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Leverton Associates International ICAO Annex 14 Update Workshop HAI HeliExpo 2012

Dr John LevertonIFHA Representative to ICAO Aerodrome Panel

HAI Heliport Design Focal PointAdvisor - Infrastructure Development, AHS

IC O NNEX 14 UPD TE ICAO Annex 14 Volume II Heliports)

WORKSHOP 4
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AIRSPACE
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No changes in new tranche 1 Annex 14.

All changes to be in tranche 2 Annex 14.

AIRSPACE

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1.2 Applicability

Note. .. The specif ications of the main chapters of this Annex ar e

appli cable for visual helipor ts that may or may not incorporatethe use of a Point-in-space approach. Additional specif icationsfor instrument helipor ts with non-precision and/or precisionapproaches and instrument depar tures are detailed in

Appendix 2 [of tranche 2] . The specif ications of this Annexare not applicable for water helipor ts.

TRANCHE 2 CLARIFICATION

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Point-i n-space approach (PinS). The Point-in-space approach is based onGNSS or SBAS and is an approach procedure designed for helicopters only. Itis aligned with a reference point located to permit subsequent flightmanoeuvring or approach and landing using visual manoeuvring in adequate

visual conditions to see and avoid obstacles.

Point-i n-space (PinS) visual segment. This is the segment of a helicopterPinS approach procedure from the MAPt to the landing location for a PinSproceed visually procedure. The visual segment connects the Point -in-space(PinS) to the landing location.

Note: Reference to non- precision approaches, precision approaches, non -instrument etc. removed from Tranche 2 and replace with more appropriatetext.

TRANCHE 2 NEW DEFINITIONS

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ANGLE/SLOPE RELATIONSHIP

x

y

Angle - tan = x/y

Slope - Ratio - (y/x):1

Slope - Percentage (x/y) x 100%

Angle Slope Percentagedegrees y:1 %

26.6 2 : 1 5011.3 5 : 1 209.5 6 : 1 16.79.1 6.25 : 1 16.09.0 6.3 : 1 15.98.5 6.67 : 1 15.07.5 7.6 : 1 13.27.1 8 : 1 12.56.3 9 : 1 11.16.0 9.5 : 1 10.55.7 10 : 1 10.04.8 12 : 1 8.34.6 12.5 : 1 8.04.1 14 : 1 7.13.8 15 : 1 6.72.9 20 : 1 5.02.6 22 : 1 4.51.7 34 : 1 2.9

US/FAA ICAO

Note:

ICAO Annex 14 surfaces quoted in terms of % .

US (FAA) in terms of slope y:1 e.g. 8:1.

Internationally (including ICAO) quote slope as 1:x e.g. 1:8
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AIRSPACE TERMINOLOGY

FAA AC-2B APROACH/DEPARTURE SURFACE

CURRENT ANNEX 14

APPROACH SURFACE

TAKE-OFF SURFACE

FAA AC-2B2:1 TRANSITIONAL SRFACE

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SURFACES

OLS = Obstacle Limitation Surface - asurface which must NOT be penetrated .

OIS = Obstacle Identification Surface asurface above which obstacles canpenetrate but which must be surveyed toensure they are not a hazard .

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AIRSPACE: TRANCHE 1 ANNEX 14

DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS FOR: PERFORMANCE CLASS APPROACH AND TAKE-OFF (DEPARTURE) DAY/NIGHT

TWO (2) APPROACH AND TWO (2) DEPATURE FLIGHT PATHSREQUIRED.

TAKE-OFF AND APPROACH SURFACES NO PENTRATIONSALLOWED i.e. OLS

TRANSITIONAL SURFACES NOT REQUIRED FOR VMC/VFR[i.e. ONLY required for IMC/IFR -NO PENTRATIONS ALLOWED.]

AIRSPACE STARTS FROM SAFETY AREA

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Tranche 1

Annex 14AIRSPACE

APPROACH

SURFACE[VMC/VFR]

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ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE

HelicopterPerformanceClassification

defined in

Annex 6

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ICAO Annex 14 AIRSPACE

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APPROACH/DEPARTUREAIRSPACE [ELEVATION]

FAA Approach/Departure

8:1 [12.5% / 7.1 ]

ICAO PC 1,2 & 3 Approach

ICAO PC2/PC3 Takeoff

8% [12.5:1 / 4.6 ]

0 800Distance - ft

0 Distance - m 245

ICAO PC 1 Takeoff - 4.5% [22:1 / 2.6 ]

64ft(19.5 m)

CURRENT ANNEX 14

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Example

Approach

ApproachVMC/VFR : S-92

PC1, PC2 & PC3

Annex 14 3 Segment Airspace

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CURRENT

Annex 14AIRSPACE

APPROACH

SURFACE[VMC/VFR]

HDWG AGREED CURRENT ANNEX 14TOO COMPLEX

TABLE DELETED

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FAA AIRSPACE

.AC 150/5390-2B

General Aviation : Approach/Departure Surfaces should befree of penetrations any penetrations of the TransitionalSurface should be considered hazard unless FAA studydetermines it is not a hazard to air navigation.

i.e. penetrations of Transitional Surfaces ONLY allowed if they are not a hazard.

NOTE: FAA ALLOWS USE OF A LATERAL EXTENSION OF THE 8:1SURFACE (DEFINED IN AC -2B) FOR PPR and HOSPITAL HELIPORTS .TH I S I S NOT ADD RESSED I N TH I S PRESENTATI ON.

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GENERAL AVIATIONHELIPORT

AC-2B

Approach/DepartureNO Penetrations

TransitionalPenetrations if NOT a

Hazard

Obstacle below OLS

Obstacle above OIS .. but NOTa hazard.

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AIRSPACE

Approach/DeparturePenetrations if NOT aHazard Transitional

Penetrations if NOT aHazard


AC-2C

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AIRSPACE

Approach/DeparturePenetrations if NOT aHazard Transitional

Penetrations if NOT aHazard


AC-2C The approach/departure and transitional surfaces must be free of penetrations unless an FAAaeronautical study determines such penetrations not to be hazards. Such aeronautical studies areconducted only at public heliports and private heliports with FAA-approved approach procedures .

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ANNEX 14/FAA AC DIFFERENCES

ICAO SLOPE/LENGTH OF SLOPE CHOSEN TO ENABLE HELICOPTERTO DECELERATE ON LANDING, ACCELERATE AND CLIMB TO TAKEOFF(i.e. TAKES INTO ACCOUNT ACTUAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ) ANDAVOID PENETRATION OF H-V DIAGRAM

FAA SINGLE SLOPE FOR APPROACH AND DEPARTURE[8:1 FOR VFR]

[FAA:H -V I M PLI CATI ONS NOT REQUI RED TO BE CONSI DERED FOR DEVEL OPI NGVF R AI RPSACE RECENT SOME FAA H AVE STATED TH EY CAN NOT SUPPORT TH I SWH EN DI SCUSSI NG ANNEX 14.]

ICAO REQUIRES DIFFERENCES MAXIMUM WIDTH FOR DAY ANDNIGHT BASED ON DESIGN HELICOPTER [7 RD DAY/10 RD NIGHT]

FAA MAXIMUM WIDTH: 500 FT (152 m)

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AIRSPACE ISSUES

FAA AC-2B/AC-2C DOWNWIND (TAIL WIND) OPERATIONS SHOULD BE AVOIDED

CROSS WIND OPERATION SHOULD BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM

TWO APPROACHES SEPARATED BY ANGLE DEPENDENT ONPREVAILNG WIND DIRECTIONS (OR IF NOT AVAIABLE PREFERED FLIGHTPATH ON WIND DIRECTION AND OTHER AT LEAST 135 DEGREES).

ICAO ANNEX 14 PC 2 AND PC 3: APPROACH PATH TO BE SELECTED TO PERMIT SAFE

FORCED LANDING OR OEI LANDINGS (JUDGEMENT REQUIRED)

MISSED APPROACH: MUST BE CONSIDERED

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8:1 [12.5% / 7.1 ]

ICAO Class 1,2 & 3 Approach

ICAO Class 2 & 3 Takeoff

8% [12.5:1 / 4.6 ]

0 800Distance - ft

0 Distance - m 245

ICAO Class 1 Takeoff - 4.5% [22:1 / 2.6 ]Protection Zone **[** General Aviation 280 ft /Transport 400 ft ( m) ]

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APPROACH/DEPARTUREAIRSPACE [ELEVATION ]

0

FAA - 8:1[12.5%7.1 ]

ICAO Annex 14 Approach

Distance -m

Distance - ft0 2000 4000

245 434 1146

8% [1:12.5/4.6 ] 12.5%[1:8/7.1 ] 500 ft / 152 m

4.5% [1:22/2.6 ]~PC1: NOT SHOWN

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x

y

Angle - tan = x/y



Angle Slope Percentagedegrees X:1 %

26.6 2 : 1 5011.3 5 : 1 209.5 6 : 1 16.79.1 6.25 : 1 16.09.0 6.3 : 1 15.98.5 6.67 : 1 15.07.5 7.6 : 1 13.27.1 8 : 1 12.56.3 9 : 1 11.16.0 9.5 : 1 10.55.7 10 : 1 10.04.8 12 : 1 8.3

4.6 12.5 : 1 8.04.1 14 : 1 7.13.8 15 : 1 6.72.9 20 : 1 5.02.6 22 : 1 4.51.7 34 : 1 2.9

ICAOUS/FAA

US/FAA

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Tranche 2 Airspac e:-

(i) use of combined Takeoff and Approach Surfaces

(ii)cut the link between performance categories and sloperequirements and to adopt slope categorizations which are describedas A, B and C.

A corresponds to PC1 (Cat A) helicopters dictated by OEIrequirements.

B and C slopes equate to a high performance slope and a low performance slope respectively PC2 and PC3 helicopters. [A powerfulsingle engine helicopter operating in PC3 may have the capability to achieve a rate ofclimb, which allows it to utilize the more onerous C slope requirements. A lesspowerful twin, operating in PC2 for example, may be restricted to using the lessonerous B slope requirements.]

TRANCHE 2 AIRSPACE PROPOSALS

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Propose Tranche 2 Airspace:-

(i) use of combined Takeoff and Approach Surfaces

(ii)cut the link between performance categories and sloperequirements and to adopt slope categorizations which are describedas A, B and C.

A corresponds to PC1 (Cat A) helicopters dictated by OEIrequirements.

B and C slopes equate to a high performance slope and a low performance slope respectively PC2 and PC3 helicopters. [A powerfulsingle engine helicopter operating in PC3 may have the capability to achieve a rate ofclimb, which allows it to utilize the more onerous C slope requirements. A lesspowerful twin, operating in PC2 for example, may be restricted to using the lessonerous B slope requirements.]

TRANCHE 2 AIRSPACE PROPOSALS

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Single Section as per Table 4-1

Figure 4-6(a) Approach & Take-off climb surfaces - A slope profile - typically 4.5%

Figure 4-6(b) Approach & Take-off climb surfaces - B slope profile - typically 8% & 16%

Single Section as per Table 4-1

Figure 4-6(c) Approach & Take-off climb surfaces - C slope profile - typically 12.5%

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Note (Tranche 2 following Table 4.1). The slope categories in Table 4-1 may

not be restricted to a specific performance class of operation and may beapplicable to more than one performance class of operation. The slopecategories depicted in Table 4-1 represent minimum design slope angles and notoperational slopes.

Slope category A generally corresponds with helicopters operated in performance class 1;

slope category B generally corresponds with helicopters operated in performance class 3; and

slope category C generally corresponds with helicopters operated in

performance class 2.Consultation with helicopter operators will help to determine the appropriateslope category to apply according to the heliport environment and the mostcritical helicopter type for which the heliport is intended

AIRSPACE - SLOPES

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SURFACES

Three slopes have been agreed:

i)A : 4.5% (1:22.2/2.7 ) slope for 3386 m (11,111 ft/2.1 s.miles)

ii) B : two segment slope of 8% (1:12.5/4.6 ) for 245 m (804 ft)and then 16 % (1:6:25/9.1 ) for 830 m (2723 ft).

(iii) C : 12.5 % (1:8/7.1 ) slope for 1220 m (4000 ft)

Note: Total distance in each case is def ined as the point where the height is 500f t (152 m) above the FATO sur face. The 4.5 % (A) is related to a PC1 takeoffand it has been agreed this surface can also be consider an OIS. B and C areOLS.

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x

y

Angle - tan = x/y



Angle Slope Percentagedegrees X:1 %

26.6 2 : 1 5011.3 5 : 1 209.5 6 : 1 16.79.1 6.25 : 1 16.09.0 6.3 : 1 15.98.5 6.67 : 1 15.07.5 7.6 : 1 13.27.1 8 : 1 12.56.3 9 : 1 11.16.0 9.5 : 1 10.55.7 10 : 1 10.04.8 12 : 1 8.3

4.6 12.5 : 1 8.04.1 14 : 1 7.13.8 15 : 1 6.72.9 20 : 1 5.02.6 22 : 1 4.51.7 34 : 1 2.9

ICAOTranche 2 Annex 14 slopes

US/FAA

US/FAA

A

B ( 2 segments/ 2 Slopes)C
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8:1 [12.5% / 7.1 ]

0 800Distance - ft

0 Distance - m 245B slope - 8% [12.5:1 / 4.6 ] 245 m (804 ft) + 16% [6.25:1/9.1] 830 m (2723 ft)

100ft(30 m)

Tranche 2 ANNEX 14 Approach and Takeoff

PC1

C slope 12.5% [8:1/7.1 ] 1075 m (3527 ft )

A slope 4.5% [22:1/7.1 ]

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8:1 [12.5% / 7.1 ]C : 12.5% [1:8/7.1 ] 1075 m (3527 ft)

0 800Distance - ft

0 Distance - m 245

B : 8% [1:12.5 / 4.6 ] 245 m (804 ft) + 16% [1:6.25/9.1] 830 m (2723 ft)

100ft

(30 m)

FAAProtection Zone [General Aviation 280 ft (85 m) /Transport 400 ft (122 m)]

Tranche 2 ANNEX 14 Approach and Takeoff

A : 4.5% (1:22/2.6 ) [PC1]

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8:1 [12.5% / 7.1 ]C : 12.5% [1:8/7.1 ] 1075 m (3527 ft)

0 800Distance - ft

0 Distance - m 245

B : 8% [1:12.5 / 4.6 ] 245 m (804 ft) + 16% [1:6.25/9.1] 830 m (2723 ft)

100ft(30 m)

Protection Zone

Tranche 2 ANNEX 14Approach and Takeoff

A : 4.5% (1:22/2.6 ) [PC1]

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8:1 [12.5% / 7.1 ]

0 800Distance - ft

0 Distance - m 245

100ft(30 m)

Proposed ANNEX 14Approach and Takeoff

A : 4.5% (1:22/2.6 ) [PC1]

Slopes B and C are obstacle limitation surfaces (OLS) i.e.no penetrations allowed , but in the case of slope A (4.5 %)it is an obstacle identification surface (OIS): draft Annex 14text:-

4.2.4 For heliports that uti l ize a 4.5% slope, obstacles shall bepermitted to penetrate the obstacle l imi tation surface, if theresults of an aeronauti cal assessment, accepted and approvedby the State of the Operator, have reviewed the associatedr isks and mi tigation measures. The identif ied obstacles maylimit the helipor t operation.

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PC1 Airspace

Free-field/Clear-area Cat A

FATO

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Clearway Area to beprotected not required to

be load bearing Area defined in the H/RFM

PC1 AIRSPACE

Restricted Area/Short-field Cat A

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PC2/PC3 Airspace

FATO

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Max AcceptedObstacle Height Line


35 ft (10.7 m)35 ft (10.7 m)

Take-off Decision Point

Figure 4-4 Example of Raised Inclined Plane

During Operations in Performance Class 1

FATO / SA

Raised inclined plane 4.5% Slope

LEGEND: Back-up procedure for departure as per Flight Manual

Normal take-off profile or single-engine departure after TDPNormal approach or rejected take-off after engine failure at TDP

For Heliports with operations in performance class 1 and when approved by theState of the Operator, the origin of the inclined plane may be raised directly abovethe safety area. See Heliport Manual for Guidance .

BACK -UP TAKEOFF

Note 1.- This example diagram does not represent any specific profile, technique or helicopter type and is intended to show a generic example. An approach profile and a back-up procedure for departure profile are depicted. Specificmanufacturers operations in performance class 1 may be represented differently in the specific Helicopter Flight

Manual. Annex 6, Part 3, Attachment A provides back-up procedures that may be useful for operations in performanceclass 1.

Note 2. The approach / landing profile may not be the reverse of the take-off profile.

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BACK -UP TAKEOFF



35 ft (10.7 m)35 ft (10.7 m)

Take-off Decision Point

Figure 4-4 Example of Raised Inclined PlaneDuring Operations in Performance Class 1

FATO / SA

Raised inclined plane 4.5% Slope

LEGEND: Back-up procedure for departure as per Flight Manual

Normal take-off profile or single-engine departure after TDPNormal approach or rejected take-off after engine failure at TDP

Note 1.- This example diagram does not represent any specific profile, technique or helicopter type and is intended to show a generic example. An approach profile and a back-up procedure for departure profile are depicted. Specificmanufacturers operations in performance class 1 may be represented differently in the specific Helicopter Flight

Manual. Annex 6, Part 3, Attachment A provides back-up procedures that may be useful for operations in performanceclass 1.

Note 2. The approach / landing profile may not be the reverse of the take-off profile.

Tranche 2

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TABLE 4-1Dimensions and slopes of obstacle limitation surfaces

For All FATOs

SLOPE CATEGORIES

A B C

SURFACE and DIMENSIONS

APPROACH and TAKE-OFF CLIMB SURFACE:

Length of inner edge Width of safety area Width of safety area Width of safety area

Location of inner edge Safety area boundary 1 Safety area boundary Safety area boundary

1 Clearway boundary if provided

Divergence : (1st & 2nd section)

Day use only 10% 10% 10%

Night use 15% 15% 15%

First Section :

Length (a) 245 m 1220 m

Slope 4.5% 8% 12.5%

(1:22.2) (1:12.5) (1:8)

Outer Width 120 m N/A 120 m

Second Section :

Length N/A 830 m N/A

Slope N/A 16% N/A

(1:6.25)

Outer Width N/A 120 m N/A

Total Length from inner edge (b) (a) 1075 m 1220 m

Transitional Surface: (FATOs with Instrument ApproachOnly)

Slope 50% 50% 50%

(1:2) (1:2) (1:2)

Height 45 m 45 m 45 m

(a) Determined by the distancefrom the inner edge to wherethe surface reaches a height of152 m above the elevation ofthe inner edge. On levelground, this would typically be3386 m (2.1 SM) in length.

(b) The approach and take-offclimb surface lengths of 3386 m,1075 m and 1220 m associatedwith the respective slopes, bringsthe helicopter to 152 m (500 ft)

above FATO (or FATO/TLOF)elevation. This is typically thetransition elevation between non-instrument and instrument flight.

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2004/Tranche 1Annex 14

OBSTACLELIMITATION

SURFACES

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CURVED FLIGHT PATHS

AC 150/5390-1A [Nov 1969 ]Shallow Bank Angle radius

700ft (213 m)

AC 150/5390-1B [Aug 1977]

[AC 150/5390-2A & 2B NO Guidance]

Current Annex 14Minimum Radius: 270 m (886 ft)

Straight section:PC 1 305 m (1000 ft)PC 2 & 3 370 m(1212 ft)

[Also Minimum HeightRequirements]

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CURVED FLIGHT PATHS

Tranche 2 Proposal

Transport CanadaHeliport Design

Standards

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CURVED FLIGHT PATHS

Tranche 2 Annex 14Transport Canada

Heliport DesignStandards

Also in AC-2C

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Tranche 2 AIRSPACE WIDTH

Same as in current (tranche 1 and 2004 versions) of Annex 14 VolI

Overall Width - 7RD for DAY/10 RD for Night

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Tranche 2 Note. For a FATO (or FATO/TLOF) at a heliport without a

PinS approach incorporating a visual segment surface (VSS) there is norequirement to provide transitional surfaces .

[i .e. Transiti on sur faces are NOT r equir ed for VF R/VM C Heli prts. * * ]

Safety Area

Take-off climb / Approach Surface

Figure 4-3 Transitional Surfaces for a FATO with a PinS approach procedure with a VSS

FATO(or FATO/TLOF)

Take-o ff clim b / Ap proac h Surf ace

Transitional Surfaces

Note 1: For single Take-off climb / Approach Surface, Transition surface extends perpendicular to far side of Safety AreaNote 2: Doc 8168, Vol. II, Part IV Helicopters, details further obstacle limitation surface requirements associated with a VSS.

TRANSITIONAL SURFACES

** Required by FAA for GA H eli ports!

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4.2.7./4.2.10. A surface level heliport shall have at least one approach and take-off climb surface . An aeronautical study shall be undertaken by an appropriateauthority when only a single approach and take-off climb surface is provided considering as a minimum, the following factors:

the area/terrain over which the flight is being conducted;

the obstacle environment surrounding the heliport;

the performance and operating limitations of helicopters intending to use theheliport; and

the local meteorological conditions including the prevailing winds.

3.1.23 [3.2.14] Note. When only a single approach and take-off climb sur face isprovided, the need for specif ic protected side slopes would be addressed in theaeronauti cal st udy required in 4.2.7.[4.2.10]

NUMBER OF FLIGHT PATHS

Tranche 2 Annex 14

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THANK YOU

Dr John W. Leverton, Leverton Associates International

Tel: 803-802-9976 / Email: [email protected]

That sall folks

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