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TRANSCRIPT
IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON INDIAN
MEDICINAL PLANTS
V.N. NAIK
Published by: Scientific Publishers (India) 5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur 342 001 (India) E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.scientificpub.com
Branch Office Scientific Publishers (India) 4806/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi - 110 002 (India)
ISBN: 81-7233-373-0 (10) 978-81-7233-373-7 (13) Reprint from: JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC AND TAXONOMIC BOTANY ADDITIONAL SERIES NO. 25 ISSN: 0970-3306 © Naik, V.N., 2012 Lasertype set: Rajesh Ojha Printed in India
CONTENTS
Preface vii
List of Illustrations ix
Colour Photo Index xiii
Chapter 1. Knowing Plants by their External Features 1-51
— The Seed 2
— The Root 4
— The Stem 6
— The Leaf 11
— The Flower 21
— The Fruit 44
Chapter 2. Glossary of Botanical Terms 52-62
Chapter 3. Key to Identification of Families of Medicinal Plants 63-74
Chapter 4. Key to Identification of Species of Medicinal Plants 75-118
Chapter 5. Family-wise List of Common Indian Medicinal Plants 119-150
PREFACE
Research in any discipline of plant science demands proper identification of the raw material i.e. species as its pre – requisite. Even in the field of taxonomy, the material has to be identified initially and the improved taxonomic interpretation may follow subsequently. This is particularly so, in case of research in medicinal plants, which are then used in the manufacture of life saving medicines. But, unfortunately it is noticed that many practitioners in the Ayurvedic System of Medicine do not care for the proper identification of plant species being employed to heal the diseased patients. As a result, much of the research in Ayurveda in this country proves to be useless. The foundation of plant identification itself is not very sound in our country and the students of II year B.A.M.S., with Drawyagn as one of the compulsary subjects, do not fair-well in the examinations.
Most of the Ayurvedic medicines available in the market today, do not yield the desired effects. Here again the difficulty lies mainly in proper identification of the raw material used in the manufacture of the medicine. Most of the pharmacists are unaware of the purity of the raw material.
In our country, there are very few cultivators of medicinal plants. Most of the cultivators do not know exactly what they are growing. They do not have the reliable source of supply of pure planting material.
Majority of the students of Botany and Ayurveda do not have experience in plant identification, mainly because they are not trained in this discipline.
Considering all the above problems, it was realized that, the persons in the field of Ayurved, Agriculture, Botany, Medicine and Pharmacy together with those in Forestry and Trade should be
viii Identification of Common Indian Medicinal Plants
provided with an easy tool to identify plant materials based on their external features, in a scientific manner.
The present work is an outcome of long-standing experience in the field of Taxonomy and particularly in the Floristic studies.
The entire work is presented in five uneven chapters. The first chapter deals with the botanical terminology used in the identification and its explanation together with suitable illustrations. The second chapter provides a glossary of all such technical terms and their explanation in brief. The third chapter provides a dichotomous bracket key to the identification of plant families and the fourth chapter provides key to the identification of more than 600 Indian plant species used in Ayurvedic medicines. These include more than 350 species prescribed in the syllabus of II year B.A.M.S. The fifth chapter provides a list of all these medicinal plants with Latin, Sanskrit, Marathi, and Hindi names and their parts used in medicine.
In the keys, pairs of contrasting character states are listed serially (serial numbers listed on the left-hand side) and on the right-hand side the numbers indicate the next step to be followed until one reaches the conclusion. The plant families are according to the recent systems of plant classification. They do not correspond exactly to those given by Charak, Sushrut or Wagbhat.
It is hoped, that, this key will help students of Ayurved, Agriculture, Botany, Forestry, Medicine and Pharmacy in identification of entire plant or plant parts.
Aurangabad V.N. Naik
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Line drawings of Plant Parts Page No.
Fig. 1. Bean Seed 3Fig. 2A. Maize Grain 3Fig. 2B. Bean Seed 3Fig. 2C. Castor Seed 3Fig. 3A. Epigeal Germination of Bean Seed 3Fig. 3B. Epigeal Germination of Castor Seed 3Fig. 4A. Hypogeal Germination of Pea Seed 4Fig. 4B. Hypogeal Germination of Gram Seed 4Fig. 4C. Hypogeal Germination of Maize Grain 4Fig. 4D. Epigeal Germination of Onion Seed 4Fig. 5. Parts of a Typical Root 5Fig. 6. Forms of Tap Root 5Fig. 7A. Tap Root 5Fig. 7B. Modification of Adventitious Roots 5Fig. 7C. Modification of Adventitious Roots 5Fig. 7D. Modification of Adventitious Roots 5Fig. 8. A Twig of Banyan 6Fig. 9. Habits of Plants 7Fig. 10A. Types of Branching 8Fig. 10B. Modification of Stem 8Fig. 11. Modification of Stem 9Fig. 12. Modification of Stem-Phylloclades 9Fig. 13 & 14. Modification of Stem 9Fig. 15. Modification of Stem 10Fig. 16. Modification of Stem 10 Continue ..........
x Identification of Common Indian Medicinal Plants
Line drawings of Plant Parts Page No.
Fig. 17. Modification of Stem 10Fig. 18. Modification of Stem 10Fig. 19A & 19B. Modification of Stem 10Fig. 19C. Reduced Stems 11Fig. 20. Parts of a Typical Leaf 11Fig. 21. Leaf Base 12Fig. 22A. Types of Stipules 13Fig. 22B. Types of Stipules 13Fig. 23. Modification of Petiole 13Fig. 24A. Type of Venation 13Fig. 24B. Types of Venation 13Fig. 24C. Types of Venation 13Fig. 25. Leaf Shapes 14Fig. 26. Leaf Apex 15Fig. 27. Leaf Margins 15Fig. 28. Leaf Incisions 16Fig. 29 & 30. Compound Leaves 17Fig. 31. Palmately Compound Leaves 18Fig. 32. Phyllotaxis 19Fig. 33. Modification of Leaves 20Fig. 34. Modification of Leaves 20Fig. 35. Leaf of Kalanchoe Bearing Plantlets 21Fig. 36. Leaves of Insectivorous Plants 21Fig. 37. Insectivorous Plant 21Fig. 38. Ovule 23Fig. 39. Types of Bracts 24Fig. 40. Gynandrophore of Cleome 25Fig. 41. Parts of a Typical Flower 25Fig. 42. Modification of Calyx 26Fig. 43. Forms of Corolla 27Fig. 44. Papilionaceous Corolla of Pea 28Fig. 45. Types of Corolla 28Fig. 46. Types of Corolla 29Fig. 47. Aestivations of Corolla 30Fig. 48. Attachment of Filament with the Anther 30Fig. 49. Adelphy Conditions 31Fig. 50. Relative Lengths of Stamens 32Fig. 51. Dehiscence of Anthers 32Fig. 52. Types of Carpels 33 Continue............
List of Illustrations
xi
Line drawings of Plant Parts Page No.
Fig. 53. Types of Styles 33Fig. 54. Types of Syncarpous Gynoecia` 34Fig. 55. Position of Ovary 35Fig. 56. Types of Placentation 36Fig. 57A. Types of Inflorescence 38Fig. 57B. Spikelet of Grass 38Fig. 57C. Types of Inflorescence 39Fig. 57D. Types of Inflorescence 39Fig. 57E. Types of Inflorescence 40Fig. 57F. Inflorescence of Sunflower 40Fig. 58. Types of Cymose Inflorescence 41Fig. 59. Cyathium Inflorescence of Euphorbia 42Fig. 60. Thyrsoid Panicle of Ocimum 42Fig. 61. Verticillaster of Leucas 43Fig. 62. Inflorescence of Ficus 43Fig. 63. Fruit of Mango 44Fig. 64. Dehiscent Fruit 45Fig. 65. Dehiscent Fruit 46Fig. 66. Types of Dry, Indehiscent Fruits 47Fig. 67. Types of Schizocarpic Fruits 48Fig. 68. Types of Fleshy Fruits 49Fig. 69A. Types of Aggregate Fruits 50Fig. 69B. Type of Aggregate Fruit 50Fig. 70A. Types of Composite Fruits 51Fig. 70B. Types of Composite Fruits 51
COLOUR PHOTO INDEX
Coloured Photographs of Medicinal Plants for
Confirmation of Identified Plants
001 Andrographis paniculata dkyes?k
002 Barleria prionitis lgpj
003 Crossandra infundibuliformis lSjs;d
004 Hygrophila schulli dksfdyk{k
005 Rhinacanthus nasutus ;wfFki.khZ
006 Trianthema portulacastrum olq
007 Celosia argentea f’krokj
008 Anacardium occidentale dktw
009 Semecarpus anacardium HkYykrd
010 Centella asiatica eaMqdi.khZ
011 Foeniculum vulgare feJs;k
012 Alstonia scholaris lIri.kZ
013 Carissa congesta djenZd
014 Holarrhena pubescens dqVt
015 Nerium oleander djohj
016 Acorus calamus opk
017 Borassus flabellifer rky
018 Phoenix sylvestris foV [ktqZj
019 Calotropis gigantea vdZ
020 Gymnema sylvestre e/kqukf’kuh
021 Tylophora indica fiRroYyh
022 Echinops echinatus mRdaVd
023 Elephantopus scaber xksftOgk
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xiv Identification of Common Indian Medicinal Plants
024 Sphaeranthus indicus eqaMh
025 Spilanthes oleracea vDdydkjk
026 Averrhoa carambola deZjax
026a Dolichandrone falcata es"k’k`axh
027 Oroxylum indicum ';ksud
028 Bixa orellana flanwjh
029 Bombax ceiba 'kkYeyh
030 Ananas comosus vuul
031 Opuntia elatior daFkkjh
032 Bauhinia racemosa v’ekard
033 Caesalpinia bonduc iwfrdjat
034 Cassia fistula vjXo/k
034a Cassia senna Lo.kZi=h
035 Saraca asoca v’kksd
036 Cadaba fruticosa gcc
037 Capparis decidua djhj
038 Capparis sepiaria dkdknuh
039 Capparis zeylanica O;k?kzu[kh
040 Crateva adansonii o:.k
041 Celastrus paniculata T;ksfr"erh
042 Cleome viscosa vkfnR;HkDr
043 Garcinia indica lkjkEy
044 Terminalia arjuna vtqZu
045 Terminalia chebula gfjrdh
046 Argyreia nervosa o`)nkjd
047 Ipomoea sepiaria y{e.kk
048 Ipomoea mauritiana {khj fonkjh
049 Ipomoea nil 'kaf[kuh
050 Ipomoea pes-caprae e;kZn osy
051 Operculina turpethum fu’kksÙkj
052 Kalanchoe pinnata i.kZcht
053 Dioscorea bulbifera ojkgh dan
054 Cordia dichotoma cgqokj
055 Baliospermum solaniifolium narh
056 Euphorbia nivulia Luwgh
057 Mallotus philippensis dafiYyd
058 Phyllanthus amarus HkwE;keydh
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Colour Photo Index
xv
059 Phyllanthus emblica vkeydh
060 Phyllanthus reticulatus d`".kdkackst
061 Securinega leucopyrus dkaVsiqo.k
062 Abrus precatorius xqat
063 Clitoria ternatea vijkftrk
064 Erythrina suberosa ifjHknz
065 Mucuna pruriens dop cht
066 Psoralea corylifolia ckdqph
067 Pueraria tuberosa fonkjh
068 Sesbania grandiflora vxLR;
069 Uraria picta i`Üuhi.khZ
070 Curculigo orchioides rkyeqyh
071 Coleus barbatus ekbZuewG
072 Leonotis nepetifolia ekrhlwG
073 Ocimum tenuiflorum rqylh
074 Cinnamomum camphora diwZj
075 Cinnamomum tamala rekyi=
076 Cinnamomum verum Rod
077 Careya arborea dqaHkh
078 Aloe vera dqekjh
079 Asparagus racemosus 'krkojh
080 Drimia indica ouiykaMq
081 Gloriosa superba dfygkjh
082 Ammannia baccifera vfXui=h
083 Lawsonia inermis esafndk
084 Woodfordia fruticosa /kkrdh
085 Abutilon indicum vfrcyk
086 Hibiscus cannabinus vac"Bk
087 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis tik
088 Azadirachta indica dMqfuac
089 Melia azedarach egkfuac
090 Tinospora cordifolia xqMqph
091 Ficus amplissima Iy{k
092 Ficus benghalensis oM
093 Ficus hispida dkdksnqacj
094 Ficus microcarpa ukanzqd
095 Moringa oleifera f’kxzq
096 Myristica sp. tkfrQy
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xvi Identification of Common Indian Medicinal Plants
097 Nelumbo nucifera ine
097a Boerhavia diffusa iquuZok
098 Nymphaea rubra jDr dey
099 Oxalis corniculata pkaxsjh
100 Pandanus odoratissimus dsrdh
101 Argemone mexicana lR;uk’kh
102 Pedalium murex xks{kqj
103 Hemidesmus indicus d`".klkfjok
104 Piper longum fiIiyh
105 Piper nigrum ejhp
106 Plantago ovata b’krxksy
107 Plumbago zeylanica fp=d
108 Cymbopogon winterianus dqr`.k
109 Desmostachya bipinnata nHkZ
110 Portulaca oleracea c`gYyks.kh
111 Clematis heynei eksjok
112 Catunaregam spinosa enu
113 Ixora coccinea iudqG
114 Neolamarckia chinensis dnac
115 Citrus aurantifolia fuacqd
116 Madhuca indica e/kqd
117 Bacopa monnieri czkãh
118 Solanum virginianum daVdkjh
119 Strychnos nux-vomica fo"k franwd
120 Clerodendrun serratum HkkyhZ
121 Vitex negundo fuxqZMh
122 Alpinia galanga dks"B dqfyatu
123 Costus speciosus dseqd
124 Guaiacum officinale thonk:
125 Tribulus terrestris {kqn xks{kqj