identification, biology, & control of aboveground …...foliage pests •primarily concerned...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground Pests in FL CitrusJanuary 23, 2019
![Page 2: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• What is IPM?
• What kind of information do you need to develop an IPM program?
Managing pests effectively requires knowledge of their population, phenology, and host association(s)
![Page 3: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Citrus Production in FL
• Perennial crop
• Historically stable ecosystem regarding insect management• Low insecticide inputs prior to ACP
• Retention of beneficial species (e.g. lady beetles) within/near crops
• More cases of successful biological control than any other cropping system
• ACP + higher insecticide inputs:• T.B.D.
![Page 4: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Introduction of invasive citrus pests
1964- Diaprepes root weevil
1995- Brown citrus aphid
L. Buss UF/IFAS
1993- Citrus Leafminer (CLM)
1998- Asian citrus psyllid (ACP)
![Page 5: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Arthropod Pests Affecting Florida Citrus Production
![Page 6: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Introduced into California in 1888
• First outstanding success in the field of classical biological control
• Successfully repeated in Florida in 1899
Vedalia lady beetle (Rodolia cardinalis)
Cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi)
![Page 8: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Arthropod aboveground impacts on citrus
• Fruit damage• Cosmetic vs destructive damage
• Foliage damage• Reduces photosynthetic capacity
• Reduces new growth
• Disease vectors• Insects that move diseases between hosts
![Page 9: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fruit DamageDirect damage to fruit
• Feeding reduces fruit quality, shape, or size
• Reduction in yield or cause fruit to drop
• Problem for fruit grown for fresh & processed markets
Damage to peel
• Largely cosmetic
• Problem for fresh market
Damage from leaf-footed bug feeding.
Weeks UF/IFAS CREC
Thrips feeding damage on peel.
UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 10: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stinkbugs and Leaf-footed bugs
Use piercing-sucking mouthpart topuncture fruit & feed. Feeding holes create openings for secondary pests/pathogens to enter including bacteria, fungi, and other insects.
Weeks UF/IFAS CREC Weeks UF/IFAS CRECWeeks UF/IFAS CREC Weeks UF/IFAS CREC
Weeks UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 11: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Rust mitesPredominant arthropod pest of fresh & processed
citrus in Florida
Citrus rust mite
(Phyllocoptruta oleivora)
Pink citrus rust mite
(Aculops pelekassi)
UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 12: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Damage• Feeding injury • Russeting of fruit & leaves• Mild to severe distortion of new leaf
growth• Brown lesions on lower surfaces &
along midribs of mature leaves• May produce mesophyll collapse,
chlorosis, and leaf drop
Rust mite damage to citrus
Leaf distortion on new growth
![Page 13: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Citrus rust mitePhyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead)
UF/IFAS CRECUF/IFAS CREC
![Page 14: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rust mite development
• Females lay 2 eggs/day
• ~30 eggs in a lifetime
• Egg adult in 6 days
• Adult male longevity approx. 6 days
• Adult female longevity approx. 14 days
![Page 16: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Citrus rust mite seasonalityPhyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
UF/IFAS CREC
CRM populations peak in early summer, then again at a smaller scale in mid-late fall depending on weather.
![Page 17: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pink citrus rust miteAculops pelekassi (Keifer)
UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 18: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PCRM damage to fruit appears as bronzing all over because it is done early in the fruit’s development.
![Page 19: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pink citrus rust mite (PCRM)Aculops pelekassi (Keifer)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
PCRM populations peak in mid spring/early summer.Populations build up on flowers & leaves prior to feeding on fruit.
UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 20: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Early in the season, pink citrus rust mites are more prone to damage leaves than the citrus rust mite
![Page 21: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Natural enemy complex for rust mites
Phytoseiid image: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/phytoseiidae/key/phytoseiidae/Media/Html/mites.htmTydeid image: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Yellow_mite_(Tydeidae),_Lorryia_formosa.jpg
Citrus rust mites
Stigmaeidae
A. Pelegrin
Cheyletidae
E. McDonald
Phytoseiidae
Tydeidae
Disease(next slide)
Other predacious arthropods:lady beetles, ants, spiders,
lacewing larvae….
![Page 22: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hirsutella thompsoniiFungal pathogen of mites, biological control for rust mites in citrus
![Page 23: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Control of CRM by
Hirsutella
![Page 24: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Action thresholds for control of rust mites
• Processed fruit• 10 rust mites / 2 cm2
• Controlled with 1-3 oil or miticide applications/season
• Fresh fruit• 2 rust mites / 2 cm2
• Controlled with 3-5 miticide applications/season
![Page 25: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri• Most commonly found in spring and early summer
• Prefer sheltered locations
• Females lay 300-600 eggs
• Damage
• Feeding causes cosmetic damage to fruit
• Produce large amounts of honeydew, leads to problems with sooty mold
• Can cause heavy fruit drop in grapefruit
• Cultivars most affected: grapefruit, navals, valencia
![Page 26: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Natural enemies of citrus mealybug
• Mealybugs generally occur at low levels and are kept in check by three natural enemies:
• Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
• Lady beetle
• The “mealybug destroyer”
• Found in groves May-June
• Entomophthora fumosa
• Fungus
• Prevalent after summer rainy season starts
• Leptomastidae abnormis
• Hymenopteran parasitoid
![Page 27: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Various species of lady beetles (Coccinellidae) contribute to the mortality of several citrus pests.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri- “mealybug destroyer”- Efficient predator of mealybugs despite
the waxy covering- Nymphal stages LOOK like mealybugs- Can be purchased for release, but there
are drawbacks…
Nymph Adult
![Page 28: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Control of Mealybugs
• Effective products for mealybugs have negative impacts on beneficial insect populations
• Insecticides should ONLY be applied to severe infestations
• Applications are most effective when applied before mealybugs have settled between fruit clusters
• Fruit clusters serve as shelter from
management actions BUT naturally
occurring predators can often reach
these locations
![Page 29: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Scale insect pests of citrus• Several species of ARMORED SCALES can be problematic
• Red scale, purple scale, Chaff scale
• Scale insects in Florida have historically been under biological control by a large number of natural enemies
• Not currently considered key pests in the development of pest management programs
D. Papacek http://thecitrusguy.blogspot.com/2012/05/citrus-with-some-mussel.html
![Page 30: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Secrets to success” for biological control of scale insects• Adult scales are sessile- either VERY slow moving or not moving at
all
• High number of offspring to support natural enemy population growth
• Populations tend to be concentrated easy for natural enemies to find
Aggregation of red scale on green fruit
![Page 31: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Florida red scaleChrysomphalus aonidum• Damage
• Feeding occurs on leaves, green twigs, and fruit
• Feeding causes discoloration at the feeding siteUF/IFAS CREC
UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 32: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Florida Red Scale (Chrysomphalus aonidum)
• Red scale now under biological control by parasitic wasps released in Florida (Aphytis wasps)
• Good example of successful classical biological control
![Page 33: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Florida red scale• Left: FRS Adult Female with Cover Lifted
• Lower left: 3rd instars of Aphytis holoxanthuson adult female scale
• Below: 5 fresh pupae of Aphytis holoxanthusunder FRS cover
![Page 34: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Purple scaleLepidosaphes beckii
• Once major pest of fruit, leaves, and twigs
• Populations are highest in late spring/early summer
• Parasitoid (Aphytis lepidosaphes) introduced in 1950s to manage
UF/IFAS CREC
Parasitoid emergence hole
UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 35: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Chaff scaleParlatoria pergandii• Often found on trunk and inner canopy
• Fruit feeding causes spotting
• Slow rate of reproduction + parasitoid Aphytis hispanicus historically kept populations low
UF/IFAS CREC
UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 36: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Thrips• Flower thrips
• Frankliniella bispinosa
• Frankliniella kelliae
• Orchid thrips
• Chaetanaphothrips orchidii
• Danothrips trifasciatus
• Greenhouse thrips
• Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
• Chili thrips
• Scirtothrips dorsalis
L. Buss UF/IFAS UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 37: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Thrips move between plants, making them a huge challenge to manage.
![Page 39: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thrips populations can reach high numbers in flowers (semi-protected)& lead to fruit damage
F. bispinosa collected from 20 open flowers/rep in March 2001 (Hillsborough Co.)
Variety Adults Larvae
Murcott 604 203
Murcott 815 379
Murcott 602 611
Rhode Red Valencia 2,166 1,696
Rhode Red Valencia 2,749 1,488
Rhode Red Valencia 2,468 855
Rhode Red Valencia 2,061 1,070
![Page 40: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Control of F. bispinosa on ‘Navel’
Treatment Insecticides RateApplication
dateMean no. fruit/m3
% yield increase
1
Chlorpyrifos 4EC 7.01 L 14 Feb
34.2a 43Formetanate
hydrochloride 92 SP1.4 kg 1 Mar
2
Dimethoate 4 EC 8.18 L 14 Feb
33.9a 42Formetanate
hydrochloride 92 SP1.4 kg 1 Mar
3Formetanate
hydrochloride 92 SP1.4 kg 15 Feb 27.9b 17
control n/a -- -- 23.9c --
Childers. 1992. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 1330-1339
![Page 41: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
1921 The Citrus Industry 2(3): 19
J.R. Watson
![Page 42: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
1940 The Citrus Industry 21: 5, 8-9, 12-13, 17
“…the so-called thrips marks are
caused by the young fruit being
rubbed against leaves and
twigs…not by thrips.” (W.C. Thompson)
![Page 43: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Does F. bispinosa cause scarring damage to ‘Murcott’ fruit?
![Page 44: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Thrips caging study on ‘Murcott’ blooms
![Page 45: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Outcome of caging study:
Caged study- 35 days after caging
No thrips 10 thrips 25 thrips
UF/IFAS CREC
Thrips feeding damage on ‘Murcott’
fruit
No Economic Injury Level set
UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 46: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Orchid and Greenhouse Thrips
• Cause rind blemishes on developing fruit, in particular “ring spotting”
• Develop in protected areas (under calyx, between touching fruit)
• Primarily a problem on red grapefruit varieties but can occur on white grapefruit varieties as well
UF/IFAS CREC
UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 47: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
UF/IFAS CRECUF/IFAS CREC
Ring scarring where fruit in clusters were touching
![Page 48: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Monitoring Orchid and Greenhouse thrips
• Examine interior clusters of red grapefruit when fruit are beginning to touch
• Use 10x hand lens to search for thrips (larvae and adults) on fruit where touching
• If most clusters sampled contain thrips, then insecticide application may be justified
•This damage is cosmetic in nature and does not affect internal fruit quality
![Page 49: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chili Thrips(Scirtothrips dorsalis)
• Recently introduced pest in Florida (2005)• Damage leaves and scar fruit
Host Plants:Over 150 host plants including banana, beans, chrysanthemum, citrus, corn, cotton, cocoa, eggplant, ficus, grape, grasses, holly, jasmine, kiwi, litchi, longan, mango, onion, peach, peanut, pepper, rose, soybean, strawberry, tea, tobacco, tomato, viburnum, etc.
![Page 50: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Chili Thrips damage
Rose Ligustrum (Privet)Pittosporum
Indian Hawthorn Schefflera Strawberry
![Page 51: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Scirtothrips spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
S. aurantii Faure - (South Africa)
S. dorsalis Hood – (Japan & Africa)
S. citri (Moulton) – (California & Arizona)
![Page 52: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Scirtothrips citri(Moulton)
![Page 53: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Foliage Pests
• Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees
• On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally problematic (i.e., spider mites)
• Pest problems typically associated with new flush
![Page 54: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Young Trees
Goal: Optimize tree growth and vigor to bring trees into production within 3-4 years after setting
![Page 55: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Young tree pest problems
UF/IFAS CREC
![Page 56: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Citrus leafminer (CLM)- Phyllocnistis citrella
![Page 57: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
CLM history in Florida
• First recorded in Homestead in Spring 1993
• By December it spread up to the Georgia border
![Page 58: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Citrus LeafminerLifecycle
Egg2-10 days
4 larval instars5-22 days
Pupal stage6-22 days
![Page 59: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
CLM can also cause damage to green twigs and in rare cases cause mining on fruit surface
![Page 62: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Seasonality of CLM in Florida
• overwinter as adults with no reproductive diapause
• very low populations exist throughout winter months on the low levels of new flush being produced
• with warmer weather, CLM produce more offspring more rapidly
• populations build up to noticeable levels when the summer flush occurs (usually May to June)
![Page 63: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
3/3
1/0
6
4/3
0/0
6
5/3
0/0
6
6/2
9/0
6
7/2
9/0
6
8/2
8/0
6
9/2
7/0
6
10
/27
/06
Date
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Me
an
pe
rce
nt
da
ma
ge
Leaf damage
Bearing citrus 2006
![Page 64: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
3/3
1/0
6
4/3
0/0
6
5/3
0/0
6
6/2
9/0
6
7/2
9/0
6
8/2
8/0
6
9/2
7/0
6
Date
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Me
an
pe
rce
nt
da
ma
ge
Leaf damage
Non-bearing citrus 2006
![Page 65: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Importance of CLM Damage
• Damage alone not significant on mature trees (New flush : Canopy)
• Damage on non-bearing trees can reduce tree growth
• Increased time to bring trees into production
![Page 66: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Canker / CLM Relationship
• Canker incidence can be up to 50% higher in groves where CLM damage is abundant (Sohi and Sandhu, 1968)
![Page 67: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Choice & Timing of Pesticide Applications
Non-bearing/young citrus
• soil-applied imidacloprid application is the best option for preventing CLM damage (current UF/IFAS recommendation)
• applications should be made 10-14 days prior to anticipated flush
• expect about 8 weeks of control
• soil-applied imidacloprid just prior to summer flush and again just prior to the fall flush should provide control of CLM during this peak time for CLM damage
• may also provide control of Asian citrus psyllid during these times as well
![Page 68: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Choice & Timing of Pesticide ApplicationsBearing citrus• preventing damage on bearing trees for canker management much
more difficult
• must rely on foliar applications if control warranted
• there are no soil-applied systemic insecticides available for CLM control on large, bearing trees
• as a general rule, there have never been any soil-applied systemic organophosphate or carbamate insecticides shown to provide effective control of CLM damage
• this includes aldicarb (Temik)*, dimethoate, oxamyl (Vydate), metasystox(MSR)
*Temik no longer registered for use in citrus
![Page 69: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Soil imidacloprid application: Sept. 4; Foliar applications: Sept. 18
Control of Damage by Citrus Leafminer
![Page 70: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
June 6 June 13 June 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pe
rce
nt
lea
f d
am
ag
e
Spintor
Agri-mek + oil
Untreated
Control of Damage by Citrus Leafminer
Foliar treatments applied May 19
![Page 71: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Timing of application for leafminer control
13 days from general budbreak is earliest time for application
Last potential date for leafminer application is 31 days after budbreak
[FOLIAR APPLICATIONS]
![Page 72: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Effects of cultural practices on CLM populations
• Promoting winter flush may result in higher CLM populations earlier in the season
• hedging and topping
• excessive irrigation
• fertilization regimes
![Page 73: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Biological Control of Citrus LeafminerAgeniaspis citricola: Imported into Florida from Australia in 1994
BEFORE intense ACP management, parasitism rates up to 86%were observed late in the season.
NOW-?
![Page 74: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Use of Pheromones in Leafminer Management
Non-pesticide approaches to CLM control–Previous lecture by L. Stelinski
http://cisr.ucr.edu/images/citrus_laef_miner_1.jpg
![Page 75: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Aphids
![Page 76: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Aphids
• Depend on newly expanding leaves for their development
• Leaf curling
• Large amounts of honeydew (blocks photosynthesis)
• Treatment warranted on young trees when > 50% of new foliage is infested
![Page 77: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Brown Citrus Aphid (BCA)
Toxoptera citricida
Vector of citrus tristeza virus
*CTV locally absent
![Page 78: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Aphid predators!Pseudodorus clavatus
Syrphid flyLarvae are predacious
https://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo269910.htm
Lady beetlesAdults & larvae predacious
J. Penney
M. Quinn
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harmonia_axyridis_larvae_2.jpg
M. Quinn
Cycloneda sanguinea Harmonia axyridis
Green lacewingsLarvae predacious
B. Newton
Drees
![Page 79: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Citrus Whitefly, Dialeurodes citri•Serious pest in the 1900-1930’s
• No longer a serious problem thanks to introduced parasitoid, predatory arthropods, and parasitic fungi
Citrus whitefly eggs Whitefly nymphs- translucent, produce large amounts of honeydew (1st instar has legs, absent in later instars)
Both male and female adults are winged.
FDACS-DPI
![Page 80: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Natural Enemies of Citrus Whitefly
![Page 81: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Exotic parasitoid of Citrus Whitefly,
Encarsia lahorensis
Successfully established in Florida in 1977
Whitefly nymph with parasitoid larva and pupa
![Page 82: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Whitefly Fungi
Aegerita sp.Aschersonia spp.
Effective with the right environmental conditions
Copper sprays inhibit growth of these “friendly fungi”
![Page 83: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Foliage pest concerns in mature trees
• Pests that reduce the overall health of the tree
• Cause leaf and/or fruit drop
• Produce honeydew, promoting sooty mold development
![Page 84: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Spider Mites
Citrus Red Mite (Panonychus citri)
Texas Citrus Mite (Eutetranychus banksi)
![Page 85: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Spider Mites
• Dry conditions favor rapid population growth
• Natural enemies exist, but can’t keep up with populations under dry conditions
• Highest populations September – May (dry period)
• 5-10 spider mites per leaf is action level for treatment if populations are not in decline
• Higher percentage of males indicates population declining
![Page 86: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Leaf drop caused by spider mites (January)
![Page 87: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Male (long legs)Females (Short legs)
Many females, eggs present, few males = population rapidly growing
![Page 88: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Black Scale, Saisettia neglecta
Brown Soft Scale, Coccus hesperidum
Cottony Cushion Scale, Icerya purchasi Green scale, Coccus viridis
Scale pests of foliage
![Page 89: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Honeydew from scale insects deposited on leaves = sooty mold
![Page 90: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Why do many Hemipterans produce honeydew?
• too much water can be a bad thing
• mechanism to cope with foods high in water content
Scale insects psyllids
![Page 91: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
ForegutTemporary storage and grinding of food
MidgutDigestion & absorption of nutrients into body
Alkaline pH ≥ 7
HindgutRe-absorption of water, salt & other nutrients before excretion of (dry) nitrogenous waste (frass)
![Page 92: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Insect Digestive and Excretory Systems
honeydew producers
FC = filter chamber; used to pass water directly out the rectum
thus concentrating plant sap before it is absorbed into the insect
body
![Page 93: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Insects and Mites associated with plant
diseases
Brief overview of biology…
![Page 94: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Asian citrus psyllid – Diaphorina citri
First found in Florida June 1998
![Page 95: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Citrus Greening Disease
![Page 96: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Asian Citrus Psyllid Distribution (FL)
• First detected in dooryard citrus trees in south Florida in 1998
• subsequent finds in nursery plants (orange jasmine [Murraya paniculata]) in discount stores throughout the state
• psyllid well established in primary citrus growing areas of FL and cannot be eradicated
Picture taken 1.4.19 in CREC groves
![Page 97: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
After Asian citrus psyllid colonized SE Florida (red), it moved on Murrayapaniculata to other counties very rapidly.
Rapid movement made eradication unfeasible
Found in SE areas of Texas and Mexico and CA in 2008
The “Home Depot” Effect
![Page 98: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
egg adult in 2 weeks at 75-80°F
5 nymphal stages
Life cycle takes 15-47 days
10 generations / year
Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP)
![Page 99: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• 3-4 mm in length
• mottled wings
• Adult psyllids can feed on both new and mature leaf flushes; prefer young leaves
• When young leaves not available, adult psyllids are found on underside of mature leaves feeding on leaf midvein
• Mean longevity of females increases with decreasing temperature within 59-86°F / 15-30°C
Adult ACP
![Page 100: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Adults gather at newly
emerging growing tips and on
young flushes, feed and mate
![Page 101: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Factors affecting psyllid populations
The two main factors regulating psyllid population growth are:
1.Temperature
2.New leaf flush (resource availability)
![Page 102: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Adults oviposit ONLY on young leaf
flush
Eggs are about 0.3 mm long and
almond shaped
Eggs are pale when deposited, turn
yellow then orange as they mature.
Often difficult to see without hand
lens
Asian Citrus Psyllid Eggs
![Page 103: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
**
*
*
![Page 104: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Duration of EGG STAGE (in days) and HATCH SURVIVAL
Temp (°F/°C) Days to hatch Survival
50°F / 10°C 0 0
59°F / 15°C 9.74 ± 0.23 84.5%
68°F / 20°C 7.03 ± 0.11 89.4%
77°F / 25°C 4.15 ± 0.07 95.5%
82°F / 28°C 3.46 ± 0.09 96.2%
86°F / 30°C 3.29 ± 0.06 93.2%
91.4°F / 33°C 0 0
Data from Liu & Tsai, 2000. Ann. Appl. Biol. 137:201-216.
![Page 105: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Psyllid developmental times (in days)
Temp (°F/°C) Egg to adult
50°F / 10°C 0
59°F / 15°C 49.3± 0.4
68°F / 20°C 28.8± 0.5
77°F / 25°C 17.0± 0.2
82°F / 28°C 14.1± 0.2
86°F / 30°C 16.3± 0.3
91.4°F / 33°C 0
Data from Liu & Tsai, 2000. Ann. Appl. Biol. 137:201-216.
![Page 106: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
• 0.3 mm long in the first instar
• 1.6 mm long as fifth instars
• Nymphs are yellow in color with red eyes and visible wing pads in larger nymphs
Asian Citrus Psyllid Nymphs
![Page 107: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
• early nymphal stages easily mistaken for aphids • white carbohydrate secretions provides an easy means of
distinguishing from aphids at a distance.
Asian Citrus Psyllid Nymphs
![Page 108: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Nymphal developmental times (in days)
Temp (°F/°C) Total nymphal stages Survival (%)
50°F / 10°C Failed to develop beyond 3rd instar
0
59°F / 15°C 39.6 ± 0.3 61.9
68°F / 20°C 21.8 ± 0.4 69.8
77°F / 25°C 12.8 ± 0.2 75.4
82°F / 28°C 10.6 ± 0.2 83.9
86°F / 30°C 13.0 ± 0.3 73.7
91.4°F / 33°C Failed to develop beyond 4th or 5th instar
0
Data from Liu & Tsai, 2000. Ann. Appl. Biol. 137:201-216.
![Page 109: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Low temperature developmental thresholds
1st instar 53°F (11.7°C)
2nd instar 51°F (10.7°C)
3rd instar 50°F (10.1°C)
4th instar 51°F (10.5°C)
5th instar 52°F (10.9°C)
![Page 110: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Effects of Cold Weather on Psyllid Populations
January 2-3, 2008
![Page 111: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
CREC Research Grove8-10’ ‘Hamlin’ orange
![Page 112: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Evaluating psyllid mortality• Caged 600 psyllids (30 psyllids/tree)
• Cages placed in plots with and without freeze protection (irrigation)
• Inside vs outer canopy
![Page 113: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Factors Evaluated
• Freeze protection vs. no freeze protection
• Effects of location of psyllids in tree canopy
• Recorded leaf temperatures and trunk base temperatures every 2 hours
• Data loggers within cages recorded temps every 15 mins.
• Weather station data also collected
![Page 114: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
CREC Jan 3, 2008 (8:00 AM)
![Page 115: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
CREC Temps (Jan 2-3, 2008)
10+ hrs below freezing
![Page 116: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Effects of Freeze Protection on Psyllid Survival
F = 3.55P = 0.076
![Page 117: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Mortality of Psyllids Located Inside and Outside Canopy
F = 2.31P = 0.1455
![Page 118: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Overall psyllid mortality from freezingAverage mortality rate: 60.8%
Minimum mortality observed: 20.7%• Lowest mortality in freeze protection plots
• With no freeze protection lowest 41.2%
Maximum mortality observed: 86.8%
![Page 119: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Conclusions
• At CREC location sustained freezing temperatures reduced psyllid populations an average of 60%
• Psyllid mortality likely to vary by location based on duration and intensity of cold
• Cold temperatures in the citrus growing regions of Florida are not enough to reduce the need for early season psyllid control
![Page 120: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Psyllid feeding damage
In the absence of the greening pathogen, psyllid control previously targeted young trees to protect new growth from damage that results in reduced tree growth.
![Page 121: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Dieback of new growth
![Page 122: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Witches broom effect
![Page 123: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Psyllid nymphs produce waxy secretions similar to aphid or scale insect honeydew
![Page 124: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Sooty mold - growing on sticky residues from secretions from psyllid nymphs
![Page 125: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Monitoring Psyllid PopulationsImportant to monitor when new flush is available
Critical time is spring and fall when temperatures are cooler and flush is abundant
Check expanding terminals for aggregations of psyllids
Adult psyllids found on underside of leaves near leaf midvein when no new flush is available
![Page 126: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Eggs tucked away in very young, newly forming leaves and leaf buds.
Monitoring Psyllid Populations
![Page 127: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Inspect new leaf and shoot flushes of citrus and citrus relatives such as orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata. Look for white honeydew and leaf distortion on new leaf flush and shoots.
Monitoring Psyllid Populations
![Page 128: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Biological Control of Psyllids
There are numerous natural enemies of psyllids present that suppress psyllid populations, especially in the summer and fall
Use of broad spectrum foliar insecticides will present a problem in maintaining populations of the natural enemies of psyllids and other potential pest species
![Page 129: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Natural Enemies of Juvenile D. citri in Florida
SpidersHibana velox (Anyphaenidae) Chiracanthium inclusum (Clubionidae)Hentzia palmarum (Salticidae)Oxyopes sp. (Oxyopidae)
Ladybeetles (Coccinellidae)Curinus coeruleusCycloneda sanguineaExochomus childreniHarmonia axyridisOlla v-nigrum
Green Lacewings (Chrysopidae)Chrysoperla rufilabrisCeraeochrysa spp. (2 - 3)
Hoverflies (Syrphidae)Allograpta obliqua
Brown Lacewings (Hemerobiidae)Micromus posticus
ParasitoidsTamarixia radiata
Hemiptera (Anthocoridae)Orius sp.
Ants (Formicidae)Dorymyrmex bureniPseudodmyrmex gracilis
![Page 130: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Biological Control:
Olla v-nigrum
J. P. Michaud
![Page 131: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Biological Control:Harmonia axyridis
Multicolored Asian ladybeetle
![Page 132: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Tamarixia radiata• External Parasite• Originally from India• Mass reared & released by FDACS• Variable incidence in Florida
“Classical” Biological Control
![Page 133: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Tamarixia radiata: life stages
Adult finding host
Adult laying egg Egg attached to abdomen of ACP
Larva attached to underside of ACP, consuming internal tissues
Pupa- will emerge through body of ACP
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/article/tn2001005.html#6
![Page 134: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Tamarixia Survey 2006-07(old, pre-ACP area-wide management attempts)
• surveyed major citrus growing areas
• establishment of Tamarixia?
• parasitism rates?
![Page 135: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
T. ra
dia
tap
ara
sit
ism
(%
)
2006-2007
C
Tamarixia survey 2006-07
average parasitism rates less than 20% throughout most of the season
![Page 136: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Additional Parasitoid Introductions
• Diaphorencyrtis aligarhensis• Encyrtidae
• Originally released along with T. radiata; failed to establish
• Additional releases made with parasitoids from geographic regions with climates more similar to FL
![Page 137: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Chemical Control of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
Recommendations updated annually in Citrus Production Guide*
*Current chapter:https://crec.ifas.ufl.edu/media/crecifasufledu/extension/plant-pathology-/florida-citrus-production-guide/pdf/ACP-and-Leafminer.pdf
![Page 138: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Soil-applied Insecticides for Psyllid Control
Young trees (< 6-8 feet tall)
• Soil applied systemic insecticides are most effective (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin)
• must be applied about 2 weeks prior to flush for best results
• in sandy soils, can be washed away if heavy rains occur with 12 -24 hr post treatment
• have fewer negative effects on natural enemy populations
![Page 139: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
![Page 140: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Foliar-applied Insecticides for Psyllid Control
Use on both young and mature trees:
• best to target psyllids before new flush present
•Control adults before eggs laid
• typically broad-spectrum products
• most have negative effects on natural enemies
•Will discuss in more detail later (next lecture)
![Page 141: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Brevipalpus mites and Citrus Leprosis
![Page 142: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Tenuipalpidae
• Over 622 species in 26 genera worldwide
• False spider mites, flat mites
• Primarily found in tropical/subtropical areas
• Genus Brevipalpus most important economic group
![Page 143: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
![Page 144: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Egg
Larva
Photochrysalis
Protonymph
Deutochrysalis
Deutonymph
Teliochrysalis
Adult Female
Adult Male
50-60/female
![Page 145: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Comparative developmental rates, egg production and adult longevity of Brevipalpusphoenicis and Panonychus citri at 270 C
(Duration in days)
B. phoenicis P. citri
Egg 6.0 3.4Larva 4.8 1.9Protonymph 4.8 1.6Deutonymph 4.9 2.3Egg-Adult 20.7 12.0Adult Longevity 20.4 -
Host Oroxylum indicum Citrus sp.
Authors: Beavers & Hampton 1971; Lal 1978; Saito 1979
![Page 146: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Brevipalpus californicus, B. obovatus and B. phoenicis
Two problems:•Mites can develop to large numbers on various
host plants. They have toxic saliva that can result in feeding injuries to citrus and other economic crops.
•Mites are vectors of one or more unassigned Rhabdoviruses in citrus, coffee, passion fruit, orchids and numerous woody ornamental
plants.
![Page 147: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Brevipalpus spp.
Examples of direct feeding damage – The following
images ARE NOT LEPROSIS
![Page 148: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
![Page 149: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
![Page 150: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
![Page 151: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
![Page 152: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
![Page 153: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
![Page 154: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
![Page 155: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
![Page 156: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Leprosis
• Problem on sweet orange varieties
• Caused by virus that is not systemic in plant
• B. phoenicis is the only confirmed vector
• Miticide costs on Brazilian citrus exceed 90 million US dollars per year (Omoto 2000)
• Currently not in Florida (is present in Mexico)
![Page 157: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Citrus Leprosis (symptoms)
• Chlorotic leaf lesions becoming brown with or without necrotic centers
• Flat or slightly raised necrotic areas on twigs and leaves
• Flat or depressed lesions on fruit with concentric patterns and gumming
• Abscission of leaves and fruit and twig dieback due to extensive lesion development
![Page 158: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Leprosis: Fruit Lesions
![Page 159: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Leprosis : Fruit Drop
![Page 160: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Sharpshooters and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis
![Page 161: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Citrus Variegated Chlorosis• Causal agent Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem limited
bacteria
• Found in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and more recently identified in Costa Rica
• Transmitted by sharpshooter leafhoppers
• Infects most citrus cultivars
![Page 162: Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground …...Foliage Pests •Primarily concerned with protection of foliage on young trees •On mature trees, a few pests are occasionally](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053020/5f28c64d9e71e62751387d43/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Next Lecture…
• How to develop a comprehensive pest management program in the presence of ACP/HLB
• Insecticides and modes of action