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ICM practices in East Asian Seas (EAS) Region: Challenges and Opportunities

ICM practices in East Asian Seas (EAS) Region: Challenges and Opportunities

Dr. Chua Thia-Eng

Council Chair, East Asian Seas Partnership Council, PEMSEA

Visiting Fellow, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan

Urgency of coastal management in East Asia: Some Numbers

Population distribution

Coastal area account for about 20% of total land area but more than 50% ( & 75% by 2020) of world population living 100 km from the coast; ~72% of 2 billion population in EAS live close to seas;

9 of the 15 EAS countries have 90% of population live along the coasts;

10% of world population live less than 10m above sea level (ca 75% of these are in Asia)

50% of coastal population to be located in urban centres by 2025; 1/3 population in EAS without access to safe, sustainable water supply; ½ withoutaccess to improved sanitation;

In EAS countries, >20% lives below poverty line; per capita GDP vary from ~US$400 (Cambodia, East Timor) to >US$36,000 (Japan);

Some Numbers (2)Socioeconomic

13 of world 20 mega ports are located in the region;

90% of renewable water resources in Asia are used for industrial, agriculture and other users, only 5% for consumption;

90% of global trade goes by sea, global marine markets $17500 billion (2005), marine energy $1000 billion

80% of global biodiversity is marine, SEA is global centre of marine biodiversity, with 2500 marine fish species and 400~500 coral species (Great Barrier Reef, 1500 and 395 species respectively)

EAS lost 70% of mangroves, and will loose all by 2030 if no actions taken; 20-60 % of sea grass beds already damaged; and 30% coral reefs remain

Value of coral reefs in SEA is 42.5% of global value of US$29.8 billions or roughly 7011 millions;

Total value of world fisheries $85B; 16.6 Kg per capita (2004), total value of aquaculture $70B (2004); EAS produces 40% of world fishery products and 80% of world aquaculture.

Some Numbers (3)

1997/8 El Nino 2200 killed, $30B insured losses

El Nino Australia loses $1B in agriculture for every 0.5C cooling in water N of Australia

2004 Indonesia Tsunami 200,000 killed; 500,000 homeless Cost >$15B

2005 Hurricane Katrina cost $85.5B

2008 Myanmar cyclone >100,000 lives? Economic loss?

2008 Chengdu earthquake >60,000 lives ? Economic loss?

How much more lives and economic losses before we can put our acts together?

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Water CycleWater Cycle

HealthHealthAgricultureAgriculture

EcosystemsEcosystems

AtmosphereAtmosphere

ClimateClimate

Energy Biodiversity

Common Concerns

Food

Poverty

Disasters

The Seas of East Asia

Rich natural resources and ecosystems under threats

Hotspots: political, economic and pollution

Security: food, safety, environment, health

Key featuresHeavy coastal population density, significant social, cultural, political economic and capacity diversity.

Climate change and sea level rise

“It is time to act now”

DisastersDisasters

poverty

Multiple uses

health

environment

Managing complexity

• regulate multiple uses,reduce conflicts;

• ensure sustainable useof natural resources

• maintain functional integrity of ecosystems

• change human behaviours

• mobilize immense financialresources

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Short history: ~45 years (world)~35years (Asia)

Objective: from conservation to integrated management for SD

Features: donor driven to Stakeholders- owned practices

Integrated Management Efforts in the Seas of East Asian Region

Forms: CRM, CZM, ICZM, CAM, ICAM, IWRM, ICM, ICOM, EM, EBM, EBM-ICOM, etc.

Evolution of concept and practices

The Global EnvironmentFacility (GEF) InitiativesThe Global EnvironmentFacility (GEF) Initiatives

Marine Pollution Preventionand Management in the East Asian Seas (MPP-EAS)1994-199911 countries

Building Partnerships inEnvironmental Managementfor the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA)1999-200712 countries

SDS-SEA Implementation (PEMSEA)2007-201013 Countries

Bali

Nampo

Chonburi

Klang

Danang

Sihanoukville

Coastline: 1,242 kmSea Area: 9,862 km2

Land Area: 9,432 km2

Population: 6 million

Coastline: 1,242 kmSea Area: 9,862 km2

Land Area: 9,432 km2

Population: 6 million

ICM Demonstration Sites (1994- present)

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Coordinating Mechanism for Interagency and Stakeholders Collaboration and Partnerships - Xiamen

Coordinating Mechanism for Interagency and Stakeholders Collaboration and Partnerships - Xiamen

Institutional Arrangements

Xiamen Municipal Government Planning CommitteeTrade and Commerce CommitteeCity Construction CommitteeScience & Technology CommitteeTransport CommitteeStructural Reform CommitteeHaicang Management CommitteeSocial Security DepartmentFinance Department

Marine and FisheriesEnvironmentTourismPlanningMaritimePort AuthorityLegalMaritime DefenseLand, Natural Resources andHousing

Marine Management Office Scientific Advisory Panel

Chair: MayorVice Chairs: Deputy Vice Mayors

Marine Management Coordination

Policy Reforms and Legislation, Xiamen

Regulations on the Coastline Planning and Management

1998

Measures on Management of Charging Sea Area Uses

1997

Regulation on the Use and Management of Sea Area Uses

1996

Regulation on the Use and Management in the Shallow Seas and Intertidal Zones

1996

Public Notice on Removal of Households Engaged in Aquaculture from the Location of the New Shipyard

1995

Regulation on Management of Waterway Transportation

1995

Regulation on Management of Sand, Soil and Stone

1995

Regulations on City Planning1995

Regulations on Land Management1994

Development and UtilizationYear

Regulation on the Management of Nature Protected Areas for Chinese White Dolphin

1997

Measures on the Management of Yuandang Lake Region

1997

Regulation on the Protection and Management of the Marine Environment

1996

Public Notice in the Reinforcement of Management of Sea Eel Fishing in the Sea Areas Around Xiamen

1995

Measures on the Management of Nature Protected Area for White Egret in Dayu Island

1995

Regulations on Environmental Protection1994

Measures on the Management of Lancelet Nature Protected Area

1992

Environmental ProtectionYear

Institutional Arrangements –Integrated Law Enforcement

Special areas

Sea-use zoning plan

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Conflict Resolution: Fisheries vs. Navigation

Beach clean up

Stakeholders consultation

Incorporating environment-related theme in school program

Public Awareness and Scientific Support - Community Involvement and Mobilization

Pollution Reduction in Yangdang lagoon

Yuandang Lagoon Rehabilitation

Before

After

Protection of Endangered Species

Egret

Lancelet

White Dolphin

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Protection of endangered species, Xiamen Habitat Rehabilitation: mangrove replanting in Xiamen

Socio-economic Benefits of ICM

4,963.69906.43TOTAL NET BENEFITS

8.34Less: ICM Program Cost

4,972.03906.43Total

25.8829.06Less: Externalities Cost

142.60Direct Nature Services

358.9842.12Environmental Services

4,496.34893.37Economic Sectors

(discount rate: 4.5%)

With ICM(in million RMB)

Without ICM (in million RMB)

Annual Values

For every ONE DOLLAR SPENT for ICM programMore than $590 NET BENEFIT is generated

For every ONE DOLLAR SPENT for ICM programMore than $590 NET BENEFIT is generated

Conclusion from Xiamen ICM

• ICM approach and methods are workable especially in coastal areas with complex management problems

• The socioeconomic, ecological and political benefits far exceed the costs especially if addressed through sectoral means

• ICM can be sustained through local and national budgets

• Interagency cooperation is feasible

• Political will and leadership are very essential

• Effective integration of science in management decision is vital.

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ICM Scaling Up

ICM Testing

• Batangas

• Xiamen

ICM Demonstration

• Bali

• Chonburi

• Danang

• Nampho

• Port Klang

• Sihanoukville

ICM Parallel Replication

• Bataan

• Shihwa

• Sukabumi

• Cavite

• Quangnam

• 10 sites in China

• 3 sites in Bali

ICM Scaling-Up

• 20% of Regional Coastline by 2015

Better Coastal

Governance

through Stronger

Local Alliance

ICM WorkingModel

ICMCodification

Xiamen

2 + 6 + 182 + 6 + 18

From demonstration, replication to scaling up

Manila Bay

Seto Inland Sea

Chesapeake Bay

Gulf ofThailand

Jakarta Bay

ICM Scaling up : forging subregional Integration and Coordination

Masan-ChinhaeBay

ICM Scaling UP

• EAS target: 20% of coastline in 10 years (2008-2018)

• 80/20 principle of the Law of the Few (Gladwell, 2000)

• National / Regional policy, strategies and legislation facilitate scaling up:

US model –legislation and incentivesIndonesia, ROK, –ICM legislationPhilippines –national strategy under EO 355;EU Directives on ICZM—policy and technical adviceEast Asian Seas ---SDS-SEA

• Demonstration and replications

• Geographical and functional scaling up

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National Efforts

Policy Reforms•Coastal Policy•ICM Legislation•Financial Incentives

Capacity Development•ICM Training•Internships•Areas of Excellence•Post Graduate ICM Curriculum

ICM Learning Centers•Demonstration Sites•Knowledge Management

Networking•National Network•PNLG

Awareness•Leadership Seminar

•RTF/NTF

Local Efforts

•Replication•Ecosystem-wide•Gulf and Bays

ICM Applications

•ICM Certification/ Recognition

•ICM Code

•Local Network

Strategies for ICM Scaling-Up(20% of Coastlines by 2017)

Tipping Points20% 80%

Linking Local and Global Environmental Concerns ICM Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges• Translate donor/ UN initiatives into national and local agendaa) convincing authorities and stakeholders through clear

demonstration projects: feasibility, cost-effectiveness, sustainability b) balancing sector and agency interests and local benefitsc) creating national ICM legislation/ policyd) promote stakeholders buy in

• Changing attitudes and perceptions a) public awareness and creating an “informed public”b) socioeconomic benefits of ICM practices

• Transboundary issuesa) environmental and shared fish stocksb) boundary disputesc) food security d) coastal urbanization

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ICM Challenges and Opportunities

Opportunities

a) A foundation laid for implementing and scaling up ICM practices for comprehensive management of coastal and marine areas

• ICM system getting functionally mature and gaining wider acceptance• socioeconomic benefits of ICM appreciated and recognized

b) Investment opportunities • Public and private partnership for environmental improvement projectsand technologies (private sectors)• Meeting demand for national and local capacity development (universities training institutions)

c) Integration of aid programs• Framework for pooling donors’ supports (donor agencies);• Increase cost-effectives of aid programs.

Conclusions

Growing trends for integrated management of coastal and marine areas• increasing decentralization of resource and environmental management;• coastal urbanization • demand for more effective services in response to threats to environment,

safety, health and properties;• realization of benefits of integration and coordination• a essential part of national ocean/ coastal policy

The ICM system opens up a new regime of coastal management as well as new challenges and opportunities, if skilfully applied and used, will move sustainable development of the coastal and marine areas many steps forwards.

Thank youThank you

“Please join hands to secure our coasts and oceans”

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