboards, panels, bulletins, and frames, principally outdoors.There were 1,251 such establishments with 12,589 employees in 1994.No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specificindustry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.Working on billboards and with other types of outdoor advertising is asso-ciated with increased risk for falls and electrocutions. NIOSH has investi-gated 5 fatal injuries associated with outdoor advertising [Bradee et al.

142 Appendix

1995; Conroy et al. 1989; Manwaring et al. 1991; Pettit et al. 1985a,1985b]. NIOSH also conducted a health hazard evaluation of billboardpainters exposed to solvents [McManus 1984].

� Adjustment and Collection Services (SIC 7322) is a small business indus-try specializing in the collection or adjustment of claims, other than insur-ance. In 1994, this service industry employed 76,016 persons in 5,649establishments. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities forthis specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLSsurveys.

� Commercial Photography (SIC 7335) is a small business service industryengaged in providing commercial photography services for advertising agen-cies, publishers, and other business and industrial users. There were 3,964such establishments with 16,321 employees in 1994; more than half workedin places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on occupationalinjuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digitSIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Commercial Art and Graphic Design (SIC 7336) is a small business in-dustry consisting of 12,401 establishments with 53,026 employees in 1994;96% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. There are no data onoccupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at thefour-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Secretarial and Court Reporting Services (SIC 7338) is a small businessindustry with 7,349 workplaces and 32,968 employees; 92% worked inplaces with fewer than 100 employees. No data on occupational injuries, ill-nesses, and fatalities were reported for this specific industry at the four-digitSIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Disinfecting and Pest Control Services (SIC 7342) is a small business ser-vice industry consisting of 10,716 workplaces with 76,208 employees in1994; 97% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. No data on oc-cupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry were re-ported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Miscellaneous Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 735) is composed of3 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small business industries. In 1994,this industry employed 215,956 employees in 25,138 workplaces. Occupa-tional injury and illness cases for the industry totaled 16,100 in 1995, with anIR of 7.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC 735 recorded 14 fatal injurycases in 1994; 57% were due to transportation incidents. The four-digit SICsubcategories of this industry, for which there are no data on occupational in-juries, illnesses, and fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys,are described below.

Appendix 143

� Medical Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 7352) is a small business in-dustry consisting of 3,292 workplaces and 33,313 employees.

� Heavy Construction Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 7353) is asmall business industry specializing in the renting or leasing of equipmentsuch as bulldozers, cranes, earth moving equipment, and other heavy con-struction equipment. In 1994, there were 3,661 such establishments with37,253 employees.

� Equipment Rental and Leasing, NEC (SIC 7359) is a small business indus-try specializing in the rental or leasing of equipment NEC, such as airplanes,appliances, furniture, party supplies, vending machines, and electrical equip-ment. In 1994, this industry employed 143,828 persons in 17,564 establish-ments.

� Computer Rental and Leasing (SIC 7377) is a small business service in-dustry that employed 7,780 persons in 812 establishments in 1994. Thereare no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specificindustry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Truck Rental and Leasing, No Drivers (SIC 7513) is a small business in-dustry consisting of 4,577 workplaces and 37,421 employees in 1994; morethan half worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There wereno data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific in-dustry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Utility trailer and recreational vehicle rental (SIC 7519) is a small busi-ness industry consisting of 479 workplaces and 1,989 employees; all workedin places with fewer than 100 employees; and more than two-thirds workedin places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on occupationalinjuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digitSIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Automobile Parking (SIC 752) is a small business service industry com-prised of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7521) designated by the samename. In 1994, this industry consisted of 8,879 establishments with 58,475employees. Automobile Parking recorded 2,900 nonfatal occupational injuryand illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers.No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Automotive Repair Shops (SIC 753) is comprised of 7 four-digit SIC sub-categories describing automobile repair industries; all have been identified assmall business industries (Table 3). In 1994, Automotive Repair Shops num-bered 133,335 with 557,862 employees, 97% were in shops with fewer than100 workers, 87% worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers, and 64%worked in the smallest shops with fewer than 10 employees. This industryexperienced 35,400 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,

144 Appendix

with an IR of 6.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 61 fatal workinjuries (including 28 self-employed workers) that occurred in AutomotiveRepair Shops in 1994; the causes were assaults and violent acts (34%), con-tact with objects and equipment (28%), fires and explosions (13%), expo-sure to harmful substances or environments (10%), and transportationincidents (10%). A breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases was notavailable in the BLS data among the following subcategories of AutomotiveRepair Shops.

� Top, Body, Upholstery Repair Shops, and Paint Shops (SIC 7532) is asmall business industry with 35,030 shops and 177,811 employees in 1994;more than 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and morethan half worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees.

� Automotive Exhaust SystemRepair Shops (SIC 7533), a small business in-dustry, had 5,502 shops and 24,720 employees in 1994; all worked in shopswith fewer than 100 employees and 82% in shops with fewer than 10 em-ployees.

� Tire Retreading and Repair Shops (SIC 7534) is a small business industryconsisting of 1,913 shops and 14,050 employees in 1994; 92% worked inplaces with fewer than 100 employees.

� Automotive Glass Replacement Shops (SIC 7536) is a small business in-dustry comprised of 4,938 shops and 22,786 employees in 1994; all workedin places with fewer than 100 employees, and nearly two-thirds worked inplaces with fewer than 10 employees.

� Automotive Transmission Repair Shops (SIC 7537) is a small business in-dustry with 6,391 shops and 25,578 employees in 1994; more than 99%worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, 93% worked in shops withfewer than 20 workers, and 77% worked in the smallest shops with fewerthan 10 workers.

� General Automotive Repair Shops (SIC 7538) is a small business industryprimarily engaged in the activities of gasoline and diesel truck engine repair,except industrial trucks. This industry included 68,419 shops and nearly250,000 employees in 1994; 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 em-ployees, 89% worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees, and 70%worked in places with fewer than 10 employees.

� Automotive Repair Shops, NEC (SIC 7539) is a small business industry en-gaged in specialized Automotive Repair, NEC, such as fuel service (carbure-tor repair), brake relining, front-end and wheel alignments, and radiatorrepair. In 1994, this industry had 9,931 shops and 41,687 employees; 99%worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 69% worked in placeswith fewer than 10 employees.

Appendix 145

� Automotive Services, Except Repair (SIC 754) is a small business industrycomprised of 2 four-digit SIC subcategories, both are small business indus-tries also. In 1994, this industry included 24,299 establishments employing184,328 persons; 96% were in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers.This industry group experienced 12,000 nonfatal occupational injury and ill-ness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC754 recorded 14 fatal occupational injury cases in 1994, nearly two-thirds(64%) were due to transportation incidents. A breakdown of injury, illness,and fatality cases was not available in the BLS data among the followingfour-digit SIC subcategories of SIC 754.

� Carwashes (SIC 7542) is a small business industry that includes establish-ments engaged in washing, waxing, polishing and/or detailing cars, buses, andtrucks. In 1994, there were 12,197 such Carwashes with 106,719 employ-ees; 95% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

� Automotive Services, Except Repair andCarwashes (SIC 7549) is a smallbusiness industry consisting of establishments providing automotive servicessuch as emissions testing, diagnostic centers, lubricating service, towing,rustproofing, window-tinting, and do-it-yourself garages. In 1994, therewere 11,704 such automotive service shops with 77,119 employees; 97%worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 79% worked in placeswith fewer than 20 employees.

� Radio and Television Repair Shops (SIC 7622) is a small business indus-try comprised of 5,611 shops and 28,384 employees in 1994; 94%worked inshops with fewer than 100 workers, and nearly two-thirds (64%) worked inshops with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on injury, illness, andfatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys; however, thebroader category of Electrical Repair Shops (SIC 762) experienced an IR fornonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 6.1 cases per 100 full-timeworkers in 1995. SIC 762 also recorded 9 fatal occupational injury cases (in-cluding 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, two-thirds were due to exposureto harmful substances or environments.

� Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Service and Repair Shops (SIC

7623), also a subcategory of SIC 762, is a small business industry that in-cluded 3,687 shops and 24,160 employees in 1994. More than half of theseemployees worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers. There are no dataon injury, illness, and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS sur-veys. Electrocution is a potential hazard associated with the Electrical RepairIndustries. NIOSH has investigated a fatal injury of a refrigerator repairworker [Smith et al. 1992].

� Watch, Clock, and Jewelry Repair (SIC 763) is a small business industrycontaining 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7631) designated by the samename. This industry consisted of 1,642 shops and 5,140 employees in 1994;

146 Appendix

more than 95%worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 72%wereemployed in shops with fewer than 10 employees. There are no data on in-jury, illness and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys.

� Reupholstery and Furniture Repair (SIC 764) is a small business industrythat contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7641) designated by thesame name. In 1994, this industry included 6,735 establishments with21,796 employees; more than 97% were in shops with fewer than 100 work-ers, and 69% worked in shops with fewer than 10 workers. This industry ex-perienced 1,000 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of5.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatal injury cases re-ported for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Miscellaneous Repair Shops and Related Services (SIC 769) is a smallbusiness industry comprised of 3 four-digit SIC industries; all are also smallbusiness industries. In 1994, this industry included 42,189 repair shops with257,741 employees; 90% in shops with fewer than 100 employees, and 59%in shops with fewer than 20 employees. This industry reported 19,700nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 9.5 casesper 100 full-time workers. There were also 29 fatal injury cases (including 11self-employed workers) that occurred in Miscellaneous Repair Shops in1994; the causes being contact with objects and equipment (24%), fires andexplosions (21%), assaults and violent acts (21%), and transportation inci-dents (21%). There was no breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases inthe BLS data among the following four-digit SIC subcategories of SIC 769.

� Welding Repair (SIC 7692) is a small business industry that includes weld-ing shops and establishments engaged in brazing and welding repair ofcracked castings. In 1994, there were 5,714 such welding repair shops with25,305 employees; more than 94% worked in shops with fewer than 100workers, and more than half in shops with fewer than 10 employees. Burnsand exposures to fumes generated during welding operations are among theoccupational hazards associated with this industry.

� Armature Rewinding Shops (SIC 7694) is a small business industry involv-ing rewinding armatures, coil winding, electric motor repair, hermetics re-pair, and rebuilding motors (not automotive). In 1994, this included 2,332shops and 25,021 employees, more than 81% of whom worked in placeswith fewer than 100 employees.

� Repair Shops and Related Services, NEC (SIC 7699) is a small businessindustry comprised of establishments primarily engaged in specialized repairservices such as bicycle repair, leather goods repair, lock and gun repair, mu-sical instrument repair, septic tank cleaning, farm machinery repair, furnacecleaning, motorcycle repair, tank truck cleaning, taxidermists, tractor repair,and typewriter repair. In 1994, this industry of diverse repair shops and ser-vices included 34,136 establishments employing 207,396 employees; 89%

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worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 59% worked in shopswith fewer than 20 employees.

� Services Allied toMotion Picture Distribution (SIC 7829) is a small busi-ness industry that includes establishments primarily engaged in performingauxiliary services to motion picture distribution, such as film delivery ser-vice, film purchasing and booking agencies, and film libraries. In 1994, thisindustry had 188 establishments with 1,099 employees; all worked in work-places with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked in es-tablishments with fewer than 20 workers. There are no data on occupationalinjuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry at the four-digitSIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of MotionPicture Distribution and Allied Services (SIC 782), there was an IR for inju-ries and illnesses of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

� Motion Picture Theaters, Except Drive-ins (SIC 7832) is a small businessindustry engaged in the indoor exhibition of motion pictures. In 1994, thisindustry consisted of 6,155 theaters with 108,358 employees; more than96% worked in theaters with fewer than 100 employees. There are no dataon occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry atthe four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader cate-gory ofMotion Picture Theaters (SIC 783), there was an IR for occupationalinjuries and illnesses of 4.6 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

� Drive-In Motion Picture Theaters (SIC 7833), the other subcategory ofSIC 783, is a small business industry comprised of commercially-operatedtheaters engaged in the outdoor exhibition of motion pictures. This industryincluded 435 drive-in theaters with 3,195 employees in 1994, more than80% of whom were employed in theaters with fewer than 100 employees.There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reportedfor this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

� Video Tape Rental (SIC 784) is a small business industry primarily engagedin renting recorded video tapes and disks to the general public for personal orhousehold use. In 1994, there were 21,562 video tape rental stores with144,644 employees; 98%worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, andmore than two-thirds worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees. Thisindustry recorded 1,100 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in1995, with an IR of 1.3 per 100 full-time workers. There were also 7 fatal oc-cupational injury cases in this industry in 1994, all related to assaults and vio-lent acts.

� Dance Studios, Schools, and Halls (SIC 791) is a small business industrycontaining 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7911) designated by the samename. In 1994, this industry consisted of 5,255 establishments employing24,430 persons; 98% worked in studios or halls with fewer than 100 em-ployees, 83% were in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees, and 57%

148 Appendix

were in workplaces smaller than 10 employees. This industry recorded 100nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR amongsmall business industries of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatal in-jury cases were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

� Bowling Centers (SIC 793) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7933) designated by the same name. In 1994,there were 5,855 Bowling Centers (also referred to as lanes or alleys) em-ploying 92,962 persons; more than 96% worked in centers with fewer than100 employees. This industry recorded 2,000 nonfatal occupational injuryand illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers.There were no fatal injury cases recorded for this industry in the 1994CFOI.

� Physical Fitness Facilities (SIC 7991) is a small business industry that in-cludes establishments engaged in operating reducing and other health clubs,spas, and similar facilities featuring exercise and other active physical fitnessconditioning, whether or not on a membership basis. In 1994, there were9,813 such facilities with 154,692 employees; more than 82% were in estab-lishments with fewer than 100 workers. There were no data on injuries, ill-nesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.

� Public Golf Courses (SIC 7992), is a small business industry, that included4,021 establishments with 47,993 employees in 1994; more than 89%worked at courses with fewer than 100 workers. There were no data on inju-ries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.

� Coin-operated Amusement Devices (SIC 7993) is a small business indus-try that includes establishments engaged in operating coin-operated amuse-ment devices, either in their own or in other places of business. In 1994,there were 4,722 establishments with 31,418 employees in SIC 7993; 90%were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, and nearlytwo-thirds were in workplaces with fewer than 20 workers. There were nodata on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLSsurveys.

� Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (SIC 801) is a small businessindustry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8011) designatedby the same name. This industry consists of establishments of licensed prac-titioners having the degree of M.D. and engaged in the practice of general orspecialized medicine and surgery. In 1994, there were 198,538 such officesand clinics with 1,621,384 employees. Employees of these offices experi-enced 37,900 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.8cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 11 fatal injury cases recordedfor this industry in 1994, 55% as the result of assaults and violent acts and36% due to transportation incidents.

Appendix 149

� Offices and Clinics of Dentists (SIC 802) is a small business industry thatcontains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8021) designated by the samename. This industry is comprised of establishments of licensed practitionershaving the degree of D.M.D. or D.D.S. (or D.D.Sc.) and engaged in thepractice of general or specialized dentistry, including dental surgery. In1994, there were 110,559 dental offices and clinics employing 594,259 per-sons; 99%worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, 92%were in of-fices with fewer than 20 employees, and 66% were in the smallest officeswith fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 10,100 nonfatal oc-cupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100full-time workers. There were 6 fatal occupational injury cases (including4 self-employed persons) that occurred in dental offices and clinics in 1994.Five were attributed to assaults and violent acts. Occupational hazards forworkers in this industry include exposures to nitrous oxide and mercury, aswell as musculoskeletal disorders.

� Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Osteopathy (SIC 803) is a small busi-ness industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8031) desig-nated by the same name. This industry includes establishments of licensedpractitioners having the degree of D.O. and engaged in the practice of gen-eral or specialized osteopathic medicine and surgery. In 1994, there were8,385 such offices with 48,908 employees; 99% worked in offices withfewer than 100 employees, and 83% worked in offices with fewer than 20workers. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases recorded forthis industry in the BLS surveys.

� Offices of Other Health Practitioners (SIC 804), a small business indus-try, is comprised of 4 four-digit SIC subcategories that are also small busi-ness industries. Offices of other health practitioners numbered 79,002 in1994 with 314,788 employees; 95% worked in offices with fewer than 100employees, and 64% worked in offices with fewer than 10 workers. This in-dustry experienced 6,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in1995, with an IR of 1.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatal-ities recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. A breakdown of the workinjuries and illnesses was not available among the following subcategories ofSIC 804 in the BLS data.

� Offices andClinics of Chiropractors (SIC 8041) is a small business indus-try that includes establishments of licensed practitioners having the degreeof D.C. and engaged in the practice of chiropractic medicine. In 1994, therewere 28,768 chiropractic offices employing 89,121 persons; more than 99%worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, 96% worked in officeswith fewer than 20 employees, and 83% worked in the smallest offices withfewer than 10 workers.

� Offices and Clinics of Optometrists (SIC 8042) is a small business indus-try comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree

150 Appendix

of O.D. and engaged in the practice of optometry. In 1994, there were17,080 such offices with 72,027 employees; 99% worked in offices withfewer than 100 workers, 93% worked in offices with fewer than 20 workers,and 73% worked in offices with fewer than 10 workers.

� Offices and Clinics of Podiatrists (SIC 8043) is a small business industrycomprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree ofD.P. and engaged in the practice of podiatry. In 1994, there were 7,981 po-diatry offices with 26,805 employees; all worked in offices with fewer than100 employees, 97%were in offices with fewer than 20 employees, and 83%were in offices with fewer than 10 employees.

� Offices and Clinics of Health Practitioners, NEC (SIC 8049), a smallbusiness industry, includes establishments of the following health practitio-ners: acupuncturists, audiologists, Christian Science practitioners, dental hy-gienists, dieticians, hypnotists, midwives, nurses, occupational therapists,paramedics, clinical psychologists, speech pathologists, and other healthpractitioners NEC. In this industry of diverse health disciplines, there were24,817 offices in 1994 with 126,300 employees; 88% were in offices withfewer than 100, and nearly two-thirds were in offices of fewer than 20 em-ployees.

� Dental Laboratories (SIC 8072) is a small business industry with 7,417workplaces and 39,309 employees in 1994; 96%worked in places with fewerthan 100 employees, and 47% worked in places with fewer than 10 employ-ees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry atthe four-digit level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category ofMedical and Dental Laboratories (SIC 807), there was an IR for nonfatal oc-cupational injuries and illness of 4.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.SIC 807 also recorded 4 fatal work injury cases in 1994, all due to transpor-tation incidents.

� Schools and Educational Services, NEC (SIC 829) is a small business in-dustry of establishments engaged in offering educational courses and servicesNEC, including: music, drama, language, and short-term examination prepa-ratory schools, student exchange programs, and vocational counseling. In1994, there were 14,927 such schools and services employing 119,070 per-sons; 84% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. Thisindustry recorded 2,800 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases in1995, with an IR of 3.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 10 fataloccupational injury cases that occurred in this industry in 1994; 80% weredue to transportation incidents.

� Child Day Care Services (SIC 835), a small business industry, contains1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8351) designated by the same name. Thisindustry is comprised of establishments engaged in the care of infants or chil-dren or in providing prekindergarten education where medical care or

Appendix 151

delinquency correction is not a major element. In 1994, there were 51,191child day care service establishments with 526,000 employees; 95% were inestablishments with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half were inestablishments with fewer than 20 workers. Workers in this industry experi-enced 14,800 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with anIR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 5 fatal occupational in-jury cases recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI, the leading cause be-ing transportation incidents (60%).

� Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations (SIC 863), a small busi-ness industry, contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8631) designatedby the same name. This industry includes membership organizations ofworkers for the improvement of wages and working conditions. In 1994,these organizations totaled 19,264 and employed 171,996 persons, 82% ofthese in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and more than half inworkplaces with fewer than 20 workers. There were no data on injury, ill-ness, and fatality cases for this industry reported in the BLS surveys; how-ever, for the broader major group of Membership Organizations (SIC 86),there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.9 cases per100 full-time workers.

� Religious Organizations (SIC 866), a small business industry, contains1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC8661) designated by the same name. Thisindustry includes establishments of religious organizations operated for wor-ship, religious training or study, government or administration of an orga-nized religion, or for promotion of religious activities. In 1994, this industrywas comprised of 146,527 establishments employing 1,265,938 persons;82% of these in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and nearly halfin establishments smaller than 20 workers. Employees in this industry expe-rienced 2,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with anIR of 2.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 27 fatal occupationalinjuries recorded that occurred among Religious Organizations in 1994, theleading causes being transportation incidents (56%) and assaults and violentacts (19%).

� Architectural Services (SIC 8712) is a small business industry comprisedof establishments that provide architectural engineering services such as resi-dential and commercial building design. In 1994, there were 18,295 estab-lishments providing Architectural Services and employing 126,421 persons;86%worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, 54%workedin establishments with fewer than 20 employees, and 35% worked in estab-lishments with fewer than 10 workers. There are no data on injuries, ill-nesses, and fatalities for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLSsurveys; however, for the broader category of Engineering, Architectural,and Surveying Services (SIC 871), there was an IR for nonfatal occupationalinjuries and illnesses of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995. SIC871, which contains 3 four-digit subcategories, also experienced 35 fatal

152 Appendix

work injury cases in 1994. The leading causes were transportation incidents(80%) and exposure to harmful substances or environments (11%).

� Surveying Services (SIC 8713) is a small business industry of estab-lishments engaged in providing professional land, water, and aerial survey-ing services. In 1994, there were 8,870 establishments providing SurveyingServices and employing 49,752 employees; more than 96% worked in estab-lishments with fewer than 100 workers, 71% worked in establishments withfewer than 20 workers, and 47% worked in establishments with fewer than10 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for thisindustry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, there is in-formation for the broader category of SIC 871, described above in Architec-tural Services.

� Public Relations Services (SIC 8743) is a small business industry of estab-lishments engaged in the preparation of materials—written or spoken—designed to influence the general public or other groups in promoting the in-terests of their clients. In 1994, there were 5,404 such establishments with30,305 employees; more than 82% worked in places with fewer than 100workers, and more than 86% worked in places with fewer than 20 employ-ees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry atthe four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader cate-gory of Management and Public Relations Services (SIC 874), there was anIR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.0 cases per 100 full-timeworkers. In SIC 874, which contains 5 four-digit SIC subcategories includ-ing SIC 8743, there were also 18 fatal work injury cases in 1994; 80% weredue to transportation incidents.

� Services, NEC (SIC 899), a small business industry, contains 1 three-digitSIC subcategory (SIC 899) and 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8999),both of which are also designated by the same name. This industry includesthe following services, NEC: authors, lecturers, radio commentators, songwriters, weather forecasters, writers, and artists working on their own ac-count. In 1994, this industry of diverse services included 14,632 establish-ments employing 85,030 persons; more than 82% worked in establishmentswith fewer than 100 employees, and more than 46% worked in establish-ments with fewer than 20workers. There were 900 nonfatal occupational in-jury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.4cases per 100 full-time workers. Among the Services, NEC, there were 7 fa-tal occupational injury cases recorded in the 1994 CFOI, 71% were due totransportation incidents.

Appendix 153

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