identifying language features. to instruct and entertain people through the play of language, to...
TRANSCRIPT
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IDENTIFYING LANGUAGE IDENTIFYING LANGUAGE FEATURESFEATURES
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• to instruct and entertain people through the play of language,
• to persuade people of the truth or value of the message that a figure conveys, and
• to help people remember both the meaning of the message and its figurative expression.
Figures of Speech
Since ancient times, the figures of speech have served three main purposes:
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• To analyze and appreciate the craft of the writers
• To comment on passages on the exam
• To study literature
Figures of Speech
Using a particular device, or trick, with language in order to make it more
interesting
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Figures of Speech
•Images/resemblance
•Sound
•Contradictions
•Others
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Figures of Speech
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCEIMAGES/RESEMBLANCE • Simile
• Metaphor
• Personification
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Simile
The use of simile is to describe something by
comparing or establishing its similarity to something
else, using ‘like’ or ‘as’. This device makes the
description more emphatic.
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
This food tastes like garbage.
He’s as cool as a cucumber.
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p r a c t i c e
as _____as a cucumber
as _____ as a lamb
as _____ as a bat
as _____ as a doornail
to _____ like a fish
to _____ like a bird
to _____ like a horse
to _____ like a chimney
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Simile
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
I could hear Armanda’s voice above the rest: her laughter was like that of an overtired child. Sprinkled across the water’s edge, the lanterns and candles looked like Chistmas light.
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Simile
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
I could hear Armanda’s voice above the rest: her laughter was like that of an overtired child. Sprinkled across the water’s edge, the lanterns and candles looked like Christmas light.
Her laughter was like that of an overtired child is a simile. Armanda is an old lady. Not a child, and the simile suggests that Armanda has had such a wonderful time that she felt like a little girl again.
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Simile
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
I could hear Armanda’s voice above the rest: her laughter was like that of an overtired child. Sprinkled across the water’s edge, the lanterns and candles looked like Chistmas light.
The lanterns and candles looked like Chistmas light is the second simile.This is effective because it suggests how bright and sparkling the lanterns were, and it adds to the party atmosphere as Christmas is a time of celebration.
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SimileRichard fought as fiercely as a loin.
MetaphorRichard was a lion in the fight.
SimileThe waves broke on the shore with noise like a thunder.
MetaphorThe waves thundered on the shore.
Simile and Metaphor
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Metaphor
Metaphor is a step further than simile. Instead of
basing the comparison on the fact that two things
are like each other, using metaphor is saying that
the first is the second, because of the similarities
between them.
The meanings of metaphors, while sometimes
simple, are best understood in context.
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
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MetaphorIMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
The school was a prison for him.
The school shares certain characteristics with prisons. It is probable that the person referred to as ‘him’ feels locked up in school, as prisoners do in prison.
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p r a c t i c e
Do the following analysis with a friend. Write down
your analysis in your notebook.
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MetaphorIMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
Rice is nourished by water, earth and wind
and transforms into gold.
Analyze the metaphor in the following sentence.
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MetaphorIMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
Transforms into gold is a metaphor. Rice is a plant and becomes a food, and people do not eat gold. However, people value gold so the metaphor suggests that rice is valuable because without food we die.
Rice is nourished by water, earth and wind
and transforms into gold.
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Personification
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
Personification is the treating of an inanimate
object as if it were animate and is probably the
most beautiful and effective of all the figures of
speech. Personification depends much on a vivid
imagination and is adapted especially to poetical
composition.
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p r a c t i c e
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Personification
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
It has two distinguishable forms:1.when personality is ascribed to the inanimate:
"The mountains sing together, the hills rejoice and clap their hands."
2. when some quality of life is attributed to the inanimate:
a raging storm, an angry sea, a whistling wind, etc.
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p r a c t i c e
Do the following analysis with a friend. Write down
your analysis in your notebook.
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Personification
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
Rice demands the sweat of man. In return,
the earth gives birth to grain that is
valuable and precious for human life.
Analyze the personification in the following text.
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Personification
IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE IMAGES/RESEMBLANCE
The earth gives birth is an example of personification as giving birth is a human (or animal) activity, and the earth cannot give birth. The writer wants to stress the life-giving qualities of the cultivated earth and the rice it produces.
Rice demands the sweat of man. In return,
the earth gives birth to grain that is
valuable and precious for human life.
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Figures of Speech
•Images/resemblance
•Sound
•Contradictions
•Others
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Figures of Speech
SOUNDSOUND
• Onomatopoeia
• Alliteration
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Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is about the use of words that imitate
the sound they denote. In this figure of speech, the
sound of a word is imitative of the sound of the thing
which the word represents.
SOUNDSOUND
"Brrrrrrriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinng! An alarm clock clanged in the dark and silent room."
(Richard Wright, Native Son, 1940)
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p r a c t i c e
Look at the following picture for one minute.
Write what you remember, the word and the picture,
in your notebook.
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Onomatopoeia
SOUNDSOUND
There was a loud clatter as dustbins were
blown in the alleyway. Somewhere in the
distance, a dog was howling.
Analyze the onomatopoeia in the following text.
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Onomatopoeia
SOUNDSOUND
‘Clatter’ is an example of onomatopoeia. It seems to copy the loud and strident sounds of the metal hitting the ground, the sound made by the dog ‘howling’ is also onomatopoeia. It has two syllables and a long ow sound; these add to the effect that noise made by the dog is prolonged.
There was a loud clatter as dustbins were
blown in the alleyway. Somewhere in the
distance, a dog was howling.
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Alliteration
Alliteration is a figure of speech in which words
beginning with the same sounds are deliberately
placed close together to achieve a particular effect.
It is the repetition of an initial consonant sound.
SOUNDSOUND
She sells seashells down by the seashore.
"The soul selects her own society.“
(Emily Dickinson)
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In clichés:
sweet smell of success
a dime a dozen
bigger and better
jump for joy
the more the merrier
AlliterationSOUNDSOUND
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p r a c t i c e
In your notebook, write a sentence with alliteration.
Exchange your book with a friend, memorize your
friend’s sentence with alliteration. Present it to class.
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p r a c t i c e
Do the following analysis with a friend. Write down
your analysis in your notebook.
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AlliterationSOUNDSOUND
In the little girl’s pocket, wrapped in a
crunched-up piece of pale paper, was a
rotting apple, brown and bruised.
Analyze the alliteration in the following text.
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AlliterationSOUNDSOUND
‘Pale paper’ is an example of alliteration in the representation of the letter ‘p’. As this is a abruptly stopped sound (called plosive) it is appropriate that it should be used in alliteration as something rigid and crunchy is being described. The second example is ‘brown and bruised’. Again, hard sounds are used, and this is appropriate as something unpleasant and therefore harsh to the senses is being described.
In the little girl’s pocket, wrapped in a crunched-up piece of pale paper, was a rotting apple, brown and bruised.
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Figures of Speech
•Images/resemblance
•Sound
•Contradictions
•Others
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Figures of Speech
CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION
• Contrast/antithesis
• Oxymoron
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Speech is silver, but Silence is gold.
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Contrast/antithesis
In contrast or antithesis, a writer is placing in close
proximity ideas which contrast with each other or
seem almost opposites of each other, in order to
achieve a particular effect.
CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION
‘I want to move with all deliberate haste.’
Barrack Obama
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TooToo black black forfor heaven,heaven,
and yet too and yet too white white for hell.for hell.
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p r a c t i c e
With a partner, think a situation when you can use this .
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CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION
It was the best of times, it was the worst
of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was
the age of foolishness … it was the spring
of hope, it was the winter of despair.Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities
Analyze the contrast/antithesis in the following sentence.
Contrast/antithesis
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The ideas of ‘best’ and ‘worst’ are contrasted as are the ideas of ‘wisdom’ and ‘foolishness’. There is a double contrast in the third item, between ‘spring’ and ‘winter’ and ‘hope’ and ‘despair’. The writer is being contradictory and rather mysterious as if the period being described is problematic. The effect is to engage attention and make the readers want to read more.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness … it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair
CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION Contrast/antithesis
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Oxymoron
When using oxymoron, a writer places two ideas
that seem to be directly opposed to one another in
close proximity, which, in closer inspection, make
sense.
CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION
"A joke is a very serious thing.“
Winston Churchill
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OxymoronCONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION
Random order
Clearly confused
Constant change
Growing small
Typically unusual
Genuine imitation
Terribly good
Numb sensation
Recent history
Act naturally
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p r a c t i c e
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CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTION
… the star turn in the schoolroom was a massive sandy-haired Highland Major whose subject was ‘the spirit of the beyond’ (a weapon). He spoke with homicidal eloquence, keeping his talk alive with genial and well-judged jokes.
Siegfried Sassoon Memoirs of an Infantry Officer
Analyze the oxymoron in the following sentence.
Oxymoron
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Whose subject was ‘the spirit of the beyond’ shows the major is comfortable with killing people in war and possibly derives satisfaction from it, therefore it is appropriate to describe him as ‘homicidal’. Because he knows his subject well enough to be lecturing on it, he is also ‘eloquent’. We can see the lecturer enjoys both killing and talking about it; his love for killing makes him want to pass on his enthusiasm to others
… the star turn in the schoolroom was a massive sandy-haired Highland Major whose subject was ‘the spirit of the beyond’ (a weapon). He spoke with homicidal eloquence, keeping his talk alive with genial and well-judged jokes.
CONTRADICTIONCONTRADICTIONOxymoron
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Figures of Speech
•Images/resemblance
•Sound
•Contradictions
•Others
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Figures of Speech
OTHERSOTHERS• Irony
• Rhetorical question
• Repetition
• Pun
• Euphemism
• Hyperbole
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Irony
When a writer uses irony, there is a discrepancy
between what is literally said and what is really
meant, or in contrast between what the reader
expects and what is actually given. It can also be a
sarcastic expression in which criticism is disguised as
praise.
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Irony
Verbal Irony
Dramatic Irony
Situational Irony
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These lines convey verbal irony as band of robbers are in general, not respectable! So, it is ironic that Huck has to return to the widow to join the group.
"But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable" ~ Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.
Irony
Verbal Irony
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In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, dramatic irony is reflected when Romeo kills himself after he finds Juliet sleeping under the influence of drugs and assuming that she is dead.
The irony is that upon awakening Juliet finds Romeo dead and kills herself.
Irony
Dramatic Irony
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Irony
Situational Irony
In this case, there is salty sea water everywhere in abundance but there is hardly any water to drink, that is required for basic survival.
"Water, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, everywhere,Nor any drop to drink."
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Irony
Situational Irony
The firehouse burned down.
Even the police station was robbed.
The teacher failed her test!
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p r a c t i c e
With a partner, analyze the following irony,
and write a similar ironic situation.
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The boss threw my report across the room
at me. ‘I can see you spent hours on that
piece of work,’ she snarled.
Analyze the irony in the following sentence.
Irony
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It is clear that the boss’s actions and tone of the voice that she does not think that the employee spent very long on the work at all and that it is in fact a poor effort. The boss uses the expression ‘spent hours’ ironically to be indirectly critical of the employee.
The boss threw my report across the room at me. ‘I can see you spent hours on that piece of work,’ she snarled.
Irony
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Figures of Speech
OTHERSOTHERS• Irony
• Rhetorical question
• Repetition
• Pun
• Euphemism
• Hyperbole
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Idiom is the use of a word or expression which is
particular to a language (in this case English) and
which would not make sense if it were translated
literally into another language.
Usually idiom has an informal tone.
I D I O MI D I O M
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p r a c t i c e
With a partner, analyze the following idioms.
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I’m over the moon to have Miss Smith as
my Maths teacher.
Analyze the idiom in the following sentence.
I D I O MI D I O M
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Over the moon expresses the writer’s happiness about the teacher. The moon does not have any literal place in what she says. The writer is using an informal, and rather overused, idiomatic expression which is peculiar to English.
I’m over the moon to have Miss Smith as my
Maths teacher.
I D I O MI D I O M
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P R O J E C T
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Figures of Speech
• Images/resemblance
• Sound
• Contradictions
• Others
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FIGURES OF SPEECH
IDENTIFY AND COMMENT