CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION.

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE

For session 2015-2016

BY: - M.SAI SANKARAN CLASS: - XII-A HTNO:

CERTIFICATE.Certified by department of CHEMISTRY that this is bondified project done by M.SAI SANKARAN of class XII A during the academic year 2015-2016 in practical fulfillment of CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT conducted by AISSCE

HTNO:

Signature of Internal signature of external Examiner Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am greatly indebted towards the principal for giving me an opportunity in elaborating my knowledge towards the subject (CHEMISTRY) by completing this Project work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to my beloved school for the guidance and providing the required apparatus to perform my project work.

I would also thank my parents and my chemistry teacher (vijaya lakshmi MADAM) for giving me their co-operation in completing this Project.

AIM:-IDENTIFICATION OF THE CATIONS AND ANIONS IN TOOTHPASTE

THEORY:-EVERY TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS: BINDERS, ABRASIVES, SUBSERS, HUMECTANTS, FLAVOURS, SWEETNERS, FLUORIDES, TOOTH WHITENERS, A PRESERVATIVE AND WATER. BINDERS THICKENS TOOTHPASTE-THEY PREVENT SEPARATION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID COMPONENT, ESPECIALLY STORAGE. THEY ALSO AFFECT THE SPEED AND VOLUME OF FOAM PRODUCTION, RATE OF FLAVOR

RELEASE AND PRODUCT DISPERSAL, THE APEARANCE OF TOOTHPASTE RIBBON ON THE TOOTHBRUSH.SOME BINDERS ARE GUM SOILD ALIGNAT, METHYL CELLULOSE, CARRAGEEN AND MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE.

CONTENTS:- IONIC LIQUIDS:- CATIONS &ANIONS. COMPONENTS ARE USED IN

TOOTHPASTE. SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS

EXPERIMENT INGREDIENTS:- ABRASIVES, FLUORIDES, SURFACTANTS. OTHER COMPONENTS:- ANTIBACERIAL AGENTS, FLAVORANTS,

REMINERALIZERS.

MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTEANIONS IN AN ATOM OR MOLECULE THAT CARRIES AN ELECTRIC CHARGE. CATIONS ARE POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS. ANIONS ARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE GAIN OF ELECTRONS. IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ALL IONS EXHIBIT THEIR OWN UNIQUE, CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIORS.

TOOTHPASTE IS A PASTE OR GEL DENTIFRICE USED WITH OA TOOTHBRUSH AS AN ACCESSORY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN THE AESTHETICS AND HEALTH OF TEETH.

TOOTHPASTE IS USED TO PROMOTE ORAL HYGIENE: IT SERVES AS AN ABRASIVE THAT AIDS IN REMOVINGTHE DENTAL PLAQUE AND FOOD FROM THE TEETH, ASSISTS IN SUPPRESSING HALITOSIS, AND DELIVERS ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (MOST COMMONLY FLUORIDE) TO HELP PREVENT TOOTH AND DISEASE (GINGIVITIS). MOST OF THE CLEANING IS ACHIEVED BY THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE TOOTHBRUSH AND NOT BY THE TOOTHPASTE. SALT AND SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) ARE AMONG

MATERIALS THAT CAN BE SUBISTITUTED FOR COMMERCIAL TOOTHPASTE. TOOTHPASTE IS NOT INTENDED TO BE SWALLOWED DUE TO THE FLOURIDE CONTENT, BUT IS GENERALLY NOT VERY HARMFUL IF ACCIDENTLY SWALLOWED IN SMALL AMOUNTS. HOWEVER ONE SHOULD SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION AFTER SWALOWING ABNORMALLY LARGE AMOUNTS.

COMPONENTS ARE USED IN TOOTHPASTE:-

HClO4 HBr HI H2SO4

HClO3 HCL HNO3

INGREDIENTS:-IN ADDITION TO 20%-42% WATER, TOOTHPASTES ARE DERIVED FROM A VARIETY OF COMPONENTS, THE THREE MAIN ONES BEING ABRASIVES, FLUORIDE, AND DETERGENTS.

ABRASIVES:-ABRASIVES CONSTITE AT LEAST 50% OF TYPICAL TOOTHPASTE. THESE INSOLUBLE PARTICLES HELP REMOVE PLAQUE FROM THE TEETH. THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND CALCULUS HELPS MINIMIZE CAVITIES AND PERIDONTAL DISEASE. REPRESENT ABRASIVES INCLUDE PARTICLES OF

ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)), CALCIUM CARBONATE(CaCO3),VARIOUS CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES, VARIOUS SILICAS AND ZEOLITES, AND HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca5(PO4)3 OH).

ABRASIVES, LIKE THE DENTAL POLISHING AGENTS USED IN DENTISTS’ OFFICES, ALSO CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENAMEL EROSION WHICH IS TERMED “POLISHING” ACTION. SOME

BRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA, WHICH ACTS AS A MILD ABRASIVE, AND ALSO ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING GLITTERY SHIMMER TO THE PASTE. THE POLISHING OF TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH SURFACES, BUT HAS NOT BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND ABOVE THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND CALCULS.

FLUORIDES:-FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST POPULAR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE

TO PREVENT CAVITIES. FLUORIDES OCCUR IN SMALL AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND SOME NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) IS THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF FLUORIDE, BUT STANNOUS FLUORIDE (SnF), OLAFLURS (AN ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND SODIUM MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (Na2 PO3 F) ARE ALSO USED. STANNOUS FLUROIDE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SODIUM FLUROIDE IN REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF DENTAL CAREIESAND CONTROLLING GINGIVITIS.

MUCH OF THE TOOTHPASTE SOLD IN THE ‘UNITED STATES HAS 1000 TO 1100 PARTS PER MILLON FLUROIDE. IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE UK OR GREECE, THE FLUORIDE CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A NaF OF 0.312% W/W (1,450 PPM FLUORIDE) IS NOT UNCOMMON.

SURFACANTS:-MANY, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL, TOOOTHPASTE CONTAIN SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (SLS) OR RELATED SURFACTANTS (DETERGENTS). SLS IS WELL, SUCH AS SHAMPOO, AND IS MAINLY A FOAMING AGENTS, WHICH ENABLES UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTHPASTE, IMPROVING ITS CLEANSING POWER.

OTHER COMPONENTS:-ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:-TRICLOSAN, AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, IS A COMMON TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. TRICLOSAN OR ZINC CHLORIDE PREVENT GINGIVITIS AND, ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, HELPS REDUCE TARTAR AND BAD BREADTH. A 2006 REVIEW OF CLINICAL RESEARCH CONCLUDED THERE WAS EVIDENCE FOR PLAQUE AND GIGNIVITIS.

FLAVORANTS:-TOOTHPASTE COMES IN A VARIETY OF COLOURS AND FLAVORS INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE USE OF THE PRODUCT. THREE MOST COMMON FLAVORANTS ARE PEPPERMINT,SPEARMINT AND WINTERGREEN. TOOTHPASTE FLAVORED WITH PEPPERMINT-ANISE OIL IS POPULAR IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION. THESE FLOVORS ARE PROVIDEED BY THE RESPECTIVE OILS, E.G. PEPPERMINT OIL. MORE EXOTIC FLAVORS INCLUDE, ANETHOLE ANISE, APRICOT, BUBBLEGUM, CINNAMON, FENNNEL, LAVANDER, NEEM, GINGER, VANILLA, LEMON, ORANGE AND PINE. MORE UNUSUAL FLAVORS HAVE BEEN USED, E.G. PEANUT BUTTER, ICED TEA, AND EVEN WHISKY. UNFLAVORED TOOTHPASTES EXIST.

REMINERALIZER:- HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCRYSTALS AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ARE INCLUDED IN SOME

FORULATIONS FOR REMINERALIZATION, I.E. THE REFORMATION OF ENAMEL.

MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS:-AGENTS ARE ADDED TO SUPPRESS THE TENDENCY OF TOOTHPASTE TO DRY INTO A POWDER. INCLUDED ARE VARIOUS SUGAR ALCOHOLS , SUCH AS GLYCEROL, SORBITOL, OR XYLITOL, OR RELATED DERIVATIVES,SUCH AS 1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL STRONTIUM CHLORIDE OR POTASSIUM NITRATE IS INCLUDED IN SOME TOOTHPASTES TO REDUCES SENSITIVITY. SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE IS ADDED TO MINIMIZE THE FORMATION OF TARTAR.

COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE: - WHITEEXPEERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCETAKE APART OFTHE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4

SOLUTION.

FORMATION WHITE OF PPT

CO32-

CONFIRMED

TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE(1-2ML)

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

Ca2+ CONFRIMED

TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD MAGNESIUM MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4Cl AND NH4OH)

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

PO42-

CONFRIMED.

ACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS

A YELLOW PPT IS FORMED

I- IS CONFRIMED

SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HNO3. BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3

WHICH IS IN SOLUBLE IN NH4OH

TAKE SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD OXALIC ACID

SMELLS LIKE THAT OF VINEGAR

CH3COO-

PREPARE THE PASTE OF IT WITH A FEW DROPS OF WATER RUB AND SMELLTO ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KI

NO REACTION Pb ABSENT

TO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS AND THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE

A WHITE PPT IS FORMED

Mg PRESENT

CHEMICAL REACTION:- CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4

2-(WHITE PPT)

CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O (CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O4→2CHCOONa+ Ca2O4

NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl +H2O

I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT). (COOH)2+2CH3COONA→ NO REACTION Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION MgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NH4

+H2O

TEST ON COLGATE COLOUR OF PASTE: - WHITEEXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCETAKE A PART OF THE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4SOLUTION

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

CO3 2-

CONFRIMED

TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

Ca2+ CONFRIMED

TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

PO4 CONFRIMED

MAGNESIA MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4OH) AND ALLOW TO STANDACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HCL.BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3

A YELLOW PPT IS FORMED WHICH IS INSOLUBLE IN NH4OH

I- CONFRIMED

TAKE A SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD OXALIC ACID

SMELL LIKE THAT OF VIEGAR

CH3COO ABSENT

PREPARE THE PASTE OF IT WITH FEW DROPS OF WATER RUB AND SMELLTAKE ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KI

NO REACTION PB ABSENT

TO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS THEN ADD AMMONIUM

A WHITE PPT IS FORMED.

Mg PRESENT

PHOSPHATE.IONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:- CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4

2-

CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4

NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT) (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION MgCL2+NH4OH+

(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H2O

TEST ON CLOSE UP. COLOUR OF THE PASTE: - RED GELEXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCETAKE A PART OF THE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4SOLUTION

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

CO3 2-

CONFRIMED

TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM OXALIC

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

Ca2+ CONFRIMED

(1-2ML) AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD MAGNESIA MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4OH) AND ALLOW TO STAND

FORMATION OF WHITE PPT

PO4 CONFRIMED

ACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HNO3.BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3

FORMATION WHITE PPT

I- CONFRIMED

TAKE A SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD KI

FORMATION WHITE PPT

CH3COO PRESENT

TAKE ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KI

FORMATION WHITE PPT

PB ABSENT

TO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE.

A WHITE PPT IS FORMED.

Mg PRESENT

IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3, CH3COOCHEMICAL REACTIONS:- CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT) CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4

NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT) (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION MgCL2+NH4OH+

(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H2O

CONCLUSION:-HENCE AFTER TESTING DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF TOOTHPASTE, WE FIND THAT COLGATE HAS ALL

NECESSARY FOR STRONGER AND WHITER TEETH.ANIONS:- CATIONS:-OH-

SO42-

CO32-

CL-

Br -

I -

NO3-

H+

Ca2+

Cu2+

Fe3+

Fe2+

NH4+

SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS EXPERIMENT:-

WEAR EYE PROTECTION. AMMONIA SOLUTION CAUSES BURNS AND GIVES OFF AMMONIA VAPOURS WHICH IRRITATES THE EYES, LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN CAUSE BURNS AND IS DANGEROUS TO THE EYES.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID CAN CAUSE BURNS.

BARIUM CHLORIDE IS HARMFUL BY INHALATION AN IF SWALLOWED.

NITRIC ACID CAUSES BURNS.

Bibliography:-1. PRADEEP’S CHEMISTRY2. BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA3. NCERT CHEMISTRY4. GOOGLE5. CHEMISTRY TODAY