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ICON YABANCI DİL AKADEMİSİ

Sayfa 1 / 93

1. The pay of a worker depends on his seniority,

that is to say, on the years he has been with

the firm. ____ . When he is 30 or 40 years old,

therefore, he cannot afford to change jobs. If

he did move, he would also lose valuable

fringe benefits. Promotion depends on

seniority as well.

A) The results produced are not as good as

might be expected

B) Even so some people prefer to change jobs

frequently

C) The longer he stays there, the higher his

salary will be

D) He will not be laid off if the company no

longer needs him

E) It is a common practice among Japanese

workers to make it a family concern

2. Lassa Fewer was first recognised in West

Africa in 1982 when three missioner nurses

working in Lassa became ill with a mysterious

infection and two died. ____ . Cases have also

occurred among medical and nursing staff

tending patients with the disease and in

laboratory workers handling specimens from

them.

A) Since then a number of localized outbreaks

have been notified in several countries in

West Africa

B) Some infections flourish in warm countries

like those in the tropical regions

C) People travelling to West Africa are advised

to get themselves vaccinated

D) Malnutrition has been one of the major

hazards of the region

E) The World Health Organisation has taken

stringent measures to eradicate all kinds of

infectious diseases there

3. It cannot be denied that the influence of

politics on sport is not a new development.

For instance, Mussolini’s Italy, with the fascists

in command, was a fiery setting for the second

World Cup in 1934. ____ . However in our time

governments try to maintain a low profile in

sporting matters.

A) In recent decades one has observed the

rising success in sports of several new

countries

B) Most countries spend huge amounts of

money in preparing their teams for

international competitions

C) In fact, Italy has been one of the few

countries that have maintained a constant

high standard in sporting events

D) In soccer it is not only the technical skill of a

player but also his age that counts

E) Even though the credit and praise for Italy’s

winning of the cup rightly went to the

players and their coach, there was a great

deal of open political interference


Sayfa 2 / 93

4. Economic liberalisation and reform generally

promote economic development. This is not

always the case; for instance, the Soviet Union

in the 1930s and East European countries in

the 1950s achieved very high rates of

economic growth under state control. In the

contemporary world, however, state

ownership, controls and regulations have

generally hindered economic development,

whereas, countries like the United States have

created strong economies through the

implementation of economic liberalisation

policies. ____ .

A) Economic reforms can most effectively be

carried out under strong government

pressure

B) Countries that are still primarily agricultural

are most to be found in Asia and Latin

America

C) So it really is fair to say that economic

development is more likely to occur with

less state economic control than with more

D) These two systems can obviously not be

reconciled in the decades ahead

E) Economic and social conditions have a great

impact on state ownership in certain

countries

5. With the end of the ideological rivalry between

East and West, the world has a fresh chance to

reinvigorate the idea and institution of

collective security. Now that there is wide

agreement on first principles, the United

Nations can play the leading role its creators

envisioned for it a half-century ago. An

expanded Security Council, no longer

paralysed by veto threats, can now become a

more effective catalyst for UN action across a

range of security and humanitarian needs.

____ .

A) And the General Assembly can serve as a

forum for more productive co-operation

B) The cold war was then a threat to world

peace

C) The International Monetary Fund has

always played an active role in the

regulation of less developed countries

D) The United States and her allies are

committed to the maintenance of security

in the world

E) In dealing with the crisis, America’s

enduring interests abroad have to be taken

into consideration


Sayfa 3 / 93

6. In Britain at the head of the government

structure is the Cabinet, which consists of the

leading members of the majority party in the

Commons, selected by the Prime Minister.

____ . Although legally ministers are

individually responsible for the exercise of

government powers, politically it is expected

that the Cabinet is collectively responsible for

government policy. It thus acts as one man,

and a minister who disagrees with the Cabinet

must either resign or remain silent.

A) The British Parliament consists of the

Houses of Commons and Lords

B) Most Cabinet ministers are the heads of

government departments, which are staffed

by civil servants

C) In the British political system the monarch

has no executive powers

D) Local administrations enjoy considerable

autonomy in decision-making

E) In the past British governments followed a

policy of non-intervention in the world

7. Bacteria are minute, single-celled organisms of

variable shape and activity. Along with the

viruses, they are classified as the lowest forms

of plant life. Bacteria are everywhere - in soil,

water, dust and in air. ____ . Some turn

decaying vegetable matter into manure;

others within the human or animal body,

assist in the development of certain vitamins

essential to health.

A) There are still many bacteria whose size and

shape are not known yet.

B) Food poisoning is also caused by various

kinds of bacteria

C) A high-powered microscope is needed to

detect bacteria in some substances

D) Under hygienic circumstances no bacterial

activity takes place

E) There are thousands of different types and

many perform useful functions

8. Vegetables eaten freshly cooked are safe.

They may be contaminated after cooking or be

subject to spore germination and outgrowth if

cooled slowly and stored warm. Salad

vegetables, lettuce, tomatoes, radishes,

cucumber and watercress should be washed in

water for not less than 30 seconds. ____ .

A) In some restaurants a great variety of salad

is served

B) Some people are not fond of vegetables at

all

C) Water pollution is a serious danger that

threatens the world

D) This is especially important in countries

where crops are sometimes flooded with

water polluted with human and animal

sewage.

E) As a result of easy transportation and good

packaging, tropical vegetables are

distributed worldwide

9. ____ . Never has a statement made anywhere

been meant more literally. Without energy

nothing could walk, fly, prowl, dive, swim,

chew, hiss, bark, or grow. Einstein showed

that even matter is a form of energy. It should

be obvious, then, why energy is central to one

of the cardinal principles of ecology.

A) The importance of' energy to human beings

is often overestimated

B) Without energy there would be nothing

C) The energy problem has been the main

concern of many governments.

D) The energy sources of the world are

constantly being wasted.

E) The committee has decided the new energy

policy for the decade.


Sayfa 4 / 93

10. Even the smallest organisation, public or

private, has a personnel function. People are

an organisation’s main resource and,

although the links between the personnel

department and other departments are not

always obvious, it is important that

cooperation between all departments and

personnel is maintained. It is the personnel

department, with the help of the other

departments, which will implement any

manpower policies by recruiting, selecting

and training all employees. ____ .

A) This shows that personnel departments

carry out crucial functions in organisations

B) That is why institutions will be forced to

make huge investments

C) Certainly, some functions such as research

or legal advice are carried out by different

staff

D) In fact, no government agency would have

been involved in such a case

E) Initially, each department was required to

submit their proposals for improvement

11. People will exchange any goods or services

for money: this is its most important function.

In order to be a medium of exchange, money

must be acceptable: ____ Initially, this

confidence was created by using metals like

gold and silver which in themselves were

valuable. The coins, notes and cheques which

are used as money today are not in

themselves worth what they represent.

Nevertheless, they are accepted by everyone

in business transactions.

A) this primitive method of exchange is no

longer used

B) therefore, it plays a vital role in

international trade

C) that is, it must enjoy everyone's confidence

D) the creation of money made business

transactions much easier

E) money provides a standard measurement in

business

12. ____ . There is, for instance, an obvious

relationship between increases in economic

wealth and general improvements in our life

style. The extent of the interrelationship

between social and economic change means

that many business organisations are affected

by changes in society.

A) The nature of family life is constantly

changing

B) Most forms of social change are related to

economic change

C) New economic policies adopted by the

government give priority to economic

growth

D) Successive governments have tried to solve

the problems resulting from economic

change

E) Population growth has a damaging effect on

economic recovery


Sayfa 5 / 93

13. It seems that in most countries, the

categorising of the handicapped is

undergoing a change. In particular, the idea

of mental handicap is being recognised. The

case of autistic children is an example of this.

____ .

A) It is now clear that these children can be

taught

B) On the contrary, the handicapped can get

effective education in regular classrooms

C) As far as the authorities are concerned,

more attention should be given to

budgetary restrictions

D) Judging from the data gathered recently,

throughout the world the handicapped

are not receiving the care they actually

need

E) In fact, among reforms proposed by the

ministry, is the form of general election.

14. In this age crime has become everyday event,

and this has had an effect on our reading.

Readers no longer look for an escape when

they pick up a crime novel. ____ . That is, they

want to learn something about the real world,

and about those good and bad, who inhabit it.

A) Crime novelists cannot be dismissed simply

because the incidents they describe are

inherently more interesting than those in

other kinds

B) Today the crime novel, in all its forms,

proceeds more surely and satisfactorily

from character

C) Most novelists see crime as a fascinating

topic when they creatively write about

D) They read it for the same reasons they read

novels of any other kind

E) A great majority of readers regard incidents

in a crime novel as more fantasy

15. The word “psychology’ was coined by the

ancient Greeks as a label for their

philosophic probings into the human

“psyche”. ____ . But how does this go about

studying the mind scientifically? Science

implies measurement. How does one

measure something which can neither be

seen nor heard nor touched?

A) This is why psychology has come to be

known as the study of behaviour

B) It is not the only discipline that is

concerned with a systematic study of

behaviour

C) All of these disciplines are rightly regarded

as behavioural sciences

D) Sociology, on the other hand, is devoted in

largest part to the nature and

development of human society

E) Gradually it came to mean the study of

the “mind”, and still, in part, retains that

meaning.


Sayfa 6 / 93

16. ____ . Size alone has clearly nothing to do

with the distinction, there are some huge

colleges and some small universities. Is the

difference to be found in breadth or scope of

instructional offerings? Not according to the

late Hastings Renewal, whose three-volume

“Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages”

is a classic in the field.

A) Public institutions are in a different

situation

B) The content and the structure of general

education need to be improved

C) First, let us clarify the terms “college” and

“university”

D) In most countries college has come to

mean a label for a higher institution of

limited or special scope

E) A number of colleges and universities have

experimented with curricular structures

17. For centuries, scientists and philosophers

have speculated on the structure of the

universe and the existence of galaxies outside

our own. But until the 20th century, they were

able to do no more than speculate. ____ .

Using grant telescopes, ultraviolet and

infrared instruments, and high speed

computers, they are studying the formation of

galaxies for further insights into the nature of

cosmos.

A) Meanwhile, the study of other galaxies has

led to an extraordinary insight into the

possible structure of the universe

B) We know, of course, that the universe is

designed on a scale far more grand

C) After decades of speculation, in fact, we

have started to penetrate to the very centre

of our own galaxy

D) Now, however, scientists have determined

that the universe is made up of thousands

of millions of galaxies

E) They have located regions that are very

much disturbed with hot turbulent gases

swirling at great force about the centre


Sayfa 7 / 93

18. Few artists have had such an impact on their

own and succeeding ages as has

Michelangelo. He became a myth even in his

own lifetime. Now a vast amount of source

material about him has been collected

including letters poems and contracts. ____ .

A) For him manual execution was a vital

component of the creative process and,

on occasion, seemed part of the process

of design itself

B) Nevertheless, modern history of art has

formed an image of the artist that is much

nearer to historical truth than those

presented by his first biographers

C) Precisely for this reason, the earlier

history of art is filled with distorted

material which is mostly mere speculation

D) Indeed, one of the most striking

peculiarities of his work is the great

number of pieces that were left

unfinished

E) Thus the artist’s character, his daily habits,

and his working habits are known to us

19. When we got on the plane, we were directed

to our seats by the stewardess, and as the

plane was ready to take off, all the passengers

were asked to fasten their seat-belts. ____.

A) Moreover the noise of the engines had

made some people very uncomfortable

B) Some of the passengers will not be allowed

to enter the country

C) On the other hand, more than half of us

were against the suggestion

D) Afterwards we were given some advice on

what to do in case of an emergency

E) Still, airline companies could develop new

strategies to keep air fares at a reasonable

level

20. The universe includes everything from the

smallest sub-atomic particle to the mightiest

system of stars. ____. It is worth considering

first just what a “scientific view” is, and what

is remarkable about it.

A) Every year more and more is learned

about atomic particles

B) Scientists have devoted much energy to

the study of solar system

C) The scientific view of the universe is a

remarkable achievement of the human

mind

D) Science is the basis of all that we have of

high technology

E) Astrology and cosmology are the sciences

most closely interrelated

21. The feudal system in Europe lasted from

about 6th

century to roughly the middle of

the 15th

century. ____. This was because

society throughout this period was based

almost entirely on agriculture.

A) A king was free to grant whatever title he

wished to his vassals

B) In England, however, it began much later

C) On the whole people were getting critical

of the church towards the end of the

period

D) No explanation has been found for rapid

spread of the system throughout Europe

E) It was a military and political organisation

firmly depending on land tenure


Sayfa 8 / 93

22. ____ ; taking jobs to people or bringing

people to the jobs. If the latter alternative is

chosen, the government should encourage the

mobility of labour through retraining schemes

or a rehousing subsidy.

A) There are essentially two ways of tackling

the problem of regional unemployment

B) Regional planning is usually a two stage

activity

C) One of the major problems facing most

governments is migration from rural to

urban areas

D) Unemployment and high inflation are the

two major causes of unrest

E) Whatever else may be overlooked,

investment in poorer areas must be

continued

23. In Britain, the manufacturing industry

accounts for about 70 percent of industrial

production. Within manufacturing some

industries such as chemicals, petroleum

products and electrical engineering have

expanded rapidly since World War II,

whereas some industries have had a slower

growth rate. ____ .

A) Inflation was to make the problem of

unemployment even more serious

B) New competitors had already begun to

dominate the market

C) Among these can be mentioned ship

building, textiles and clothing

D) On the whole the southern countries have

been more prosperous than the northern

ones

E) On the contrary, management strategies

could have saved the situation

24. In recent years remarkable results have been

achieved in the field of organ transplants.

Formerly, a genetically alien tissue could not

be transplanted. ____ . This is now no longer

the case.

A) Naturally the future of the medicine will be

affected greatly by developments in organ

transplants

B) We are familiar with it as the response of

the body to an infectious germ

C) Actually the body generates an army of

antibodies to fight off the invading germs

D) Eventually, it will be possible to transplant

any organ from one person to another

E) Plastic surgery used to depend on using the

skin or tissues of the patient himself or of a

genetically identical twin

25. The science of computers and the technology

of their use are broad and complex subjects.

_____ . Consequently, as in other similar

fields so in computer sciences, there is a

great variety of terminology and jargon.

A) Even children in primary schools now

learn to use computers

B) Obviously there are several types of

computers which would serve this

particular purpose adequately

C) The languages the computer understands

are easily understood by even ordinary

people

D) One recent development is that

computers are getting smaller and smaller

E) Moreover the rapid rate of change in this

field has contributed still further to this

complexity


Sayfa 9 / 93

26. _____ . The feudal lords in England had always

run their own law courts and profited by the

fines paid by those brought to court. But King

John took many cases out of their courts and

tried them in his own, taking the money for

himself.

A) King John always had the full support of the

feudal lords

B) The administration of justice in Medieval

England was completely centralised

C) King John who lived in the 13th century,

was unpopular mainly because he was

greedy

D) Medieval economy in England was based on

agriculture

E) The history of the British Parliament goes

back to the signing of Magna Carta

27. The main power of the media lies in the fact

that it can shape what we know about the

world and can be a main source of ideas and

opinions. _____ . This power is greater if we

consider all the various media together, not

just one, such as the Press.

A) The most influential media is obviously

television

B) Indeed it can influence the way we think

and act more than we realise

C) Journalists are jealous of the power of

television

D) In recent decades the main concern of the

media has been democracy

E) Most governments ignore the influence of

the media on society

28. All considered, the United States has the

world's most efficient overall economy.

_____ . This increase in efficiency has in part

been made possible by the fact that this

sector is less heavily unionised than the

manufacturing sector.

A) Unfortunately many American car

manufacturers have lost a sizeable share

of the world market

B) In fact Japan has become one of the

biggest exporters of high-tech goods

C) Many American steel plants have entered

a period of recession

D) Europe, however, has been making itself

more efficient in the services industry

E) Competition from Germany is a threat

both to Japan and the US

29. When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in

1885, the Soviet Union had the only

advanced economy that had not joined the

computer age. As a result of this, Soviet-

manufactured products found no customers

in world markets. He realised that to

modernise the country, it was essential to

permit the free exchange of scientific and

technological ideas. _____ .

A) He played a constructive role in the

reduction of weapons of mass destruction

B) The average income, over the last five

years, has dropped considerably

C) The process of industrialisation, therefore,

came to a halt

D) Any radical political change would obviously

have encountered fierce opposition

E) This, indeed, was the policy he followed

while he was in power


Sayfa 10 / 93

30. The most important ideas of the 19th century

was that everyone had the right to personal

freedom which was the basis of capitalism.

This idea had spread widely through Adam

Smith's book Wealth of Nations, written in the

18th century. _____ . Fewer laws, they

claimed, meant more freedom, and freedom

for individuals would lead to happiness for the

greatest number of people.

A) The British government at this time was

reluctant to make use of his ideas

B) The result was a number of laws were

passed to prevent people carrying guns

C) Obviously Adam Smith was well informed

about working conditions in the factories

D) After Adam Smith, several capitalist

economists argued that governments

should not interfere in trade and industry at

all

E) By the turn of the 20th century, capitalism

had grown less popular outside England

31. Michelangelo hated to delegate work to

others and would only do so in an extreme

emergency. ____ ; and certainly no artist of

note emerged from his studio.

A) His assistants, moreover, were all

exceptionally talented

B) As a result he has been accused of not

passing on his artistic skill to others

C) Naturally he was unwilling to do much of

the purely manual work himself

D) As a result many of his works had to be

finished by his assistants.

E) He went to great pains to train his assistants

32. Below the earth’s crust the rocks are hot. By

drilling the crust, these rocks can be reached.

___ . This in turn can be used to produce

electricity.

A) Areas where there is volcanic activity must

be avoided

B) Such proceedings are obviously extremely

costly

C) Water can be pumped down into contact

with these rocks to produce steam

D) Geothermal energy is the name given to this

particular form of energy

E) Millions of years ago the earth was a liquid

33. Acupuncturists treat all kinds of conditions

ranging from headaches to strokes. ____ . In

Britain, this very rarely happens, but some

health insurance schemes do cover.

A) The Chinese first developed this branch of

medicine

B) Many of the people who practice

acupuncture are not fully qualified

C) This kind of treatment hasn’t been

approved of by the medical profession yet

D) In France and Germany acupuncture is

available under national health schemes

E) Contrary to general belief this method of

treatment is not in the least painful


Sayfa 11 / 93

34. As scientific knowledge increased, so did the

practical applications. The eighteenth

century witnessed what is actually called the

Industrial Revolution, ____ . Since then,

there has been a succession of technical

innovations and fewer manual workers have

been needed.

A) when machines began to do more and

more of the work that had previously

been done by human beings and animals

B) as nuclear and solid-state physics are

disciplines that have evolved more

recently

C) for mathematics, it should be noted, is the

basic tool of modern engineering

D) so the engineer must always be willing to

face new challenges

E) which is likely to lead to much unnecessary

suffering particularly as the workforce is

largely made up of young people

35. ____ . But most psychotherapists would say

that such depression stems from buried grief

or pain. For example someone who has been

unhappy as a child may become depressed as

an adult.

A) One should not let oneself get depressed

B) Sometimes one may be depressed for no

apparent reason

C) People who are depressed aren’t good

company

D) During the last two decades problems

pertaining to mental health have steadily

increased

E) The crime rate goes up with the increase

of depression

36. ____ . X-rays can tell a cultured pearl from a

natural one because they can detect the

structure of mother of pearl in the side.

Cultured pearls are usually less expensive than

natural ones though actually they, too, are

“real” pearls.

A) The last X-ray showed an improvement in

her condition

B) Cultured pearls are cheap imitations of the

real thing

C) The difference between a cultured pearl

and a real one is obvious at a glance

D) The pearls that are “cultured” fetch a higher

price than the “natural” ones do

E) Cultured pearls are produced by inserting a

bead of mother of pearl into an oyster,

which then coats in the pearl

37. The brain's main nutritional substance is

glucose. ____ . If a diabetic patient receives

an overdose of insulin there is a fall in the

blood’s glucose.

A) Furthermore, the brain is the seat of

intelligence

B) Surgeons know exactly where to cut the

affected part of the brain

C) The brain is very sensitive to changes in the

blood's glucose level

D) This can have a harmful effect on a child's

learning process

E) Even so the effects of smoking cannot be

counterbalanced


Sayfa 12 / 93

38. ____ . This area is called a reservoir. The water

stored in it can be used for irrigation or power

generation; it can also be used to supply water

to homes and industry.

A) A dam is a wall, generally constructed

across a valley, to enclose an area in which

water is stored

B) A dam is a complex structure, consisting of

various parts

C) The GAP Project has already brought great

benefits to the region

D) The site for any dam has to be chosen with

great care

E) South East Turkey is obviously even richer in

water resources

39. People visit Cappadocia for a number of

reasons. Mainly they come for the exotic

scenery and the archaeological interest. ____ .

Moreover, in the vicinity, there are many

places of remarkable beauty and historical

significance.

A) Unfortunately it hasn't been sufficiently

advertised

B) The rock monasteries, in particular, draw

large crowds

C) It is only recently that the number of

tourists to Cappadocia has declined

D) The majority of tourists coming to Turkey

prefer sea-side resorts

E) Few people realise that Cappadocia could

be developed as a tourist centre

40. Before 1950, in Britain, it was the

responsibility of the municipalities to

provide gas and electricity for public use.

However this was changed by the Attlee

government; ____ . Among them were steel,

coal and railways.

A) even the Conservatives were impressed at

the results

B) they were extremely concerned about

unemployment and economic decline

C) there was naturally a great deal of public

reaction

D) the policy they followed was bound to

make them unpopular

E) all gas and electricity services were

nationalised along with several other

industries

41. Bridges are among the most important, and

often the most spectacular, of all civil

engineering works. ____ . Without them it

would be impossible to imagine how traffic in

Istanbul could circulate. Moreover they are

the symbolic link of two continents.

A) A further aspect of civil engineering is the

choice of a suitable site

B) The construction of bridges requires a

number of engineering skills

C) One of the major problems posed by long

bridges is that of maintenance

D) The bridges across the Bosphorus are a case

in point

E) Historically there has always been a dream

to construct a bridge across the Bosphorus


Sayfa 13 / 93

42. Following World War II, there was an era of

great optimism, economic growth and

affluence. It lasted, however, for only a short

period of time. ____ . This was largely due to

continuous economic recession and a whole

series of world crises.

A) The super powers should be held

responsible for this state of affairs

B) Especially in the West the growth in the

population was noticeable

C) Many people looked forward to a better

future for all

D) Indeed the European Community took

serious measures aimed at reducing

unemployment

E) From the 1970s onwards a new mood of

frustration and disillusionment set in

43. Ever since universities have existed there have

been arguments about what books should be

taught to students. ____ . Others have

maintained that such a practice does not help

the students to distinguish between the good

and the bad. Instead, they have suggested that

students should be exposed to a wider range

of writing.

A) Some have acquired that students should

be introduced to the “great” books of the

world.

B) In fact, university authorities have always

concerned themselves with this problem.

C) This is not to say that all students should

read the same books.

D) The decision taken was that we limit

ourselves to the world classics.

E) The problem was heatedly debated right

through the 1950s.

44. In Britain today every household with a TV set

must, by law, pay for a license which costs

about the same for a year as a popular

newspaper every day. A few people including

those with noncolour TV pay less. ____ .

Another important source is the selling of its

productions to other broadcasting stations.

A) The BBC enjoyed a monopoly until 1954.

B) Unlike the press the BBC has rarely been

accused of being partial.

C) The new payments are mainly compulsory

subscription to the BBC, which derives

nearly all of its funds from this source.

D) News programs and films still attract the

largest audience.

E) Since the 1970s most British households

have had TV sets able to receive channels.

45. The Times newspaper has three weekly

supplements all published and sold separately.

These are The Times Literary Supplement, The

Times Education Supplement and The Times

Higher Education Supplements. ____ . It is

devoted almost entirely to reviews and covers

all kinds of new literature.

A) Obviously they influence the way people

think to a considerable extent.

B) Glossy weekly magazines cater for special

interests.

C) Both of these appeal only to a restricted

number of people.

D) Of these the Literary Supplement has the

biggest number of readers.

E) They make good use of academic

contributions on issues related to education

and literature.


Sayfa 14 / 93

46. In general, the farther north one goes in

England the more adequate are roads for the

traffic they have to carry. ____ . But the roads in

the south of England, apart from the motorways

which radiate from London must be among the

most inadequate in Europe. Traffic there

frequently moves at walking pace.

A) It is advisable to use the metro in London:

for traffic jams make other forms of

transport completely unreliable.

B) Wales and Scotland for instance are well-

designed with great lengths of nearly empty

dual carriage ways.

C) The noise of the traffic has, in fact,

increased very little in recent years.

D) Similarly in London traffic hardly moves

faster now than it did a century ago when

vehicles were horse-drawn.

E) Several new schemes are now being

considered to alleviate this condition

47. The habit of thinking about the past as divided

into water-tight periods is especially

dangerous when it comes to economic and

social history. Actually ‘periods’ usually have,

as their names imply a purely political

connotation - ‘the Tudor age’ or ‘the age of

Louis XIV’. ____ . Rather absorbed in its own

daily task it flows on like an underground river

only occasionally making eruption into the

upper daylight of politics.

A) This system, which originated in late

medieval times, only blossomed in modern

times.

B) The characteristics of one age thus

invariably overlap into the next.

C) But economic and social life takes little heed

of the deaths of kings or the accession of

new dynasties.

D) The great innovators of social reform have

all too often remained unacknowledged.

E) The approach of the modern historian has

been to play down this important trend.


Sayfa 15 / 93

48. A teacher’s expectancy of a child’s ability can

often determine the child’s actual

performance at school. If a group of children is

divided into two groups of equal aptitude but

their teachers are told that the children in

group 1 have high IQs and are expected to do

well, whereas in group 2 the children are

academically poor, ____ . This has been borne

out by numerous studies in many fields not

only in education.

A) The children in group 1 will do much better

than those in group 2.

B) The performance of each group is likely to

be similar.

C) The quality of the teaching could account

for the difference.

D) The children felt discouraged by the results.

E) The children in group 2 soon realized what

was happening and complained accordingly.

49. Most of our misconceptions of art arise from a

lack of consistency in the use of the words

“art” and “beauty”. ____ . We always assume

that all that is beautiful is art, or that all art is

beautiful, that what is not beautiful is not art,

and that ugliness is the negation of art. This

identification of art and beauty is at the

bottom of all our difficulties in the

appreciation of art.

A) The painter usually expresses himself by the

representation of the visible world

B) The relation between art and religion is one

of the most difficult questions that we have

to face.

C) Expressionism in modern art is a distinct

movement, having little or nothing in

common with cubism..

D) It might be said that we are only consistent

in our misuse of these words

E) Some people are quite unaware of the

importance of proportion in architecture,

and have no sense of shape, surface and

mass.

50. At the beginning of this century, a group of

writers from scattered mid-western towns

came together in bustling, commercial

Chicago. From the rough immediacy of the

city, they forged a style that was distinctively

and unsparingly realistic. ____ . In fact the

critics were soon to describe Chicago as the

literary capital of the US.

A) Most of them, however, eventually moved

away from Chicago.

B) The "Chicago Renaissance" fuelled by these

writers soon captured the attention of the

rest of the nation.

C) It is now commonplace of literary criticism

that there is a close relationship between

cities and their writers.

D) Chicano is indeed a city of absorbing

contrast in the field of architecture.

E) American realism differs in many obvious

ways from European realism.

51. Italy is the great country of fountains, and the

fountains of Rome are world famous. ____ . It

was built in the time of Pope Clement XII

about the middle of the eighteenth century.

The fountain and the palace behind it are a

good examples of the baroque style of

architecture, which gives a feeling of

magnificence, movement and excitement.

A) The fountain of Trevi, in Rome, is one of the

most magnificent in the city.

B) This style is especially effective for fountains

because of the moving water.

C) The water is brought underground from a

spring many miles outside the city.

D) A statue of Neptune in the fountain is

surrounded by numerous other figures.

E) The city of Rome has been the capital of

Italy ever since it was founded thousands of

years ago.


Sayfa 16 / 93

52. ____ . His principal equipment is a leather,

couch for patients to lie on and a cabinet of

mysterious drugs of one kind or another to

send them off to sleep. He is particularly

interested in the dreams of his clients and may

use some form of hypnosis to study their

repressed thoughts and secret emotions.

A) More and more large firms are realising the

advantages offered by psychiatry

B) No one may prescribe drugs or surgery in

treating mentally sick individuals unless he

is medically qualified

C) It is important to realise that psychologists

are first and foremost trained as scientists

rather than as medical experts.

D) Psychologists are primarily concerned with

behaviour and its abnormalities.

E) The popular image of a psychiatrist is a

fairly well defined one

53. The Federal Republic of Germany, founded in

1949, had as its first Chancellor Dr. Konrad

Adenauer. His Christian Democrat government

produced conditions of stability and

confidence in which Germany rebuilt her

shattered prosperity and a viable

parliamentary democracy. Further, his work in

building a special relationship with France,

culminating in a treaty of friendship, was a

dramatic contrast to the long tradition of

enmity towards France. ____ .

A) Even so, Adenauer's successor Dr. Erhard

was a loyal supporter of the Atlantic

Alliance.

B) Moreover, he strove relentlessly for

German reunification within the boundaries

of 1937, stressing West Germany's right to

speak for the whole of Germany.

C) The Brandt Government's main

achievements were in the field of foreign

policy.

D) On the other hand, Brandt had built up his

reputation as mayor of West Berlin before

he was elected Chancellor.

E) Indeed, the tension within the government

were heightened by protracted negotiations

between the coalition partners over policies

to counter the sharply rising trend of

unemployment.


Sayfa 17 / 93

54. 1972 was not an easy or a successful year for

the Heath Government in Britain. It was a year

of confrontation with the trade unions. ____ .

Indeed, it was even forced to adopt certain

policies similar to those which it had attacked

so vehemently when it had been in

Opposition.

A) Finally, after 1972, there was industrial

action in protest against the Government's

prices and incomes policy

B) These problems were aggravated by

persistently high levels of unemployment,

especially in certain regions.

C) It was also a year in which the pressure of

circumstances forced the Government to

aband on many of the initiatives it had

started in I970

D) Moreover, negotiations with the EEC

started immediately after the general

election of 1970

E) Consequently, a 90-day standstill was

imposed on wages, and prices and charges

for goods and services were similarly frozen

55. Aristotle considered that the stars must move

in circles because the circle is the most perfect

curve. In the absence of evidence to the

contrary, ____ . In such a case it is at once

obvious to us that this appeal was

unjustifiable.

A) he was naturally drawn to the least

erroneous method

B) he allowed himself to decide a question of

fact by an appeal to aesthetic-moral

considerations

C) all objections to the doctrine were readily

overcome

D) such a scientific attitude of mind might be

expected to dispel all desires other than the

desire for knowledge.

E) His determination to regard this as a natural

phenomenon was greatly admired

56. In connection with the American dream, one

needs to remember that the world “dream” is

not a synonym for “reality”; it means rather a

“hope” or a “possibility”. Further the original

American dream had little to do with material

possessions but a lot to do with choices,

beginnings and opportunity. ____

A) However, such a really successful

businessman soon outgrows his dreams.

B) This is why so many dreams were realised.

C) Obviously, the only dreams one remembers

are those that come true.

D) Thus everyone had dreams of growing rich

fast.

E) It was not a guarantee of success but simply

an opportunity to try.

57. The style of our lives is often based on the

type of work we do. Some jobs allow for

flexible schedules which enable us to take

time off to deal with personal or family needs.

____ Other jobs are quite inflexible. With

these we only have evenings and weekends to

deal family needs but when we do go home,

work stays at the job site.

A) Thus the type of work we do tends to turn

us all into stereotypes.

B) Naturally, most of us work not only for

money but also for status.

C) There is an important disadvantage with

this type of work; we often have to take

our work home with us.

D) Actually the average person doesn’t even

hope for job satisfaction.

E) Changes in traditional family roles are

slowly having an effect – usually adverse -

on the work place.


Sayfa 18 / 93

58. According to social scientists we learn to see

ourselves as others see us. In a sense, we look

at ourselves from outside. ____ Presently we

settle into a pattern of behaviour through

interactions with others; and we learn the

“rules” of behaviour for our particular

environment.

A) We form an idea of what others want and

expect of us.

B) Those who don’t regularly follow these rules

are regarded as abnormal.

C) Children soon learn that good behaviour is

rewarded.

D) Thus, the physical and social environment

exert less of an influence.

E) The choice we make is invariably governed

by what we assume will be the most

rewarding option.

59. It is now a commonplace to note how the jet

aircraft and the TV screen have transformed

our old ideas of geography. Technology has

indeed compressed time and space. ____ In

the past people grew familiar with their

neighbours across the sea slowly and gradually

over generations. This is no longer the case.

The meeting is abrupt and often violent.

A) The Mediterranean world at that time had

already the experience of commerce behind

it.

B) Documentaries of the natural world are

particularly instructive.

C) Naturally older people tend to feel nostalgic

about their youth.

D) It was Spain in the sixteenth century that

pioneered this sort of work.

E) But living these new realities is not so easy

as talking about them.

60. Bulbs are ideal for new gardeners because

they are easy to plant and flower well in

their first season. ____ and grow happily in

all types of soil. They came up year after

year and delight the eye with their rich

colours and lovely shapes.

A) They require comparatively little attention

B) The tulip, however, isn’t everybody’s

favourite flower

C) As a result, the site must be chosen with

great care

D) Farmers are all satisfied with the results

they get in a short time

E) Even experienced gardeners get

disappointing results

61. We all know that learning is important. _____

? A dictionary might tell you that learning is

acquiring knowledge through experience and

study. A teacher might tell you that it is

memorising what he wants you to know for an

examination. Your boss might tell you that it is

mastery of the task you are hired to do. A

psychologist might tell you that it is a

relatively permanent change in behaviour due

to past experience. Obviously, learning takes

place in many ways and forms.

A) How is it managed

B) What exactly do you mean

C) Yet can one depend on it

D) But what exactly is it

E) Do you think it can be mastered


Sayfa 19 / 93

62. Someone once said that there are three sides

to every questionable issue: your side, my side

and the “right” side. _____ . For instance, the

reactions to the issue of abortion are usually

divided into two basic viewpoints: for or

against. But the issue is not that simple. Other

questions begin to surface, which turn the

issue into a complex one and make it

necessary for us to look at it from many sides.

A) Unknowingly people become conditioned to

speak out of prejudice

B) In truth, there may be many sides,

depending upon the issue itself

C) As we mature, our beliefs are also shaped

both directly and indirectly by the media

D) Consequently our thinking process becomes

overruled by others’ opinions

E) Even when we think we are acting as

individuals by rejecting the ideas of one

group, we are often just accepting the ideas

of another

63. Some sociologists are concerned that America

is no longer ‘a melting pot’ but ‘ a salad bowl.’

Unlike most earlier immigrants who were

willing to learn English and wanted to ‘melt’

into American life, many of today’s

immigrants do not see the need. _____ ? How

will all this affect America’s future?

A) Why did most European immigrants settle

in the cities rather than on farms

B) What was city life like for most immigrants

C) What changes can we expect in the make-

up of America’s population by the year 2000

D) What hardships did the early immigrants

face when they arrived in America

E) How far back can an American trace his

roots

64. _____ . The faltering economy they inherited

was now under additional pressure from those

newly employed, including the million-man

army of the former regime. There were critical

shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much

of which had been stolen in the final days of

the war. There were also at least two million

new refugees, nearly 10 % of the population.

Virtually, the country was in a state of total

bankruptcy.

A) The end of the war in Vietnam brought

massive problems to the new leaders of the

country

B) In the first place, all industry was

nationalised by the new Vietnamese

government

C) One unexpected problem facing the new

government was continuing military activity

D )One solution to the urban problems facing

Vietnam was to get people to return to the

countryside

E) In their first months in power Vietnam’s new

leaders succeeded in persuading hundreds

of thousands of people to move back to

their farms


Sayfa 20 / 93

65. Gathering information on a possible adversary

or adversaries is only the start of the

intelligence process. The raw material, once in

hand, must be drawn together, analysed,

correlated, and evaluated before it becomes

useful knowledge. _____ . From this appraisal

which points to his most likely course of

action, the target state can chart a course of

action best designed to meet the developing

situation.

A) The ethics of secret intelligence operations

have long been debated

B) At this stage there emerges an estimate of

the adversary’s intentions and of his ability

to achieve them

C) But the richest source is usually the secret

agent, who is always a highly skilled and

well trained professional

D) Intelligence findings are, therefore, usually

classified and limited in circulation.

E) In recent decades, technology has

enormously lengthened the reach and

sharpened the penetration of intelligence

66. In the 1900s cancer was nearly always fatal;

by the 1930s one out of five cancer patients

was saved; by 1975 treatment was successful

in one out of every three cancer patients.

_____ .

A) New evidence suggests that the highest risk

for lung cancer occurs in asbestos workers

who smoke

B) Indeed every one knows that cancer refers

to a group of over 100 different diseases

C) Today scientists and physicians believe that

half of cancer patients can be saved if

present knowledge is applied promptly in

every case

D) Rehabilitation of the cancer patient has

become an important new concern for

social workers

E) The aim of cancer rehabilitation is to help

the patient lead as normal a life as possible


Sayfa 21 / 93

67. What is soul? From Plato onwards, many

answers have been given to this question,

but no one answer has ever been found to

be adequate. ____ . Presumably we must

mean something by it.

A) His definition, quite understandably, soon

returned to favour

B) Even so, the word is still in constant use

C) At a still later period soul and character

were equated

D) If there had been further developments in

this line they may have proved significant

E) The next step would then have been to

differentiate between soul and body

68. The Japanese have a strong aesthetic sense;

they beautify, adorn and decorate everything

they touch. ____ . It is cut into an artistic

shape and given a colour scheme with

carefully placed pieces of tomato and herbs.

A) Presumably they get a great deal of

satisfaction out of such elegant displays

B) The art of flower arrangement is

particularly well developed in Japan.

C) Many of these arrangements consist of

merely two or three flowers and a spring

of green.

D) Naturally this is especially true of the

women of that country

E) A sandwich in Japan is not a sandwich. It is

a work of art, designed to appeal not just

to the palate but also to the eye.

69. ____ . Composers such as Schubert,

Schumann, Listz, and Berlioz sought a new

freedom in musical expression. Form became

of less importance than content; and that

content often had literary connections.

A) Wordsworth is one of the best-known of all

the English Romantic poets.

B) Mendelssohn and Brahms are the two most

typical representative composers of the

Romantic era.

C) The Romantic movement, which began

around the year 1800 in literature, also had

its counterpart in music.

D) In fact, the Romantic movement itself did

not last very long.

E) Among the Romantic composers, Brahms

has generally been the most popular.

70. Just how the Alzheimer disease ravages the

brain isn’t understood, but a protein molecule

is thought to be involved. ____ . On the theory

that the protein causes the disorder by

travelling from other tissues to the brain,

researchers may now seek to devise drugs that

would block the protein and stop it getting

there.

A) If this is confirmed it may lead to a break-

through in the treatment of the disease.

B) In fact it hardly seems worthwhile to carry

out further research into the Alzheimer

disease.

C) Much research has already been carried out

to discover the causes of the disease.

D) Once the molecule had been isolated it was

possible to cure the condition.

E) The Alzheimer disease is just one of the

many incurable illnesses that inflict people

in the developed countries.


Sayfa 22 / 93

71. Underdeveloped countries are those in which

economic structure and development are held

back. The causes of the condition of

underdevelopment are complex, but two

opposing sets of theories dominates

discussion. ____ . On the other hand there are

the theories that ascribe underdevelopment

directly to the distortions of economic

structure and the exploitation involved in the

relations between the developed and the

underdeveloped countries.

A) In other words, development and

underdevelopment are mutually

interdependent.

B) This view implies that the state and process

of underdevelopment in certain countries is

inevitable.

C) On the one hand there are those theories

that attribute underdevelopment to the

internal characteristics of the

underdeveloped countries themselves.

D) Accordingly, such countries are responsible

for their own underdevelopment.

E) However, no country in the world is

completely isolated from the current

monetary policies.

72. The purpose of a novel varies with its type.

Anthony Trollope’s statement has a

fundamental validity: “the object of a novel

should be to instruct in morals while it

amuses.” At one extreme, some novels are

expressly meant to teach, such as some

children’s novels and social novels. ____ .

However, one can say that the aim of most

novels is to reveal and stimulate thought

about aspects of human behaviour both

individually and in personal and social

relationships.

A) Hence, fantasy has become increasingly

popular, especially in the form of science

fiction.

B) Therefore, a novel is a fictitious prose

narrative, usually of more than fifty

thousand words in length.

C) On the whole, Daniel Defoe is regarded as

the first notable English novelist.

D) At the other, some novels are meant simply

as entertainment, such as detective stories

and much science fiction.

E) At the same time, the reading public has

increased in numbers, especially among the

educated.


Sayfa 23 / 93

73. ____ . Not easy, is it? Yet 150 years ago, that

is exactly what it was. Over a century and half

the people of Hong Kong have managed to

transform that rock into a world financial

centre. With a government committed to free

trade and free enterprise, and also because of

its location in the heart of Asia Pacific region,

Hong Kong has thrived and is now the world’s

eleventh largest trading economy.

A) Imagine Hong Kong as a barren rock

B) There are a host of reasons behind Hong

Kong’s economic success

C) Hong Kong has a harbour which has been

described as the world’s busiest

D) Imagine what one can achieve in Hong Kong

E) Think of the excellent investment

opportunities Hong Kong offers today.

74. Today most of France’s 600.000 Jews are well

established and assimilated, though some

pockets of anti-Semitism still remain. Research

earlier this decade found one in four

Frenchmen complaining that there were too

many Jews in France, while one in five

admitted to feelings of antipathy towards

them. ____ .

A) During the Second World War the Vichy

government introduced laws that banned

Jews from holding a wide range of jobs

B) According to another poll at the time, only

9% said they would not vote for a Jew as

president

C) Consequently, from the 13th

century until

the French Revolution in 1789, Jews in

France, as in many other places in Europe,

were systematically persecuted

D) Even so the Germans still wrestle with their

consciences over their attitude, past and

present, to the Jews

E) In 1995, Chirac became the first French

president to admit the French state’s

responsibility in rounding up the Jews to be

sent to Nazi extermination camps.


Sayfa 24 / 93

75. Africans have at last lost patience with their

governments. They are particularly angry

about declining living standards, the

breakdown of law and order. The government

officials in particular, are full of complaints.

____ . Most of them are members of militant

trade unions, through which they demonstrate

and go on strike. So, chaos and continuous

political instability can never be averted.

A) It is possible that market forces and world

economic conditions can upset their high

hopes for improvement

B) Among the demonstrators are people from

the countryside who have been flooding

into town seeking a better life

C) Undoubtedly, Africans want multy-party

democracy and are working hard to achieve

it

D) Since most governments are short of cash,

these officials are underpaid or paid late

E) Obviously, people tend to accept painful

policies more readily from elected

governments than from dictators

76. The Pitcairn Islanders in the Pacific were

originally the mutineers of the ship Bounty.

They took possession of the island Pitcairn in

1790, and it was not until 1814 that their

whereabouts were ascertained, accidentally,

by a passing ship. ____ . In the course of

years they increased so in numbers that they

were too many for the island to support.

Finally, in 1856 they were removed by the

British Government to the much larger

Norfolk island.

A) The Bounty was originally chartered to

explore the Pacific islands and establish

British colonies there

B) Actually, much of their history is still

controversial and there is a considerable

difference of opinion about their origin

C) Up to that date trade in the Pacific region

had been their main occupation

D) The British Government sponsored a

number of search projects, but all of them

ended in failure

E) The mutineers, under their leader Adams,

had settled to a communal existence and

married Tahitian women


Sayfa 25 / 93

77. The planets are the celestial bodies that

revolve round the sun in elliptical orbits.

____ . There are also a large number of

minor planets, commonly called asteroids.

Today many important questions concerning

the planets can be answered by means of

probes sent to them. These include the

measurement of the magnetic field, if any, of

the planets, the study of their atmospheres

and, in some cases, surface conditions.

A) Among them Pluto was the last planet to

be discovered in 1930 by the American

astronomer Tombaugh

B) At present only nine major planets are

known, and they are different in many

respects from the fixed stars

C) Scientists have recently managed to land

on the surface of Mars an extremely

efficient instrument for exploration

D) Yet the moon revolves round the earth

and has already been explored

E) However, Pluto is the most distant of the

planets and has an orbit more elliptical

than the other planetary orbits

78. It was the worst ice-storm in living memory.

What started in the clouds as rain became ice

as it hit power lines, trees and roads. ____ .

Well over 100.000 people had to flee their

freezing homes for those of luckier or better

equipped neighbours.

A) It fell for days and it paralysed much of

Quebec, knocking out the power supply to 3

million people

B) Until then it was regarded as one of the

worst natural disasters ever to hit Canada

C) The cleaning up process was soon in full

swing and life returned to normal

D) Old people in particular are at risk if

temperatures continue to fall in this way

E) E)The midweek forecast for the area is far

from encouraging


Sayfa 26 / 93

79. There are several ways in which to write

medical history. ____ Then there is the social

approach to the history of medicine which

concentrates on how, when, by whom and

with what effect, the ill were treated in times

gone by. Yet, another approach is to deal with

the influence of disease upon the course of

human affairs.

A) It is only in the past 50 years that doctors

have appreciated how dangerous

experience can be as a guide to action.

B) A major area with which medical history is

concerned is pathology.

C) But all the strands of medical history could

not possibly be woven into a coherent and

comprehensive whole.

D) Most accounts of medical developments

lack coherence and are often out-dated.

E) One method, and this is the one preferred

by doctors, is to trace progress from

complete medical ignorance to a high level

of medical competence.

80. The firm Carter was founded by Louis François

Carter in 1847 in Paris, but until the end of the

century, it remained quite a small concern.

____ Within ten years there were also

branches in London and New York, and each of

the branches was run by a grandson of the

founder.

A) No one guessed then how these Carter

creations would soon capture the popular

imagination.

B) A move to new and more spacious premises

in 1899 opened the way to expansion.

C) Many of Carter’s craftsmen drew on original

antique artifacts for their inspiration.

D) For many years the designs were to remain

largely Renaissance-inspired.

E) More exotic work followed, based on

Persian, Indian and finally on Russian styles.

81. How intelligent can machines become?

Philosophers and scientists have

inconclusively debated this question since

before the computer age. One of the reasons

put forward for believing in the impossibility

of truly intelligent machines is simply that

machines are created by people. ____ They

do what he wants them to: machines have

“derived intent”, while only humans have

“original intent”.

A) Laziness is a human failing and unknown

to machines.

B) Computers themselves are now

presenting a more practical side to this

debate.

C) This is actually why people are giving

machines more and more responsibility.

D) This, it is argued, makes them man’s

slaves rather than his equals.

E) The more complex a task the machine

achieves, the more it will be asked to do.


Sayfa 27 / 93

82. A career as a space-traffic controller isn’t one

most guidance counsellors recommend. But

that could change. ____ Industry analysts

worry that, without properly trained ground-

control crews to steer them, satellites could

easily hurtle into one another.

A) NASA intends to launch successive waves of

each model to keep the data coming in for

15 years.

B) The satellites presently on the NASA

drawing boards will focus primarily on

scientific uncertainties surrounding global

warming.

C) With more than 200 satellites already in

orbit and 1.300 more set to be launched

during the next decade, space is going to

need some traffic control.

D) The EOS satellites alone are expected to

cost 8 billion dollars to build, launch and

maintain just through the year 2000.

E) The EOS sensors will chart the visible,

infrared and microwave affects of clouds.

83. There are, apparently, sufficient raw materials

at hand on the moon to turn it into the

shipbuilding capital of the solar system.

Building shuttles and satellites on the moon

would allow them to be launched from the

low-gravity lunar surface. ____ .

A) This would mean that less fuel and thus, less

money would be needed.

B) The amount and variety of the mineral

deposits on the moon have yet to be

assessed.

C) The potential for solar energy on the moon

is unlimited.

D) Other companies are particularly interested

in the helium deposits on the moon.

E) Iron will thus be the first mineral to be

mined on the moon.


Sayfa 28 / 93

84. Napoleon, the greatest of all generals,

dismissed and disgraced Admiral Brulx for

questioning an order to sail his fleet. ____ As

a result, twenty ships were wrecked, and,

2.000 men were drowned. From this incident

we can understand that the absolute

obedience that a general can command is

not appropriate at sea.

A) Even so, Brulx continued to admire and

obey Napoleon.

B) By the time his successors had been

appointed, the adverse weather conditions

were over.

C) Everyone knew that this admiral never took

risks.

D) Napoleon seemed to know instinctively

what the right course of action would be.

E) His deputy obeyed the command although

the wind was wrong.

85. A long time ago, many things were explained

by reference to the will of unseen deities. ____

. In our world, we explain things by reference

to genes, and feel much superior for it. But

there is not, if we think about it, very much

difference between saying “The gods have

made him angry” and saying “He has the gene

for anger.” Both are ways of attributing a

matter of personal agency to some fateful and

mysterious impersonal power.

A) Today, we regard this as a foolish and

primitive approach

B) Most people are likely to want to believe in

a little of both

C) Man has always struggled to change his

destiny and enjoy happiness

D) In fact, human behaviour is determined by

an inherited genetic package

E) In the end, though, people have to figure

things out for themselves

86. ____ . The usual causes are unsanitary tools

and careless manicurists. To protect yourself,

check that the tools used in your salon are

sterilised before and after each use, either

with heat or a disinfectant.

A) A lot of people in the health services

recommend nail care at beauty salons

B) One sign of an affluent society is that more

and more beauty salons are being opened

throughout the country

C) With the growing popularity of manicure

salons all across the country, dermatologists

are reporting a sharp rise in nail infections

D) In a hairdresser’s salon one can usually find

an experienced and reliable manicurist

E) It is generally felt that nail deformities must

always be treated in a hospital

87. Today deflation comes in both benign and

malign guises. ____ . But weak demand is

also creating harmful deflationary pressures

in some countries. A good way to detect this

is to look at “output gaps”, that is, the

difference between actual output and

output at full capacity.

A) “Deflation”, like many economic concepts,

is a widely misunderstood and often

misused term

B) There are several causes for concern, and

none of them are easy to control

C) New technology is pushing down prices of

goods and services around the globe which

should be good for most economies

D) 0fficial consumer-price indices often

overstate inflation rates

E) Inflation is equally misunderstood by the

majority of ordinary people


Sayfa 29 / 93

88. Innovation has become the industrial religion

of the late twentieth century. ____ .

Governments also reach for it when trying to

fix the economy. A)In fact, around the world,

the rhetoric of Innovation has replaced the

post war language of welfare politics.

A) It is only later that people realize that any

special product constitutes an innovation of

the highest order

B) One way to describe innovation is to explain

what it is not

C) Otherwise, innovation would have been

hard to explain and even harder to measure

D) Two centuries later economists are still no

nearer the truth

E) Business sees it as the key to increasing

profits and market share

89. For forty years or more, the pesticides used

by farmers all over the country have been

blamed for the contamination of water

supplies in Britain. ____ . This is the fertilisers

that are being so widely used. The most

important one seems to be nitrate. Only half

of the nitrogen put into the soil is taken up by

plants. Most of the rest gradually drifts to the

underground water table.

A) Arable land needs to be fertilised regularly

B) Nevertheless farmers continue to use

pesticides in very large amounts

C) In fact, pesticides should have been banned

long ago

D) More recently, a new cause has been

recognised

E) Research is presently being carried out on

the harmful side-effects of pesticides on

humans

90. In the days of white rule, the South African

economy suffered immensely from global

indifference. Sanctions deterred foreign firms

from investing in the country. ____ . Since

they could not easily operate abroad, they

then started to expand sideways. The mining

company Anglo Tech, for instance, diversified

into cars, newspapers and other enterprises.

A) At the same time, rigid exchange controls

prevented South African firms from

expanding overseas

B ) As a result, there was no foreign

competition and this proved disastrous

C) The crisis is not yet over and interest rates

remain steep

D) In fact, South Africa desperately needs

access to global capital

E) Actually neither of these expectations

materialised

91. In an earthquake, the toll depends largely on

four factors. ____ . Then there is the type and

quality of housing. The time or day is a further

important factor. Finally there is the

population density.

A) The first is the magnitude of the earthquake

itself

B) All of these are outside our control

C) Of these only two can be controlled by man

D) If only we knew when an earthquake was

likely to occur, we could be better prepared

E) In these recent earthquakes, the toll of

human life was needlessly great


Sayfa 30 / 93

92. Economic liberalization, which is itself a vague

term, occurs in various forms and in many

countries. ____ . With a few notable

exceptions, however, almost every country in

the world has been affected by this trend. In

the industrialized world, it was epitomized in

the goals and policies of the Thatcher and

Reagan governments. Also, encouraged by the

World Bank and IMF, most less developed

countries including India, Brazil, Argentina,

and Mexico have made some movements

towards economic liberalization.

A) In fact, the movement towards liberalization

relates to the change in thinking in the

economics profession in the 1950s and

1960s

B) Even Vietnam has taken some small steps

towards opening up its economy to the

outside world

C) This policy recognizes the role of the state in

the stabilization of a country's economy

D) Next, however, is the question of the

relation of these trends to the overall global

processes of economic development and

social modernization

E) It is, therefore, difficult, if not impossible, to

produce a list of countries that can be said

to have fully liberalized

93. D. H. Lawrence differed in many ways from

his contemporaries. In particular he wrote

with more urgency and intensity than most.

____.This is in keeping with his subject matter

which is so often the dreams and aspirations

of man.

A) His subject matter is all too often the

personal relationships of opposite

characters

B) Indeed, there is a poetic quality to much of

his work

C) He knew at first-hand the hardships of a coal

miner's life

D) It was the working class and its problems

that he presented most accurately

E) Actually, he was somewhat of a rebel himself


Sayfa 31 / 93

94. Mercury, which is the smallest of the planets,

is the closest to the sun at a little more than

one-third of the Earth's distance. ____. It was

first visited In March 1974 by the spacecraft

Mariner 10 which passed within a few

hundred kilometers of it. The craft relayed

pictures on the two following passes in

September 1974 and March 1975. It still

continues to revisit Mercury every 176 days.

A) The relayed picture showed that the planet

has an approximately 59-day rotation

period

B) It is only recently that we have been able to

gain any accurate information about it

C) Mariner 10 measured a small magnetic field

at the surface

D) Today we are in possession of vast amounts

of information about the planets

E) Obviously it will take many thousands of

years to reach even the nearest stars

95. Despite technological improvements which

allow exploration to proceed rapidly, it is no

simple matter to obtain oil from undersea

fields. Prospecting must be followed by the

leasing of potential oil-producing areas, and

then by drilling to see whether oil is actually

there. Offshore drilling platforms must be

constructed most efficiently so as to withstand

the force of waves. Especially during the

season for hurricanes. _____.

A) Therefore, the technical difficulties of far

more extensive offshore operations do not

discourage specialists in petroleum

engineering

B) Naturally, the search for petroleum has

repeatedly led geologists to sedimentary

rocks under the seas

C) I t is a fact that by no means all of the land

resources of petroleum have been

discovered

D) Actually, off California, Texas and Louisiana,

oil companies have drilled into the

sediments of the shelf and are obtaining oil

E) Indeed, winds, storm waves, fogs and the

corrosive effects of seawater upon metal

structures are the major hazards that must

be faced and overcome in offshore oil

production


Sayfa 32 / 93

96. National self-reliance in disaster relief is a

goal towards which all countries must strive.

However, international assistance may be

needed to provide locally unavailable

resources and skills for relief and

rehabilitation. Many agencies, associations,

groups and governments aid countries

affected by natural disasters. ____.If properly

coordinated, international relief is beneficial

to disaster victims.

A) The rehabilitation period provides an

opportunity for making major changes in

health-care methods, for during it people

are receptive to new ideas

B) The arrival of unsolicited medical

assistance, particularly in the form of

volunteer physicians, may be a persistent

problem

C) A major disaster with high mortality leaves

orphaned children whose care may

become the responsibility of health

agencies

D) Each has different objectives, expertise,

and financial support to offer, and over a

hundred may become involved in any

single major disaster

E) Funding long-term projects from

international resources may prove difficult

since many organizations are reluctant to

take on such expenditures

97.It is an old wives' tale that reading in the dark

is harmful or will weaken the eyes. With the

exception of looking directly at the sun or

another very high intensity light source, one

does not hurt one's eyes by using them. True,

reading, with insufficient light, may tire the

eye muscles. ____ . Admittedly, the proper

level of illumination for reading is the level

which one feels comfortable.

A) Moreover, light from behind is ideal for

reading, and any close work

B) Therefore, higher illumination can actually

be a disadvantage

C) On the contrary, one would feel more

comfortable if the light were better

D) It may even cause headaches, but it does no

permanent damage

E) In fact, there are new, inexpensive, high-

intensity lamps available now which provide

sufficient light


Sayfa 33 / 93

98. A simple idea could make flying much safer.

Tests in the US have shown that cooling fuel

before it is put into an aircraft prevents

explosive fumes building up in the fuel tanks.

____ . For this purpose, an American company

has developed a system that cools fuels to -1

degree Celsius or below, before it is put into

an aircraft. This is the ideal safety temperature

and almost completely eliminates the chance

of an explosion in the fuel tanks.

A) Research has revealed that the fuel

delivered to an aircraft before take-off will

heat up fast if the aircraft is in the sun

B) The explosion of the TWA flight 800 off Long

Island in the United States is thought to

have been caused by a fire in one of the

aircraft's tanks.

C) As an aircraft climbs, the drop in pressure

draws more fumes into the tanks, and if this

occurs, safety depends largely on the

absence of a spark

D) The US Federal Aviation Administration has

since been looking for many ways of making

air travel safer

E) The idea is to minimize vaporization, so that

there is no danger of an explosion even if

static electricity of faulty wiring creates a

spark

99 ____ . Periodic environmental cues such as

dawn or dusk or the change of the seasons,

regulate these clocks. There is scientific

evidence that matching clocks to these cues

helps animals live longer. Indeed, most

researchers think that the clocks help animals

co-ordinate metabolic and physiological

processes for survival.

A) In the case of some insects, the biological

clocks are never affected by changes in the

environment in which they live

B) Biological clocks do not always enable

animals to live in harmony with their natural

habitat

C) Biological clocks allow organisms to

anticipate when to feed, mate, migrate, or,

in short, synchronise their activities with the

environment

D) Some scientists argue that biological clocks

disappear over time in populations raised in

an environment with no periodic changes

E) Many people find it difficult to adapt to a

new time schedule


Sayfa 34 / 93

100. Want, neglect, confusion, and misery in

every shape and in every degree of intensity

filled the endless corridors of the hospital.

The very building itself was shockingly

defective. ____ . There were not enough

bedsteads and the sheets were of canvas

and very coarse. There was no furniture of

any kind, and empty beer bottles were used

for candlesticks. There were no basins, no

towels, no soap, no brooms, no trays, or

plates.

A) There had been some delay in the delivery

of the medical stores sent out by various

European countries

B) The structural defects were equalled by

the deficiencies in the commonest objects

of hospital use

C) The authorities had taken measures to

ensure that there would be an adequate

supply of stretchers, bandages and the

most ordinary drugs

D) I ndeed, great detachments of the

wounded were already comfortably

accommodated

E) The first signs of hope came when a fair

supply of the most necessary objects

arrived

101. When the Crimean War broke out,

Captain Gordon, who was to become famous in

the future as General Gordon of Khartoum, was

twenty-one. Before the year was over, he had

managed to get himself transferred to the Crimea.

____ . Upon the declaration of peace, he was sent

to Bessarabia to assist in determining the frontier

between Russia and Turkey, in accordance with

the Treaty of Paris. Upon this duty he was

occupied for nearly two years. Then he was

dispatched to China.

A) Throughout the war, especially during the

siege of Sebastopol, he behaved with

conspicuous gallantry

B) For the historian, the circumstances of his

tragic end, so bitterly debated, and so

controversially described, still remain a

mystery

C) It was not in peace and rest, but in ruin

and horror, that he reached his end.

D) The news of the catastrophe reached

England, and a great outcry arouse

E) In fact, he was by no means in favour of

the Government's imperial policies in the

colonies


Sayfa 35 / 93

102. ____ . The study found that the morale was

low among secretaries. Many of them

claimed that they felt a lack of respect for

their work and that they were not treated as

full members of the company's executive

team. The study also revealed that they

were under-utilised.

A) First of all, we have made a list of tasks

that secretaries can perform in addition to

the more traditional tasks of typing and

filing

B) The changes we have made in the

personnel system of the company were in

part the result of a study conducted about

secretaries over a six-month period

C) In addition to the language training that

has been offered, the company is

designed a training programme on office

management for secretaries

D) In upgrading office efficiency, managers

also play an Important role by recognizing

and appreciating the work and career

aspirations of secretaries

E) The questionnaire didn’t provide them

with any useful information

103. The creation of a single European state,

towards which the single currency is a major

step, will serve only to further the scope and

power of large corporations. ____ .

Undoubtedly, the single currency will

significantly accelerate the process of

economic globalisation, but the

consequences could prove disastrous.

A) Similarly, small businesses and

communities will have no voice in this

corporate Europe

B) Moreover, the further away government

drifts from the communities it is supposed

to serve, the less accountable it will

become

C) The ongoing standardisation of European

culture, taste and regulations can only be

achieved with the unanimous support of

all Europeans

D) It is unlikely that ordinary people will ever

achieve access to the working strategies of

the institutions that govern them

E) It is, indeed, these corporations which

have called most persistently for a single

currency


Sayfa 36 / 93

104. Why are organisations important? ____ . The

working force, which means the bulk of the

adult population, spends more than a third

of its waking hours in the organisations by

which it is employed. The life of the child

takes place to almost an equal extent in the

environment of the school organisation.

A) The answer is that organisations are

important because people spend so much

of their time in them

B) The obvious answer might be that it is

organisations that give employment to the

workforce

C) Housewives are obviously less affected by

organisations than working women in full-

time employment

D) Influence processes can be specific or

they can be diffuse

E) It is often argued that organisations have

a profound influence on human behaviour

105. The anthology has been edited by two very

fine poets, but the result is disappointing.

Quite simply, it fails to excite. ____ . Further,

the selection itself is overburdened by the

need to support this thesis.

A) Each new anthology is, in a way, a new

effort to reassess the past

B) The bibliographical material, moreover, is

correspondingly informative

C) The selection also includes, besides old

favourites, many delightful poems that

have been unfairly overlooked

D) The introduction is without originality and

indeed says nothing

E) The introduction is heavy and the thesis

that poetry has been fully “democratised"

since World War I, is overstated

106. In certain countries, air pollution from road

traffic kills more people per year than fatal

car crashes. According to a study carried out

in Sweden, traffic fumes cause lung cancer

and, hence, a high rate of mortality. ____ .

People who have only lived in areas of heavy

traffic for ten years are 20 per cent more

likely to develop the illness.

A) On the contrary, the effects of the

pollution caused by road traffic have

proved to be fatal

B) Researchers have found that those living in

areas of high density traffic for a period of

thirty years are 40 per cent more likely to

contact the disease

C) A lot of people are hospitalised as a result

of accidents on roads and this puts a great

strain on health resources

D) Clearly, further measures are needed to

reduce air pollution caused by traffic, as

well as that caused by industry

E) Similar studies have been carried out in

other countries with similar results


Sayfa 37 / 93

107. ____ . This, we are assured, will enable it to

become more "efficient". All affiliated

sectors are targeted: hospital care and other

care services, ambulance services, care for

the aged, social benefits, and the highly-

lucrative area of plastic surgery. Patients

would henceforth become customers, and

hospitals health-care supermarkets.

A) The medico-pharmaceutical industry is

one of the world’s leading business

sectors and one with an enormous

potential for growth and profits in the

new century

B) In fact, to subject healthcare to the laws

of the market can only lead to increased

inequality and tension in the country

C) After the privatisation of

telecommunications and postal services, it

is now the turn of the health sector to be

opened up to competition and eventual

take-over by corporations

D) The service sector, in which health-care is

included, is as vast as it is undefined

E) For over fifty years, access to health-care

for all has come to be regarded as a

fundamental human right in many

countries

108. In 1906 the US authorities declared cocaine

illegal and then prohibited its import. ____ .

In financial, artistic and political milieu in the

US, it is regarded as synonymous with

opulence and distinction. Therefore, its

desirability has launched a fabulous business

known as narco traffic.

A) At present, the US market almost entirely

absorbs Latin American drug production

B) Towards the end of the nineteenth

century, cocaine consumption spread

through the upper classes of both Europe

and the US

C) In Peru, for example, the cocaine industry

occupies 15 per cent of the active labour

force and reports a yearly income of one

billion US dollars

D) In spite of the prohibition, cocaine has all

through the century been much in

demand

E) he US approach to the popularity of

cocaine is a classic example of the

misrepresentation of the real problem


Sayfa 38 / 93

109. Little was known in the past about the

economic life of Hittite Anatolia. ----- . For

instance, we now know that the mining of

such metals as copper, lead and silver, and

that the metallurgical techniques used were

relatively well advanced. Among agricultural

activities, sheep farming was the most

common while in some districts horses were

bred. In daily life, bread and beer were the

staple food in addition to dairy products.

A) Evidently, regulations in the Hittite civil

code protected farmers, and some prices

were fixed

B) In fact, every Hittite subjects except the

members of privileged class, was forced to

assist in such public works as the upkeep of

roads and temples.

C) However, some facts about the Hittite

economy have been established in recent

decades

D) Hittite cities were well built walls of stout

masonry

E) On the other hand, the Hittites had a

considerable reverence for the law

110. The simplest of the nutrients are the

minerals. ----- . Its atoms are all alike. As a

result, its identity never changes. Iron, for

example, remains iron when a food is

cooked, when a person eats the food, when

iron becomes part of a red blood cell, when

the cell is broken down, and when the iron is

lost from the body by excretion.

A) The nutrients that foods supply are

essential nutrients, that is, they are

needed from outside the body

B) The body can make some nutrients, but it

cannot make all of them

C) The amount of energy a food provides

depends on how much carbohydrate, fat

and protein it contains

D) minerals are inorganic nutrients as they

contain no carbon

E) Each mineral is a chemical element


Sayfa 39 / 93

111. In a developed country, the demand for

luxury goods expands rapidly as people's

incomes rise. ----- . Thus, items such as cars

and foreign holidays have a high income

elasticity of demand whereas items such as

potatoes and bus journeys have a low

income elasticity of demand.

A) Poor people respond differently from rich

people to a rise in their incomes

B) The demand for basic good, however,

such as bread, rises only a little if not all

C) The reason is that producers and

consumers take time to respond to a

change in price

D) The luxury goods of one generation are

often not regarded as luxury goods by the

next

E) Whenever there is a noticeable change in

the price of a commodity, one can expect

a change in the demand for that

commodity

112. Every volcano has its own geology and

history. Indeed, no two volcanoes are alike.

Hence, each need to be studied separately

so that its warning signals can be recognized.

The two volcano-watching satellites now

orbiting earth are simply not adequate. ----- .

A) Even so, once a volcano has erupted,

there is nothing men can do to stop it

B) A volcano may be active, dormant or

dead; all of them are of interest to the

geologist

C) For instance, the Pocoye Volcano in

Guatemala began spouting lava hundreds

of metres into the air two years ago

D) A system six to eight such satellites,

however, could keep a much more

effective watch on the world's volcanoes

E) It is the cracks on the surface of the

volcano that allow these hot gases to

escape

113. The modern historian of Greece and Rome

bases his writings on a wide range of

archaeological and literary material. He has

no access to ancient archives, but certain

imperishable objects survive and take the

place of modern "official document". Many

surviving Greek and Latin inscriptions were

carved usually in Stone Age; official records

of treaties, of expenditure or of decrees of a

monarch. ----- .

A) The Greeks were not the first to chronicle

human events but they were the first to

apply criticism

B) The earliest Greek writers, like Homer,

wrote epic poems describing great heroes

and their deeds

C) As a poor story-teller Herodotus stands

second only to Homer among the ancients

D) And many other, recording the private

affairs of individuals, reflect meaningfully

on the social life of a moment or an age

E) The origins and growth of Roman

historiography remain obscure


Sayfa 40 / 93

114. ----- . Such problems include damage to the

earth's environment, overcrowding and

famine in developing nations, and

translational disputes over oil, water or

othernatural resources. Illegal immigration

and the flow of illicitdrugs across national

borders are further problems.Americans can

neither solve these problems alone andnor

escape the consequences, should the

international community fail to take action

for a solution.

A) Global problems are increasingly likely to

threaten the Americans' security and well-

being.

B) A large proportion of the national income

of America has accordingly to be invested

in security

C) No nation has a greater stake than the

USA in the outcome of today's democratic

upheavals

D) America must reinvigorate its economy,

not only to generate the resources

needed to sustain global leadership, but

also to stimulate global growth

E) The best way to work of new threats to

America's security and to international

stability is to support the spread of free

markets and democratic politics

115. The oldest direct evidence we have of life on

Earth consists of fossilised bacteria in 3,5

billionyear- old rocks from Western

Australia. ____ .So we can deduce that the

origin of life on Earth goes back even farther,

to perhaps close on four billion years ago.

A) Obviously, once conditions had stabilised

sufficiently on Earth, life appeared very

quickly

B) This fact does not help us to determine

the actual age of Earth itself

C) These fossilised organisms are actually

quite advanced and must have had a long

evolutionary history

D) The very fact that life appeared so late in

geological time suggests that it was not

easy for nature to achieve it

E) It is usual to assume that life is bound to

arise whenever physical conditions are

similar to those of Earth


Sayfa 41 / 93

116. ____ . Food can be protected from them by

gauze covers, or the house itself can be

protected by gauze. Further, householders

should wage continual war against them

with insecticide sprays.

A) Those topics are all covered in great detail

in their book Good Health in the Tropics

B) Visitors 10 the tropics frequently catch

intestinal diseases

C) Certain intestinal diseases are spread

through contaminated wate

D) In such cases anti-malarial tablets are

usually recommended

E) In the tropics, great care must be taken to

prevent food from being polluted by

flies61.

117. Venice was founded by refugees from the

Italian mainland. They were fleeing before

the barbarian invaders to the islands of the

lagoons, hitherto inhabited by a few

fishermen. At first the

newcomers returned to the mainland when

the invaders' force was spent, but after the

Lombard conquest they made a permanent

home in the islands. ____ .

A) During the first three crusades Venice

developed its carrying trade and acquired

commercial bases in the principal Syrian

ports

B) From these small beginnings Venice rose

to become the most powerful maritime

state in the Mediterranean

C) At the height of its power Venice held

Crete, Corfu and many islands in the

Aegean

D) Venice has a great number of interesting

churches, among the most important

being the basilica or St Mark

E) Important industrial establishments lie

north and west of the intricate harbour

basins of the city

118. ____ . More than ninety per cent of the

inhabitants were primarily engaged in

agriculture. The remainder were fur traders,

fishermen, craftsmen, merchants and

professional people. The last three groups

were also likely to be farmers.

A) The early settlers in America were raced

with a hostile environment and, hence,

security was of primary importance

B) The scarcity of large areas of good

farmland and the lack of a large market

for their agricultural products forced the

early settlers in America to turn to the sea

C) The economic life of the early colonists in

America was essentially based on the land

D) The great period of colonial migration to

America was in the 18th rather than the

17th century

E) Although African slaves were imported

early into Virginia. it was not until the

18th century that their number increased

dramatically


Sayfa 42 / 93

119. A network of roads linked cities in Babylonia.

Rivers and canals were spanned by bridges or

crossed by terry and were themselves much

used for transport. ____ . There were also

rafts on wood on inflated skins which could

be dismantled at the end of the downstream

journey.

A) Music played a large part in temple

worship and in the lives of the people in

general

B) The Babylonians were primarily a nation of

merchants and were quick to open trade

routes

C) The country retained its ancient civilisation

and cuneiform writing right on to

Sassanian times

D) There was a vaulted building there which

may have housed the Hanging Gardens,

which were one of the Seven Wonders of

the World

E) Some of the boats used were flat-

bottomed barges, very like those seen

today on the waterways of Iraq

120. Roof design varies with geography and

climate. In northern countries they slope

steeply for quicker dispersal of melting

snow. ____ .On the southern shores of the

Mediterranean and in hot climates, flat roofs

are the common type.

A) In temperate Zones roots do not slope so

steeply as excessive snow is rare

B) A well-designed root will carry rain winter

well away from the house

C) The upkeep of roofs of all descriptions is

quite expensive

D) There are usually pipes, too, to carry

rainwater to ground level

E) In factories, roof structures are very often

of steel

121. Glasgow is now the largest city in Scotland

and, indeed, is home to a quarter of the

population of Scotland. This, however, has

not always been the case. -----. After 1707, it

grew at a phenomenal rate both as an

international port and as a major industrial

centre.

A) The university of Glasgow is one of the

best in the country

B) The name probably means "dear green

place"

C) There is a cathedral and other

ecclesiastical institutions in the city

D) For a long time it was simply a small

market town

E) It is situated on the river Clyde and ringed

by wind-swept moorlands

122. In 1912, a German weatherman named

Alfred Wegener declared that all the

continents of the world had once been

joined together and were now drifting

around the face of the Earth like giant rafts.

At first, Wegener's claim attracted little

interest. Most would have given up, but not

Wegener. -----. When this still failed to

provoke a reaction, he brought out a second

edition. That did it. Many of the world's top

experts on geology gradually began to agree

with him.

A) A decade later, he died, and his mad idea

died with him

B) He published a small book on "continental

drift" in 1915

C) But by the early 1960s, geologists were

discovering evidence to support his theory

D) He was right about continental drift but

unable to explain why it happened

E) Today, continental drift is regarded as a

science and is routinely taught at

universities


Sayfa 43 / 93

123. On 5 December 1952, Londoners received a

rude awakening. They opened their curtains

to find a choking dark cloud hanging over

their city: a corrosive mixture of fog and

smoke and gas. -----. That week there were

more deaths in London than at the height of

the cholera epidemic of 1866.

A) For some inexplicable reason the fog

stayed for the next four days causing an

epidemic of bronchitis

B) Indeed, air-pollution had never been

regarded as a serious matter

C) Even so, it was not until 1956 that the

Clean Air Act came into force

D) Consequently, smokeless zones were

established to reduce domestic sources of

smoke, and in these only smokeless fuels

could be burnt

E) Those four, dark smoky days marked a

turning point in public and political

thinking about pollution

124. When tourists eventually start arriving in

space they will need somewhere to stay. -----

. A three-day stay at these hotels will cost

roughly £40,000, but they are confident the

public will be prepared to pay.

A) They are hoping to produce a reusable

rocket large enough to carry three people

100 km into space and back

B) Scientists and researchers worldwide

were consequently trying to make space

tourism affordable

C) Orbiting space hotels have already been

designed by a Japanese construction giant

and a group of international hotel

architects

D) A notable reduction in prices finally

opened up the aviation industry to the

general public

E) The problem is not simply to launch

people into space but to see that they

remain comfortable throughout the flight


Sayfa 44 / 93

125. About seven out of ten fires are due to the

hand of man, either accidental or deliberate,

one to products and processes of materials,

and the remaining two to defects in

buildings. The most dangerous products in

the home are plastics and rubber, which give

off highly toxic fumes when burning. Video

cassettes and foam-backed carpets are

major culprits. -----.

A) The number of fire deaths has shown a

steady fall in recent years, but the risk of a

blaze can never be ruled out

B) If a means of escape does not exist, these

hot gases develop a pressure on the walls

of the upper parts of the structure

C) When an opening is made to reach the

fire, the admission of oxygen causes these

gases to explode

D) Once air is heated, it becomes lighter,

rises and seeks escape through any

openings that may be available

E) Although the foam used in furniture is

now treated so that it is less flammable, it

still helps to spread the blaze

126. For many centuries before the coming of the

first Europeans, Arabs had been trading with

the island of Madagascar, and had

established various settlements on the

coast. -----. During the ensuing three

centuries, sporadic attempts at colonization

were made by both Dutch and French,

especially the latter. In 1642, after the

French had been in touch with the island for

more than a century, a French company was

established to trade with the island, and in

1643 Fort Dauphin was founded on the

southeast coast.

A) But in 1500, the island was discovered by

the Portuguese, and thus attracted

Europeans

B) It was not until the last years of the 18th

century that the island had been relatively

colonized

C) In 1840-41, the French navy occupied the

island Nossi-Be, close to the north-

western coast of Madagascar

D) In the 18th century, French commercial

contact with the island was fairly

continuous

E) Historically, the island had the status of an

overseas territory within the French Union


Sayfa 45 / 93

127. There are some people who are worried that

one day man will regret that he ever made

robots. -----. They also promise that within

the next few decades we will be freed from

all manner of boring jobs for the robots will

do them for us.

A) A robot is any machine that can make

decisions independent of human control

B) The UN Economic Commission for Europe

predicts that there will shortly be as many

as 290,000 robots in homes around the

world

C) Robots are going to be particularly

necessary in Japan as the number of

elderly citizens there is expected to

increase rapidly

D) The scientists, however, say they can

guarantee they will be able to control

their mechanical creations

E) Meanwhile, the technology behind

industrial robots is improving rapidly

128. Autonomous underwater vehicles are small,

pilotless submarines that can be equipped

with sensors of various kinds and

programmed to carry out observations

within the ocean. -----. For example, the

current quest to identify deep-sea

hydrothermal vents within the Arctic Ocean

cannot be carried out by a piloted deep-sea

vehicle because of the dangers involved.

A) In some instances, they provide the only

reasonable means to obtain the

desiredinformation

B) They are being used everywhere to carry

out work that is dull or dirty

C) It is not at all easy to manoeuvre heavy

equipment towed from a ship at the end

of a lengthy cable

D) More traditional oceanographic tools have

also certain advantages

E) One such will prospect for hydrothermal

sites by crisscrossing the ocean above

them

129. The new company manager has introduced a

number of revolutionary changes, and he

underlines the difference between what

used to be and what is, now. -----. "Now we

ask what is required to capture an

opportunity and then either try to get those

skills by alliances or develop them internally

to fit."

A) “Ambitious younger managers can always

be counted on to offer useful

suggestions,” he says

B) "A new openness towards external

partners should result in valuable deals,"

he says

C) "Divisional managers must think in terms

of the group as a whole." he says

D) "We shall have to introduce a great many

cuts in order to reduce overheads," he

says

E) "We used to start by identifying our core

competences and then looking for market

opportunities," he says


Sayfa 46 / 93

130. Prposals to ban the pesticide DDT by 2007

have been dropped as it seemed likely that

this would have an adverse effect on efforts

to fight malaria. -----. Before that can

happen, however, the poor countries must

be helped to find and adopt suitable

alternatives. Otherwise, the spread of

malaria will continue uncontrolled.

A) In some quarters, it is believed that DDT is

actually not as harmful as it was once

believed

B) It is still agreed, however, that DDT must,

eventually, be banned

C) The various countries negotiating to limit

persistent organic pollutants were all

agreed on this

D) Obviously, there are many safer

insecticides

E) The draining of mosquito breeding areas

has also been effective in the control of

malaria

131. Non-lethal weapons could offer the prospect

of a less violent world where lethal force is

only a last resort. But not everyone

welcomes them. -----. But the strongest

objections come from civil rights protesters.

A) Non-lethal weapons are typically given

names that make them sound acceptable

B) Language is sometimes designed to

mislead, as is the case with "rubber-

coated bullets" which are steel bullets, the

size of a marble, with a very thin rubber

coat

C) The term "non-lethal" is not strictly

accurate as any weapon can kill

D) Thus demonstrations can be swiftly

broken up and the voice of dissent

silenced

E) One group to protest is the military forces

themselves who are not keen to exchange

familiar weapons for untried technology

132. To open a newspaper today is to be

confronted by an avalanche of ever-

worsening crises. -----. In fact, the list is

endless.

A) Unfortunately, the larger institutions that

cannot easily be called to account, are

taking precedence over their smaller,

more ecological-based competitors

B) The task of overcoming them seems so

utterly overwhelming that most of us

simply try to ignore them

C) At the heart of our problems is an

economic system that alienates people

from nature

D) These range from global warming to the

extinction of a whole species, and from

the destruction of cultures to rising job

insecurity

E) The need to provide our children with a

sense of security and identity is therefore

gaining importance

133. In Japan, the brighter economic picture of

the first 6 months of 2002 failed to carry

over into the second half of the year.

___________. This was no doubt influenced

by rising unemployment which is now at a

record high.

A) External demand supported Japan's

exporters to some degree, but the

domestic market was at a low ebb

B) The year 2003 will doubtless be another

difficult year for the Japanese economy

C) Recovery looks like being slow

D) This uncertainty gave rise to a cut in

interest rates

E) Once global investor confidence returns,

equity markets will, in all likelihood, start

to perform well again


Sayfa 47 / 93

134. There is a popular theory that suggests we

only use 10 per cent of our brain, and that if

we could just find a way to tap the other 90

per cent it might be employed in the

important question o how it works.

____________. A recent spate of studies

shows that all areas of the brain are active

when performing day-to-day functions and

there is no 90 per cent that remains

untapped.

A) There are countless other ways in which

the human brain is unique

B) Unfortunately, this theory has turned out

to be wrong

C) We should also remember that other

animals are clever too, though in different

ways

D) Another theory tries to account for the

fact that we are suspicious of other's

motives

E) This explains why, unlike other animals, we

are able to ignore the selfish dictates of

our genes

135. Satellite tracking of sharks has at last put an

end to a 50-year-old assumption about their

habits, ___________. Instead, they travel

vast distances all year round in search of

zooplankton, their favourite food.

A) Our knowledge concerning the habits of

sharks has increased immensely during

this period

B) Some assumptions never do get tested

C) In this respect sharks are quite unlike

whales

D) It has now been finally established that

they do not hibernate

E) Such an assumption was easy enough to

discredit

136. A recent survey carried out by the UK

lecturers' union shows that almost a quarter

of respondents rate their academic freedom

as limited, poor or non-existent.

___________. In 30% of cases, that pressure

had come from the organization paying for

the research.

A) Researchers in every sector know that

they must get positive results into journals

B) Most worrying is the results of this loss of

integrity on medical research

C) Some researchers said they had been

pressurized to alter results, delay their

publication or even bury them

D) The public loss of confidence in science

has reached serious proportions and must

be faced squarely

E) Those with access to the truth are too

often those with most to gain from

avoiding it

137. For many of the world's crucial arable lands,

the availability of water is the single greatest

threat to yields. ___________. One way to

ensure this is drip irrigation which delivers

water direct to the plants' roots. It is

unfortunately, far more expensive than flood

irrigation.

A) Actually, certain minor changes could

greatly improve the efficiency of many of

the world's largest irrigation system

B) Moreover, the monitoring of soil moisture

can also be useful

C) Agricultural researchers are working to

develop strains of rice that require lass

water

D) In certain areas the food eaten by

livestock comes from irrigated fields

E) It is therefore essential that less water is

wasted


Sayfa 48 / 93

138. Zambia's people have a literacy rate of 78%,

which is high compared with many poor

African countries. However, it has only

library, one university and no television

stations. Its economy is very limited, with

copper mining accounting for over 80% of

the country's foreign currency intake.

___________.

A) Even so, in 2001, its president, Chiluba,

contemplated changing the constitution

to allow him to run for another

presidential term

B) In fact, it has an annual industrial growth

rate of only 1 per cent

C) Early humans inhabited present-day

Zambia two million years ago

D) In 1972, Kenneth Kaunda, the first

president o the country, outlawed all

opposition political parties.

E) In 1924, the British government took over

the administration of the region

139. Germany is now the sick man of the

European Union. Since 1996, it has averaged

growth of just 1.1% a year compared with

2.2% in the euro zone as a whole. ----. A

country which boasted unemployment of

just 150,000 in 1970 may have 5 million

people out of work by the end of the year.

A) In fact, Germany is the largest financier of

the European Union

B) The figures show that Germany is still the

third largest economy in the world

C) The country is richer per head than the EU

average

D) For almost three years the economy has

barely grown at all

E) In the aftermath of the fall of the Berlin

wall, Germany did seem poised to emerge

as the new Europe's unrivalled

powerhouse

140. The fundamental characteristics of suicide

bombing, and its strong attraction for the

terrorist organizations behind it, are

universal. ----. They guarantee media

coverage. The suicide terrorist is the

ultimate smart bomb.

A) By any measure 2000 was an astonishing

year for Israel in terms of suicide

bombings

B) The early years of suicide terrorism were

in many ways simpler

C) Suicide bombing initially seemed the

desperate act of lone individuals

D) A person wearing a bomb is far more

dangerous than a timed device left to

explode in a marketplace

E) They are less complicated than other kinds

of terrorist operations

141. The United States contains more fat people

than any other nation. ----. Some nine million

Americans are now "morbidly obese",

meaning roughly a hundred pounds or more

overweight

A) Sixty-four per cent of American adults are

presently overweight, as opposed to forty-

seven per cent in 1980

B) Obesity may soon surpass both hunger

and infectious disease as the world's most

pressing public-health problem

C) In parts of the developing world, slimness

has supplanted plumpness as a mark of

social status and sexual desirability

D) Pockets of obesity can be found in

underdeveloped countries, particularly in

urban areas

E) In 2000, for the first time in history, the

number of overweight people in the world

matched the number of underweight

people


Sayfa 49 / 93

142. Art forgery is an interesting occurrence. ----.

For the imitation to succeed in fooling us, it

must resemble one or more things that we

have been led to believe are originals.

Without something to mimic, the fake could

not exist.

A) Moreover, notions of what constitutes

value in a work of art are notably

subjective

B) Since it relies on camouflage and

deception, it is an act that is both daring

and self-denying

C) Similarly, no one motive directs a forger's

actions

D) Indeed, the first recorded case of art

forgery involved Albrecht Dürer and an

Italian artist of his time

E) Two and a half centuries of classical-art

scholarship have given experts an array of

reliable tools with which to assess forgery

143. A new guide to the European Union has

recently come on the market it explains how

the EU has developed and what the single

market means for business. ----. No other

guide deals so comprehensively with how

the EU operates and why.

A) It thus gives a complete overview of all the

problems now facing the EU

B) These are all ideas that have influenced the

approach to business management

C) Forecasting techniques similarly receive

detailed attention

D) New financial markets have recently

become available

E) Further, it discusses the implications of

monetary and economic union since

Maastricht

144. In the United States, in the two years since

September 11th , 2001, we have had to

become accustomed to an array of new and

previously inconceivable security measures. -

--- .With every new threat to international

security, we become more willing to live

with stringent precautions, and our everyday

life becomes more restricted.

A) They are accepted because we feel more

vulnerable than before

B) Terrorism is meant to produce

psychological effects that reach far

beyond the immediate victims of the

attack

C) America's enemies are marshalling their

resources to continue the struggle that

crystallized on September 11

D) No society, least of all the United States,

can regard itself as immune from the

threat of terrorism

E) Most people in the world believe that their

governments and security forces will

protect them from terrorist attacks

145. Most trees produce a ring of new wood each

year and these circles of growrth can easily

be seen in a crosssection of the trunk of a

felled tree.----. First, the rings become

narrower with the increasing age of the tree.

Second, the amount a tree grows each year

is affected by fluctuations in climate.

A) A narrow growth ring may be the result of

a cold spell in spring

B) In temperate regions, sunlight may be

more important than rainfall in affecting a

tree's growth

C) Several conditions can contribute to a

particularly thick annual ring

D) These rings are not of uniform thickness

and vary for two reasons

E) Results have been particularly impressive

in the American Southwest for a variety of

reasons


Sayfa 50 / 93

146. If Johannesburg is to live up to its potential,

it must overcome its apartheid legacy of

division. Contact between the races often

remains awkward.- ---. The hope is that with

more children mixing at school, the next

generation will coexist more easily.

A) This is very understandable as the idea of

equality is still very new

B) One major concern that all races have in

common is crime

C) In the worst parts of the city, for example,

one in three people was robbed last year

D) The best restaurants of Africa are to be

found in Johannesburg as are the best

hospitals

E) Indeed, in some suburbs living conditions

are good, but in many quarters they

remain harsh and often violent

147. To help users find reliable nutrition

information on the internet, this university

maintains an online rating and review guide

called the Nutrition Navigator.----. Each

website receives a score from 1 to 25, and

links are provided to recommended sites.

A) For instance, many televised nutrition

messages are presented by celebrities,

food editors and chefs

B) Even so, the Nutrition Navigator remained

the best site from which to launch

ventures into nutrition cyberspace

C) Many people tüm to their physicians for

dietary advice, expecting them to know all

about healthrelated matters

D) The ratings reflect the opinions of a panel

of nutrition experts on selected websites

on the basis of their accuracy and depth

E) The Internet offers no guarantees of the

accuracy of the information found there

148. Police may soon have a new weapon in the

fight against crime: Earprints. Earprints are

left when criminals press their ears against a

door or window to listen for sounds within. -

---.

A) They will also develop a database for ear

shapes, scars and creases

B) The Forensic Ear Identification Project is

expected to come up with a solution to

this problem

C) As with fingerprints, earprints could help

detectives to place suspects at the scene

of a crime

D) Even so, earprints are already being used

as evidence in parts of Europe

E) So it seems unlikely that earprints will

ever be used as evidence in courtrooms

149. Robots could soon be doing their bit for the

environment. ----. The results suggest that

herbicide use could be reduced by 70% if

farmers used these robots to adopt more

selective spraying techniques.

A) The longer term goal is to avoid herbicides

altogether

B) Trials are presently underway for a

Danish robot that maps the position of

weeds growing among crops

C) Naturally it would be better to have the

robot pull the weeds out of the ground

rather than poisoning them

D) These robots cannot distinguish between

plant species and treat anything green as

a weed

E) The problem is not one of expense

because herbicides are cheap


Sayfa 51 / 93

150. The Internet introduces a technology which

poses new challenges to the protection of

individual privacy. ----. Each of these

systems is capable of monitoring, capturing

and storing communications that pass

through it.

A) Apparently Internet technology can gather

personal information without first seeking

consent

B) In the US, most federal privacy laws apply

only to the federal government

C) It can be argued that intruding into others'

lives through unobtrusive surveillance

through market research or through any

other means is a violation of privacy

D) Screening for employment purposes can

certainly be regarded as an invasion of

personal privacy

E) Information sent over this vast network of

networks may pass through many

computer systems before it reaches its

final destination

151. The ability to recognize people automatically

by analyzing bodily characteristics such as

fingerprints, faces and eyeballs -known as

biometrics - has long been a goal of both

technologists and governments.

.................... Both America and Europe plan

to start issuing biometric passports as soon

as next year.

A) Lobby groups have campaigned against

biometrics on the grounds that they

would invade privacy

B) Biometric technology has been around for

quite some time, but has not been widely

adopted

C) The introduction of biometric identity

documents cannot be consicered for a

long time since it would be so expensive

D) Plans for projects to incorporate

biometric seams into passports, identity

cards and visas are now under way in

several countries

E) Biometric could undemine security by

providing a sense of false security


Sayfa 52 / 93

152. Until the development of the first scientific

dating techniques around the beginning of

the ast century, dating in archaeology

depended almost entirely on historical

methods. ................ Such dating methods

are still of immense value today.

A) For instance, excavations in Egypt at the

and of the 19th century brought to light

pottery of Aegean origin

B) In the ancient world, literate societies

such as these recorded their own history

in written documents

C) The chronological system reqires even

more careful reconsrruction, and any list

of rulers or kings needs to be reasonably

complete

D) Other areas of Mesoamerica had their

own callendars which operated on similar

lines

E) That is to say, it relied on archaeological

connections with chronologies and

calendars that people in ancient times had

themselves established

153. There was a time when the American

accounting system was the envy of the

world. ............... . It encouraged millions of

average people to invest, thus transforming

America into the world's first mass equity

culture.

A) Boosting the integrity and standards of

the Financial markets is a critical

imperative

B) Its transparency, uniformity and

credibility allowed investors to make

intelligent comparisons among US

corporate earnings statements

C) Regulators and analysists should have

embraced it or at least something very

much like it

D) There are almost as many measures of

earnings today as there are companies

E) it offers them a road map to restoring

investor confidence though there are

shortcomings in the proposal that


Sayfa 53 / 93

154. The Conservative Party, which dominated

British politics in the 20tn century, is a

shadow of its former self.............There is

now only one conservative Member of

Parliament from Scotland and none from

Wales. Large cities such as Liverpool elect no

conservatives.

A) Moreover, the selection of parliamentary

candidates is in the hands of small groups

with extreme views

B) Elsewhere in Europe right-wing parties

continue to thrive

C) Thatcher governed Britain for 11 years

and was generally known as the "iron

lady"

D) Even when a conservative candidate is

elected it is usually by a narrow margin

E) Their role in the European Parliament at

this time inspired neither respect nor

confidence

155. Researchers are attempting to create the

computer equivalent of human cognitive

abilities, and they have had considerable

success........................ But as little as 50

years ago, how would people have reacted

to a machine that corrected errors in spelling

and grammar!

A) The research community,

underestimating the incredibte abilities of

the human brain, seriously misjudged how

difficult the task would be.

B) In the field of intelligence, how does man

compare with machines?

C) Man was certainly reluctant to admit that

machines could be physically stronger

than man.

D) The chess machine is an interesting

example in theory since all one had to do

was create a computer chip that could

analyze several million chess positions per

second.

E) For instance, we now have computerized

spelling and grammar checkers; they are

standard components of all word

processors today.


Sayfa 54 / 93

156. Indian parents have long been known to

prefer sons to daughters. This is be one of

the prejudice that sons care for parents in

their old age, whereas daughters must be

married off at great expense. ----. To put it

bluntly, ultrasound technology is enabling

parents to anticipate and abort unwanted

female babies.

A) In an effort to curb this trend, India, a

decade age, imposed a ban on the use of

ultrasound to determine sex.

B) It now seems that modern science is

increasingly being used in the service of

this traditional prejudice

C) In the 1990s, the total population of India

rose by 21 percent to 1,03 billion

D) In 1961, there were 976 girls for every

one boy’s age six and under in India

E) In southwestern Delhi, one at India’s

richest districts, the girl boy ratio declined

in the 1 990s to a shocking 845 girls for

every 1000 boys

157. Of all the phases of the history of art that of

ancient America remains the most

mysterious and the least accessible. ----.

Comparatively very few examples of this art

are available to the public and none of these

is of monumental size. Indeed, who le

aspects of this art are unknown. This is

because the objects have perished or

because they were destroyed by the Spanish

conquerors.

A) Obviously, the Mayans were a notably

intellectual people, possessing elaborate

religion and exact calendar system.

B) The historical development of the pre-

Columbian cultures of America is still very

obscure.

C) It is now generally accepted that man first

entered America by way of the Bering

Straits from northeast Asia.

D) The natives of what is now Peru were

apparently capable of science, but not of

philosophy.

E) One might further add that it is the least

appreciated of them all.


Sayfa 55 / 93

158. Few regions are less the master of their own

destinies than southeast Asia. ----. Indeed,

the region includes some of the world’s most

trade dependent countries All went well in

the early 1990’s, but not after 1997.

A) Nevertheless, China has stepped up her

imports and many of them are from

southeast Asia.

B) Sars added its malign influence in 2003.

C) Moreover, China has enjoyed a huge store

of foreign direct investment, thus starving

the south eastern economies of fresh

capital

D) This is because their economies are highly

sensitive to investment flows and the

demand for manufactured goods from far

away.

E) However, there is an increased demand

for memory chips in which southeast Asia

specializes.

159. Putting on a Broadway show is one of the

biggest gambles in America’s entertainment

industry, with investments running into

millions of dollars. ----. Since only one out of

five shows manages that, there is no

financial security.

A) It can take at least two years for a

successful show to pay back its original

investment

B) Indeed, a musical can cost around 10

million to put on

C) Consequently, producers are becoming

more creative with their fundraising

schemes

D) The New York stage is now looking to

advertising as a means of funding its

productions

E) Sponsorship would seem to be another

obvious solution to the problem

160. For years environmentalists have warned

against imminent food shortages, spreading

pollution, accelerating climate change and

the early exhaustion of the world’s oil and

other minerals. ----. Now, however, there are

dare predictions of water shortages in many

countries. Even some experts claim that

wars of the future will be fought over water,

not oil.

A) Certainly, dams will cause more argument

than ever, with China’s three giant dams

already filling up.

B) On the other hand, powerful rural farmers

can afford to pump out free groundwater

or to lobby for big dams that will yield

irrigation benefits.

C) But, until recently they have overlooked

the most essential substance of all: water

D) Fortunately, there are usually cheaper and

better ways of storing water, delivering

irrigation and protecting against floods.

E) In fact, rich households have access to

piped water from municipal utilities,

whereas the poor have to pay door to

door water vendors.


Sayfa 56 / 93

161. Though half the world’s Muslims live in

electoral democracies, only eight of the

forty-six Muslim- majority countries are

electoral democracies. This has made some

political scientists wonder if Islam is

antithetical to democracy. ----. They needn’t

have wondered. in 1974, more than seventy

percent of states that had catholic majorities

were not electoral democracies, but today

about eight percent of such states are.

A) In fact, from 1989 to 1996 forty-nine

nations were added to the tally of

electoral democracies.

B) Many of the regimes that have become

electoral democracies over the past

fifteen years cannot properly be called

liberal democracies.

C) Even after the great strides towards

freedom of democratic countries, the

target is such growth over any comparable

period of history.

D) The Soviet collapse increased the number

of democratic countries, but since most of

these states were small, it did not

substantially increase the number of free

people.

E) Experts wondered the same thing about

Catholicism in the early 1970s.

162. The world's oldest cave paintings date back

some 35,000 years. They lie buried in the

side of a hill close to Verona in north Italy. ---

-. Now, new archaeological research is also

proving that the ancients were adept, not

only at the visual arts, but also at the art of

sound.

A) Stone Age ears must have appreciated

the "echo-chamber" properties of the

sites

B) Archaeologists can use acoustics to study

ancient sites in the following two ways

C) Similarly, the stones of Stonehenge in the

south of England have been found to have

sonic qualities

D) They prove that art was already part of

the way of life for the early civilizations of

the time

E) Indeed, some of the stalactites in these

caves issue bell-like notes when struck


Sayfa 57 / 93

163. The new discipline of ethnoclimatology

acknowledges that some folklore is

surprisingly good at predicting the weather. -

--. For them, if the stars are bright, they look

forward to a normal rainy season; if dim, to a

late, sparse one.

A) One must remember, however, that

weather lore does not travel well

B) In Uganda, increases in overnight t

emperatures traditionally

presage rain two weeks later

C) One famous saying runs: "Red at night,

shepherds' delight, red in the morning,

shepherds' warning

D) For example, in western India local people

use the flowering of a particular tree to

predict the start of the monsoon 45 days

later

E) For example, in the Andes, potato farmers

use the clarity of the Pleiades star cluster

in June to predict the timing of the rainy

season

164. Cloning could be crucial when a species is

threatened with extinction. For instance, a

few years ago, the last remaining bucardo

mountain-goats in Spain were rounded up

for a captive breeding programme. ----. This

species is now extinct but could have been

saved by the cloning technology we have

today.

A) Unfortunately, however, they were wiped

out by disease

B) Habitat protection is the cornerstone of

conservation

C) Scientists made the world's first healthy

clone of an endangered species in 2003

D) Literally a hundred species become extinct

every day

E) There are cases in which cloning may

prevent Extinction

165. Andy Stern runs the largest and fastest-

growing labour union in the US. ----. But

today you probably do not. For his activities

receive almost no coverage in the press.

A) Actually, only 8.2 per cent of the private-

sector workforce is still enrolled in unions

B) If this were 25 or 50 or 100 years ago, you

would surely know of a labour leader like

Stern

C) Unless organized labour's constitution is

overhauled the movement will keep on

withering

D) Low-wage hospital and clerical workers

really do need a union

E) More innovative labour proposals include

a global minimum wage

166. Recently a great deal of research has been

carried out on the benefits of marriage. On

average, married people are healthier and

have lower mortality rates than single,

divorced or separated people. ----.

Moreover, they suffer from less anxiety,

depression and other mental ailments. These

findings apply to both sexes.

A) Formal marriage usually involves a higher

degree of personal commitment

B) This claim is still widely repeated

C) Several research projects show that

women also benefit

D) This means that serious violence among

married couples is fairly uncommon

E) Their lives are more regular and secure

and they engage in fewer harmful

activities


Sayfa 58 / 93

167. Contemporary computer systems have both

advantages and disadvantages. ----. But on

the debit side, these computer systems

create opportunities for the illegal copying of

software.

A) Software copying has emerged as a new

ethical issue precisely for this reason

B) Rapid technological change means that

the choices facing individuals also rapidly

change

C) One important advantage is that they

enable digital information to be made

available to all

D) In this environment it will be important

for management to conduct an ethical and

social impact analysis of new technologies

E) Software piracy challenges traditional

protections of property rights

168. Mollusks can be found in virtually every

habitat on Earth and range in size from

microscopic to more than 10 m long. ----. But

others, the octopus for instance, are

considered to be delicacies.

A) They are indeed an extremely fascinating

group of creatures

B) Not all of them, however, are encased in

a shell

C) All the mollusks are invertebrate animals

D) Some, like the snails in our gardens, are

regarded as pests

E) The octopus even has problemsolving

Abilities

169. Archaeologists have a duty, both to

colleagues and to the general public, to

explain what they are doing and why. ----.

Further, their work can also be enjoyed by

the wider public which, after all, has usually

paid the bill for the work, however

indirectly.

A) Up to 60 per cent of modern excavations

apparently remain unpublished

B) Archaeologists often prefer to dig new

sites rather than devote time to laborious

post excavation analysis

C) Many projects depend upon the willing

hands of amateur enthusiasts

D) Unfortunately, some archaeologists hoard

their finds and prevent colleagues from

gaining access to them

E) Basically, this means publishing the

discoveries so that the results are

available to other scholars


Sayfa 59 / 93

170. Well into the 1860s the American West

remained divided from the East by the harsh

nature of the country’ interior. ----. Their

aim was to build a railroad across the

formidable mountainous lands of the Sierra

Nevada. They were ridiculed on all sides, but

the ambitious enterprise eventually

succeeded.

A) Their high-flying goal comes with similarly

steep challenges

B) Top engineers had agreed that the Sierra

Nevada could not be crossed by road or

rail

C) Naturally, politicians were not in favour of

uniting East and West

D) Then four merchants began raising

money to fund a seemingly impossible

project

E) The high peaks of the Sierra Nevada were

acknowledged as being impassable

171. In the anals of computing, nothing has

caused as much disappointment as putting

ideas on paper. ----. However, with the

coming of the inkjet printer it was soon

possible to print really highquality images.

A) For decades, printing computer files was a

thankless task for users seeking to

reproduce precisely what they saw on

their screens

B) To start with, thermal inkjets were no

match for the costlier laser printers that

had just been introduced

C) For all its originality the idea behind the

inkjet is far from new

D) The first inkjet printers were slow, messy

machines, but they gradually got better

and better

E) Designers of printers grew more

ambitious and they started to want

colour, speed and low costs

172. Most Western industrialized nations have an

individualistic orientation, which values

independence and selfassertiveness. ----.

They stress the interdependence of people

within the community.

A) There is no internal evidence to suggest

this

B) Individuals in collectivist Asian cultures are

even less likely to commit such errors

C) In contrast, many non- Western cultures

have a more collectivist orientation

D) This is why Americans tend to use

psychological traits to describe

themselves

E) Actually, situational factors also play quite

an important role

173. How common are other civilizations in the

universe? This question has fascinated

humanity for centuries, but so far no

definitive answer has been found. ----. Chief

among these is the confirmation, after a long

wait and several false starts, that planets

exist outside our solar system.

A) Most surprising of all is the speed with

which life was established on this planet

B) A number of recent developments have

brought the question once again to the

fore

C) So far, astronomers have found no Earth-

like planets, but we can be fairly confident

that they will do so

D) In spite of all this activity, researchers

have made no positive detections of

extraterrestrial signals

E) The lack of success to date cannot be used

to infer that Earth is the only planet with

life


Sayfa 60 / 93

174. This year a lot of good things have happened

in the US economy. US companies have

become more competitive, and exports are

now booming. This strong export growth is

helping to stabilize the trade gap, and slower

US demand will bring down imports. ----.

Moreover, long-term interest rates are still

low, stock prices are setting records, and the

economy continues to grow at a moderate

pace.

A) The biggest danger in the weeks ahead is

a US recession, since currency markets

began to worry at the end of 2006 that

the housing recession could spill over to

other areas of the economy

B) In the meantime, profits from overseas

operations and returns on international

investments are rising as the gains are

translated back into dollars

C) Some leading economists have forecast

that the US dollar’s value could plunge by

a third over the next few years

D) The US dollar will be somewhat more

vulnerable against the euro, given that the

European Central Bank will most likely

continue to raise interest rates

E) The dollar is down 3% from a year ago

against the Chinese yuan, and futures

markets expect an additional 5% decline

later in the year

175. Venezuela’s president Hugo Chávez is using

his country’s oil wealth to create a sphere of

influence in Latin America. He has given his

open support to Cuba and funded leftist

politicians in Bolivia and Ecuador. ----.

Chávez’s growing influence, however, means

that a collapse in Venezuela could take much

of the continent down with it.

A) He maintains that the Venezuelan

economy should not mainly depend on oil

revenues but that more efforts must be

made to upgrade the other sectors of the

national economy

B) He is well aware of the fact that, since

2003, stocks in developing economies

have averaged gains of 30% annually

C) Moreover, by buying bonds from

Argentina, he has helped stocks there

jump tenfold since 2001, thus greatly

contributing to the improvement of the

country’s economy

D) He knows that with the Mexican, Asian,

and Russian market crashes of the 1990s

long forgotten, developing-country stocks

in the world keep jumping to all-time

highs

E) He believes that political turmoil

elsewhere could be just as devastating for

the Venezuelan economy, which is

currently doing very well


Sayfa 61 / 93

176. Laying undersea cable systems is a

monumental process. After surveying

landing sites, studying seabed geology, and

assessing risks, engineers plot a route. --- -.

For months, these ships lower the cables

thousands of feet to the seabed. In

congested spots, engineers use robots to dig

trenches for the cable that protect it from

wayward anchors and fishing nets. Then

crews pull the cable ends above the water

and connect them to land-based stations.

A) One of the new Pacific systems is part of a

massive $1.5 billion global network

connecting 60 countries

B) Traditional cross-ocean systems are loops

made up of two cables, usually many

miles apart

C) Operators building new cable systems are

mindful of the threat of earthquakes and

do what they can to avoid it

D) Then gigantic spools of cable and other

gear are loaded on cable-laying vessels

E) While there are ten major undersea cables

linking the US directly with Europe, there

are only five cables connecting the US

with Asia

177. Epilepsy, one of the most common

neurological disorders in the world, is caused

by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. --

--. Most forms of epilepsy have been

assumed to stem from brain tissue “scars”

acquired through trauma, so that molecular

approaches to understanding and treating

the disease would be fruitless.

A) It is true that, in developed countries, a

principal focus of epilepsy research has

been on the causes of the disease

B) The symptoms of this disease range in

severity from mild sensory disruption to

recurring seizures and unconsciousness

C) In addition, not all cases of epilepsy have

been fully studied

D) Moreover, proteins as large as insulin

have been proposed as neurotransmitters

E) On the contrary, a pairing of proteins in

neurons may be relevant to the

pathogenesis of human epilepsy


Sayfa 62 / 93

178. The biggest problems affecting the IMF, the

World Bank, and other instruments of

globalization concern governance. At both

the IMF and the World Bank, voting rights

are allocated not according to population

but according to economic power, and the

various countries’ representatives are

typically finance ministers or members of

central banks, not officials with broader

outlooks and concerns. ----. Therefore, the

voices of those most affected by

globalization are barely audible in

discussions about what policies these

international bodies should follow.

A) It is within these same small, elite circles

that most of the debate about reforming

the international economic architecture

occurs

B) IMF policies have always had a lasting

impact on the economies of developing

countries

C) Yet well-managed globalization has

enormous potential for improving the

lives of people in poor countries

D) Traditionally, the World Bank has been

reluctant to lend money unless the IMF

certifies that the country in question has a

solid macro-economic framework

E) If we continue with globalization as it has

been managed in the past, the future will

not be bright

179. Although the European Parliament (EP) can’t

initiate legislation, it has been granted

increased powers under successive European

Union (EU) treaties. ----. Germany has

recently proposed strengthening the EP’s

hand in budgetary matters. Moreover,

corporations and citizens’ groups have been

quick to recognize the parliament’s

increased powers, especially in

environmental and consumer protection,

and are dispatching more and more lobbyists

to it.

A) In 1997, France successfully petitioned the

European Court of Justice to block efforts

by the Parliament to meet eleven rather

than twelve times annually in Strasbourg

B) In 1952, Strasbourg was designated the

meeting place of the EP’s forerunner,

known as the Common Assembly of the

European Coal and Steel Community

C) On the other hand, the EP holds at least

twelve of its sessions in Strasbourg and

the rest in Brussels, which is the

headquarters of the EU

D) Last year, the US mission to the EU was

enlarged, and the American monitoring of

the EP’s activities has since increased

noticeably

E) Thus, it can now approve, amend, or veto

eighty per cent of the economic and social

regulations generated by the European

Commission


Sayfa 63 / 93

180. In recent years, the amount of aid for

developing countries has increased, and the

price of many drugs has fallen. So why does

one third of the world’s population still lack

access to proper healthcare? ----. Many

charge high tariffs on life- saving medicines

and equipment, sometimes even taxing

products that are donated for free.

A) If these tariffs were lowered, it would

dramatically increase access to

pharmaceuticals

B) Thus, even in places where tariffs are

waived, other barriers remain

C) To a large extent, the fault lies with the

poor countries themselves

D) Naturally, it is the right of any nation to

raise income as it sees fit

E) These regulatory constraints are imposed

on a wide variety of medical equipment as

well as drugs

181. No description of embarrassment would be

complete without considering the blush. For

many of us, it is the hallmark display of

embarrassment. ----. Although the

physiology of the blush is not fully

understood, we are getting nearer to a

better understanding of it.

A) Their results showed that blushing begins

with a sharp increase of blood flow, which

is then followed by a slower rise in facial

temperature

B) Although smiling occurs during

embarrassment, it has a different

appearance from that of amusement

C) On the other hand, in embarrassment, the

lips turn up but without the accompanying

action of the crinkling of the eyes

D) Actually, however, blushing does not

necessarily accompany embarrassment,

and facial reddening can occur during

other physical and emotional states as

well

E) Generally speaking, heart rate and blood

pressure tend to rise and fall in many

emotional states such as anger, fear and

happiness

182. Ice climbing and rock climbing share some

important features. Both use ropes,

harnesses, and other specialized equipment

for ascending steep granite or blue ice. ----. A

rock climber follows the natural cracks or

weaknesses in the rock whereas, with ice

tools in each hand, an ice climber has more

freedom to blaze a path up and is limited

only by the ice conditions and the

technology of the tools.

A) Most ice climbing trips require an arduous

trek into the mountains and possibly

several nights out in the cold

B) But, the method of climbing in each case

is different

C) However, climbing itself has always been

considered to be very dangerous

D) There are many tragic stories of climbing

accidents

E) But once you find your footing, ice

climbing can become addictive


Sayfa 64 / 93

183. Norwegians, like the Danes and Swedes, are

of Teutonic origin. The Norsemen, also

known as Vikings, ravaged the coasts of

northwest Europe from the 8 th to the 11 th

century and were ruled by local chieftains. --

--. After 1442, the country was ruled by

Danish kings until 1814, when it was united

with Sweden in an uneasy partnership.

A) Despite severe losses in the World War II,

it recovered quickly as its economy

expanded

B) Norway became the second largest net oil

exporter after Saudi Arabia in 1995

C) When the World War I broke out, Norway

joined with Sweden and Denmark in a

decision to cooperate in the joint interest

of the three countries

D) Olaf II Haraldsson became the first

effective king of all Norway in 1015 and

began converting the Norwegians to

Christianity

E) In the late 20 th century, the Labor Party

and the Conservative Party seesawed for

control, each sometimes having to lead

minority governments

184. ----. Traditionally, one of the most important

tools used to study cell structures has been

the microscope. In fact, cells were not

described until 1665, when Robert Hooke

examined the cell walls of dead cork cells

using a microscope he had made. Hooke

used the term “cell” because the tissue

reminded him of the small rooms that

monks lived in during that period.

A) A light microscope can be used to view

stained or living cells, but at relatively low

resolution

B) Early biologists thought that the cell

consisted of a homogeneous jelly, which

they called protoplasm

C) Lenses in the electron microscopes are

actually magnets that bend the beam of

electrons

D) Because cells are so small, scientists have

had to be extremely clever in devising

methods for studying them

E) Most of the methods used to prepare and

stain cells for


Sayfa 65 / 93

185. ----. What he really seeks, however, are the

most meaningful ones, and these vary from

one context to another. His words may be

grandiose or humble, fanciful or matter of

fact, romantic or realistic, archaic or modern,

technical or everyday, monosyllabic or

polysyllabic.

A) It is not unusual for a poet also to be a

musician

B) A poet creates new experiences for the

reader in which the reader can participate

C) A frequent misconception of poetic

language is that the poet seeks always the

most beautiful or noble-sounding words

D) In the poem “Winter” Shakespeare is

attempting to communicate the quality of

winter life around a sixteenth century

English country house

E) Language has many levels and varieties,

and poets may choose from them all

186. Logistics as a business concept began to gain

ground in the 1950s, particularly in the US.

This was because, as businesses expanded

and reached out both to far-flung markets

and sources of materials, the need for expert

logisticians became imperative. Logisticians

applied their own ingenuity to create

companies that aimed to deliver the right

item in the right quantity at the right time in

the right place for the right price. ----.

Indeed, with increasing globalization and

ever longer and more complex supply chains,

logistics companies have become ever more

sophisticated and adaptable.

A) The US has led the way in the

development of efficient logistical systems

B) No region in the world requires efficient

logistics more urgently than Africa does

C) Logistics is considered one of the most

important aspects of military campaigns

D) The problems of the logistics industry

have not been clearly identified yet

E) These aims have not changed, but the

world has


Sayfa 66 / 93

187. The year 1960 seemed golden and full of

promise. Despite nearly constant

international tension, everyday life in

Europe and North America seemed to be

improving. Economies recovered, many

standards of living rose, and new forms of

culture flourished. The economic horizon

looked bright. ----. Western Europeans could

no longer be so certain of their prosperity or

of their leaders’ ability to provide the sort of

life they took for granted.

A) Legal changes would not have occurred

without women’s movements of the time

B) These changes marked a new culture of

mass consumption boosted by marketing,

advertising, and credit payment

C) However, by 1990, most of the familiar

landscape had been dramatically

transformed

D) The civil rights movement in the US had

enormous significance for the twentieth

century

E) The most serious outbreak of student

unrest in Europe came in Paris in the

spring of 1968

188. St. Petersburg is not just a city of names and

movements. It is also a city of bridges, with

more of them than any other city in the

whole world. With its 101 islands, it is also

worthy of the title “city of islands.” Not only

that, but it has enough canals to compete

with Venice, Amsterdam, and Stockholm. ----

. As Dostoevsky’s hero puts it, “It is the most

abstract and fantastic city on earth.”

A) But most of all St. Petersburg is a city of

culture, of literature and poetry in

particular

B) There are a total of 539 bridges, including

315 in the city centre

C) The sports facilities and activities in it

cannot go unnoticed

D) The people of St. Petersburg are offered

various educational opportunities

E) A considerable number of painters and

sculptors have lived there, too


Sayfa 67 / 93

189. Despite numerous intellectual and literary

advances, the longest-lived achievements of

the Italian Renaissance were made in the

realm of art. Of all the arts, painting was

undoubtedly supreme. Although Giotto was

the great artistic genius around 1300, it was

not until the fifteenth century that Italian

painting began to come fully of age. ----.

Fifteenth-century artists also experimented

with effects of light and shade and, for the

first time, carefully studied the anatomy and

proportions of the human body.

A) From about 1450 until about 1600 Italian

thought was dominated by a school of

Neo-Platonists, who sought to blend

Platonism with Christianity

B) One reason for this was that, in the early

fifteenth century, the laws of linear

perspective were discovered and first

employed to give the fullest sense of three

dimensions

C) Sixteenth-century Italian writers, such as

Machiavelli, Ariosto, Tasso, and

Sannazaro, were also highly accomplished

creators of imaginative prose and verse

D) Perhaps the greatest of the Florentine

artists was Leonardo da Vinci, one of the

most versatile geniuses who ever lived

E) Most Venetian painters showed little of

the Florentine school’s concerns with

philosophical and psychological issues

190. World War II left Europe a land of wreckage

and confusion. Millions of refugees travelled

hundreds or thousands of miles on foot to

return to their homes while others were

forcibly displaced from their lands. ----. Food

remained in dangerously short supply, and

even a year after the war roughly 100 million

people in Europe still lived on less than 1,500

calories per day.

A) In some areas housing was practically

nonexistent, with no available means to

build anew

B) The Soviet campaign to control eastern

Europe did not go unchallenged

C) Historians estimate that in World War II

nearly 50 million people died

D) Even more than World War I, World War II

involved the combined efforts of whole

populations

E) Since industry was essential to winning

the war, centres of industry became vital

military targets


Sayfa 68 / 93

191. Western perceptions of the Middle East as a

viable tourist destination have been

adversely affected by the 9/11 terrorist

attacks in the US, the subsequent war on

terrorism, and the war in Iraq. Indeed, the

impact of the 9/11 attacks upon the tourist

sector in the region has been profound. ----.

North Africa in general and Tunisia in

particular have fared comparatively well, but

Morocco has suffered badly.

A) Morocco is already one of the biggest

tourist destinations in the Middle East and

North Africa, drawing 2.25 million visitors

a year

B) Especially, the effect on visitor numbers

has been decisive although it has varied

considerably from country to country

C) Morocco has a better developed domestic

beach culture than probably anywhere

else in the Middle East or North Africa

D) The target of 10 million visitors a year by

2010 may have been a little over-

optimistic, although Egypt has made huge

investments

E) Some of the driest parts of Morocco lie on

the coast, and so one feasible option is to

pipe water there from the Atlas

Mountains

192. An independent city close to Berlin, Potsdam

has almost 150,000 inhabitants and is the

capital of Brandenburg. ----. The town

blossomed in the 1600s, during the era of

the Great Elector, and then again in the 18th

century, when the splendid summer palace,

Schloss Sanssouci, was built for Frederick the

Great. Potsdam suffered badly in World War

II, particularly on April 14 and 15, 1945,

when the Allies bombed the town centre.

A) The Marmorpalais (Marble Palace) is

located on the edge of the lake in the

Neuer Garten, a park northeast of

Potsdam’s centre

B) Despite its wartime losses, Potsdam is

today one of Germany’s most attractive

towns

C) The Schloss Cecilienhof played an

important role in history in 1945, when it

served as the venue for the Potsdam

Conference

D) The first documented reference to the

town dates from A.D. 993; it was later

granted municipal rights in 1317

E) Tourists flock to see the magnificent royal

estate, Park Sanssouci, and to stroll in the

Neuer Garten


Sayfa 69 / 93

193. ----. For instance, Alpine scenery

predominates in the Tatra Mountains to the

south, while the north is dominated by lakes.

Mountain lovers can make use of the well-

developed infrastructure of hostels and

shelters, such as those found in the Tatras. The

countless lakes of Warmia and Mazuria,

collectively known as the Land of a Thousand

Lakes, are a haven for water-sports

enthusiasts.

A) Since 1989, many new luxury hotels have

been built in Poland and the majority of

them belong to international hotel chains

B) Poland’s borders have changed

continually with the course of history

C) Bordering the Baltic Sea, Poland is one of

the largest countries in Central Europe,

with a population of around 39 million

D) Warsaw, the capital of Poland, is located

at the centre of Poland, on the banks of

the Vistula River

E) Although situated on the plains of Central

Europe, Poland has an extremely varied

Landscape

194. The Scandinavian countries – Denmark,

Norway, Sweden, and Finland – are,

arguably, among the least-populated

countries in Europe. ----. Away from the main

towns and cities lie vast expanses of

unspoiled, often wild terrain, from the

breathtaking Norwegian fjords to the dense

pine forests and clear lakes of Finland.

Smaller and largely flat and rural, Denmark

shares characteristics with both mainland

Europe and Scandinavia proper.

A) In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, the

majority of the population lives in the

south, in affluent, modern cities, which

are also rich in history and tradition

B) Sweden is Europe’s fifth-largest country,

with an area about the size of California

C) Finland’s main cities are all served by an

efficient railroad system and regular,

inexpensive internal flights

D) Norway is so long and narrow that, if Oslo

remained fixed and the rest were turned

upside down, it would stretch all the way

to Rome

E) Oslo, Norway’s capital, is an attractive

city of grand Neoclassical buildings, wide

boulevards, and green open spaces


Sayfa 70 / 93

195. With more than 600 species of orchids,

Nicaragua is prime territory for one of

nature’s most exquisite treasures. The Selva

Negra Mountain Resort in the central part of

the country boasts at least 140 species in its

grounds, with 14 hiking trails that make

orchid sightings anything but rare. ----. The

best time to visit this particular region is in

the dry season, from February to May, when

there is little rain and temperatures are cool.

A) The dodsoniana, one of these newly

identified species, was found just 4 years

ago

B) Five new species have been discovered in

recent years in other parts of the country

C) Selva Negra is situated in a cloud forest –

an ecosystem ideal for orchids and other

air plants

D) If an orchid’s growing conditions are

gradually modified to acclimatize it to a

new location, the plant can make a

healthy transition

E) In fact, the Stanhopea flower looks like a

hovering butterfly, and some are very

aromatic, with a fragrance of vanilla or hot

chocolate

196. Ballet is theatrical representation in dance

form in which music also plays a major part

in telling a story or conveying a mood. Some

such form of entertainment existed in

ancient Greece. ----. From there, it was taken

by Caterina de’ Medici in the 16th century to

France in the form of a spectacle combining

singing, dancing, and speech. During the

18th century, there were major

developments in technique, and ballet

gradually became divorced from opera,

emerging as an art form in its own right.

A) Ballet developed in the UK through the

influence of Marie Rambert

B) But Western ballet as we know it today

first appeared in Renaissance Italy, where

it was a form of court entertainment

C) Ballet developed further in the USA

through the work of George Balanchine

and the American Ballet Theater

D) In fact, it was drama, rather than ballet,

which greatly appealed to the Greeks

E) In the 20th century, Russian ballet had a

vital influence on the classical tradition in

the West


Sayfa 71 / 93

197. In finance, interest, which is a sum of money

paid by a borrower to a lender in return for

the loan, is usually expressed as a

percentage per annum. ----. In compound

interest, the interest earned over a period of

time is added to the principal, so that at the

end of the next period, interest is paid on

that total.

A) Nevertheless, certain problems remain in

perennial interest, and these fall into two

main groups

B) The theory of capital was not a matter of

primary concern to economists in the late

20th century

C) Simple interest is calculated as a straight

percentage of the amount loaned or

invested, called the principal

D) However, it may be expressed either in

money terms or as a rate of payment

E) Various theories have been developed to

account for and justify interest

198. The Africans who go abroad to work usually

send money back home to pay for their

relatives’ medical care, education, and

housing. Today, most African countries get

the largest part of their foreign exchange

earnings from such remittances. ---- Without

this subsidy, Africa’s dictators would have to

face the political consequences of an angry

population.

A) In Africa, foreign aid goes mostly to those

governments that have mismanaged their

economies.

B) There are over three million Nigerians in

the US and another one million in Britain.

C) From a quarter to almost 50% of

universityeducated graduates from

Ghana, Uganda, and Kenya leave their

countries to work in the West.

D) Ironically, African citizens abroad

subsidize state corruption.

E) About three million middle-class

Zimbabweans have migrated to South

Africa since 1999.


Sayfa 72 / 93

199. The United States and its allies cannot

remain in Afghanistan indefinitely. For them,

building a capable Afghan security force and

a credible Afghan government is the fastest

and most responsible exit strategy. ---- On

the other hand, a security force can only be

as good as its government, and the Afghan

government has been crippled by

corruption. However, national elections

scheduled for this year provide an incentive

for the Afghan government to continueto

improve.

A) Afghans’ greatest concerns are access to

electricity, jobs, water, and education.

B) Indeed, more US troops are absolutely

necessary to defeat the insurgents in

Afghanistan.

C) It is a clear fact that Pakistan is connected

to the Afghan insurgency.

D) The Pakistani army remains primarily

focused on the perceived threat from

India.

E) However, US efforts so far to reach a

decision for a complete withdrawal have

been mixed.

200. After more than 30 years without building a

nuclear plant, US power companies are

seeking licences for over 30 new reactors. In

addition, more than 300 reactors have been

proposed worldwide. Countries such as

Egypt, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela

have serious plans to build their first nuclear

plant. ----

A) In other parts of the world, some 40

reactors are already under construction,

though many have been underway for

decades with no end in sight.

B) Annual emissions of greenhouse gases are

expected to double by 2050, from a

current 7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide

each year to more than 14 billion tonnes.

C) According to a recent report, nuclear

power is a major solution to the West’s

growing electricity needs, and increased

nuclear use can substantially lower

greenhouse gas emissions.

D) On the contrary, a country’s use of

nuclear power has much to do with

government intervention, whether

through state loans or streamlined

regulations.

E) Therefore, global electricity demand is

estimated to nearly double by 2030, with

nuclear power currently accounting for

about 15 per cent of global use.


Sayfa 73 / 93

201. For decades, China has been content to let

the invisible hand of the market work its

magic on the country’s economy. But there’s

one area where the government wants to

reassert state control: healthcare. ---- Today,

nearly 40 per cent of the population can’t

afford to see a doctor. The average hospital

stay for a Chinese citizen costs nearly as

much as an individual’s annual per capita

income in the country. Healthcare grievances

have been at the heart of thousands of

organized protests countrywide in recent

years.

A) Some hospitals have had to hire security

personnel to protect medical staff from

angry mobs.

B) By comparison, Japanese pay just 15 per

cent of their medical spending out of

pocket.

C) So the government has recently

developed a strategy to provide

affordable medical insurance to 90 per

cent of its population by 2010.

D) In fact, the free market reforms in China

were first initiated in the late 1970s and

early 1980s.

E) The Chinese government has already met

many of its economic goals and is now

beginning to address scientific and

technological development.

202. The African Union is well aware that,

although Africa has enormous agricultural

potential, it still remains a major food

importer. The majority of Africans live in

rural areas and depend on agriculture for

their livelihood; but the performance of the

agricultural sector has been dismal. In

addition to internal and structural problems

that each African country faces, external

setbacks such as climate change and global

economic instability have made the

conditions worse for growth and

development in all sectors, including

agriculture. ----

A) The vision of the African Union is to

achieve an integrated, prosperous, well-

governed, and peaceful United States of

Africa.

B) These are some of the most serious issues

that the African Union is determined to

address as efficiently as possible.

C) Africa seeks to promote existing and

agreedupon shared values across the

continent at individual, national, regional,

and international levels.

D) All the African countries wish to eliminate

ongoing conflicts and prevent the

occurrence of new ones in order to

achieve development and integration.

E) Some of the values cherished and upheld

by each African nation are good

governance, democracy, respect for

human rights, accountability, and

transparency.


Sayfa 74 / 93

203. Turkey offers much for the naturalist, with

rich marine ecosystems, abundant birdlife,

and elusive larger mammals. Especially the

rugged eastern provinces and also the

regions with thick forests harbour a large

variety of these mammals. ---- The tulip is

perhaps the most famous of these. The great

diversity of plants stems not only from the

variety of habitats, which include arid plains

as well as mountains and temperate

woodlands, but also from Turkey’s position

as a “biological watershed” at the crossroads

of Europe and Asia.

A) There are huge tracts of unspoiled

countryside, some of which have been set

aside as national parks.

B) Unfortunately, Turkish wetlands are under

threat from dams, drainage, pollution, and

climatic change.

C) The country’s position on the migratory

flyways makes it a paradise for

birdwatchers.

D) The country is also floristically rich, with

more than 11,000 plant species recorded.

E) In winter, the country’s lakes and wetlands

hold thousands of wintering wildfowl.

204. Most foreign tourists visiting London come

to see the Houses of Parliament. This

monumental Gothic building on the River

Thames is probably Britain’s best-known

landmark. Indeed, the people who come to

visit it may know very little and care even

less about what happens inside, but they

appreciate the place as one of the greatest

achievements of nineteenth-century art. ----.

Indeed, the Parliament is a magnificent

building.

A) Before the Norman Conquest in 1066, King

Edward the Confessor established his

palace on the site

B) Also, most of those who work daily in the

building remain awed by its artistic power

C) The disaster of the great fire of 1834

destroyed much of the medieval palace

D) For security reasons, the Houses of

Parliament can no longer be viewed by

the general public

E) The word “parliament” derives from the

French word “parler”, which means “to

speak” or “to talk”


Sayfa 75 / 93

205. At the start of the twentieth century, Britain

was still the greatest world power. By the

middle of the century, although still one of

the “Big Three”, Britain was clearly weaker

than both the United States and the Soviet

Union. ----. Its power had ended as quickly as

Spain’s had done in the seventeenth century.

One reason for this sudden decline of Britain

was the cost and effort of two world wars.

A) Indeed, by the end of the 1970s, Britain

was no longer even among the richest

European powers

B) In electronics and technology, Britain is

still a world competitor

C) No one doubts that Britain is living in an

age of uncertainty

D) But the most important reason was the

basic weaknesses in Britain’s industrial

power

E) The discovery of oil in the North Sea has

given Britain a great deal of economic

advantage

206. During World War II, the Allies had started to

think of ways in which a new world order

could replace the failed League of Nations.

Even before it joined the war against

Germany and its allies, the US had agreed on

an “Atlantic Charter” with Britain. The basis

of this new charter was US President

Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms”: freedom of

speech, freedom of worship, freedom from

fear, and freedom from want. At the end of

the war, the victorious Allies created the

United Nations, which expressed the ideas of

the Atlantic Charter. ----.

A) In the early 1960s, Britain was

increasingly interested in joining the

newly-formed European Community

B) In 1948, the Soviet Union tried to capture

West Berlin by stopping all road and rail

traffic to it

C) Thus, they hoped that the success of the

wartime alliance could be carried into

peacetime

D) All these military and scientific

developments drew Britain more closely

to the US

E) During the post-war period, Britain was

seriously concerned about the danger

from the Soviet Union


Sayfa 76 / 93

207. Little is known about the life of women in

the Middle Ages, but without doubt it was

hard. ----. It also spread two very different

ideas about women. So, on the one hand,

women were regarded as pure and holy,

while, on the other, they could not be

trusted and were a moral danger to men.

Such religious teaching led men both to

worship and also to look down on women.

A) It is unlikely that love played much of a

part in most marriages

B) Marriage was always the single most

important event in the lives of medieval

men and women

C) This was because by marriage a family

could improve its wealth and social

position

D) The Church taught that women were

always to obey their husbands

E) Once married, a woman had to accept her

husband as her master

208. Around 1550, the Renaissance in Italy began

to decline. The causes of this decline were

varied. ----. The French King Charles VIII

viewed Italy as an attractive target for his

expansive dynastic ambitions. In 1494, he

led an army of thirty thousand well-trained

troops across the Alps to press his claims to

the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of

Naples.

A) The French invasion of 1494 and the

incessant warfare that ensued was one of

the major factors

B) Renaissance humanists were primarily

interested in the study of classical texts

C) To the Italian political disasters was added

a waning of Italian prosperity

D) As Italian wealth diminished, there was

less and less of a surplus to support

artistic endeavours

E) Italy’s virtual monopoly of trade with Asia

in the fifteenth century had been an

economic support for the Italian

Renaissance


Sayfa 77 / 93

209. Our knowledge of the Celts in Britain is

slight. As with previous groups of settlers,

we do not even know for certain whether

the Celts invaded Britain or came peacefully

as a result of the lively trade with Europe

from about 750 B.C. onwards. At first, most

of Celtic Britain seems to have developed in

a generally similar way. ----. Consequently,

this fall led to serious economic and political

differences between the Celts of southeast

Britain and those of the northwest.

A) The Celts were joined by new arrivals from

the European mainland

B) The Celtic tribes continued the same kind

of agriculture as the Bronze Age people

before them

C) The Celts knew how to work with iron and

could make a variety of weapons

D) But from about 500 B.C., trade contact

with Europe declined

E) During the Celtic period, women may have

played an important role in political life

210. The cell theory, one of the fundamental

unifying concepts of biology, states that all

living organisms are composed of basic units

called “cells” and of substances produced by

cells. Although they vary greatly in size and

appearance, all organisms are composed of

those small building blocks. Some of the

simplest life forms, such as bacteria, are

unicellular: they consist of a single cell. ---- In

these complex multicellular organisms, life

processes depend on the coordinated

functions of the component cells.

A) Although plants do not move about in

the way we associate with animals, they

do move.

B) One of the remarkable aspects of the

growth process is that each part of the

organism continues to function as it

grows.

C) Humans and many other organisms begin

life as a fertilized egg, which then grows

and develops specialized structures and

body form.

D) In contrast, the body of a human or an

animal or a tree is made of billions of cells.

E) Energy is required to maintain the precise

order that characterizes living systems.


Sayfa 78 / 93

211. Gregor Mendel was not the first plant

breeder. At the time he began his work,

hybrid plants and animals had been known

for a long time. Mendel’s genius lay in his

ability to recognize a pattern in the way the

parental traits reappear in the offspring of

hybrids. ----

A) It is true that Mendel was a clergyman

who bred pea plants in his monastery

garden at Brno, Czech Republic.

B) Therefore, at that time biology was

largely a descriptive science, and

biologists had little interest in

experimental studies.

C) So it is clear that Mendel’s “hereditary

factors” are essentially what we call

“genes” today, which is one of the major

subjects of modern biology.

D) In fact, geneticists study not only the

transmission of genes, but also the

expression of genetic information.

E) No one before him had categorized and

counted the offspring and analyzed these

regular patterns over several generations.

212. From about 1300 until about the middle of

the fifteenth century, disasters struck

throughout western Europe with appalling

severity and dismaying persistence. ---- Then

came the most terrible natural disaster of

all: the dreadful plague known as “the Black

Death.” It reduced the total population of

western Europe by at least one half and

caused great hardships for most of the

survivors.

A) Europe emerged in the later fifteenth

century with a healthier economy.

B) Of these disasters, famine was the most

widespread and persistent.

C) There was a limit to the amount of land

that could be cleared for farming.

D) Overcrowding made Europe’s cities

particularly vulnerable to the plague.

E) Large-scale banking had already emerged

during the thirteenth century


Sayfa 79 / 93

213. In 1915 the German scientist Alfred

Wegener, who had noted a similarity

between the geographical shapes of South

America and Africa, proposed that all the

land masses had at one time been joined

into one huge supercontinent. He called this

supercontinent “Pangea.” ---- Wegener did

not know of any mechanism that could have

caused continental drift. So his idea,

although debated initially, was largely

ignored.

A) He further suggested that Pangea had

subsequently broken apart and that

various land masses had separated in a

process known as “continental drift.”

B) Earth’s crust is composed of seven large

plates, plus a few smaller ones, that float

on the mantle which is the solid layer of

Earth lying beneath the crust and above

the core.

C) As the plates move, the continents change

their relative positions, and this

movement of the crustal plates is termed

“plate tectonics.”

D) When two plates grind together, one of

them is sometimes buried under the other

in a process known as “subduction.”

E) As the continents began to drift apart,

populations became geographically

isolated in different environmental

conditions and began to diverge along

separate evolutionary pathways.

214. The economic depression of the 1930s forced

many writers to re-examine the style and

purpose of their work. Among threats of

economic devastation, totalitarianism, and

war, literature became increasingly

politicized. Authors were largely interested

in the depiction of injustice and cruelty and

felt obliged to point the way to a better

society. ----

A) In his great poem The Waste Land the

Anglo- American poet T.S. Eliot presented

a philosophy that was close to despair.

B) In his novel The Sun Also Rises,

Hemingway gave the public a powerful

description of the socalled “lost

generation”.

C) Moreover, they no longer directed their

work to fellow intellectuals alone, but to

ordinary men and women as well.

D) Furthermore, Virginia Woolf’s essays and

novels offered an eloquent and severe

critique of Britain’s institutions and

universities.

E) As for Bertolt Brecht, he rebelled against

high culture and bourgeois values, but he

also protested against the pretentious

elitism of his contemporaries.


Sayfa 80 / 93

215. The development of genetic engineering has

stemmed from the discovery of DNA in the

1950s. By the 1990s, several laboratories in

the West were engaged in the most

ambitious medical research ever attempted:

the mapping of the human genome, that is,

the entire architecture of chromosomes and

genes contained in basic human DNA. ---- For

instance, infertile couples could now

conceive through out-of-body medical

procedures.

A) As a new form of knowledge in an age of

global interconnection, genetic

engineering has forced many nations to

make changes in their laws and

regulations concerning medical practices.

B) In Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere,

political chaos, imbalances of trade, and

the practices of some pharmaceutical

companies have often resulted in

shortages of medicine.

C) As AIDS became a global health crisis in

the 1980s, international organizations

recognized the need for an early, swift,

and comprehensive response to future

outbreaks of disease.

D) Through this process and alongside it,

genetic engineers developed methods to

alter the biology of living things, including

humans.

E) Moreover, genetically engineered human

growth hormone is required by some

children to overcome growth deficiencies.

216. One of the causes of World War II was the

failure to create lasting, binding standards

for peace and security in Europe in particular

and in the world at large. Diplomats spent

the 1920s, trying to restore such standards.

Some put their faith in the legal and moral

authority of the League of Nations. ----

Throughout the decade, a number of leading

European statesmen tried to reach a set of

agreements that would stabilize the peace

and prevent rearmament.

A) Despite the good faith of many statesmen

involved, none of these agreements

carried any real weight.

B) Economic conditions in Europe were

another important cause of renewed

conflict.

C) Others saw disarmament as the most

promising means of guaranteeing peace.

D) Politicians feared international relations

would be undermined by the growing

imbalance of power in Europe.

E) Moreover, the economic depression of

the 1930s contributed in several ways to

the coming of the war.


Sayfa 81 / 93

217. Youth culture in America in the 1950s and

1960s owed much to the hybrid musical style

known as “rock and roll.” During the 1930s

and 1940s, the synthesis of music produced

by whites and African Americans in the

American South found its way into northern

cities. Indeed, from the 1950s onwards,

black rhythm and blues musicians and white

Southern performers found much wider

audiences through the use of new

technology, such as electric guitars, better

equipment for studio recording, and wide-

band radio stations in large cities. The blend

of styles and sounds and the cultural daring

of white teenagers came to create rock and

roll. ----

A) This new music was exciting, sometimes

aggressive, but full of energy and with

great appeal for young listeners.

B) Much of the new “mass culture” of the

1960s depended on the spending habits

and desires of the new generation.

C) The postwar desire to break with the past

created further impetus for change in

every sense, including politics.

D) In the 1950s, governments rather than

markets determined how consumer goods

would be distributed.

E) By the mid-1950s portable radios were

being sold in the United States and

Europe.

218. ---- Like the French Revolution, they brought

down not only a regime, but an empire. Like

the French Revolution, they gave way to

violence. And again like the French

Revolution, they had sweeping international

consequences. These revolutions and the fall

of the Soviet Union marked the end of the

Cold War, which had structured

international politics and shaped the

everyday lives of millions of people since the

end of World War II.

A) The Iron Curtain had established one of

the most rigid borders in European

history.

B) The Eastern European revolutions of 1989

and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet

Union were a revolutionary turning point.

C) The collapse of the Soviet Union opened

up both Russia and its former imperial

dominions.

D) In the 1970s and 1980s, the Eastern

European nations faced serious financial

difficulties.

E) The Czechs staged demonstrations against

Soviet domination towards the end of

1988


Sayfa 82 / 93

219. Nineteenth-century liberals had confidence

in science. Not only did science deliver

technological and material progress, but it

also confirmed liberals’ faith in the power of

human reason to uncover and command the

laws of nature. ---- Evolutionary theory,

psychology and social sciences all introduced

visions of humanity that were sharply at

odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At

the same time, artists and intellectuals

mounted their own revolt against

nineteenth-century conventions. Morals,

manners, institutions, and traditions: all

established values and assumptions were

under question.

A) Geologists have always challenged the

Biblical account of creation.

B) These upheavals in the world of ideas

unsettled older conceptions of

individuality.

C) Towards the end of the century, however,

scientific developments defied these

expectations.

D) The scientists of the time held the view

that the world had been formed over

millions of years.

E) The implications of Darwin’s writings

went far beyond the domain of the

evolutionary sciences.

220. In ancient Egypt most people were poor,

living in crowded conditions in simple mud-

brick dwellings. During the period of

prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as

jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could

elevate themselves and enjoy nicer

surroundings. ---- The vast majority of

Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as

unskilled labourers, provided the brute force

necessary for agriculture and construction.

Beneath them were slaves, typically captives

from foreign wars rather than native

Egyptians.

A) There can be little doubt that the massive

investment of labour and wealth required

to build the great pyramids put grave

strains on Egyptian society.

B) The pyramids were in fact raised by tens

of thousands of peasant workers, who

most probably participated willingly in the

building projects.

C) Governmental control over the lives of

individual Egyptians was very strict, and

the number of administrative officials

employed by the state was quite high.

D) Potters, weavers, masons, bricklayers,

brewers, merchants, and schoolteachers

also enjoyed a higher standard of living.

E) Gender divisions may have been less

clearly defined among the peasantry than

they were among the elites.


Sayfa 83 / 93

221. In antiquity, Miletus was a centre for

speculative thinking and philosophy.

Beginning in the sixth century B.C., a series

of thinkers known as “the pre-Socratics”

raised serious questions about the

relationship between the natural world, the

gods, and men. The most famous of the pre-

Socratics were Thales, Anaximander, and

Anaximenes, who represented the so-called

Milesian School. They seem to have been

remarkably familiar with Babylonian

astronomy. ---- In other words, through their

observations, they began to formulate

rational theories to explain the physical

universe.

A) The Milesians were very active in Egypt,

where they founded many colonies which

became their main trading outposts.

B) Stimulated by the cosmopolitanism of

their city, they also began to rethink their

place in the human world.

C) Calculating and observing the movements

of the heavens, they sought physical

explanations for what they saw.

D) After the Persian conquest of Anatolia,

many of the Milesian philosophers fled to

Sicily and southern Italy.

E) Miletus had long been a part of the Greek

world, but Babylonian influences also

shaped Milesian culture in important

ways.

222. Efforts to identify a single personality profile

of the “helpful person” have not been very

successful. Rather, it appears that particular

personality traits and abilities dispose

people to help in specific types of situations.

For instance, a study revealed that adults

with a high need for approval were more

likely to donate money to charity than those

individuals who were low in need for social

approval, but only when other people were

watching them. ----

A) In contrast, empathy means feelings of

sympathy and caring for others, in

particular, sharing vicariously or indirectly

in the suffering of others.

B) As expected, the people in the high-

empathy condition experienced

significantly greater empathy, as reflected

in self-ratings of sympathetic and

compassionate feelings.

C) Presumably, this shows that people high in

a need for approval are motivated by a

desire to win praise from others and so

act in a helpful manner only when their

good deeds are likely to be noticed.

D) Further insights into personality and

helpfulness come from studies of

individuals who regularly donate their

services for the sake of being more

helpful.

E) Finally, women are more likely than men

to be the primary caregivers for the

family, thus making them appear to be

more helpful and empathetic.


Sayfa 84 / 93

223. Lance Armstrong had already made one

huge comeback: Diagnosed with testicular

cancer in 1996, he was given less than a 50%

chance of survival. Not only did he make it

through, but he got back on his bike, picked

up his cycling career and proceeded to win

seven Tour de France titles in a row, from

1999 to 2005. ---- But what Armstrong did

need was the support of his Astana

teammates forced to choose between the

veteran Armstrong and a young rival,

Spanish star Alberto Contador.

A) He needed to stop both smoking and

drinking if he wanted to get back to his

days of glory.

B) An ugly duel emerged and matters got

worse after an opponent went ahead of

Armstrong in the Alps and went on to win

the race.

C) Europe is the centre of a wide range of

sports such as tennis, volleyball and

basketball and competition is fierce there.

D) Cycling, however, is more commonly

practised as a hobby rather than a

professional sport throughout the world.

E) In Europe, claims of drug use had followed

the American and he was out to prove

that he didn’t need drugs for these series

of successes.

224. It is difficult to relate skin colour directly to

genetic inheritance. Dennis Barber, a white

bank manager from Staffordshire, recently

discovered that he is the direct descendant

of a black African slave who was brought to

England in the 18th century. ---- It has been

estimated that one in five white British

people has a direct black ancestor and that

they could presumably pass on their genes

to the next generation as well.

A) Despite his white appearance, Dennis

carries genes that could result in his own

descendants being born with dark

features.

B) However, Dennis’ father decided to settle

down in Europe and marry an English

woman.

C) In fact, slavery is the primary reason why

there is no agreement about whether

genes play a role in one’s skin colour.

D) It is only natural that Dennis had white

skin, since there is no evidence in science

linking genetics and skin colour.

E) Biologists can account for the differences

between the English and the Africans that

they enslaved.


Sayfa 85 / 93

225. Countries engage in international trade

because they benefit from doing so. ----

Thus, trade plays a vital role in achieving

such an essential task since it frees each

country’s residents from having to consume

goods in the same combination in which the

domestic economy can produce them. If the

US specialized its production but did not

engage in international trade, US residents

would have large quantities of wheat and

soybeans but no coffee or bananas.

A) Any country that attempted to achieve

selfsufficiency by producing everything

consumed would face a difficult task.

B) We can easily see the benefits from trade

along with productive specialization at the

individual level.

C) The gains from trade arise because it

allows countries to specialize their

production by allocating resources to their

most productive uses.

D) The fact that political boundaries divide

the world into nation-states does not alter

trade’s potential for expanding output.

E) In market-oriented economies, existing

firms make most consumption decisions

besides controlling production patterns.

226. The environment, whether it is natural or

artificial, is the most fundamental ingredient

of the tourism product. However, as soon as

tourism activity takes place, the

environment is inevitably changed or

modified, either to facilitate tourism or

through the tourism production process. —

Such considerations are treated with much

greater respect than they were during the

first two-thirds of the last century. Relatively

little research has been undertaken within a

standardized framework to analyze

tourism's impact on the environment.

A) Therefore, the Great Wall of China, and

the Taj Mahal have been preserved in

such a way that tourism cannot do any

harm to them.

B) Environmental preservation and

improvement programmes are now an

integral part of many development

strategies.

C) So, it may be questionable as to whether

it is wise to spare large amounts of funds

on tourism.

D) Tourism is responsible for high levels of air

and noise pollution through the

transportation networks and leisure

activities.

E) The problems associated with littering

present significant danger to wildlife as

well as being unsightly and expensive to

clear.


Sayfa 86 / 93

227. — We can hardly avoid commercial

advertising designed to influence us.

Interestingly, most people consider that they

are less likely to be influenced than others

by advertisements. This has been called "the

third person effect". For example, if we see

an ordinary product being advertised by

using attractive models in an unusual

setting, we suppose that we (and those like

us) are wiser than others to the tricks of the

advertising industry. In reality, we are just as

susceptible.

A) Advertising can easily change the market

conditions.

B) We cannot keep away from the influences

of our friends.

C) People are not oblivious to the persuasion

attempts of advertising.

D) Education programmes help young people

avoid such tricky commercials.

E) It is generally accepted that people like

attractive products.

228. Aboriginal occupation of Australia goes back

at least 40,000 years and probably longer.

While there are significant differences in

aboriginal occupation of space and the

meaning they attach to the environment,

there are also some common threads.

Traditional aboriginal culture is very

interesting in that it invests very little

meaning in architecture or artificial spatial

structures. — There is a bond between one's

"country" and its sacred places which house

the spirit of certain species for which one

has responsibilities.

A) Australia was invaded by Britain, initially

as a means of banishing what was

perceived to be a genetically criminal

class.

B) The majority of the aboriginal paintings

that are currently popular on the world art

market are landscapes.

C) Nevertheless, most of the land to which

aboriginal people still spiritually belong,

legally belongs to someone else.

D) Aboriginal culture and identity is,

however, profoundly rooted in landscape

form and natural structures.

E) However, Ayer's Rock, this enormous and

beautiful rock, has become the dominant

geographical symbol of Australia


Sayfa 87 / 93

229. More than 80 renowned German scientists

and artists took refuge in Turkey from the

Nazi persecution in the 1930s and 1940s. —

Among them were the Berlin Opera director

Carl Ebert, the composer Paul Hindemith,

philosophers and orientalists such as Ernst

von Aster and Helmut Ritter. Close ties

developed amongst various universities in

the two countries as a result and these

persist today. The German Academic

Exchange Service awards various

scholarships in Turkey. Professors and

students teach and study in both countries.

A) Germany had always produced scientists

who were renowned for their pioneering

discoveries.

B) These were the worst years for those

people who suffered immensely under the

Nazi regime.

C) They worked in and also helped to develop

and establish Turkish universities.

D) Turkey was a country that accepted

people from Germany during the Nazi

persecution.

E) Many of them visited Istanbul because of

its rich history.

230. No independent African state has a chance to

follow an independent course of economic

development. ---- This situation will not

change unless they have a unified policy

working at the continental level. The first

step towards a cohesive economy would be

a unified monetary zone, with an agreed

common parity for all African countries.

A) The common defence system in the

African Union ensures stability and

security throughout the continent.

B) They can begin to ascertain whether in

reality they are the richest.

C) The hour of history that brought Africans

to this assembly is a revolutionary hour.

D) Many of the countries that have tried this

have been almost ruined.

E) Communities and families trade with and

support one another successfully across

the boundaries.


Sayfa 88 / 93

231. Home entertainment spending, which

includes DVD sales and film rentals, has been

falling since hitting a peak in 2004, but it

remains an important part of a film’s

revenue. According to some information

services, the death of that market is

somewhat overblown. The DVD market

peaked much earlier than studios would

have liked, but the overall viewing of the

video at home continues at the same rate as

ever. It is a much more mixed market

between DVD, video streaming and rental

services. ---- For example, DVD sales of the

movie Avatar totalled $600 million, and

another $57 million was spent

A) Aon s rteundtiion gw tihlle t

ympoicvaiell.y take 40% of DVD sales and

rentals, and that can generate some

healthy sums.

B) A big name actor can expect an up-front

payment, so $10-$20 million would not be

unusual.

C) Popping a DVD into the TV set at home is

no substitute for seeing a film in a cinema.

D) What makes movies popular in a short

time is the cast they have rather than

DVDs that are available soon after release.

E) A producer can be thought of as the chief

executive of the film who shepherds it

from the script page to the premiere.

232. In our modern world, celebrities may serve

an important social function. In a highly

mobile, industrial society, celebrities may be

the only friends we have in common with

our new neighbours and co-workers. They

provide a common interest and topic of

conversation between people who

otherwise might not have much to say to

one another, and they facilitate the types of

informal interaction that help people

become comfortable in new surroundings. ---

-

A) Teenagers in particular seem to be prone

to learning how to dress, manage

relationships, and be socially successful by

tuning into popular culture.

B) Research published in 2007 reveals that

young people even look to celebrities for

learning life strategies to help them cope

with difficulties.

C) Hence, keeping up with the lives of actors,

politicians and athletes can make a person

more socially adept during interactions

with strangers.

D) On the contrary, the intense familiarity

with celebrities provided by the media

initiates the same gossip mechanisms for

in-group members.

E) Adopting the role of the self-righteous soul

who refuses to participate in gossip at

work or in other areas of your social life

will be self-defeating.


Sayfa 89 / 93

233. For years, researchers have been trying to

figure out the best ways of making plants

produce biofuels. But there is a fundamental

problem: photosynthesis, the process by

which plants convert sunlight into stored

chemical energy, is highly inefficient. Plants

turn only 1-3% of sunlight into

carbohydrates. ---- However, plants have

many advantages. They absorb carbon

dioxide at low concentrations directly from

the atmosphere, and each plant cell can

repair itself when damaged.

A) Biofuels are gaining increased public and

scientific attention, driven by factors such

as high oil prices.

B) That is one reason why so much land has

to be devoted to growing plants to

produce biofuel.

C) In 2010, worldwide biofuel production

reached 100 billion litres, and biofuels

provided 3% of the world’s fuel for road

transport.

D) In the future, scientists might create a

black plant that would absorb all incoming

sunlight.

E) A government project is aimed at

cultivating fast-growing grasses to produce

vegetable oil for the first time in history.

234. Logic as an academic discipline was invented

by Aristotle and is concerned with argument,

validity, proof, definition and consistency.

Undoubtedly, even before formal logic was

recognized, people were reasoning in

consistent and logical ways. ---- During the

Middle Ages, Arabic and European cultures

also contributed to the field. During the

nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there

were numerous developments in

mathematical logic.

A) Aristotle taught many subjects including

syllogism, an argument in the form of two

premises and a conclusion.

B) To introduce formal logic to students, it is

useful to explain that logic examines how

arguments are constructed.

C) Therefore, Aristotle, the Father of Logic,

referred to inductive logic as “a passage

from individuals to universals”.

D) There are several kinds of logic, the most

common of which are deductive and

inductive logic.

E) Nevertheless, Aristotle was the first

philosopher to identify and formalize rules

for this branch of philosophy.


Sayfa 90 / 93

235. Eating too much fatty food, exercising too

little and smoking can raise your future risk

of heart disease. ---- Previous studies have

linked exposure to environmental pollution

to an increased risk of heart problems, but

the two analyses now show that poor air

quality can lead to a heart attack or stroke

within as little as a few hours after exposure.

Scientists found that people exposed to high

levels of pollutants were up to 5% more

likely to suffer a heart attack within days of

exposure than those with lower exposure.

A) This can be reduced, however, if you

exercise outside in the fresh air.

B) Heart disease is reversible if the

underlying disease can be treated.

C) But there is another factor that can

trigger heart problems more immediately.

D) The risks are relatively low for people who

“smoke socially” and have lower

cholesterol levels.

E) Strict regulation of pollutants may not

only improve air quality but could also

become necessary to protect public

health.

236. Four hundred years after he was born, the

17th century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi

is making a long-overdue international

comeback. Explorer, peace broker, tax

collector, war chronicler and mystic, Evliya

spent 40 years travelling in the Middle East.

His 10-volume Seyahatname is an epic

travelogue that provides a fascinating

account of everyday life in the 17th century.

---- UNESCO decreed him Man of the Year in

2011 and the recent publication of An

Ottoman Traveller allows English-language

readers to discover his masterpiece.

A) Though previously little known outside of

Turkey, Evliya is finally going global.

B) You can still feel the joy of Evliya’s journey

across Turkey’s vast and unspoiled

countryside.

C) This work was also appreciated by

foreigners, particularly English speakers.

D) Evliya loved eating and wrote in detail of

the regional specialties he sampled.

E) One can trace the early stages of Evliya’s

journey from Istanbul to Mecca.


Sayfa 91 / 93

237. Living in a country with the world’s highest

murder rate, Hondurans have grown grimly

accustomed to untimely deaths. ---- A fire in

a prison in Comayagua may have been the

world’s deadliest prison fire ever. Rescue

crews said they had no way to save the

prisoners, because they could not find the

guards with the keys to release the inmates

from the overcrowded prison.

A) Therefore, the national prison director has

admitted the system is failing and needs a

lot of investment.

B) The cause of the disaster has not been

determined, but officials suggest it might

have been a protesting inmate setting his

mattress alight.

C) Yet even they were shocked on February

15th to hear reports of a further cruel

consequence of the country’s high crime

rate.

D) However, the scale of the tragedy became

clear when the Honduran President called

it “a day of deep pain”.

E) Honduran inmates suffered from

malnutrition, poor sanitation and

insufficient medical care, and they had

access to weapons.

238. As some economic studies have shown, the

longer a person is unemployed, the harder it

becomes for him or her to find a job. Many

companies are reluctant to hire those who

have not worked for a long time. There are

6,7 million Americans not officially counted

as part of the labour force, who say they

would like to work. ----

A) In Western Europe, where it is hard to fire

people, employers are more cautious.

B) A company should reform its working

conditions if employees are not very

productive.

C) Not all unemployment is equal, as there

are better and worse ways to be without a

job.

D) Integrating these people into the economy

will be a long and expensive undertaking.

E) Likewise, there are not big differences

between the unemployment rates of

Europe and the US.


Sayfa 92 / 93

239. Most measurements of happiness are by

standardized questionnaires or interview

schedules. It could also be done by informed

observers – those who know the individual

well and see them regularly. ---- Yet, another

form of measurement is to investigate a

person’s memory and check whether they

feel predominantly happy or unhappy about

their past. Finally, there are some crude but

ever-developing physical measures looking

at everything from brain scanning to saliva

levels.

A) It should be kept in mind that such tests

might be misleading in many cases.

B) Findings suggest that ancestors of Finnish

people made use of such methods.

C) There is also experience sampling, where

people report how happy they are many

times a day.

D) Being objective in this process is more

important than being an observer.

E) A question still remains unanswered: to

what extent can one express happiness on

a sheet of questions?

240. Everything in the factories of the future will

be run by smarter software. Digitization in

manufacturing will have as widespread an

effect as in other industries that have gone

digital, including photography, publishing

and films. Such effects will not be confined

to large manufacturers, either. ---- Launching

new and innovative products will become

easier and cheaper for them.

A) The materials being used to make things

are changing faster than they were in the

past.

B) In addition, it will allow things to be made

economically in much smaller quantities.

C) Nonetheless, companies are also

optimistic about a manufacturing revival.

D) In fact, these developments will empower

smaller firms and individual

entrepreneurs.

E) As such, companies from all over the

world use China and India as low-wage

workshops.


Sayfa 93 / 93

241. ---- This is not the case, and evidence for

early learning and remembering comes from

several studies. In one, infants only a few

hours old learned to turn their heads right or

left, depending on whether they heard a

buzzer or a tone. In order to taste a sweet

liquid, the baby had to turn to the right

when a tone sounded and to turn to the left

when the buzzer sounded. In only a few

trials, the babies were performing without

error.

A) It was once thought that infants could

neither learn nor remember.

B) Infants can discriminate differences in

taste shortly after birth.

C) Newborn infants could distinguish human

voices from other sounds.

D) Newborn babies may not remember what

they have just learned.

E) Pre-birth experiences in the uterus help

infants to learn and remember.

242. Stephen Hawking, the famed theoretical

physicist diagnosed with Lou Gehrig’s

disease, lost the ability to speak thirty years

ago. In the meantime, a computerized voice

generated by an infrared sensor inside

Hawking’s mouth has allowed him to

communicate. According to a recent report,

however, the muscles controlling the device

have been deteriorating, limiting him to as

little as one word per minute. ---- This is a

horrifying prospect for the scientific

community that has benefitted greatly from

his findings. But a new device recording

brain functions at an unprecedented level of

detail was developed and has been proposed

to improve Hawking’s ability to

communicate once again.

A) Such devices can be used to monitor the

sleep pattern and the disorders of the

deaf.

B) The sensor in the mouth is an effective

way to continue communication with

people unable to speak.

C) Without a new means of communication,

Hawking runs the risk of being rendered

mute.

D) The muscles in the mouth can be kept

under control by using a great variety of

equipments.

E) Thanks to recent developments,

researchers are now able to keep the

disease under control as in Hawking’s

condition.

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