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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 365–379 Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_032
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE DUMPSITE USING GIS AND GROUNDWATER
MODELING FOR NAMAKKAL MUNICIPALITY
T. Saranya
Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
Dr. R. Saravanan
Centre for Water Resource,
College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
V. P. Golda Percy
Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
M. Kamalanandhini
Department of Civil Engineering,
SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
Urbanization of developing countries ultimately results in generation of enormous solid waste
from both industrial and domestic sectors. The disposal of this huge MSW becomes a challenging
process as the wastelands are rapidly converted into residential and industrial plots. As a result
improper site selection for the disposal turns out to be a threating agent for health and
environmental sustainability. In this paper, attempts have been made to determine sites that are
appropriate for solid waste dumping in Namakkal Municipality, Tamil Nadu, India by combining
Geographic Information System (GIS) and Ground Water Modelling. Various thematic layers
representing the selection criteria has been created using GIS and Ground Water Flow has been
determined using Visual MODFLOW. Questionnaire Survey has been conducted for the
determination of the relative importance weights of factors (criteria). The final map obtained
through overlay analysis shows areas that are suitable for solid waste dumping. Also population
forecast for 2 decades has been done to check the reliability of the selected site for future loading
of waste.
Key words: Dumpsite Selection, GIS, Visual MODFLOW, Questionnaire Survey, Population
forecast.
T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 366 [email protected]
Cite this Article: T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini,
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling
For Namakkal Municipality. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4),
2016, pp.365–379.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4
INTRODUCTION
In many countries with increase in population and rising demand for food and other essentials, there has
been a rise in the amount of solid waste being generated making its management and disposal problematic.
The accumulation and improper disposal of waste leads to environmental pollution and spread of
communicable diseases. Improper landfills have been identified as one of the major threats to groundwater
resources; waste placed in landfills or open dumps is subjected to either groundwater underflow or
infiltration from precipitation. But in country like India with huge population finding an appropriate land
for MSW disposal became tedious. Since the site selection involves fulfilling the conflicting criteria such
as environmental, economical and socio-political the process becomes more complicated and time
consuming. But the application of GIS to this issue made it simpler and time effective. Various studies has
been conducted in this regard. The application of GIS and Analytic Hierarchy process in analysing the
potential landfill attributes and ranking of sites were adopted by (Nema et.al., 1997). Similar study made
by (Mahamid et al., 2010) concentrated on creating various thematic layers using GIS and by applying
Origin-Pathway-Target method, the Vulnerability map was created on which the buffer zones were
compiled to obtain the possible site for waste disposal. In the sameway (Tayyebi et al., 2010) presented an
integrated approach which utilizes multi criteria decision making (MCDM) alongside with Dempster
Shafer Theory of evidence (DST) for the selection of landfill sites for Zanjan, Iran. This paper aims at
identifying a suitable municipal solid waste dumpsite for Namakkal municipality in Tamilnadu as the
existing dumpsite is not fit for further dumping as the loading is larger compared to the capacity of the site.
Also the process of land filling is unscientific. Further the groundwater beneath the existing dumpsite is
contaminated and the areas surrounding the dumpsite are being converted to residential areas. This paper
concentrates on the impact of landfills on groundwater hence simulation of flow direction for the proposed
site has been done using Visual MODFLOW and Questionnaire survey was conducted on study area to
assign weightage to the various thematic layers to finalize the effective disposal site. Once the sites are
identified, the reliability of the site was checked by calculating the capacity of the dumpsite and average
loading to site for two decades by forecasting the future population.
OBJECTIVES
The suitable objectives of the study are
• To conduct questionnaire’s survey as a part of problem identification
• To create various thematic layers of the study area using ArcGIS
• To determine the ground water flow direction for site using Visual MODFLOW
• To perform overlay analysis and decision making using GIS and MCDM
• To identify a suitable Municipal solid Waste Dumpsite for Namakkal municipality.
STUDY AREA
GENERAL
The study area Namakkal district Which lies between 11°00′ and 11°36′ North Latitude and 77°28′ and
78°30′ East Longitude. The geographical area of the district is 3363, 35 Km2 The population of the town is
1721179 as per 2011 census. The district has two landfill sites with 21.94 acres operating presently.
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
Municipality
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CLIMATE AND RAINFALL
Namakkal district has the minimum and maximum temperature of 22.78° and 32.98° respectively. The
mean annual temperature is 27.88°.The climate of the district is tropical. Based on the rainfall analysis the
district receives 42.4% of rainfall (345.5 mm) from south west monsoon and 34.8% (283.9 mm) from north
east monsoon. The total annual mean rainfall is 815.6 mm.
SOIL TYPE
The soils of Namakkal district can be broadly classified into five major soils types which are Red Soil,
Black Soil, Brown soil, Alluvial and Mixed Soil. Major part of the district is covered by Red Soil. Black
soils are mostly seen in Namakkal taluk. Brown Soil occupies only a small portion of Tiruchengode taluk
and the Alluvial Soil is seen along the river courses in Namakkal, Paramathi and Tiruchengode taluks.
Mixed soil is the second major soil type occurring all the taluks of the districts
GROUND WATER SCENARIO
Namakkal district is underlain entirely by Archaean Crystalline formations with recent alluvial deposits
occurring along the river courses and Colluvium at the foot hills. The important aquifer systems in the
district are constituted by weathered & fractured crystalline rocks and Colluvial deposits. Ground water
occurs under phreatic conditions. The depth to water level in the district varied between 1.20 – 14.33 m bgl
during pre monsoon depth to water level (May 2006) and varied between 0.86 – 16.60 m bgl during post
monsoon depth to water level (Jan 2007). The seasonal fluctuation shows a rise in water level, which
ranges from 0.03 to 3.51 m bgl. The piezometric head varied between 1.35 to 9.40 m bgl (May 2006)
during pre-monsoon and G.L to 13.00 m bgl during post monsoon.
EXISTING DUMPSITE DETAILS
• Kosavampatti- An area of 13.41 acres 2 Km away from the town
• Population- 1,12000 (in town) as on 2011
• Waste Generated : 400grams/day per capita
• Total Amount of waste generated- 44.8 ton per day
• Capacity of Site: 21 tons/day
The 44.8 ton of waste generated per day is composed of various components in the following
proportion shown in Figure.1. The index map of the study area, boundary of the study area, the photograph
of existing dumpsite and residential plots nearby the dumpsite is shown in Figure 2, 3, 4 and 5
respectively.
T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini
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Figure 1 Composition of Solid Waste in Namakkal Municipality
Figure 2 Index map of the study area (Source: Google Image)
Figure 3 Study Area Boundary
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
Municipality
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Figure 4 Existing Dumpsite
Figure 5 Upcoming Residential Plots nearby the Existing Dumpsite
T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini
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MATERIALS AND METHODS USED FOR THE STUDY
The procedure started with conducting the Questionnaire Survey as a part of problem identification and
various thematic layers including land use, slope, drainage, soil, population, rainfall, road maps were
generated using GIS. In order to simulate the groundwater flow direction Visual MODFLOW was utilized
and the results were incorporated in GIS as a thematic layer. Once the thematic layers are generated the
weightages to the layers were applied base on the survey conducted and Weighted overlay analysis has
been performed to obtain the the best site suitable for municipal solid waste dumping.
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
The questionnaire consisting of 35 questions were prepared and were asked among the people. Fifty such
samples were taken and from people perception it was clear that the quality of the groundwater around the
existing dumpsite is highly contaminated and the land development and its cost around the existing
dumpsite is highly affected due to the dumpsite. The people suggested placing the dumpsite far away from
the residential area and they requested to take proper measures to safeguard the groundwater resource.
Figure 6. Shows the sample questions asked.
Figure 6 Sample Questionnaire
LAND USE DATA
The dumpsite site selection is primarily governed by the landuse pattern. Study area has four landuse
pattern namely Agriculture, Built Up, Water bodies and Wasteland. Water bodies and Built up areas are
considered to be the restricted zones for selecting the dumpsite. Hence wastelands were given higher
preference followed by agricultural land under unavoidable situation. The landuse pattern of the study area
is shown in Figure 7.
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS
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DIGITAL ELEVATION MO
The SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data for India is downloaded from the website and it is
used in ArcGIS to obtain the elevation data of the study area. The study area is delineated from the google
earth and geo-referenced or the study area map (toposheet) is directly imported into ArcGIS. By
superimposing these delineated study area map and SRTM data and by
the elevation for the study area will be obtained. The digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area is
shown in Figure 8.
f Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
Municipality
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Figure 7 Landuse Map
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)
The SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data for India is downloaded from the website and it is
to obtain the elevation data of the study area. The study area is delineated from the google
referenced or the study area map (toposheet) is directly imported into ArcGIS. By
superimposing these delineated study area map and SRTM data and by using Extraction by mask technique
the elevation for the study area will be obtained. The digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area is
Figure 8 Digital Elevation Model
nd Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
The SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data for India is downloaded from the website and it is
to obtain the elevation data of the study area. The study area is delineated from the google
referenced or the study area map (toposheet) is directly imported into ArcGIS. By
using Extraction by mask technique
the elevation for the study area will be obtained. The digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area is
T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini
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SOIL DATA
The study area consists of nine types of soil ranging from clay soil to sandyloam soil. Based the infiltration
capacity the study area has three groups namely group A, B and D. Loamysand comes under group A
classification which has high infiltration and low runoff capacity. Sandyclayloam is the highly prevailing
type in the study area and it comes under group B and the rest of the types fall under group D
classification. The soilmap for the study area is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9 SOIL MAP
THEMATIC LAYERS
Creation of various thematic layers forms the major part in solid waste dumpsite identification. The criteria
for which the thematic layers have to be prepared are taken according to the EPA guidelines mentioned in
section 2.4. These layers include Road Network Map, Elevation Map, Distance from Residential Areas,
Distance from Road Network, Surface Water body, Slope. Groundwater flow direction map and Social
land value map are the additional criteria considered in this study in regard to safeguard the ground water
resource and to reduce the ultimate impact of the landfill on the lower community people. These maps are
created using ArcGIS for the overlay analysis.
ROAD NETWORK MAP
The road network in the study area consists of major roads, minor roads and railway line. The solid waste
disposal sites should not be too close to the road networks. In deriving the roads layers, on-screen
digitizing was performed in order to generate the vector layers and buffer of 500m was applied to the road
networks. The road network map for the study area and its buffer map are shown in Figure 10.
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
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Figure 10 Road Network Map
SETTLEMENT LOCATION MAP
The proximity of potential landfill sites to existing dwellings and similar sensitive receptors is a
contentious issue. The site for dumping should not be located near the residential zone hence a buffer of
500 m is created around the settlement location. The settlement map and its buffer are shown in the Figure
11.
Figure 11 Settelment Map
T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini
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LITHOLOGY MAP
The lithology details of the study area is obtained from the sample bore log points, the depth and type of
the sub surface formation is interpolated layer wise and final lithology map for the study area is obtained
by overlaying these layers. Figure 12 shows the lithology of the study area.
Figure 12 Lithology
WATER LEVEL MAP
Leachate from the dumpsite mainly affects the quality of the groundwater. In order to consider the effect of
dumpsite on the groundwater, the water level map has been taken into consideration. The groundwater
level during month of April- May which is generally considered as the dry period is taken and is
interpolated to obtain the contour of water level with respect to mean sea level. From this contour the flow
direction through gravity can be assessed. It is found that this flow direction is in conjunction with the flow
direction simulated using groundwater model Visual MODFLOW. Figure 13 shows the water level map
for the study area.
Figure 13 Water Level Map
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
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SLOPE MAP
The slope map for the study area is obtained from the digital elevation model. Slope mainly influences the
runoff and hence it is considered as important factor while locating a solid waste dumpsite as it have
influence over leachate. Figure 14 shows the slope map of the study area.
Figure 14 Simulated Groundwater Flow Direction Using Visual MODFLOW
SIMULATION OF GROUND WATER FLOW DIRECTION
The groundwater flow direction was simulated using Visual MODFLOW. The model parameters such as
conductivity, specific yield, observation wells and pumping well details, boundary conditions and initial
head conditions are given as input and the model was subjected to run to obtain the groundwater flow
direction. The grid size of 50X50 has been provided and the number of layers in the study area was 3 based
on the bore log detail. The study area predominantly consists of hard rock terrain whose hydraulic
conductivity ranges between 0.0004 to 0.00004 m/day, the specific yield of the study area was found to be
0.015 and the storativity ranges from 9.6 x 10-5 -
4.3 x 10-2
. After successful calibration and validation the
model was subjected to run in a steady state condition. Figure 14 shows the groundwater flow direction for
Namakkal Municipality obtained through Visual MODFLOW.
T. Saranya, Dr. R. Saravanan, V. P. Golda Percy and M. Kamalanandhini
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OVERLAY ANALYSIS
Weighted overlay is a technique for applying a common scale of values to diverse and dissimilar input to
create an integrated analysis. For choosing the site for municipal solid waste dumpsite we are supposed to
assess things such as land use, soil, slope, and water level. This information exists in different rasters with
different value scales we cannot add a raster of soil to a raster of distance to utilities (meters) and obtain a
meaningful result. Additionally, the factors in the analysis may not be equally important. The weights and
rank for each thematic layer are listed in the Table 1. This weightage were assigned based on the
Questionnaire survey and the EPA guidelines. The Figure 15 shows the various layer overlaid in order to
obtain the final suitable site and Figure 16 shows the output of the overlay process. As a result of overlay
process about 148 possible sites for locating dumpsite has been obtained with the area ranging from 0.7
Acres to 75 Acres. The existing dumpsite has the area of 13 Acres. Hence from these possible sites the
most suitable sites for locating MSW dumpsite is selected based on the land requirement for dumping
which is governed by the population of the study area.
Table 1 Summary of Weightage Assigned to Different Layers
LAYER NAME CATEGORIES RANK WEIGHT
LandUse
Wasteland 1
20 Agriculture 2
BuiltUp 3
WaterBodies 4
Soil
Loamy Sand 1
20 Sandyclayloam 2
Clay, Clayloam, Siltyclay 4
Sandyloam, 3
Water Level
135-145 1
25 145-165 2
165-175 3
175-190 4
Slope
0-15 1
10 15-25 4
25-40 2
40-80 1
Lithology Charnockite 4
10 Gnesis Weathered 3
Roads Major Roads 2 5
Settlements Town(Urban) 3
10 Village(Rural) 2
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
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Figure 15 Schematic Diagram Indicating Overlay Analysis using Arc GIS
Figure 16 Final Possible Sites for Msw Dumping
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POPULATION FORECAST
The population data for the Namakkal block has been obtained from Census of India. The data from 1961-
2011 is analyzed using three methods to know the growth rate of the study area. Using the result obtained
from these methods, forecast for next 20 years i.e. till 2031 is done. The population for the year 2031 has
been forecasted to be 784546 by Arithmetic increase method, 942927 by Geometric Increase method and
828404 by incremental increase method. The comparison of the methods of forecast has been shown in
Figure 17. The graph shows that among these three methods Geometric Increase method founds to be the
most accurate and reliable method. Hence the population of the study area by 2031 is forecasted to be
942927.
Figure 17 Comparison of Forecast Methods
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The application of GIS and Visual MODFLOW ere combined together to identify a best dumpsite for
Namakkal municipality. The possible site for locating the municipal solid waste dumpsite is obtained as a
result of overlay process. Among those 73 sites the most suitable site are selected based on the size and
social land value aspect. The size of the dumpsite is fixed based on the population of the study area. The
existing dumpsite occupies 13 acres serving for the population of 602413 (as on 2011). The population of
the study area for next two decades is forecasted as 942927. Hence the waste generation is accounted to be
377.17 tonnes/day by 2031. Therefore, the site with area more than 15 acres is found to be more suitable
for the study area. The suitable site, its area are listed in Table 2. In order that the selected landfill to
perform in a better way sanitary landfill approach can be adopted instead of keeping the dumpsite open to
atmosphere and Decentralized approach in disposing the waste can be implemented in order to manage the
waste disposal more efficiently.
Table 2 Summary of Suitable Dumpsite
S.No AREA (IN Acres) SITE NAME
1 14.730 Kondichettipatti
2 19.359 Singlipatti
3 20.091 Melapatti
4 23.594 Kulandaipalayam
5 31.441 Thottipatti
6 35.354 Panneripatti
7 74.950 Chinna Veppanam
Identification of Suitable Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Using GIS and Groundwater Modeling For Namakkal
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