idef

• IDEF

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IDEF4

1 IDEF4, or Integrated DEFinition for Object-Oriented Design, is an object-oriented

design modeling language for the design of component-based client/server systems. It

has been designed to support smooth transition from the application domain and requirements analysis models to the design

and to actual source code generation. It specifies design objects with sufficient

detail to enable source code generation.


IDEF4

1 This method is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the

field of systems and software engineering.


IDEF4 - Overview

1 IDEF4 method is a graphically oriented methodology for the design of object-oriented software systems


IDEF4 - Overview

1 The IDEF4 method multi-dimensional approach to object-oriented software

system design consists of the following items:


IDEF4 - Overview

1 Artifact design status (application

domain, in transition, software

domain),https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IDEF4 - Overview

1 Design features ranging from general to specific enabling deferred decision making.


IDEF4 - History

1 The development of IDEF4 came from the recognition that the modularity,

maintainability and code reusability that results from the object-oriented programming paradigm can be realized in traditional data

processing applications. The proven ability of the object-oriented programming paradigm to support data level integration in large complex

distributed systems is also a major factor in the widespread interest in this technology from

the traditional data processing community.


IDEF4 - History

1 IDEF4 seeks to provide the necessary facilities to support the object-

oriented design decision making process.


IDEF4 - Dimensions of IDEF4 Design Objects

1 IDEF4 uses an object-oriented design method or procedure that is very

similar to Rumbaugh’s Object Method Technique and Schlaer/Mellor’s

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/OOD) technique. However,

there are some crucial differences:



1 IDEF4 allows one to track the status of design artifacts from domain

object through transition to design specification, and



1 IDEF4 includes a design rationale component.



1 These extra dimensions are shown in the figure. The edges of the box

show the progression of the design from start to finish elaborating each

of these dimensions.


IDEF4 - IDEF4 Design Activities

1 In IDEF4, a design starts with the analysis of requirements and takes as input the domain

objects. These domain objects are encoded in their equivalent IDEF4 form and marked as

domain objects. As computational objects are developed for these objects, they are marked as “transitional” and finally as “completed.” The level of completion of an IDEF4 design is

determined by setting measures based on the status, level, and model dimensions of

individual artifacts in the design.



1 The system-level design starts once the “raw material” (domain) objects have been

collected



1 IDEF4 is an iterative procedure involving partitioning,

classification/specification, assembly, simulation, and re-partitioning

activities, see figure


IDEF4 - IDEF4 Object-oriented Concepts

1 Domains : IDEF4 projects are implemented in a domain. A domain

can be seen as the scope of the system being developed. During system design, the software is

transitioned between three domains: the application domain, the design domain, and the implementation

domain.



1 Features, Artifacts, and Objects



1 Object Instance : Objects can be object instances, object classes, and object partitions. Object instances

are the individual things encountered in the application domain.



1 Classes : Classes are generalizations about objects and are used to manage complexity by taking

advantage of similarities in object instances and grouping them under a

class or category.



1 Subclass/Superclass : The term subclass captures the concept of grouping particular instances of a

class into an even more specialized class.



1 Attributes : Attributes are an implementation choice on how to represent an object’s state.



1 Object States : Object states represent situations or conditions of

an object instance that are meaningful in the design.



1 Method : A method is an implementation of behavior (i.e., a

set of instructions according to which the object performs some operation).



1 Message and Polymorphism : Objects communicate by sending messages to each

other.



1 Object Life cycles : In any system, objects exhibit patterns of behavior

as they cycle through different states.



1 Inheritance : A specific type of relationship used in object-oriented technology is

inheritance.



1 Encapsulation and Information Hiding : Encapsulation and information hiding are two object-oriented concepts that are most easily

understood when discussed in terms of interactions between objects.


IDEF4 - Object Class Identification

1 The IDEF4 Method assumes that the domain objects have been identified through

Object-Oriented Domain Analysis. Methods such as IDEF1, IDEF5, IDEF3, SA/SD can be used to perform domain analysis. However, IDEF4 practitioners should be aware of how objects are identified, as the design process

may reveal deficiencies in the Object-Oriented Analysis. IDEF4 had defined five

types of classes:



1 Role Objects : The role may be related to other activities that the

person engages in (e.g., a patient in a hospital, a stockholder, a client, a trustee, a suspect in a burglary, or a

tax payer).



1 Event Objects : Events or incidents may also be considered objects. The identification of events as objects is highly subjective, and will depend on the domain in which the software is

to be used.



1 Interaction Objects : Interaction objects are the result of interactions or transactions between two or more

objects.



1 Specification and Procedure Objects : Specification objects describe the

acceptable characteristics of objects instances. Procedure objects refer to the way other object instances may

interact.


IDEF4 - IDEF4 Layers

1 This three layered organization reduces the complexity of the design. The system design

layer ensures connectivity to other systems in the design context. The application layer

depicts the interfaces between the components of the system being designed. These

components include commercial applications, previously designed and implemented

applications, and applications to be designed. The low-level design layer represents the

foundation objects of the system.


IDEF4 - IDEF4 Artifact Status

1 IDEF4 distinguishes between IDEF4 artifacts newly created from the

application domain, artifacts in transition to design specification, and artifacts that

have been specified that can be applied to create the design specification. Any design artifact in IDEF4 can be marked as domain,

transition, or complete. This allows practitioners and reviewers to track the

progress of the design toward completion.


IDEF4 - IDEF4 Design Models

1 IDEF4 uses three design models and a design rationale

component:



1 The Dynamic Model (DM) specifies the communication between objects and the state transitions of objects.



1 The design rationale component provides a top-down representation of the system, giving a broad view that encompasses the three design

models and documents the rationale for major design evolutions.



1 Each model represents a different cross section of the design. The three design

models capture all the information represented in a design project, and the

design rationale documents the reasoning behind the design. Each model is supported

by a graphical syntax that highlights the design decisions that must be made and their impact on other perspectives of the

design. To facilitate use, the graphical syntax is identical among the three models.


IDEF4 - Design Features

1 IDEF4 provides a broad range of design features – from generic to specific. This

range enables deferred decision making by allowing the designer to first capture design features in general terms and later to refine them. This significantly reduces the burden

on designers by allowing them to immediately capture new design concepts with IDEF4 design features, even if these

design concepts have not yet been explored in detail.


IDEF4 - Further reading

1 Thomas M. Blinn (1989). IDEF3 and IDEF4 Automation System

Requirements Documents and System Environment Models: An

Interim Technical Report.. National Technical Information Service.



1 Patricia Griffith Friel and Thomas M. Blinn (1989). "Automated IDEF3 and IDEF4 Systems Design Specification Document". Technical report. NASA

Johnson Space Center.



1 Richard J. Mayer, Douglas D Edwards (1990). IDEF4 Technical Report,

Version 1.0. NASA* Richard J. Mayer, Douglas D. Edwards (1990). IDEF4 Formalization Report, Version 1.0.

NASA


Enterprise engineering - IDEF

1 IDEF, first developed as a modeling language to model manufacturing systems, has been

used by the U.S. Airforce since 1981 and originally offered four different notations to

model an enterprise from a certain viewpoint. These were IDEF0, IDEF1, IDEF2 and IDEF3 for functional, data, dynamic and process

analysis respectively. Over the past decades a number of tools and techniques for the

integration of these different notations have been developed incrementally.


Enterprise engineering - IDEF

1 IDEF shows how a business process flows through a variety of decomposed business functions with corresponding information

inputs, outputs and actors. Like CIMOSA, it also uses different enterprise views.

Moreover, IDEF can be easily transformed into UML-diagrams for the further

development of IT systems. These positive characteristics make it a powerful method for the development of Functional Software

Architectures.


Function model - IDEF0

1 IDEF0 is a function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions,

which offers a functional modeling language for the analysis, development, re-

engineering, and integration of information systems; business processes; or software engineering analysis. It is part of the IDEF

family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language building

SADT.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Function model - IDEF0

1 IDEF0 should assist in organizing system analysis and promote

effective communication between the analyst and the customer

through simplified graphical devices.


IDEF

1 IDEF, initially abbreviation of ICAM Definition, renamed in 1999 as

Integration DEFinition, refers to a family of modeling languages in the

field of systems and software engineering


IDEF

1 The most-widely recognized and used components of the IDEF family

are IDEF0, a functional modeling language building on SADT, and

IDEF1X, which addresses information models and database design issues.


IDEF - Overview on IDEF Methods

1 IDEF refers to a family of modeling language, which cover a wide range of uses, from functional modeling to

data, simulation, object-oriented analysis/design and knowledge acquisition. Eventually the IDEF

methods have been defined up to IDEF14:



1 IDEF2 : Simulation Model Design



1 IDEF3 : Process Description Capture



1 IDEF5 : Ontology Description Capture



1 IDEF6 : Design Rationale Capture



1 IDEF7 : Information System Auditing



1 IDEF8 : User Interface Modeling



1 IDEF9 : Business Constraint Discovery



1 IDEF10 : Implementation

Architecture Modeling



1 In 1995 only the IDEF0, IDEF1X, IDEF2, IDEF3 and IDEF4 had been developed in

full. Some of the other IDEF concepts had some preliminary design. Some of the

last efforts were new IDEF developments in 1995 toward establishing reliable

methods for business constraint discovery IDEF9, design rationale capture IDEF6, human system, interaction design

IDEF8, and network design IDEF14.



1 The methods IDEF7, IDEF10, IDEF11, IDEF 12 and IDEF13 haven't been developed any further than their

initial definition.


IDEF - History

1 IDEF originally stood for ICAM Definition, initiated in the 1970s at the US Air Force

Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio by Dennis E. Wisnosky, Dan L. Shunk and others. and completed in the 1980s. IDEF was a product of the

Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) initiative of the United States Air

Force. The IEEE recast the IDEF abbreviation as "Integration DEFinition."


IDEF - History

1 Further development of IDEF occurred under those projects as a

result of the experience gained from applications of the new modeling

techniques


IDEF - History

1 At the time of the ICAM 1102 effort there were numerous, mostly incompatible, data model

methods for storing computer data — Sequential (VSAM), Hierarchical (IMS), Network (Cincom's TOTAL and CODASYL, and Cullinet's

IDMS). The relational data model was just emerging as a promising way of thinking about

structuring data for easy, efficient, and accurate access. Relational Database

Management Systems had not yet emerged as a general standard for data management.


IDEF - History

1 The ICAM program office deemed it valuable to create a "neutral" way of describing the data content of large-scale systems. The emerging academic literature suggested

that methods were needed to process data independently of the way it was physically

stored. Thus the IDEF1 language was created to allow a neutral description of

data structures that could be applied regardless of the storage method or file

access method.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IDEF - History

1 In particular, IDEF1 draws on the following

techniques:


IDEF - History

1 the Evolving Natural Language Information Model (ENALIM)

technique of Dr G. M. Nijssen (Control Data Corporation) — this technique is now more widely known as NIAM or

the Object-Role Model ORM;


IDEF - History

1 the network data structures technique, popularly called the

CODASYL approach, of Dr Charles Bachman (Honeywell Information

Systems);


IDEF - History

1 the hierarchical data management technique, implemented in IBM's IMS

data management system, developed by Dr R. R. Brown

(Rockwell International);


IDEF - History

1 The Entity-Relationship

Approach (E-R) of Dr Peter Chen (UCLA).


IDEF - History

1 The effort to develop IDEF1 resulted in both a new method for information modeling and an example of its use in the form of a "reference

information model of manufacturing." This latter artifact was developed by D. S. Coleman of the D. Appleton Company (DACOM) acting as a sub-contractor to Hughes and under the direction of Mr Ramey. Personnel at DACOM became quite expert at IDEF1 modeling and subsequently

produced a training course and accompanying materials for the IDEF1 modeling technique.


IDEF - History

1 The translation of IDEF1 models to database designs, however, proved to be difficult.


IDEF - IDEF1X

1 DACOM labeled the result IDEF1X and supplied it to the ICAM program.


IDEF - IDEF1X

1 Because the IDEF program was funded by the government, the

techniques are in the public domain. In addition to the ADAM software, sold by DACOM under the name

Leverage, a number of CASE tools, such as ERwin, use IDEF1X as their representation technique for data

modeling.


IDEF - IDEF1X

1 The IISS projects actually produced working prototypes of an information

processing environment that would run in heterogeneous computing

environments. Current advancements in such techniques as Java and JDBC are

now achieving the goals of ubiquity and versatility across computing environments which was first

demonstrated by IISS.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IDEF - IDEF2 and IDEF3

1 The latter was the focus of IDEF2, the former is

the focus of IDEF3.


IDEF - IDEF4

1 IDEF4 seeks to provide the necessary facilities to support the object-

oriented design decision making process.


IDEF - IDEF5

1 The IDEF5 Ontology Capture Method has been developed to reliably

construct ontologies in a way that closely reflects human understanding

of the specific domain.


IDEF - IDEF5

1 In the IDEF5 method, an ontology is constructed by capturing the content of certain assertions about real-world objects, their properties and their interrelationships, and representing that content in an intuitive and natural form. The IDEF5 method has three main components: A

graphical language to support conceptual ontology analysis, a structured text language for detailed ontology characterization, and a

systematic procedure that provides guidelines for effective ontology capture.


IDEF - IDEF6

1 IDEF6, or Integrated Definition for Design Rationale Capture, is a

method to facilitate the acquisition, representation, and manipulation of

the design rationale used in the development of enterprise systems


IDEF - IDEF6

1 IDEF6 will be a method that possesses the conceptual resources and linguistic

capabilities needed


IDEF - IDEF6

1 to represent the nature and structure of the information that constitutes

design rationale within a given system, and


IDEF - IDEF6

1 to associate that rationale with design specifications, models, and documentation for

the system.


IDEF - IDEF6

1 IDEF6 is applicable to all phases of the information system development

process, from initial conceptualization through both preliminary and detailed

design activities. To the extent that detailed design decisions for software systems are relegated to the coding

phase, the IDEF6 technique should be usable during the software construction

process as well.


IDEF - IDEF8

1 At this level of design, IDEF8 provides a library of metaphors to

help users and designers specify the desired behavior in terms of other objects whose behavior is more

familiar


IDEF - IDEF9

1 A primary motivation driving the development of IDEF9 was an

acknowledgment that the collection of constraints that forge an

enterprise system is generally poorly defined


IDEF - IDEF14

1 IDEF14, or Integrated Definition for Network Design Method, is a method that targets the

modeling and design of computer and communication networks. It can be used to

model existing ("as is") or envisioned ("to be") networks. It helps the network designer to

investigate potential network designs and to document design rationale. The fundamental

goals of the IDEF14 research project developed from a perceived need for good network

designs that can be implemented quickly and accurately.


IDEF - Further reading

1 Ovidiu S. Noran (2000). Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF Paper Griffh University


Semidefinite programming

1 'Semidefinite programming' ('SDP') is a subfield of convex

optimization concerned with the optimization of a linear objective function (that is, a function to be

maximized or minimized)



1 Many practical problems in operations research and

combinatorial optimization can be modeled or approximated as

semidefinite programming problems



1 All linear programming|linear programs can be expressed as SDPs,

and via hierarchies of SDPs the solutions of polynomial optimization

problems can be approximated. Semidefinite programming has been used in the optimization|optimization of complex systems. In recent years,

some quantum query complexity problems have been formulated in

term of semidefinite programs.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Semidefinite programming - Initial motivation

1 Specifically, a general semidefinite programming problem can be defined as any mathematical

programming problem of the form



1 ^n c_ (x^i \cdot x^j)subject toi,j,kS\rm tr\mathbb^n\rm

tri=1,j=1ijij\displaystyle\min_ \langle A_k, X \rangle_ \leq b_k, \quad k = 1,\

ldots,m \\



1 where entry i,j in C is given by c_ from the previous section and A_k is

an n \times n matrix having i,jth entry a_ from the previous section.



1 As another example, note that for any positive semidefinite matrix X, there exists a set of vectors \ such that the i, j entry of X is X_ = (v_i,

v_j) the dot product|scalar product of v_i and v_j


Semidefinite programming - Definitions

1 Analogously to linear programming, given a general

SDP of the form



1 ^m \langle b, y \rangle_^msubject to\displaystyle\sum_^m\

R^mABACBCpmatrixABACABBCACBCpmatrixABBCAC131223112233pmatrix121312231323pmatrixAB12AC13BC23trcccccccccccc121312231323123

121AC13(c^T x)^2d^Tx



1 where we assume that d^Tx!-- this section is linked to from

Randomized_rounding, please update that link there if you change the

section title here --nealeyoung May 31, 2010 --ref/ref


Semidefinite programming - Algorithms

1 There are several types of algorithms for solving SDPs. These algorithms

output the value of the SDP up to an additive error \epsilon in time that is

polynomial in the program description size and \log (1/\epsilon).


Semidefinite programming - Interior point methods

1 Most codes are based on interior point methods (CSDP, SeDuMi,

SDPT3, DSDP, SDPA). Robust and efficient for general linear SDP

problems. Restricted by the fact that the algorithms are second-order methods and need to store and

factorize a large (and often dense) matrix.


Semidefinite programming - Bundle method

1 The code ConicBundle formulates the SDP problem as a nonsmooth

optimization problem and solves it by the Spectral Bundle method of nonsmooth optimization. This approach is very efficient for a

special class of linear SDP problems.


Semidefinite programming - Other

1 Algorithms based on augmented Lagrangian method (PENSDP) are similar in behavior to the interior

point methods and can be specialized to some very large scale problems. Other algorithms use low-

rank information and reformulation of the SDP as a nonlinear programming

problem (SPDLR).


Semidefinite programming - Software

1 * [ http://sdpa.sourceforge.net/index.html

SDPA], C++



1 * [ http://dollar.biz.uiowa.edu/~sburer/pmwiki/pmwiki.php%3Fn=Main.SDPLR

%3Faction=logout.html SDPLR], C, Matlab



1 SeDuMi runs on MATLAB and uses the Self-Dual method for solving

general convex optimization problems.


Semidefinite programming - Applications

1 Semidefinite programming has been applied to find approximate solutions

to combinatorial optimization problems, such as the solution of the

max cut problem with an approximation ratio of 0.87856.

SDPs are also used in geometry to determine tensegrity graphs, and arise in control theory as Linear

matrix inequality|LMIs.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Quadratically constrained quadratic program - Semidefinite programming

1 When P0, hellip; Pm are all Positive-definite matrix|positive-definite matrices, the problem is Convex optimization|convex and can be

readily solved using interior point methods, as done with semidefinite

programming.


IDEF1X

1 IDEF1X is used to produce a graphical information model which

represents the structure and semantics of information within an

environment or system.[http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/idef1x.doc FIPS Publication 184]

released of IDEF1X by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)


IDEF1X

1 IDEF1X permits the construction of semantic data models which may

serve to support the management of data as a resource, the integration of

information systems, and the building of computer databases. This standard is part of the IDEF family of

modeling languages in the field of software engineering.


IDEF1X - Overview

1 The primary objectives of the IDEF1X standard are to

provide:


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * Means for completely understanding and analyzing an organization's data resources


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * Common means of representing and

communicating the complexity of data


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * A technique for presenting an overall view of the data required to run an enterprise


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * Means for defining an application-independent view of data which can

be validated by users and transformed into a physical database

design


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * A technique for deriving an integrated data definition from existing data resources.


IDEF1X - Overview

1 A principal objective of IDEF1X is to support system

integration|integration


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * Consistent with the infrastructure of the business and true across all application areas


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * Extendible, such that new data can be defined without altering previously defined

data


IDEF1X - Overview

1 * Transformable to both the required user views and to a variety of data

storage and access structures.


IDEF1X - History

1 As a result, the ICAM Program developed a series of techniques

known as the IDEF (ICAM Definition) Methods which included the

following:


IDEF1X - History

1 * IDEF0 used to produce a “function model” which is a structured

representation of the activities or processes within the environment or

system


IDEF1X - History

1 * IDEF1 used to produce an “information model” which

represents the structure and semantics of information within the

environment or system


IDEF1X - History

1 * IDEF2 used to produce a “dynamics model”.


IDEF1X - History

1 The initial IDEF1 technique was based on the work of Dr R


IDEF1X - History

1 In 1983, the U.S. Air Force initiated the Integrated Information Support

System (I2S2) project under the ICAM program. The objective of this project

was to provide the enabling technology to logically and physically

integrate a network of heterogeneous computer hardware

and software. As a result of this project, and industry experience, the need for an enhanced technique for

information modeling was recognized.


IDEF1X - History

1 From the point of view of the technical content of the modeling

technique, IDEF1X is a renaming of LDDT.


IDEF1X - Logical Database Design Technique

1 Nevertheless, the central goal of IDEF1 and LDDT was the same: to

produce a database-neutral model of the persistent information needed by an enterprise by modeling the real-

world entities involved



1 LDDT included an environmental (namespace) hierarchy, multiple levels of model, the modeling of

generalization/specialization, and the explicit representation of

relationships by primary and foreign keys, supported by a well defined

role naming facility



1 The LDDT software, ADAM, supported view (model) entry, view merging,

selective (subset) viewing, namespace inheritance,

normalization, a quality assurance analysis of views, entity relationship

graph and report generation, transformation to a relational

database expressed as SQL data declaration statements, and

referential integrity checking SQL. Logical models were serialized with a

structural modeling language.



1 DACOM labeled the result IDEF1X and supplied it to the ICAM program, which

published it in 1985


IDEF1X - IDEF1X Building blocks

1 ;Entities : The representation of a class of real or abstract things

(people, objects, places, events, ideas, combination of things, etc.) that are recognized as instances of the same class because they share the same characteristics and can

participate in the same relationships.



1 ; Domains: A named set of data values (fixed, or possibly infinite in number) all of the same data type, upon which the actual value for an attribute instance is drawn. Every

attribute must be defined on exactly one underlying domain. Multiple

attributes may be based on the same underlying domain.



1 ; Attributes: A property or characteristic that is common to some or all of the instances of an entity. An attribute represents the

use of a domain in the context of an entity.



1 ; Keys: An attribute, or combination of attributes, of an entity whose

values uniquely identify each entity instance. Each such set constitutes a

candidate key.



1 ; Primary Keys: The candidate key selected as the unique identifier of an entity.



1 ; Foreign Keys: An attribute, or combination of attributes of a child or category entity instance whose values match those in the primary key of a related parent or generic

entity instance



1 ; Categorization Relationships: A relationship in which instances of

both entities represent the same real or abstract thing



1 ; Non-Specific Relationships: A relationship in which an instance of either entity can be related to any number of instances of the other.



1 ; View Levels: Three levels of view are defined in IDEF1X: Entity

Relationship (ER), Key Based (KB), and Fully Attributed (FA). They differ

in level of abstraction. The ER level is the most abstract. It models the

most fundamental elements of the subject area - the entities and their relationships. It is usually broader in scope than the other levels. The KB

level adds keys and the FA level adds all the attributes.


IDEF1X - The Three Schema Approach

1 The three-schema approach in software engineering is an approach to building information systems and systems information management,

that promotes the Conceptual schema|conceptual model as the key

to achieving data integration.[http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/strap/strpsec2.htm STRAP SECTION 2

APPROACH]. Retrieved 30 September 2008.



1 A Model (abstract)|schema is a scientific modelling|model, usually

depicted by a diagram and sometimes accompanied by a

language description. The three schemas used in this approach

are:Mary E.S. Loomis (1987). The Database Book. p. 26.



1 * External schema for user views



1 * Conceptual schema integrates external schemata



1 * Internal schema that defines physical storage structures.



1 At the center, the conceptual schema defines the ontology of the concepts as the user (computing)|users think

of them and talk about them


IDEF1X - Modeling Guidelines

1 :The objectives of the Project Initiation

phase include:



1 :* Source material – a plan for the acquisition of source material, including indexing and

filing



1 :* Author conventions – a fundamental declaration of the

conventions (optional methods) by which the author chooses to make

and manage the model.



1 :The objective of the Relationship Definition phase is to identify and

define the basic relationships between entities. At this stage of

modeling, some relationships may be non-specific and will require

additional refinement in subsequent phases. The primary outputs from

Phase Two are:



1 :* Define key attributes for each entity



1 ;Phase Four - Attribute Definition



1 :The objectives of the Attribute

Definition phase are to:



1 :* Develop an attribute pool



1 :* Establish attribute ownership



1 :* Define nonkey attributes


IDEF1X - IDEF1X Meta Model

1 Such metamodeling|meta models can be used for various purposes,

such as repository design, tool design, or in order to specify the set

of valid IDEF1X models



1 Meta models have two important limitations. First, they specify syntax but not semantics. Second, a meta model must be supplemented with

constraints in natural or formal language. The formal theory of

IDEF1X provides both the semantics and a means to precisely express the

necessary constraints.



1 The meta model, as an IDEF1X model,

has a corresponding formal theory



1 * To each constant in the theory, an individual in the

domain is assigned



1 * To each n-ary function symbol in the theory, an n-ary function over the domain is assigned



1 In the intended interpretation, the domain of individuals consists of

views, such as production; entities, such as part and vendor; domains, such as qty_on_hand; connection

relationships; category clusters; and so on. If every axiom in the theory is true in the interpretation, then the interpretation is called a model for

the theory. Every model for the IDEF1X theory corresponding to the

IDEF1X meta model and its constraints is a valid IDEF1X model.


Functional model - IDEF0

1 It is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of

software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language building Structured Analysis and

Design Technique|SADT.


Functional model - IDEF0


effective communication between the analyst and the customer through simplified graphical

devices.Varun Grover, William J


Murchison Widefield Array

1 The 'Murchison Widefield Array' (MWA) is a joint project between an

international consortium of universities to build a low-frequency

Radio telescope#Radio interferometry|radio array operating in the frequency range 80–300MHz



1 The MWA is the first so-called large-N array, fully cross-correlating signals

from 128 phased tiles, each of which consist of 16 crossed dipoles

arranged in a 4x4 square. The field of view is large by the standard of

astronomical instruments, being on the order of 30degrees across.



1 Murchison Widefield Array


Murchison Widefield Array - Science

1 The MWA is an inherently versatile instrument with a wide range of

potential science goals. Scientific priorities during the early science phase will be determined partly by

the evolving instrumental capabilities, and partly by the

potential of such studies to accelerate commissioning and the

initiation of the key science projects.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21813206B The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA): Exploring the

Epoch of Reionization with the Redshifted 21 cm Line]



1 In solar, heliospheric and ionospheric (SHI) research, the highest priority is characterisation of the heliospheric

magneto-ionic medium via interplanetary scintillation and

Faraday rotation propagation effects using background astronomical radio

sources.



1 Secondary key science projects include radio transient detection and

monitoring, solar burst imaging, studies of ionospheric phenomena,

and a variety of astronomical studies using all-sky survey data


Murchison Widefield Array - System overview

1 An MWA Antenna (radio)|antenna comprises four by four regular grid of

dual-polarisation dipole elements arranged on a 4m x 4m steel mesh

ground plane



1 The majority of the tiles (112) will be scattered across a roughly 1.5km core region, forming an array with

very high imaging quality, and a field of view of several hundred square degrees at a resolution of several

arcminutes. The remaining 16 tiles will be placed at locations outside

the core, yielding baseline distances of about 3km to allow higher angular

resolution for solar burst measurements.



1 The correlator subsystem comprises Poly-phase Filter Bank (PFB) boards

that convert the 1.28MHz coarse frequency channels into channels with 10kHz frequency resolution in preparation for cross-correlation.

Correlator boards then cross-multiply signals from all tiles to form visibility data. A distributed clock signal drives

the coherence of receivers in the field and maintains timing for the

correlator.



1 Murchison Widefield Array



1 the MWA site.[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2

007AAS...211.1104W Data Processing Using GPUs for The MWA].

Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 39, p.744.

American Astronomical Society. Retrieved on 2 December 2012. The science output files and calibration

data are written to an off-site archive for further analyses.



1 The MWA will be operated remotely through an interface to a Monitor and

Control (MC) software package resident on a dedicated computer

located within the CSIRO Data Processing Facility at the MWA site



1 Data will be transferred from the RTC storage disks to the MWA archive located at the end of a high-bandwidth network connection. The

primary MWA data archive(s) will likely be located in Perth, Western Australia|Perth, with copies in other locations in Australia and the US. The resultant qualified data will then be

provided to, and stored by, the various scientific databases for subsequent

distribution to the respective scientific communities for analysis and interpretation.


Murchison Widefield Array - Development

1 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21813207W The

Murchison Widefield Array (MWA): Current Status and Plans]


Murchison Widefield Array - Project partners

1 The MWA Project is composed of the following project partners, in no particular order:



1 * Kavli Foundation|MIT Kavli Institute

for Astrophysics and Space Research



1 * University of Washington



1 * Arizona State University



1 * Australian National University



1 * Australia Telescope National Facility



1 * Victoria University of Wellington



1 Funding for the MWA to date has been provided by partner institutions and by allocations from national funding agencies: the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development (now the

Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment), the US National Science

Foundation, the Australian Research Council (ARC), National Collaborative Research

Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), Australia-India Strategic Research Fund Overview (AISRF), and support to the Raman Research Institute (RRI)

for MWA in Indiahttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Square Kilometre Array - Murchison Widefield Array (MWA)

1 The Murchison Widefield Array[http://www.mwatelescope.org/ Murchison Widefield Array website] is

a low-frequency radio array operating in the frequency range 80–300MHz also under construction at

the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site in Western

Australia.


Richard Grenville - Development of Bideford

1 Grenville was never elected as Mayor of Bideford, preferring instead to

support John Salterne in that role, but he was Lord of the Manor, a title held

by the Grenvilles since 1126 and finally ceded by his descendants in

1711 to the Town Council he established


IDEF0

1 'IDEF0', a compound acronym (Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling, where 'ICAM' is an

acronym for Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing) is a function

modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions, which

offers a functional modeling language for the analysis,

development, reengineering (software)|reengineering, and

integration of information systems; business processes; or software

engineering analysis.[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/

aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-

fall-2005/readings/sefguide_01_01.pdf Systems

Engineering Fundamentals.] Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001


IDEF0

1 IDEF0 is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of

software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language Structured Analysis and Design

Technique (SADT).


IDEF0 - Overview


effective communication between the analyst and the customer

through simplified graphical devices.


IDEF0 - Overview

1 Numerous commercial products specifically support development and

analysis of IDEF0 diagrams and models.


IDEF0 - Overview

1 An associated technique, Integration Definition for Information Modeling

(IDEF1x), is used to supplement IDEF0 for data-intensive systems.

The IDEF0 standard, Federal Information Processing Standards

Publication 183 (FIPS 183), and the IDEF1x standard (FIPS 184) are

maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).


IDEF0 - Overview

1 FIPS PUB 183 Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0), was

withdrawn as a Federal Standard (in favor of OPEN Specifications and

Standards) September 2, 2008, as cited in The Federal Register,

Volume 73, page 51276 (73FR/51276). SEE:

http://www.nist.gov/itl/upload/Withdrawn-FIPS-by-Numerical-Order-

Index.pdfhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IDEF0 - History

1 During the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force Program for Integrated Computer

Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) sought to increase manufacturing

productivity through systematic application of computer technology.

The ICAM program identified the need for better analysis and

communication techniques for people involved in improving

manufacturing productivity. As a result, in 1981 the ICAM program developed a series of techniques

known as the IDEF (ICAM Definition) techniques which included the

following:


IDEF0 - History

1 * IDEF0, used to produce a function model. A function model is a

structured representation of the functions, activities or processes

within the modeled system or subject area.[http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADB062457 ICAM Architecture Part II-

Volume IV - Function Modeling Manual (IDEF0)], AFWAL-TR-81-4023,

Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air

Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

45433, June 1981.


IDEF0 - History

1 * IDEF1, used to produce an information model. An information model represents the structure and semantics of information within the

modeled system or subject area.ICAM Architecture Part II,

Volume V - Information Modeling Manual (IDEF1), AFWAL-TR-81-4023,

Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air

Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

45433, June 1981.


IDEF0 - History

1 * IDEF2, used to produce a dynamics model. A dynamics model represents

the time-varying behavioral characteristics of the modeled system or subject area.ICAM

Architecture Part II, Volume VI - Dynamics Modeling Manual (IDEF2),


IDEF0 - History

1 These FIPS documents are

based on the IDEF manuals published

by the U.Shttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IDEF0 - The IDEF0 Approach

1 The result of applying IDEF0 to a system is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text,

and glossary cross-referenced to each other


IDEF0 - IDEF0 Building blocks

1 The IDEF0 model displayed here on the left is based on a simple syntax. Each activity is described by a verb-based label placed in a box. Inputs

are shown as arrows entering the left side of the activity box while output are shown as exiting arrows on the right side of the box. Controls are

displayed as arrows entering the top of the box and mechanisms are

displayed as arrows entering from the bottom of the box. Inputs,

Controls, Outputs, and Mechanisms are all referred to as concepts.



1 * Arrow : A directed line, composed of one or more arrow segments, that models an open channel or conduit

conveying data or objects from source (no arrowhead) to use (with

arrowhead). There are 4 arrow classes: Input Arrow, Output Arrow, Control Arrow, and Mechanism Arrow

(includes Call Arrow). See Arrow Segment, Boundary Arrow, Internal

Arrow.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 * Box : A rectangle, containing a name and number, used to represent a function.



1 * Context : The immediate environment in which a function (or

set of functions on a diagram) operates.



1 * Decomposition : The partitioning of a modeled function into its component

functions.



1 * Fork : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) divides into two or

more arrow segments. May denote unbundling of meaning.



1 * Function : An activity, process, or transformation (modeled by an IDEF0

box) identified by a verb or verb phrase that describes what must be

accomplished.



1 * Join : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) merges with one or

more other arrow segments to form a single arrow segment. May denote

bundling of arrow segment meanings



1 * Node : A box from which child boxes originate; a parent box. See

Node Index, Node Tree, Node Number, Node Reference, Diagram

Node Number.


IDEF0 - Graphical notation

1 * functions (represented on a

diagram by boxes), and



1 * data and objects that interrelate those functions (represented by

arrows).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 As shown by Figure 3 the position at which the arrow attaches to a box conveys the specific role of the interface. The controls enter the top of the box. The inputs, the

data or objects acted upon by the operation, enter the box from the left. The outputs of the operation leave the right-hand side of the box. Mechanism arrows that provide

supporting means for performing the function join (point up to) the bottom of the

box.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IDEF0 - The IDEF0 process

1 The IDEF0 process starts with the identification of the prime function to

be decomposed. This function


IDEF0 - The IDEF0 process

1 is identified on a “Top Level Context Diagram,” that defines the scope of

the particular IDEF0 analysis. An example of a Top Level Context

Diagram for an information system management process is shown in Figure 3. From this diagram lower-level diagrams are generated. An

example of a derived diagram, called a “child” in IDEF0 terminology, for a life cycle function is shown in Figure

4.


IDEF0 - Federal Information Processing Standards

1 In Dec 1993 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announcing the

standard for Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) in the category

Software Standard, Modeling Techniques. This publication announces the adoption of the IDEF0 as a Federal Information Processing

Standard (FIPS). This standard was based on the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories

Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Architecture from June 1981.


Gram determinant - Positive semidefinite

1 The Gramian matrix is Positive-semidefinite matrix|positive

semidefinite, and every positive semidefinite matrix is the Gramian

matrix for some set of vectors. Further, in finite-dimensions it determines the vectors up to

isomorphism, i.e. any two sets of vectors with the same Gramian

matrix must be related by a single unitary matrix. These facts follow

from taking the spectral decomposition of any positive semidefinite matrix P, so that


Gram determinant - Positive semidefinite

1 and so P is the Gramian matrix of the columns of U\

sqrt.


Gérard de Ridefort

1 'Gerard of Ridefort' (died October 4, 1189) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of

1184 until his death in 1189.


Gérard de Ridefort - Early life

1 Gerard of Ridefort is thought probably to have been of Flanders|

Flemish origin, although some nineteenth-century writers suggested

an Anglo-Norman background, apparently through misreading his

designation as of Bideford. It is uncertain when he arrived in the

Kingdom of Jerusalem. He appears in the charter record in the service of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the late

1170s, and by 22 October 1179 held the rank of Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Marshals|Marshal of the

kingdom.


Gérard de Ridefort - Early life

1 It seems that he expected Raymond III of Tripoli to give him the hand of an available

heiress


Gérard de Ridefort - Templar

1 Gerard fell seriously ill, after which he took vows as a Templar. By June 1183 he held the rank of seneschal of the Order. He was elected Grand Master in late 1184 or early 1185,

after the death of Arnold of Torroja in Verona.



1 Gerard continued to hold a grudge against Raymond of Tripoli, which influenced some of

his political manœuvrings. In 1186, when Baldwin V of Jerusalem died, Gerard took the side of Sibylla of Jerusalem|Queen Sibylla and her husband Guy of Lusignan in the ensuing succession struggle. Raymond and his allies

the Ibelin family were the leaders of the opposing faction, who supported the claim of

Sibylla's younger half-sister Isabella of Jerusalem|Isabella.



1 In the crisis of 1187, Gerard used the money sent by Henry II of England and deposited with the Templars in Jerusalem to hire additional troops for the arrière ban to defend the

Kingdom of Jerusalem from Saladin



1 In July of the same year Gerard led the Templars at the Battle of Hattin. Saladin had captured Tiberias and

Guy was contemplating a march on the city to retake it. Raymond

advised him to wait for Saladin to come to them, since they were in a

well-defended, well-watered position, and would have to cross a dry open

plain to reach Tiberias. Gerard opposed this, and convinced Guy to

continue the march. He was supported by Raynald of Châtillon, a

fellow enemy of Raymond.



1 The armies of Outremer ended up trapped on the dry plain and were defeated on July 4. Raymond and several other nobles escaped, but

Gerard, Guy, and Raynald were captured by Saladin. The rest of the Templar prisoners were executed. Gerard remained a prisoner until

1188, during which time his Order was commanded by Brother Thierry (Terricus) from Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre.



1 Gerard was given the condition by Saladin that, if he could convince a

Templar fortress to surrender peacefully, he would be set free



1 In 1189, he again joined forces with Guy, taking the Templars to the Siege

of Acre (1189–1191)|Siege of Acre. He was beheaded after being taken

prisoner by Saladin again on October 4, 1189.


Gérard de Ridefort - Game

1 *Gerard is also a general of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the

Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms#Crusades Campaign|Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms

Crusades Campaign.


Gérard de Ridefort - Film

1 *Gerard was portrayed by Nicholas Boulton (actor)|Nicholas Boulton in the Swedish 2007 film Arn ndash;

The Knight Templar and 2008 sequel Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End.


Gérard de Ridefort - Film

1 *Gerard was portrayed by Ulrich Thomsen in the 2005 in film|2005

film Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven.


Semidefinite

1 In mathematics, a 'definite quadratic form' is a quadratic form over some Real number|real vector space that has the same positive

and negative numbers|sign (always positive or always negative) for every

nonzero vector of . According to that sign, the quadratic form is called

'positive definite' or 'negative definite'.


Semidefinite

1 A 'semidefinite' (or 'semi-definite') quadratic form is defined in the same

way, except that positive and negative are replaced by not

negative and not positive, respectively. An 'indefinite' quadratic

form is one that takes on both positive and negative values.


Semidefinite

1 More generally, the definition applies to a vector space over an ordered

field.Milnor Husemoller (1973) p.61


Semidefinite - Associated symmetric bilinear form

1 Quadratic forms correspond one-to-one to symmetric bilinear forms over

the same space. A symmetric bilinear form is also described as

definite, semidefinite, etc. according to its associated quadratic form. A quadratic form and its associated

symmetric bilinear form are related by the following equations:


Semidefinite - Example

1 As an example, let , and consider the quadratic form


Seattle Center - PrideFest

1 Seattle PrideFest is the Official Seattle Gay Pride Festival held

annually at the Seattle Center over Pride Weekend


Bideford

1 'Bideford' is a historic port town on the estuary of the River Torridge in north Devon, South West England|south-west England. It is the main

town of the Torridge Districts of England|local government district.

The people of the town are known as Bidefordians.


Bideford - Toponymy

1 In ancient records Bideford is recorded as; Bedeford, Byddyfrod, Bedyford, Bydeford, Bytheford and Biddeford. The etymology of the

name means by the ford, and records show that before there was a bridge, there was a Ford (crossing)|ford at

Bideford where River Torridge is estuarine and at low tide it is

possible, but not advisable, to cross the river by wading on foot.


Bideford - Early History

1 In ancient records Bideford was recorded as a borough but has only

returned Member of Parliament|members to parliament during the reigns of Edward I (1272-1307) and

Edward II (1307-1327).


Bideford - 1500ndash;1700

1 http://rootsweb.ancestry.com/~molcgdrg/nl/nl-12/nl02-12f.htm His interment was at

the same church five days later.http://nativeheritageproject.com/201

2/07/02/raleigh-a-wynganditoian/ Sir Richard Grenville's great-grandson, Sir

John Granville, helped restore Charles II of England|Charles II to the throne and in 1601 he made Sir John Granville, Baron Granville of Bideford and Earl of Bath.



1 After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the expulsion of French

Protestants from France a considerable number of them

immigrated to Bideford and they brought a lot of new trades to the

town including silk weaving.



1 In the 16th century a man called John Strange was born in the town. When he

was in his youth he fell from a cliff and did not suffer any injury, then later on in his

life someone fired an arrow at his forehead, but it did not penetrate his skull and only and the only lasting damage was a scar.

Then a person tried to throw him over the Long Bridge but they were unexpectedly

and luckily interrupted by something.



1 In 1902 the first car arrived in Bideford it was

owned by Dr E.J


Bideford - World War II

1 It has also emerged that the Nazis had a map of Bideford in readiness

for a possible invasion,http://www.germaninvasion.

co.uk/archiveimages/tp012-w.jpg also the Nazis had an aerial picture

of the area for intelligence purposes.http://www.clique.co.uk/col

optics/luftwaffe/luftimages/LS-306.jpg


Bideford - Long Bridge

1 The Bideford Bridge Trust held responsibility for the long bridge right up until the year 1968 when

one of the arches of the bridge collapsed


Bideford - Port Shipping

1 Currently ball clay is exported from Bideford to Castellón de la Plana|Castellón,

Spainhttp://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=9080 and also Naantali,

Finland;http://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=9268utm_source=twitterfeedutm_medium=tw

itter also wood has been exported to Wismar, Germany.http://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=7419 The Kathleen and May, the last

remaining British built wooden hull three masted top sail schooner is registered in Bideford and used to be based there.http://kathleenandmay.blogspot.co.uk/

There are also still some fishing boats that operate out of Bideford.


Bideford - Witch trial

1 The Bideford witch trial in 1682 involved three women, Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles and Susannah Edwards, accused of witchcraft and resulted in one of the last hangings

for witchcraft in England.


Bideford - Namesakes in the United States Canada

1 The city of Biddeford, Maine in the United States was named after the English town, using the original old English spelling. Also, the town of

Bideford, Prince Edward Island|Bideford in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada, is named

after the English town.


Bideford - Bideford Black

1 Recently some Bideford Black was exchanged by locals for some Australian Aboriginal Elder Noel Butler, Noel Butlers nephew has used the Bideford Black to paint his body for

Aboriginal ceremonial events in Australia.http://bidefordblack.blogspot.co.uk/p/your-

stories.html The Heritage lottery fund has given a grant of £8700 to the Burton Art Gallery to fund research into

Bideford Black.http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SxB5RFUIn70/URlVvr5rcaI/

AAAAAAAAAJw/Oca8aQImyTY/s1600/bideford+black+pr+ndj+7213.jpeg In October 2013 a

display about Bideford Black happened at Bidefords Burton Art Gallery.http://bidefordblack.blogspot.co.uk/p/whats-it-

all-about.html


Bideford - Demographics

1 In November 2008 1.95% of the population claimed job seekers

allowance.http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/councildemocracy/neighbourho

ods-villages/devon-town-focus/bideford.htm Domestic violence rates

are 2.6% higher than the Devon average, alcohol-related crime is

0.4% higher than the Devon average and drugs related crime is the same

as the Devon average.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Bideford - Ferry

1 A ferry operates between Bideford quay and Lundy|Lundy Island, which

lies about away in the Bristol Channel. The same ship, the MS Oldenburg|MS Oldenburg, also provides evening cruises from

Bideford along the River Torridge but in the downstream direction only as

it is too big to pass under the Bideford Long Bridge.


Bideford - Coast path

1 The South West Coast Path National Trail runs through the town, and gives access to walks along the

rugged North Devon coast.


Bideford - Bus

1 Bus There are several bus services provided by Stagecoach South West,

First Devon and Cornwall, and Beacon Bus, including:


Bideford - Bus

1 *319 - Barnstaple -Bideford - Abbotsham - Woolsery -

Hartland - Bude


Bideford - Bus

1 Many routes are subsided by Devon

County Council.


Bideford - Railway

1 The station still exists East-the-Water and is now managed by a

preservation group, the Bideford Railway Heritage Centre


Bideford - Railway

1 In 2009, James May's Toy Stories attempted to run OO scale trains on

a temporary track on the right of way. A subsequent attempt in 2011

was successful.


Bideford - Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway

1 The locomotives were fitted with skirts to protect pedestrians as at

one point the line ran along the quay at Bideford


Bideford - Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway

1 The railway fell into financial difficulties until in the First World War the War Department (UK)|War Department requisitioned all of its equipment for use in France. Bideford's 13th

century Long Bridge was temporarily converted into a railway bridge to carry the locomotives and rolling stock onto the main line railway near Bideford Station.Stuckey,

Douglas (1962). The Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway 1901-1917. Pub. West

Country Publications.


Bideford - Climate

1 Bideford has a wet but mild climate, during the winter Bideford

experiences a lot of frosty nights and mornings and also gets some snow. During the summer Bideford is quite

wet, but also mild.


Bideford - East-the-Water

1 The town of Bideford has grown to cover land on both sides of the River Torridge; the area located east of the

river is known as East-the-Water. Much of the land that has been built

on in recent years is drained marshland.


Bideford - East-the-Water

1 (1879) [http://genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/Bidef

ord/BidefordMurray1879.html A Handbook for Travellers in

Devonshire (9th edition)] The area is surrounded by agriculture|

agricultural land.


Bideford - Governance

1 The town council received widespread attention in February

2012 when the High Court of Justice|High Court ruled that prayers as part of meetings were not lawful by the

Local Government Act 1972.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-16980025 Bideford

Town Council prayers ruled unlawful], BBC, 2012-02-10



1 Torridge District Council[http://www.torridge.gov.uk torridge.gov.uk] is the next level of

local government and most decisions are made by Devon County Council.

[http://www.devon.gov.uk devon.gov.uk]



1 The local Member of Parliament|MP is the Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative

Geoffrey Cox (British politician)|Geoffrey Cox and the Member of the European Parliament|MEP local aristocrat Tory Giles Chichester. The

two Devon County Council councillors who represent the town are Gaston Dezart and

Robin Julian, they are both members of UKIP.http://www.northdevongazette.co.uk/ne

ws/reaction_ukip_win_two_seats_but_tories_maintain_stronghold_1_2179578


Bideford - Education

1 State-funded primary schools in Bideford include East-the-Water

Primary School, Pynes Infants School, St Mary's Church of England Primary School and Westcroft Junior School. Bideford College is the main state-

funded secondary school serving the area.


Bideford - Education

1 Kingsley School, Bideford|Kingsley School is a co-educational

independent school situated in Bideford. In was founded in 2009

when Grenville College and Edgehill College merged with each other. It is

a member of the Methodist Independent Schools

trust.http://www.methodisteducation.co.uk/file.php/1/Merger_press_release

_28_10_08_final.dochttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Bideford - Sport and recreation

1 One field is used primarily as the home ground of the main local rugby union club, Bideford RFC (Chiefs) who currently play in the Tribute Western

Counties West|Tribute Western Counties West

League.[http://www.bidefordrfc.co.uk bidefordrfc.co.uk] The other field,

commonly referred to as The Sports Ground, is the home to Bideford AFC,

the town's main local association football|football club, they currently play in the Southern Football League Premier Division and are managed by

Sean William Joyce



1 There is a cricket club in the park called Victoria Park Cricket Club, but there is also Bideford, Littleham and Westward Ho! Cricket Club and they

play in Westward Ho!http://www.bidefordcc.co.uk/

There are two bowling clubs in the town, one is Bideford Bowling Club

who play near to The Sports Ground, and the other is Bideford Victoria

Park Bowling Club.http://www.bidefordbowlingclub.co.uk/http://www.bidefordpeople.co.uk/societies-clubs-and-hobbies/sports-

clubs/victoria-park-bowling-club/business-8193672-detail/

business.html There is also a gymnastics club in the town called the North Devon Display Gymnastic

Club.http://www.northdevongymnastics.org.uk/



1 In 2009 the sixth stage of the Tour of Britain finished in the town and large crowds lined the quay where it

finished.http://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2645 In 2012 the Tour of Britain passed through the town, again large crowds came out to

watch.http://www.northdevongazette.co.uk/news/tour_of_britain_2012_bideford_1_1519129?

id=11storyId=1 On 19 March 2012 the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay|2012 Olympic torch relay passed

through the town, large crowds lined the towns streets and school children from the towns schools

were also allowed to line the route even though it was during the school day.


Bideford - Religion

1 The number of religious people in the area is higher than the average in

Devon.http://www.devon.gov.uk/census_profile_-

_bideford_and_northam.pdf


Bideford - Notable residents

1 The actress Joanna Tope was born in Bideford


Bideford - New Year traditions

1 Bideford is renowned for its New Year's Eve celebrations, when thousands of people - most

in fancy dress - from surrounding towns, villages and around the world gather on the

quay for revelries and a fireworks display.McCurrach, 2002.Prince, 2005. The event normally includes a number of local

musical acts performing on the X Radio One Roadshow

stage.http://www.thisisnorthdevon.co.uk/PHOTOS-Thousands-enjoy-New-Year-8217-s-Eve/story-17739842-detail/story.html#axzz2XEyQ1gZ9


Bideford - Radio

1 Local radio was provided by Heart North Devon, the station, which

started in 1992 and originally called Lantern FM was based in Bideford in

a building named the Lighthouse, later moved to an industrial estate in

nearby Barnstaple


Bideford - Newspapers

1 Also there is a monthly Newspaper published called The Bideford and District Post.


Bideford - Twinning

1 The town is Twin towns|twinned with Landivisiau in France. It has been

twinned with Landivisiau since 1976, each year members of the Bideford Twinning Association take part in an

exchange trip with Landivisiau.http://www.bideford-tc.gov.uk/your-history-and-our-

friends/twin-towns/landisvisau-france


Bideford - Twinning

1 The Bideford town clerk, George McLauchlan, told him that locals had never heard of Manteo and the only town Bideford was twinned with was

in France


Bideford - Twinning

1 But the story goes back much further, 500 years, to the mysterious disappearance of a colony of more than 100 people on Roanoke Island, many of whom were migrants from

Bideford


Bideford - Art

1 The Burton Art Gallery is an art Gallery in the town it has collections on various things, such as Bideford’s Heritage which includes clay pipes

and tea caddies in the collection. The art gallery features a lot of work by local artists featuring local heritage,

local landscapes and local interests.http://www.burtonartgallery.

co.uk/https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Bideford - Bideford Film Society

1 The Bideford Film Society was set up in 2001 and they got a grant from the Bridge Trust and Bideford Town Council. The Bideford Film Society shows films just after their cinema release, the films they screen are

either screened at Kingsley School or in the Devon Hall at Bideford

College.http://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=749


Bideford - Markets

1 The medieval market was held near to where the bottom of the High Street is today.http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00CD8PK3O

The current Pannier Market has been there since 1884 and consists of a large market hall which as well as markets hosts boxing matches and other events and butchers row, which is

now made up of small shops, galleries and butchers.http://bidefordbuzz.org.uk/articles/bideford-pannier-

market-and-butchers%E2%80%99-row/ A farmers market takes place on the quay on nearly every Saturday throughout the

summer.http://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=7276 A Continental Market also visits Bideford annually, market

traders from France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Holland, Poland and other countries come to sell products on Bideford

quay.http://www.torridge.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=9184


Bideford - Shopping

1 Bideford has many small shops and galleries. Atlantic Village is an outlet

shopping centre on the western outskirts of the town. It has over

thirty retail outlets and an adventure park called

Atlantis.http://www.atlanticvillage.co.uk/


For More Information, Visit:

• https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com








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