icas - cost-fp0903.ipp.cnr.itcost-fp0903.ipp.cnr.it/downloads/prague/badea.pdf · forests, as a...

Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Stefan NEAGU, Stefan TAMAS

Action FP0903

International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011

ICAS

� Forests, as a component of Natural Capital and socio-ecological system, provide indispensable benefits for life quality at global, regional and local levels.

� The forests’ functionality and health status are the result of the combined actions of different stressors such as:

� Air pollution;

� Climate change;

� Biotic agents;

� Land use;

� Inappropriate management practices.

� Long term monitoring activities of air pollutants, especially of ozone and other phytotoxic pollutants concentrations are necessary forunderstanding their negative effects on forest health status andbiodiversity, including visible leaf injuries, losses in stand growth and productivity as well as higher sensitivity to biotic and abiotic stressors.


Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)

� To characterize spatial and temporal trends of

ozone distribution.

� To evaluate effects of ozone concentrations on

forests’ health status, growth and biodiversity.

� To select native indicators of air pollutants with a

special emphasis on ozone.

� To estimate incidence and severity of ozone

injury to vegetation.


Networks where O3 and other pollutants were measured



� A comparative study between United States of America and the Carpathian countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine) was started in the Carpathians forests –“Evaluation of ozone air pollution and its phytotoxic potential in the Carpathian forests” .

� In Carpathians, a network of 26 locations (6 in Romania) for O3, NO2, SO2 and NH3 concentration measurements was placed.

� 1997 – 1999



� Research activities regarding long term effects of air pollution on selected forest ecosystems in the Retezat National Park were developed.

� In 2000, in representative forest ecosystems, 11 locations for ozone and other phytotoxic pollutants (NO2 and NH3) monitoring were placed.

� 2000 – 2003

2009 – 2011



� Long-term effects of air pollution on selected forest ecosystem in the Bucegi Natural Park (EPAEFOR project) – 2005-2008. Since 2009, Piatra – Craiului National Park was included.

� Environmental quality and pressures assessment across Europe: the LTER network as an integrated and shared system for ecosystem monitoring (ENVEUROPE – LIFE+ project) –since 2010.

� 22 monitoring plots (11 placed in 2006 in Bucegi Natural Park and 11 placed in 2009 in Piatra Craiului National Park).

� 2005 – 2008

2009 – 2011



� Ozone concentrations

monitoring in Level II

plots (MAF project).

� FutMon (LIFE+

project).

� In 4 intensive

monitoring core plots

ozone was

monitored.


� 2007 – 2008

� 2009 – 2011


� Passive samplers system: Ogawa type� 2 replicate filters in a sampler

� Sampling period:� May 15th – October 15th in LTER Sites� April 1st – September 30th in Intensive Monitoring

network (Level II – core plots)� May 15th – October 30th in Carpathian network

� Sampling frequency: � Monthly: LTER sites� Biweekly: Carpathian network, Intensive Monitoring

network (Level II – core plots)

� Laboratory analysis:� 1997 – 2007 – USDA Riverside Laboratory� 2008 – 2011 - ICAS Campulung Moldovenesc

Laboratory� Ion cromatography analysis of nitrate-ion

concentration



� Since 2010 – Ozone active monitor: Model 202 (2B Technologies)

� UV absorption at 254nm

� Accuracy 1.5 ppb or 2% of reading

� 1 hour average sampling rate



� In each individual year, differencesbetween seasonal mean concentrations of each locations were noticed, as determined with all pair-wise comparison procedure (Tukey’s test).

� The lowest ozone concentrations values in Romanian Carpathians, as well as at whole Carpathian network level were registered at Retezat location which was relatively not influenced by human activities.

� High concentrations registered in the homogenous group which contains 4 locations (Obcina Mare, Magura Odobesti, Fundata and Stana de Vale) could be related to a long-range transport of polluted air masses from nearby urban agglomerations.

� In general, temporal distribution of ozone concentrations was relatively uniform for all locations (coefficient of variation for 3-year period was 10%).



Different letters set as labels to each bar indicate significant

differences between locations at P < 0.05.

Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations

(ppb) for each location during 1997-1999

period – Carpathian project (Romanian

locations)

� Romanian Carpathian locations

showed little variation in

average O3 concentrations

between individual years.

� In comparison with the other

Carpathian countries, in

Romania, the ozone

concentrations registered in

1997-1999 period were the

lowest (range 21.6 – 47.1 ppb).



Year-to-year variability of ozone

concentrations on the Carpathian

monitoring network

LocationTukey’s Test (P < 0.05)

2000 2001 2002 2009Judele e c b fRotunda bcde bc b cdefOGA cde bc B efGura Zlata de bc b defRausor abc abc ab abcBaleia Sohodol abcd ab ab aBaleia Stana abcd bc ab aBaleia Urs ab ab ab aCampusel abcd abc b abCampusel Neagu bcde bc b bcdBaleia a aGol Alpin cde



� There were significant differences in ozone

concentrations between individual sites in

Retezat National Park for each year (Tukey’s

test).

� Ambient O3 showed consistent spatial and

temporal characteristics:

� The western portion of the mountains

experienced the lowest levels

� In 2000 and 2001 concentrations were

similar throughout the season, while in

2002 and 2009 were much lower than in

previous years.

� The coefficient of variation values for each

individual year demonstrates an increase in the

variability of ambient ozone temporal

distribution (20.4% in 2000 up to 34.0% in

2009), but the overall coefficient of variation

value (20%) shows a relative long term spatial

stability at whole network level.

Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations (ppb)

for each location – Retezat National Park

LocationTukey Test (P = 0.05)

2006 2007 2008 2009Salvamont Bran cd abc a bcdObservator Urs e c a d

Timen-Grofi de bc a cdPoiana Stânii bc ab a abcValea cu Brazi abc ab a abc

Dichiu abc ab a bcBrânduşi ab a a ab

Cariera Lespezi abc ab a abcPodu cu Flori a a a a

Bătrâna ab a a abcPiatra Arsă abc ab a abc



� Except 2008, significant differences in ozone

concentrations between each individual sites in

Bucegi Natural Park (Tukey’s test) were noticed

(seasonal averages for various sites varied between

22.5 ppb and 57.4 ppb).

� Ranges of the monthly average O3 concentrations

for individual locations were similar for 2006, 2007,

and 2009 (20.7–61.6 ppb, 23.0–66.8 ppb, and 19.2–

67.0 ppb, respectively), but were more variable in

2008 (13.5–80.0 ppb).

� The determined seasonal means of 42.5–47.2 ppb in

2006–2008 were higher than those determined in

the Romanian Carpathians in the 1997–1999 period

(39–42 ppb), while the 2009 mean of 40.0 ppb was

in the range of those values.

� Compared with 2006-2008 period, in 2009 the

seasonal average of ambient ozone concentrations

was the lowest at most locations (except Podu cu

Flori location).

� The maximum annual average was registered in

2007, when the temperatures during the growing

season were very high (over 350C), followed by a

small decrease in following years, 2008 and 2009).


for each location – Bucegi Natural Park

� Significant differences in ozone concentrations between individual sites in Piatra Craiului NP (Tukey’s test) were noticed.

� The seasonal mean values for each location were between 21.4 ppb and 39.3 ppb.

� The average value for the entire season was 32.7 ppb in Piatra Craiului NP, compared to 39.9 ppb in Bucegi NP.

� The variation coefficient of ozone concentration were lower in Piatra Craiului NP than in Bucegi NP (17.4% compared to 23.2%, respectively).




for each location – Piatra Craiului National

Park



� Except 2007, no significant differences in ozone concentrations between individual sites in Level II core plots network was noticed.

� Comparing 2007 and 2008 averages (t-test), no significant differences between individual years were noticed.

� In 2009, the mean of ozone concentration increased with altitude (from 500 m at Mihaesti-gorun to 1300 m at Fundata-fag ).




for each location – Intensive Monitoring

(Level II core plots)



Distribution of ozone

concentration by altitude during

the period 2006-2009 – Bucegi

NP




concentration by altitude in

2009– Bucegi – Piatra Craiului

LTER Site


concentration by altitude during

the period 2000-2002 and 2009 –

Retezat NP

� In Retezat NP, an increase of ozone concentration correlated with altitude was noticed both in terms of exposure period and growing season levels. Compared with the results registered in 2000-2002 period, in 2009 ozone concentrations on altitudinal strata were lower, but slightly higher than in 2002. The correlation between these multiannual ozone distributions and altitude was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The correlation coefficient values (r) vary between 0.469, p > 0.05 (in 2009) and 0.601, p > 0.05 (in 2002).

� In 2009, similar to Retezat NP, in Bucegi - Piatra Craiului an increase of ambient ozone concentrations with altitude was noticed. The same situation was encountered in Bucegi Mountains during the period 2006-2009.

Regression

coefficients

Standard

error of

regression

coefficients

Standardized

coefficients

Step 1

Constant 2.776 4.209Altitude 0.30 0.003 0.700

Step 2

Constant -25.1 5.000Altitude 0.33 0.002 0.759Temperature 1.938 0.256 0.434

� Multiple linear regression

analysis showed that altitude

account for 49% of the

variation of ozone

concentration and mean

temperatures explained

18.5%. Together they

accounted for 67.5% of the

observed O3 changes.Note: R2=0.490 for Step 1; ΔR2=0.185 for Step 2 (αs <

0.001); dependent variable : ozone (y); predictors: altitude

(x) and temperature (z)

Parameters of multiple regression

analysis (step 1: y=b0+b1*x, step

2: y=b0+b1*x+b2*z) – Bucegi NP





The influence of ozone

concentrations on percentage of

damaged trees (defoliation classes 2

- 4) (Retezat LTER Site). R2 for linear

relationship was 0.002 indicating no

significant effects of ambient ozone

on defoliation

The influence of ozone

concentrations on percentage of

damaged trees (defoliation

classes 2 - 4)( Bucegi-Piatra

Craiului LTER Site). R2 for linear

relationship was 0.125 indicating

no significant effects of ambient

ozone on defoliation

� The ambient ozone (described as seasonal mean concentrations among locations) had no significant influence on forest health status (percent of trees with crown defoliation above 25%) in Retezat and Bucegi Mts.

� In Bucegi mountains forests, ozone concentration had no effect on annual volume growth losses (due to action of different stress factors).

� Ozone concentrations in Romanian Carpathians were rather low and below the levels considered to be toxic for Norway spruce and European beech, especially in Retezat and Bucegi-Piatra Craiului Mts.

The influence of ozone concentration

on growth losses (Bucegi NP). R2

for linear relationship was 0.047

indicating no significant effects of

ambient ozone on growth losses

Beginning with 2010, an ozone continuous monitor was installed at Stefanesti-stejar core plot. AOT40 was calculated for 2 periods:

� Period 1 April – 30 September� Data completeness 92.5%

� AOT40measured = 13897.3 ppb*h

� AOT40estimated = 15026.3 ppb*h

� Although the AOT40 threshold for forest protection was exceeded at the middle of August, visible foliar injuries weren’t noticed. The continuous overcame of this threshold in the next years can have negative effects on forest growth and biodiversity.

� Period 1 May – 31 July� Data completeness 100%

� AOT40measured = 6453.8 ppb*h

� The AOT40 value calculated for this period doesn’t exceeds the threshold for tree protection of 9000 ppb*h given by the EC Directive 2008/50/CE .

AOT40 calculated for 1 April – 30

September 2010 – Stefanesti –stejar

core plot


AOT40 calculated for 1 May – 30

July 2010 – Stefanesti –stejar core

plot


� Romanian Carpathian forests and the main ecosystems investigatedat level II were characterized by relative good quality with slightly elevated ambient O3 concentrations, but under phytotoxic limits.

� Ambient O3 concentrations showed pronounced spatial and temporal distribution patterns . About 50% of ozone concentrations variation could be explained by altitude and up to 20% by temperature for each exposure period during the 2006-2009 growing seasons in Bucegi NP.

� Average coefficients of variation for ozone concentrations (17.4%-22.2%) show a relative stability and uniformity of spatial and temporal distribution in the monitored areas.

� An influence of ozone concentrations on crown condition and treegrowth was not demonstrated.



� We acknowledge the financial support from European Commission, USDA – Forest Service, Romanian Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Romanian Authority for Research, for these achievements , which are the result of an ongoing and fruitful collaboration of Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS) with vTI – Institute for World Forestry (FutMon), CNR (EnvEurope), USDA –Forest Service (Carpathians), “Transilvania”University of Brasov, University of Bucharest and Retezat, Bucegi and Piatra-Craiului Parks Administrations.



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