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1.I n d u s t r ia l Co n t r o l Sys t e m -W ik ip ed ia , Th e Fr ee En cyclop ed ia

NIST

Industrial Control Security Testbed.

[1]

I n d u s t r ia l co n t r o l s ys t e m ( ICS) is a generalterm that encompasses several types ofcontrolsystems used in industrial production, includingsupervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)systems, distributed control systems(DCS), and

other smaller control system configurations such asskid-mountedprogrammable logic controllers (PLC)often found in the industrial sectors and criticalinfrastructures.

ICSs are typically used in industries such aselectrical, water, oil, gas and data. Based on

information received from remote stations,automated or operator-driven supervisory


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commands can be pushed to remote station controldevices, which are often referred to as field devices.Field devices control local operations such as

opening and closing valves and breakers, collectingdata from sensor systems, and monitoring the localenvironment for alarm conditions.

2 .[e d i t ] A h is to r ica l p e r sp ec t iveIndustrial control system technology has evolvedover the decades. DCS systems generally refer to the

particular functional distributed control systemdesign that exist in industrial process plants (e.g., oiland gas, refining, chemical, pharmaceutical, somefood and beverage, water and wastewater, pulp andpaper, utility power, mining, metals). The DCSconcept came about from a need to gather data and

control the systems on a large campus in real time onhigh-bandwidth, low-latency data networks. It iscommon for loop controls to extend all the way to thetop level controllers in a DCS, as everything works inreal time. These systems evolved from a need toextend pneumatic control systems beyond just asmall cell area of a refinery.

The PLC (programmable logic controller) evolvedout of a need to replace racks of relays in ladderform. The latter were not particularly reliable, weredifficult to rewire, and were difficult to diagnose.PLC control tends to be used in very regular, high-

speed binary controls, such as controlling a high-speed printing press. Originally, PLC equipment did


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not have remote I/O racks, and many couldn't evenperform more than rudimentary analog controls.

SCADA's history is rooted in distribution

applications, such as power, natural gas, and waterpipelines, where there is a need to gather remotedata through potentially unreliable or intermittentlow-bandwidth/high-latency links. SCADA systemsuse open-loop control with sites that are widelyseparated geographically. A SCADA system uses

RTUs (remote terminal units, also referred to asremote telemetry units) to send supervisory databack to a control center. Most RTU systems alwaysdid have some limited capacity to handle localcontrols while the master station is not available.However, over the years RTU systems have grownmore and more capable of handling local controls.

The boundaries between these system definitions areblurring as time goes on. The technical limits thatdrove the designs of these various systems are nolonger as much of an issue. Many PLC platforms cannow perform quite well as a small DCS, using remote

I/O and reliable that some SCADA systems actuallymanage closed loop control over long distances. Withthe increasing speed of today's processors, manyDCS products have a full line of PLC-like subsystemsthat weren't offered when they were initiallydeveloped.

This led to the concept of a PAC (programmableautomation controller or process automation


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controller), that is an amalgamation of these threeconcepts. Time and the market will determine

whether this can simplify some of the terminology

and confusion that surrounds these concepts today.DCSs are used to control industrial processes such aselectric power generation, oil and gas refineries,

water and wastewater treatment, and chemical, food,and automotive production. DCSs are integrated as acontrol architecture containing a supervisory level of

control, overseeing multiple integrated sub-systemsthat are responsible for controlling the details of alocalized process.

Product and process control are usually achieved bydeploying feed back or feed forward control loops

whereby key product and/or process conditions are

automatically maintained around a desired set point.To accomplish the desired product and/or processtolerance around a specified set point, only specificprogrammable controllers are used.

PLCs provide boolean logic operations, timers, and(in some models) continuous control. The

proportional, integral, and/or differential gains ofthe PLC continuous control feature may be tuned toprovide the desired tolerance as well as the rate ofself-correction during process upsets. DCSs are usedextensively in process-based industries. PLCs arecomputer-based solid-state devices that control

industrial equipment and processes. While PLCs cancontrol system components used throughout SCADA


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background information, as a reference for correctterminology and search terms, and as a startingpoint for further research.

As with anycommunity-built reference, there is apossibility for error in Wikipedia's contentpleasecheck your facts against multiple sources and readour disclaimers for more information.

8 .Bib l iog r a ph ic de t a ils fo r " I nd u s t r ia l con t r o ls y s t e m "

Please remember to check your manual of style,standards guide or instructor's guidelines for theexact syntax to suit your needs. For more detailedadvice, seeCit in g W ik iped ia .

9 .Cit a t i on s t yle s fo r " I nd u s t r ia l con t r o l sys t e m "10 .

APA style

Industrial control system. (2012, May 3).In W ikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved09:24, May 9, 2012,from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259

11.MLA st yle Wikipedia contributors. "Industrial controlsystem." W ikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 May. 2012.Web. 9 May. 2012.

12 .MH RA s tyle


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Wikipedia contributors, 'Industrial controlsystem', W ikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 May2012, 13:17 UTC,

[accessed 9May 2012]

13 .Chicago s tyle Wikipedia contributors, "Industrial controlsystem," W ikipedia, The Free

Encyclopedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259(accessed May 9, 2012).

14 .CBE/CSE s tyle Wikipedia contributors. Industrial control system

[Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2012May 3, 13:17 UTC [cited 2012 May 9]. Availablefrom:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259.

15.Blu ebo ok s tyle Industrial controlsystem, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259 (last

visited May 9, 2012).

16 .Blu e book : H a r va r d J O LT s t yle Wikipedia,Industrial control

system ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_con


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trol_system (optional description here) (as of May 9,2012, 09:24 GMT).

17. AM A styleWikipedia contributors. Industrial control system.Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. May 3, 2012,13:17 UTC. Availableat:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259. AccessedMay 9, 2012.

18 .BibTeX e n t r y@misc{ wiki:xxx,

author = "Wikipedia",

title = "Industrial control system --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia",

year = "2012",

url =

"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=49046

2259",

note = "[Online; accessed 9-May-2012]"

}

When using the LaTeX package url(\usepackage{url} somewhere in the preamble), whichtends to give much more nicely formatted web

addresses, the following may be preferred:@misc{ wiki:xxx,


title = "Industrial control system --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia",

year = "2012",

url =

"\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=

490462259}",


}


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19 .W ikiped ia t a lk pa gesMarkup

[[Industrial control system]]

([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259 this

version])Result

Industrial control system (this version)

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2 0 .P r o gr a m m a b le Au t o m a t io nCon t r o lle r - W ik ip e d ia , Th e F r e e

Encyc lopedia

Ap r o gr a m m a b le a u t o m a t io ncon t ro l l e r (PAC) is a compact controller thatcombines the features and capabilities of a PC-

based control system with that of a

typical programmable logic controller (PLC). PACsare most often used in industrial settings for processcontrol, data acquisition, remote equipmentmonitoring, machine vision, and motion control.

Additionally, because they function andcommunicate over popular networkinterfaceprotocols likeTCP/IP, OLE for processcontrol (OPC) and SMTP, PACs are able to transferdata from the machines they control to othermachines and components in a networked controlsystem or to application software and databases.

2 1.[e d i t ] P AC Or igin sThe ARC Advisory Group, an analyst group focusedon the manufacturing industry, is generally creditedfor originating the term "PAC". It was first coined in2001 as a way to help users of control hardware

better define their needs, and to give the leadingcontrol hardware vendors a term to more clearly

communicate the capabilities of their products.2 2 .[e d i t ] PAC - PLC Com p ar ison


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Generally, PACs and PLCs serve the same purpose.Both are primarily used to perform automation,process control, and data acquisition functions such

asdigital and analog control, serial stringhandling, PID, motion control, and machine vision.The parameters within which PACs operate toachieve this, however, sometimes run counter to howa PLC functions.

Unlike PLCs, PACs offer open, modular

architectures, the rationale being that because mostindustrial applications are customized, the controlhardware used for them needs to allow engineers topick and choose the other components in the controlsystem architecture without having to worry whetheror not they will be compatible with the controller.

PACs and PLCs are also programmed differently.PLCs are often programmed inladder logic, agraphical programming language resembling therails and rungs of ladders that is designed to emulateold electrical relaywiring diagrams. PAC controlprograms are usually developed with more generic

software tools that permit the designed program tobe shared across several differentmachines,processors, HMI terminals or othercomponents in the control system architecture.

PAC processing and I/O scanning is also very

different. Unlike PLCs, which constantly scan all theI/O inputs in the control system at very high speeds,


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PACs utilize a single tagname database and a logicaladdress system to identify and map I/O points asneeded.

Well known control hardware vendors offering PACsinclude AdvantechCorporation, Invensys Foxboro, SchneiderElectric, General Electric, NationalInstruments, Opto 22, andAllen Bradley.

2 3 .[e d i t ] E xt e r n a l lin ks

IM P ORTANT NOTE: Most educators andprofessionals do not consider it appropriate touse tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as a solesource for any informationciting an encyclopedia

as an important reference in footnotes orbibliographies may result in censure or a failinggrade. Wikipedia articles should be used for

background information, as a reference for correctterminology and search terms, and as a startingpoint for further research.

As with anycommunity-built reference, there is apossibility for error in Wikipedia's contentpleasecheck your facts against multiple sources and readour disclaimers for more information.

2 4 .Bib lio gr a p h ic d e t a ils fo r " P r o g r a m m a b l ea u t o m a t io n co n t r o lle r "


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Please remember to check your manual of style,standards guide or instructor's guidelines for theexact syntax to suit your needs. For more detailed

advice, seeCit in g W ik iped ia .2 5.Cit a t io n s t yle s fo r " P r o g r a m m a b l e a u t o m a t io nc o n t r o l l e r "26 .APA style Programmable automation controller. (2012, April8). In W ikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved

09:30, May 9, 2012,fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515

27.MLA style Wikipedia contributors. "Programmable automationcontroller." W ikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Apr. 2012.Web. 9 May. 2012.

28 .MH RA s tyle Wikipedia contributors, 'Programmable automation

controller', W ikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8April 2012, 10:07 UTC,[accessed 9 May 2012]

29 .Chicago s t yle


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Wikipedia contributors, "Programmable automationcontroller," W ikipedia, The FreeEncyclopedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php

?title=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515 (accessed May 9, 2012).

30 .CBE/CSE st yle Wikipedia contributors. Programmable automationcontroller [Internet]. Wikipedia, The FreeEncyclopedia; 2012 Apr 8, 10:07 UTC [cited 2012

May 9]. Availablefrom: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515.

31.Blu ebo ok s tyle

Programmable automationcontroller, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515 (last visited May 9, 2012).

32 .Blue b ook : H a r va r d J O LT s t yle Wikipedia, Program m able autom ationcontroller,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma

ble_automation_controller (optional descriptionhere) (as of May 9, 2012, 09:30 GMT).

33 .AM A styleWikipedia contributors. Programmable automation

controller. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April8, 2012, 10:07 UTC. Available


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at:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515. Accessed May 9, 2012.

34 .BibTeX e n t r y@misc{ wiki:xxx,


title = "Programmable automation controller --- Wikipedia{,} The Free

Encyclopedia",

year = "2012",

url =

"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controller&ol

did=486233515",


}

When using the LaTeX package url(\usepackage{url} somewhere in the preamble), whichtends to give much more nicely formatted web

addresses, the following may be preferred:@misc{ wiki:xxx,


title = "Programmable automation controller --- Wikipedia{,} The Free

Encyclopedia",

year = "2012",

url =

"\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controll

er&oldid=486233515}",


}

35.W ikiped ia t a lk pa gesMarkup

[[Programmable automation controller]]([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro


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grammable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515 this version])

Result

Programmable automation controller (thisversion)

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