identifiers-*cherokee incians, north carolina a brief ... · pdf fileinvention and development...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 021 677INDIANS OF NORTH CAROLINA.Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C.
Pub Date 68Note- 16p.Available from- Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO:
1968/0- 287- 680, 115)EDRS Price MF- 50.25 HC Not Available from EDRS.
Descriptors-*ACCULTURATIOR *AMERICAN INDIANS, CULTURAL BACKGROUND, ECONOMIC
DISADVANTAGEMENT, *ECONOMIC PROGRESS, FEDERAL AID, FEDERAL LEGISLATION, *HISTORICAL REVIEWS,
MODERN HISTORY, *UNITED STATES HISTORYIdentifiers-*Cherokee Incians, North Carolina
A brief historical review of the Cherokee Indians from the mid-sixteenth centuryto modern day depicts an industrious tribe adversely affected by the settlementmovement only to make exceptional economic advancements with the aid of the Bureauof Indian Affairs. Civic pride and self-leadership among the Cherokee Indians in NorthCarolina has resulted in increased employment, industrial development, education, socialwelfare, and a thriving tourist business. Pictures and maps add significance to thematerial presented. (SW)
RC 002 569
LV
s,
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
HE
ALT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N &
WE
LFA
RE
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
CA
TIO
N
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
BE
EN
RE
PR
OD
UC
ED
EX
AC
TLY
AS
RE
CE
IVE
DF
RO
M T
HE
PE
RS
ON
OR
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
IOB
OR
IGIN
AIM
6 IT
.P
OIN
TS
Of V
IEW
OR
OP
INIO
NS
ST
AT
ED
DO
NO
T N
EC
ES
SA
RIL
YR
EP
RE
SE
NT
OF
FIC
IAL
OF
FIC
E O
fE
DU
CA
TIO
N
PO
SIT
ION
OR
PO
LIC
Y.
1146
.
!
4
"I w
ill li
ft u
p m
ine
eyes
unt
o th
efr
om w
henc
e co
met
h m
y he
lp.
My
help
com
eth
from
the
Lor
d,w
hich
mad
e he
aven
and
ear
th."
Psa
lms
121:
1-2
(Tra
nsla
tion
from
the
Che
roke
e)
Thi
s pa
ssag
e fr
om th
e B
ible
has
par
ticul
ar m
eani
ng to
the
Eas
tern
Ban
d of
Che
ro-
kees
in N
orth
Car
olin
a, w
hose
anc
esto
rs to
ok r
efug
e in
the
mou
ntai
ns d
urin
g fo
rced
rem
oval
of
the
trib
e to
Okl
ahom
a. T
hat w
as in
183
8. T
he d
esce
ndan
ts o
f th
ose
refu
gees
now
num
ber
6,00
0 pe
ople
who
live
on
the
Che
roke
e In
dian
Res
erva
tiona
mou
ntai
nous
trae
t in
wes
tern
Nor
th C
arol
ina
of m
ore
than
563
500
acre
s.A
lway
s an
indu
stri
ous
peop
le, t
he C
hero
kees
toda
y ar
e en
gage
d in
muc
h th
e sa
me
occu
patio
ns a
s th
eir
fello
w A
rike
rica
ns.
The
y fa
rm, m
anag
e th
eir
fore
sts,
wor
k in
man
ufac
turi
ng p
lant
s es
tabl
ishe
d on
the
rese
rvat
ion
and
cate
r to
abo
ut f
ive
mill
ion
tour
ists
eac
h ye
ar.
The
y ar
e an
xiou
s to
wel
com
e ev
en m
ore.
1
1271
:MA
ZT
S 01
' NO
R.=
C.8
.1%
.0L
IZT
.S.
TH
E I
ND
UST
RIO
US
CH
ER
OK
EE
S
Che
roke
e In
dian
s ha
d be
en s
tron
gly
entr
ench
ed in
the
sout
hern
Alle
ghen
ies
for
seve
ral c
entu
ries
whe
n D
e So
tosi
ghte
d th
em in
154
0. B
y th
e tim
e w
hite
trad
ers
bega
n to
pene
trat
e th
e A
ppal
achi
ans
they
fou
nd th
e C
hero
kees
a p
ros-
pero
uth
dive
rsif
ied
peop
le, o
ccup
ying
wha
t are
now
the
Stat
esof
Nor
th a
nd S
outh
Car
olin
a, V
irgi
nia,
Ten
ness
ee, G
eorg
ia,
and
Ala
bam
a. T
hey
wer
e fa
rmer
s,gr
owin
g co
rn, b
eans
,sq
uash
, mel
ons,
and
toba
cco.
The
y w
ere
artis
ts, c
arvi
ngce
rem
onia
l mas
ks a
nd w
oode
n bo
wls
and
wea
ving
fin
e ba
s-ke
ts. T
hey
wer
e al
so h
unte
rs, f
ishe
rs, t
rade
rs, a
nd s
omet
imes
war
rior
s, d
efen
ding
thei
r la
nds
agai
nst I
ndia
n en
emie
s no
rth
and
sout
h.T
he 1
8th
cent
ury
dras
tical
ly a
ltere
d th
e C
hero
kees
' tra
di-
tiona
lw
ay o
f lif
e.E
arly
in th
e 17
00's
, lan
d-hu
ngry
set
tlers
bega
n to
enc
roac
hup
onth
eir
rich
land
s. A
new
enem
y,sm
allp
ox, a
ppea
red
in 1
738,
kill
ing
half
the
trib
e.Fr
om17
56 u
ntil
the
cent
ury'
s en
d, C
hero
kees
wer
e sp
orad
ical
ly a
tw
ar w
ith c
olon
ists
.M
ilita
ry d
efea
ts c
ost t
hem
man
y liv
es;
thei
r ho
mes
, cro
ps,a
nd li
vest
ock
wer
e he
avily
dam
aged
; and
the
trib
e w
as f
orce
d to
giv
eup
muc
h of
its
best
land
.
2
As
the
19th
cen
tury
beg
an, t
he C
hero
kees
sub
ject
ed th
em-
selv
es to
an
inte
nsiv
e st
ockt
akin
g. D
espi
tew
ar, d
isea
se, a
nddi
sloc
atio
n, th
ey s
till h
ad a
bout
43,
000
squa
re m
iles
of la
nd(i
nclu
ding
that
of
the
pres
ent R
eser
vatio
n).
But
they
rea
l-iz
ed b
oth
the
futil
ity o
f w
ar a
nd th
e in
adeq
uacy
of
thei
rpr
imiti
ve s
ocie
ty to
dea
l with
the
new
, str
onge
r on
e of
the
whi
te m
an. W
ith th
e co
nsid
erab
le a
id o
f w
hite
mis
sion
arie
sam
ong
them
, the
yem
bark
edup
on a
per
iod
ofre
cove
ryan
dre
build
ing
that
was
to a
dvan
ce th
em to
the
top
rank
of
Am
eric
a's
Indi
ans.
The
trib
e fo
rmed
fir
st a
Che
roke
e N
atio
nal C
ounc
il an
d,in
182
0, e
stab
lishe
d th
e C
hero
kee
Nat
ion,
a r
epub
lican
for
mof
gov
ernm
ent w
ith a
32-
mem
ber
unic
amer
al le
gisl
atur
e, w
ithits
cap
ital a
t New
Ech
ota,
Geo
rgia
. A c
onst
itutio
n an
d co
deof
law
fol
low
ed in
182
7. E
xecu
tive
pow
er w
asve
sted
in a
prin
cipa
l chi
ef, t
he f
irst
of
who
m w
as th
e gr
eat J
ohn
Ros
s,fo
r 40
year
s to
be le
ader
of
the
Che
roke
e N
atio
n.In
vent
ion
and
deve
lopm
ent o
f a
com
plet
e C
hero
kee
syl-
laba
ry b
y Se
quoy
ah le
d to
the
trib
e's
mos
t not
able
acc
om-
plis
hmen
t dur
ing
its b
rief
"go
lden
age
;" th
e C
hero
kees
mad
eth
emse
lves
a li
tera
te p
eopl
e.
Are
s
)1'
Sequ
oyah
, one
of
the
mos
t bri
llian
t igu
res
in th
e an
nals
of
the
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n, w
as b
orn
in T
enne
ssee
abo
ut 1
760,
the
son
of a
whi
te tr
ader
and
a C
hero
kee
wom
an o
f m
ixed
blo
od. H
e gr
ew u
pin
the
trib
e, w
as a
hun
ter
and
fur
trad
er u
ntil
perm
anen
tly c
ripp
led
in a
hun
ting
acci
dent
. Alth
ough
he
neve
r at
tend
ed s
eSe
quoy
ah le
arne
d to
rea
d an
d w
rite
by
stud
ying
mis
sion
-sch
ool
prim
ers.
By
1821
he
had
devi
sed
a sy
stem
of
wri
ting
suita
ble
toC
hero
kee,
the
only
cas
e in
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n re
cord
s of
a w
ritin
gm
etho
d in
vent
ed w
ithou
t whi
te p
rom
ptin
g. S
equo
yah
carr
ied
his
lang
uage
sys
tem
far
bey
ond
the
Eas
tern
Ban
d to
Che
roke
es li
ving
in th
e IO
W. H
e di
ed in
Mex
ko a
t the
age
of
83.
(PH
OT
O:
SMIT
HSO
NIA
N O
FFIC
E o
r A
NT
HR
OPO
LO
GY
, BU
RE
AU
OF
AM
EM
CA
NE
TH
NO
LO
GY
.)
But
the
trib
e, a
lrea
dy li
ving
in g
reat
ly r
educ
ed s
pace
, was
face
d w
ith in
tenx
ifie
d th
reat
s to
its
land
. To
the
cont
inui
ngin
road
s of
set
tlers
was
add
ed a
gro
win
g se
ntim
ent f
or c
om-
plet
ely
rem
ovin
g th
e In
dian
s. W
ith th
e di
scov
ery
in 1
828
ofgo
ld in
Geo
rgia
, on
the
edge
of
Cle
roke
e te
rrito
ry, t
he c
ryfo
r re
mov
al w
as in
tens
ifie
d.B
y 18
30 r
emov
al h
ad b
ecom
ena
tiona
l pol
icy.
Exo
dus
and
the
rrai
l of
Tea
rsT
he C
hero
kees
' str
uggl
e fo
r pr
otec
tion
unde
r Fe
dera
l gua
r-an
tees
was
lost
in D
ecem
ber
1835
, with
the
sign
ing
of a
nag
reem
ent u
nder
whi
ch th
e en
tire
trib
e w
ould
mov
e be
yond
the
Mis
siss
ippi
in e
xcha
nge
for
land
ther
e an
d pa
ymen
t of
$5 m
illio
n. T
he T
reat
y of
New
Ech
ota
had
not b
een
nego
ti- 3
4111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
10-
ated
by
offi
cial
s of
the
Che
roke
e N
atio
nonl
y by
a f
ew m
em-
bers
of
the
trib
eand
mos
t of
the
trib
e w
ould
not
acc
ept i
t.T
he G
over
nmen
t, ho
wev
er, c
onsi
dere
d it
bind
ing.
The
Che
r-ok
ees
resi
sted
for
2 y
ears
, but
Fed
eral
troo
ps w
ere
fina
llyca
lled
in to
rou
nd u
p th
e en
tire
popu
latio
n fo
r re
mov
al.
The
re f
ollo
wed
the
trag
ic ti
me
in C
hero
kee
hist
ory
whi
ch,
even
toda
y, is
rem
embe
red
as "
The
Tra
il of
Tea
rs."
Abo
ut14
,000
Che
roke
es b
egan
the
800-
mile
-lon
g jo
urne
y on
foo
tto
Ind
ian
terr
itory
in w
hat i
s no
w O
klah
oma.
Alm
ost o
ne-
four
th d
ied
duri
ng th
e te
rrib
le h
ards
hips
and
suf
feri
ng o
fth
e 6-
mon
th-l
ong
orde
al.
(The
Gov
ernm
ent's
rem
oval
act
ion
was
dep
lore
d by
man
y A
mer
ican
s of
the
day.
Sai
d D
anie
lW
ebst
er, "
The
re is
a s
tron
g an
d gr
owin
g fe
elin
g in
the
coun
-tr
y th
at g
reat
wro
ng h
as b
een
done
to th
e C
hero
kee
by th
eT
reat
y of
New
Ech
ota.
")T
hus
Che
roke
e tr
ibal
juri
sdic
tion
over
its
inhe
rite
d la
ndin
Nor
th C
arol
ina
cam
e to
an
end.
Tw
o ge
nera
tions
wer
e to
pass
bef
ore
it w
as in
som
e m
easu
re r
egai
ned.
At t
he ti
me
of th
e ex
odus
, abo
ut 1
,000
Che
roke
es r
esis
ted
and
hid
as f
ugiti
ves
in th
e m
ount
ains
. Str
uggl
ing
for
hom
esan
d of
fici
al a
ccep
tanc
e, th
e C
hero
kee
refu
gees
turn
ed f
orhe
lp to
a w
hite
trad
er, C
ol. W
illia
m H
olla
nd T
hom
as. T
oT
hom
as th
e E
aste
rn C
hero
kees
ow
e th
eir
exis
tenc
e as
a p
eo-
ple.
For
50
year
s he
was
to b
e in
timat
ely
conn
ecte
d w
ith
4
thei
r hi
stor
y.Si
nce
Nor
th C
arol
ina
did
not r
ecog
nize
Ind
i-an
s as
land
owne
rs u
ntil
1866
,Tho
mas
bou
ght l
ands
for
them
in h
is o
wn
nam
e. H
e di
vide
d th
e la
nds
into
fiv
e di
stri
cts,
and
gave
them
the
nam
es th
ey s
till h
ave:
Bir
d T
own,
Pai
ntT
own,
Wol
f T
own,
Yel
low
Hill
, and
Big
Cov
e.(T
he f
irst
thre
e ar
e na
mes
of
Che
rcke
e cl
ans.
)
Prot
ectio
n an
d R
ecog
nitio
nT
he tr
ibe
was
har
d-hi
t whe
n ill
ness
and
age
cau
sed
Tho
mas
to r
etir
e.T
heir
land
s, h
eld
in T
hom
as' n
ame,
wer
e th
reat
-en
ed w
hen
his
cred
itors
sue
d, a
nd it
was
not
unt
il 18
74, w
hen
the
Gov
ernm
ent i
nter
vene
d, th
at C
hero
kee
hold
ings
wer
e as
-su
red.
To
safe
guar
d th
eir
inte
rest
s fu
rthe
r, th
e C
omm
issi
oner
of I
ndia
n A
ffai
rs w
as m
ade
trus
tee
of C
hero
kee
land
s.In
1875
, a c
onst
itutio
n w
as a
dopt
ed s
o th
e C
hero
kees
cou
ldtr
ansa
ct b
usin
ess
with
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es (
the
imm
edia
te a
ims
wer
e to
adv
ance
tduc
atio
n, h
old
anag
ricu
ltura
l fai
r, a
ndap
poin
t rep
rese
ntat
ives
to s
ettle
var
ious
mat
trrs
with
the
Fede
ral G
over
nmen
t).
In 1
876,
they
wer
e gr
ante
d fo
rmal
title
to th
e Q
ualla
Res
erva
tion
and
outly
ing
trac
ts (
pres
ent
Che
roke
e ho
ldin
gs).
A G
over
nmen
t age
nt w
as a
ppoi
nted
for
the
Che
roke
es in
1882
. A la
w o
f th
e sa
me
year
aut
hori
zed
the
Secr
etar
y of
the
Inte
rior
to in
vest
igat
e an
d re
port
to C
ongr
ess
a pl
an o
f se
t-
r-
*nea
t for
all
diff
eren
ces
exis
ting
amon
gC
hero
kee
Indi
ans
east
aw
l wes
t. In
186
6, a
Sup
rem
eC
ourt
dec
isio
n he
ld th
atth
e N
orth
Car
olin
a C
hero
kees
, in
refu
sing
to m
ove
with
the
body
of
the
trib
e, h
ad d
isso
lved
con
nect
ion
with
the
Che
roke
eN
atio
n in
Okl
ahom
a, a
nd w
ere
not r
ecog
nize
d as
a s
epar
ate
natio
n. T
he C
ourt
's d
ecis
ion
was
defi
nitiv
e: it
end
ed a
llat
tem
pts
to s
ettle
cla
ims
with
the
Che
roke
e N
atio
n in
the
wes
t, an
d de
term
ined
the
polit
ical
sta
tus
ofth
e E
aste
rnC
hero
kees
.Si
nce
1889
the
Eas
tern
Ban
d of
Che
roke
es h
as o
pera
ted
un-
der
Stat
e C
hart
er e
mpo
wer
ing
them
to c
ondu
ct b
usin
ess
Ls
atr
ibe. In 1
925,
by
petit
ion
of th
e tr
ibal
cou
ncil
and
follo
win
g an
Act
of
Con
gres
s, ti
tle to
Che
roke
e la
nds
was
tran
sfer
red
toth
e G
over
nmen
t, w
hich
hol
ds th
em in
trus
t for
the
bene
fit o
fth
e ba
nd.
OT
HE
R G
RO
UPS
The
Eas
tem
Ban
d of
Che
roke
es c
ompr
ises
the
larg
est s
in-
gle
grou
p of
Ind
ians
in N
orth
Car
olin
a an
d is
the
Stat
e's
only
fed
eral
ly a
dmin
iste
red
trib
e.H
owev
er, N
orth
Car
olin
aha
s ab
out 3
2,00
0 ot
her
Indi
ans,
mos
t num
erou
s of
whi
ch a
reth
e L
umbe
es (
of S
ioua
n or
Cro
atan
des
cent
),sc
atte
red
thro
ugho
ut c
ount
ies
in th
e so
uth-
east
-cen
tral
par
t of
the
Stat
e.So
-cal
led
"sub
mer
ged"
gro
ups
are
the
Cub
ans
ofPe
rson
Cou
nty;
sur
vivo
rs o
: the
Mac
hapu
nga
Tri
be in
coas
tal a
reas
and
Roa
noke
Isl
and;
mix
ed-b
lood
s ca
lled
"The
Las
ter
Tri
be,"
in th
e no
rthe
ast,
and
unid
entif
ied
grou
ps in
Roc
king
ham
and
Nas
h C
ount
ies.
Non
e of
thes
e In
dian
s re
-ce
ives
spe
cial
ser
vice
s fr
om th
e Fe
dera
l Gov
ernm
ent.
Supe
r-vi
sing
age
ncy
isth
eSt
ate
Supe
rint
ende
nt o
f Pu
blic
Inst
ruct
ion
at R
alei
gh, N
orth
Car
olin
a.
Che
roke
e ca
bin
hom
e of
the
1880
's o
n Q
ualla
Res
erva
tion,
Sw
ain
and
Jack
son
Cou
ntie
s, N
orth
Car
olin
a. P
hoto
grap
her
was
Jam
esM
oone
y, a
gre
at A
mer
ican
eth
nolo
gist
of
the
time
and
an a
utho
rity
on th
e C
hero
kee
Tri
be.
(PH
OT
O: S
MIT
HSO
NIA
N O
FFIC
E O
F A
NT
HR
OPO
LO
GY
, BU
RE
AU
OF
AM
ER
ICA
N E
TH
NO
LO
GY
.)
TH
E E
AST
ER
N C
HE
RO
KE
ES
TO
DA
Y
Som
e 6,
000
mem
bers
of
the
Eas
tern
Ohe
roke
eB
and
still
live
in N
orth
Can
lina,
mos
t of
them
on
orad
jace
nt to
the
56,5
00-a
cre
Che
roke
e R
eser
vatio
n in
the
wes
tern
par
tof
the
Stat
e. T
hey
are
citiz
ens
of th
e St
ate
and
Nat
ion
in e
very
re-
spec
t, bu
t the
y ar
e go
vern
ed b
y a
Chi
ef, V
ice
Chi
ef, a
nd a
12-m
embe
r T
riba
l Cou
ncil
elec
ted
by th
e pe
ople
. Thi
s co
un-
cil d
irec
ts a
ll tr
ibal
act
iviti
es, i
nclu
ding
all
mun
icip
alfu
nc-
tions
in th
e to
wn
of C
hero
kee.
Civ
ic p
ride
and
sel
f-le
ader
ship
am
ong
ihe
Che
roke
es a
reim
pres
sive
.Se
ven
com
mun
ity c
lubs
are
act
ive
on th
ere
serv
atio
n, a
nd h
ave
been
res
pons
ible
for
suc
h pr
ojec
ts a
sco
nstr
uctio
n of
com
mun
ity b
uild
ings
, rep
air
of h
omes
and
chur
ches
, and
dev
elop
men
t of
picn
ic s
ites,
cam
pgro
unds
and
ball
fiel
ds.
The
Che
roke
e B
oys
Farm
Clu
b, I
nc.,
for
exam
ple,
prov
ides
pra
ctic
al le
ader
ship
trai
ning
for
boy
s of
Che
roke
eH
igh
Scho
ol.
The
clu
b ow
ns a
nd o
pera
tes
a fl
eet o
f 12
sch
ool b
uses
tose
rve
Che
roke
e H
igh
Scho
ol.
It a
lso
oper
ates
an
auto
mec
hani
c sh
op a
nd f
inds
odd
jobs
for
the
mem
bers
. The
6
club
em
ploy
s 50
to 1
00 b
oys
and
youn
g ad
ults
eac
h ye
ar o
nsu
ch p
roje
cts.
The
Che
roke
e ec
onom
y is
impr
ovin
g ea
ch y
ear.
Fam
ilyan
d fa
rm in
com
es h
ave
rise
n, a
s w
ell a
s ba
nkde
posi
ts a
ndT
riba
l sal
es ta
x co
llect
ions
; and
thes
e hi
gher
rev
enue
sha
ve
in tu
rn c
ontr
ibut
ed to
bus
ines
s ex
pans
ion
and
com
mun
ityim
prov
emen
ts. A
s a
resu
lt, B
IA w
elfa
re a
ssis
tanc
e pa
ymen
tsha
ve s
how
n a
mar
ked
decr
ease
in e
ach
of th
e pa
st 6
yea
rs.
Em
ploy
men
tB
ecau
se m
ost r
eser
vatio
n la
nd is
for
este
dan
d m
ount
ain-
ous,
far
min
g is
limite
d to
nar
row
str
ips
alon
g w
ater
way
s an
dad
join
ing
low
er h
ill s
lope
s.C
onse
quen
tly, f
ew C
hero
kees
farm
for
a li
ving
; but
man
y su
ppor
t the
mse
lves
by w
orki
ngin
res
erva
tion
fore
sts,
whi
ch a
reha
rves
ted
on a
sus
tain
ed-
yiel
d ba
sis.
Mor
e th
an 2
mill
ion
boar
d fe
et o
ftim
ber
are
sold
by
the
trib
e ea
ch y
ear
to in
divi
dual
Che
roke
es, w
hoin
turn
mar
ket s
awlo
gs a
nd o
ther
for
est
prod
ucts
to n
earb
y
indu
stri
es.
Tri
bal m
embe
rs a
re a
ssis
ted
in f
urth
ei d
evel
opm
ent
of
thei
r na
tura
l res
ourc
es b
y a
BIA
for
este
r, s
oil c
onse
rvat
ion-
ist,
and
real
est
ate
spec
ialis
ts.
Lan
d m
anag
emen
t 1,e
lp in
-
clud
es o
utdo
or r
ecre
atio
npl
anni
ng a
nd f
ish
and
gam
e m
an-
agem
ent.
Mat
ters
dea
ling
with
leas
es,
indi
vidu
al a
nd tr
ibal
land
rec
ords
, and
sur
veyi
ngan
d pl
ottin
g ar
e ha
ndle
dby
BIA
.A
ppro
xim
atel
y 38
5 C
hero
kees
are
empl
oyed
in f
acto
ries
on th
ere
serv
atio
n, m
anuf
actu
ring
text
iles,
leat
herc
raft
s, a
nd
hair
-sty
ling
acce
ssor
ies.
Man
y C
hero
kee
men
and
wom
ensu
pple
men
t fam
ily in
com
e
by m
akin
g tr
aditi
onal
han
dicr
aft
artic
les.
Situ
ated
in o
ne
of th
e N
atio
n's
mos
tbe
autif
ul a
nd p
opul
ar v
acat
ion
area
s,th
e C
hero
kees
hav
e m
ade
tour
ism
and
rel
ated
act
iviti
es a
mos
t im
port
ant s
ourc
eof
inco
me.
Dur
ing
the
tour
ist s
ea-
son,
ther
e is
empl
oym
ent o
n th
e re
serv
atio
n fo
ral
l mem
bers
of th
e ba
nd s
eeki
ng w
ork.
BIA
pla
ces
Che
roke
es in
jobs
nea
rthe
res
erva
tion,
as
wel
l
as in
dis
tant
ihdt
astr
ial a
reas
. The
Bur
eau
also
spo
nsor
s.an
on-t
he-j
ob tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am in
seve
ral l
ocal
indu
stri
es, a
ndpr
ovid
es in
stitu
tiona
l voc
atio
nalt
rain
ing
for
qual
ifie
d ad
ults
.In
divi
dual
cou
nsel
ing
and
fina
ncia
lsi
d by
BIA
are
impo
r-ta
nt in
hel
ping
trai
nees
adju
st to
the
dem
ands
of
a co
mpe
ti-
tive
soci
ety.
Indu
stri
al D
evel
opm
ent
Eff
orts
by
the
trib
e an
d B
IA to
attr
act
indu
stry
to th
ere
serv
atio
n ha
ve p
aid
off
hand
som
ely
in r
ecen
t yea
rs.
Usi
ng
a co
mbi
natio
nof
rev
olvi
ng c
redi
t fun
ds o
fB
IA a
nd tr
ibal
fund
s, th
ey h
ave
prov
ided
faci
litie
s fo
r th
ree
man
ufac
turi
ng
plan
ts.
Tri
bal i
nves
tmen
ts in
thes
ein
dust
ries
has
bee
n si
z-ab
le, a
mou
ntin
g to
mor
e th
an$2
30,0
00. C
omm
unity
act
ion
also
has
hel
ped
spur
a th
rivi
ngto
uris
t bus
ines
s ea
ch y
ear
(see
Tou
rist
Attr
actio
ns)
and
succ
essf
ully
pro
mot
ed a
mut
ual
mam
etin
g ou
tlet f
or C
hero
keeh
andi
craf
t.
Edu
svtio
n
Che
roke
e ch
ildre
n at
tend
bot
hpu
blic
sch
ools
nea
r th
ere
serv
atio
n an
d th
e B
urea
uop
erat
ed c
entr
al s
choo
l at C
hero
-
kee
grad
es k
inde
rgar
ten
thro
ugh
12.
Tri
bal l
eade
rs a
re ta
k-
ing
the
initi
ativ
e in
wor
king
with
pub
lic s
choo
l and
Bur
eau
offi
cial
s to
eff
ect a
coo
rdin
ated
qual
ity e
duca
tion
prog
ram
.T
he e
ffec
ts o
f th
is a
t the
Che
roke
e C
entr
al S
choo
l are
inth
e fo
rm o
f an
exp
ande
d sp
orts
and
mus
ic p
rogr
am, e
arly
child
hood
edu
catio
n, a
nd c
ompe
nsat
ory
prog
ram
sin
rea
d-
ing,
sci
ence
, and
spe
xial
educ
atio
n.T
riba
l fun
ds a
s w
ell a
s
thos
e m
ade
avai
labl
e th
roug
h th
eE
lem
enta
ry a
nd S
econ
dary
Edu
catio
n A
ct h
ave
gone
into
this
eff
ort.
Adu
lt ed
ucat
ion
is a
lso
offe
red
thro
ugh
clas
ses,
conf
eren
ces,
and
trai
ning
prog
ram
s.
Indi
ans
are
high
ly s
atis
fact
ory
empl
oyee
sade
pt,c
alm
and
dep
enda
ble,
say
non-
Indi
an s
uper
viso
rsof
indu
stri
al p
lant
s lo
cate
d on
Che
roke
e
Res
erva
tion.
Her
e a
Che
roke
e w
oman
put
s fi
nish
ing
touc
hes
on b
eade
dm
occa
sins
pro
duce
d by
leat
her-
wor
king
fact
ory,
whi
le C
hero
kee
men
atte
nd m
achi
nes
in q
uilti
ng p
lant
. Ath
ird
Indi
an-e
mpl
oyin
g in
dust
ryon
Che
roke
e pr
oduc
esco
smet
ic a
ids
to h
air-
styl
ing.
8
i.
Nos
.
P'
So li
tera
te h
ave
the
Che
roke
es b
ecom
e in
the
Eng
lish
lan-
guag
e (a
bout
90
perc
ent)
that
the
trib
al c
ounc
il ha
sdi
scon
-
tinue
d se
rvic
es o
f an
inte
rpre
ter
at it
s m
eetin
gs.
4
k
BIA
Che
roke
e el
emen
tary
sch
ool,
with
mod
ern
gym
in r
ight
bac
k-gr
ound
.T
rans
port
atio
nof
Che
roke
e ch
ildre
nto
Res
erva
tion
scho
ols
is o
ne o
f th
e pr
ojec
ts o
fChe
roke
e B
oys
Farm
Clu
b, w
hich
owns
and
dri
ves
12sc
hool
bus
es. H
ouse
s se
en b
ehin
dsc
hool
are
Che
roke
e ho
mes
bui
lt un
der
Res
erva
tion
hous
ing
deve
lopm
ent.
t.
0
Soci
al W
elfa
re
The
Che
roke
es' h
ealth
is im
prov
ing
each
yea
r,w
ith h
elp
of
the
U.S
. Pub
lic H
ealth
Ser
vice
's D
ivis
ion
ofIn
dian
Hea
lthw
hich
ope
rate
s a
hosp
ital o
n th
e re
serv
atio
n th
atpr
ovid
es
in a
nd o
ut-p
atie
nt c
are.
Mor
e m
othe
rs a
re s
eeki
ng p
rena
tal
care
and
Che
roke
esge
nera
lly a
re in
crea
sing
ly a
ccep
ting
mod
ern
med
ical
car
e re
sulti
ng in
few
er in
fant
dea
ths.
Prog
ress
is b
eing
mad
e in
impr
ovin
g ho
usin
gco
nditi
ons
on th
e re
serv
atio
n.T
he tr
ibe
has
com
plet
ed 3
6 ne
w h
omes
and
has
aske
d fo
r 20
Mut
ual H
elp
units
.B
IA f
urni
sfie
s as
sist
ance
in p
erso
nal a
nd f
amily
pro
blem
s,ch
ild w
elfa
re, f
oste
r-ho
me
plac
emen
t and
ado
ptio
n,an
d a
child
stu
dy p
rogr
am.
Fina
ncia
l aid
is a
vaila
ble
to s
ome
mem
bers
of
the
Ban
dun
der
the
Soci
al S
ecur
ity A
ct a
nd a
men
dmen
ts; t
hose
inne
ed b
ut n
ot e
ligib
le f
or s
uch
aid
may
rec
eive
wel
fare
ass
ist-
ance
fro
m th
e B
urea
u.
Was
teba
sket
of
natu
ral a
nd w
alnu
t-dy
ed r
iver
can
e, h
and-
craf
ted
bya
Che
roke
e In
dian
wea
ver,
is ty
pica
lof
bask
etry
bei
ng p
rodu
ced
onR
eser
vatio
n. A
dult
educ
atio
n cl
asse
s as
sure
con
tinui
nglif
e of
this
anci
ent C
hero
kee
craf
t, w
hile
Qua
lla
Art
s an
d C
raft
s M
utua
l,In
c.,
prov
ides
off
icia
l dis
play
and
mar
ketin
g ce
nter
for
all
hand
icra
fts
prod
uced
by
mem
bers
of
the
Ban
d.
10
TO
UR
IST
AT
TR
AC
TIO
NS
Che
roke
e an
d vi
cini
ty is
one
of
the
Nat
ion'
s m
ost
delig
ht-
ful v
acat
ionl
ands
, enj
oyed
by
som
e 5
mill
ion
tour
ists
eac
h
year
.E
asily
acc
essi
ble
by g
ood
pave
d ro
ads,
the
rese
rvat
ion
of-
fers
spe
ctac
ular
mou
ntai
n sc
ener
y, m
ildcl
imat
e, e
xcel
lent
trou
t str
eam
s, u
nusu
ally
vari
ed s
port
s op
port
uniti
es, a
ndm
iles
of in
vitin
g tr
ails
for
the
natu
ralis
t,hi
ker,
and
hor
se-
back
rid
er.
Thr
ough
out t
he r
eser
vatio
n an
d ad
jace
ntco
untie
s ar
epl
entif
ul f
acili
ties
for
cam
ping
and
pic
nick
ing.
Nea
rby
lake
s
invi
tes
swim
min
g, b
oatin
g, w
adin
g,an
d w
ater
ski
ing
inin
vigo
ratin
g, c
lean
wat
er.
Che
roke
e's
48 m
iles
of c
lear
mou
ntai
n st
ream
spr
ovid
e
som
e of
the
best
trou
tfi
shin
g in
the
sout
heas
t.W
eekl
y
thro
ugho
ut th
e se
ason
(A
prilO
ctob
er),
the
Che
roke
e st
ock
thei
r w
ater
s w
ith b
row
n, b
rook
, and
rai
nbow
trou
tof
lega
l
size
.D
aily
fis
hing
per
mits
and
Nor
th C
arol
ina
fish
ing
li-ce
nses
are
ava
ilabl
e at
two
conv
enie
nt lo
catio
ns.
Abo
ut 3
5 m
otel
s an
d co
ttage
s on
the
rese
rvat
ion,
plus
addi
tiona
l one
s im
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent,
assu
re a
mpl
e ac
com
-m
odat
ions
; tra
iler
faci
litie
s an
d ca
mps
ites
are
also
avai
labI
le.
The
res
erva
tion
has
a va
riet
y of
res
taur
ants
,ba
rber
and
beau
ty s
hops
, gro
cery
sto
res,
laun
drom
ats,
and
ser
vice
sta
-tio
ns, m
ost o
f w
hich
are
ow
ned
and
oper
ated
by in
divi
dual
trib
al m
embe
rs.
Bou
ndar
y T
ree
Tri
bal M
otel
Ent
erpr
ise,
owne
d an
d op
erat
ed b
y th
eE
aste
rn B
and
of C
hero
kees
, is
one
of s
ever
altr
ibal
pro
ject
s re
-fl
ectin
g th
e im
port
ance
of
tour
ism
on
the
rese
rvat
ion.
Loc
ated
near
the
sout
hern
ent
ranc
e to
the
Gre
at S
mok
y M
ount
ains
Nat
iona
lPa
rk o
n U
.S. R
oute
441
, it c
onsi
sts
of a
lodg
e, d
inin
g ro
om, s
nack
bar
and
serv
ice
stat
ion.
Ori
gina
l uni
ts w
ere
built
by
Che
roke
ela
bor,
and
mem
bers
of
the
Ban
dco
mpl
eted
the
Lod
ge's
han
dsom
ero
ck v
enee
r de
cor.
11
The
ban
d ow
ns a
nd o
pera
tes
the
Bou
ndar
y T
ree
Mot
elT
riba
l Ent
erpr
ise,
a m
oder
n an
d at
trac
tive
62-u
nit m
otel
,lo
dge,
din
ing
room
, sna
ck b
ar, a
nd s
ervi
ce s
tatio
n. M
any
Che
roke
e In
dian
cra
ftsm
enw
ere
empl
oyed
in c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e m
otel
-lod
ge, w
hich
is u
sual
ly 1
00pe
rcen
t occ
upie
ddu
ring
the
tour
ist s
easo
n.In
add
ition
to s
cene
ry a
nd r
ecre
atio
n, C
hero
kee
offe
rsth
esp
ecia
l attr
actio
n of
res
erva
tion
Indi
an li
fe a
ndac
tiviti
es.
The
Che
roke
e H
isto
rica
l Ass
ocia
tion
spon
sors
thre
e pr
o-gr
ams
of c
ultu
ral a
nd e
nter
tain
men
t im
port
ance
.B
est
know
n of
thes
e is
the
annu
al d
ram
a, "
Unt
o T
hese
Hill
s,"
apo
rtra
yal o
f C
hero
kee
hist
ory.
Oco
nalu
ftee
Ind
ian
Vill
age
and
the
Mus
eum
of
the
Che
roke
e In
dian
are
othe
r A
ssoc
ia-
tion
proj
ects
.A
ll em
ploy
trib
al m
embe
rs.
"Fro
ntie
r la
nd,"
fea
turi
nga
reco
nstr
ucte
d fr
ontie
r to
wn
and
fort
with
adj
acen
t Ind
ian
villa
ges,
is a
noth
er p
opul
arat
trac
-tio
n fo
r to
uris
ts tr
avel
ing
U.S
. Hig
hway
19,
May
thro
ugh
Oct
ober
.C
hero
kee
Indi
ans
have
long
bee
n no
ted
for
the
beau
ty o
fth
eir
craf
ts, p
artic
ular
ly th
eir
bask
etry
. Qua
Ila
Art
s an
dC
raft
s M
utua
l, In
c.,
a tr
ibal
coo
pera
tive
and
offi
cial
dis
play
and
mar
ketin
g ce
nter
for
Che
roke
e In
dian
craf
ts, o
pera
tes
ash
op o
f in
tere
st to
bot
h th
e se
riou
s co
llect
oran
d to
uris
tsin
sea
rch
of s
mal
l mem
ento
s.It
dea
ls o
nly
in a
uthe
ntic
,C
hero
kee-
mad
e ha
ndic
raft
suc
has
bas
kets
, woo
d ca
rvin
gs,
bead
wor
k, a
nd h
and-
wov
en li
nen
and
woo
len
fabr
ics.
12U
.S. G
OV
ER
ME
NT
PR
INT
ING
OF
FIC
E:1
968
o-23
7-e8
o
Scen
e fr
om th
e ce
ntur
ies-
old
Eag
le D
ance
,a
high
light
of
"Unt
oT
hese
Hill
s,"
pres
ente
d ni
ghtly
exc
ept M
onda
ys th
roug
hout
the
sum
mer
. Pla
yed
in th
e 29
00-s
eat M
ount
ains
ide
The
atre
, thi
sdr
amat
izat
ion
of C
hero
kee
hist
ory
has
been
a le
adin
g re
serv
atio
nto
uris
t attr
actio
n si
nce
1949
.
The
56,
000-
acre
Che
roke
e R
eser
vatio
n,la
rges
t Ind
ian
rese
rvat
ion
in
the
east
ern
Uni
ted
Stat
es, i
s sc
atte
red
over
fire
wes
tern
Nor
th
Car
olin
a co
untie
s.It
s m
ain
area
, "Q
uaH
a B
ound
ary,
"co
nsis
ts o
f
45P0
0 ac
res
inth
e he
art o
f th
eSm
oky
Mou
ntai
ns a
ndis
a m
ajor
entr
y to
Gre
atSm
oky
Mou
ntai
nsPa
rk. S
epar
ated
from
it b
y a
narr
ow s
trip
of p
riva
tely
-ow
ned
land
is th
e so
-cal
led
"Tho
mas
3,2
00-
Acr
e T
ract
."R
emai
nder
of
the
Res
erva
tion
cons
ists
ofs
mal
l sca
t-
tere
d tr
acts
bet
wee
nB
ryso
n C
ity a
ndM
urph
y, N
orth
Car
olin
a.
The
tow
n of
Che
roke
e, o
nly
one
onR
eser
vatio
n la
nds,
is th
e se
atof
trib
al g
over
nmen
tand
hea
dqua
rter
sof
Che
roke
e In
dian
Age
ncy.
129
, 28
19 129
129
28
441
19 28
4,4173
19A
441
441
23
19
23r
19A
107
CH
ER
OK
EE
IND
IAN
LA
ND
S
Cre
ated
in 1
849,
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f th
e In
-te
rior
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Con
serv
atio
nis
con-
cern
ed w
ith th
e m
anag
emen
t, co
nser
vatio
n,an
d de
velo
pmen
t of
the
Nat
ion'
s w
ater
, fis
h,w
ildlif
e, m
iner
al, f
ores
t, an
d pa
rk a
nd r
ecre
a-tio
nal r
esou
rces
.It
als
o ha
s m
ajor
res
pons
i-bi
litie
s fo
r In
dian
and
Ter
rito
rial
aff
airs
.A
s th
e N
atio
n's
prin
cipa
l con
serv
atio
n ag
en-
cy,
the
Dep
artm
ent w
orks
to a
ssur
e th
at n
on-
're
new
able
res
ourc
es a
re d
evel
oped
and
use
dw
isel
y, th
at p
ark
and
recr
eatio
nal r
esou
rces
are
cons
erve
d fo
r th
e fu
ture
, and
that
ren
ew-
able
res
ourc
es m
ake
thei
r fu
ll co
ntri
butio
n to
the
prog
ress
, pro
sper
ity,
and
secu
rity
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esno
w a
nd in
the
futu
re.
UN
ITE
D S
TA
TE
S D
EPA
RT
ME
NT
OF
TH
E I
NT
ER
IOR
BU
RE
AU
OF
IND
IAN
AFF
AIR
S
For
=It
by
the
Ehw
erin
tend
ent o
f D
ocum
ents
. U.S
. Gov
ernm
ent P
rint
ing
Moe
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
. MU
- P
rice
1 5
cen
ts