Internal Combustion Engines

Submitted by:-Sagar KathiriyaChirag DhameliyaNikunj AdrojaMustafa LokhandwalaAnkit Umretiya

Classification of I.C EnginesComponents of I.C EnginesBasic nomenclature of I.C Engines

Internal Combustion ENGINES!

Application Basic Engine Design Operating Cycle Working Cycle Valve/Port Design and Location Fuel Mixture Preparation Ignition Stratification of Charge Combustion Chamber Design Method of Load Control Cooling

BASES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINES

Automotive :- Car, bus, truck, off highway Locomotive Light Aircraft Marine :- Outboard, Inboard, Ship Power Generation :- Portable, Fixed Agricultural :- Tractors, Pump sets Earth Moving :- Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Home :- Lawn movers, Snow blowers, Tools

Based on Application

Automotive Diesel Engine

Large Two-stroke Marine Engine

1. Reciprocating :- (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder (I) In-line (ii) V Engine (iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston2. Rotary :- (a) Single Rotor

(b) Multi-rotor

Based on the Engine Design

Types of Reciprocating Engines

V Engine

Wankel Rotary Piston Engine

Types of Rotary Engines

Otto (For Conventional SI Engine)

Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine)

Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI Engine)

Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine) Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)

Based on Operating Cycle

1. Four Stroke Cycle:- (a) Naturally Aspirated (b)Supercharged/Turbocharged

2. Two Stroke Cycle:- (a) Crankcase Scavenged (b) Uniflow Scavenged (i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port (ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve (iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve

May be Naturally Aspirated Turbocharged

Based on Working Cycle (Strokes)

Four stroke Two stroke SI & CI Engines

1. Poppet Valve2. Rotary Valve3. Reed Valve4. Piston Controlled Porting

1. The T-head2. The L-head3. The F-head4. The I-head (i) Over head Valve (OHV)

(ii) Over head Cam (OHC)

Based on the Valve/Port Design

Based on the Valve Location

Poppet Valve & Rotary Valve

Valve Locations

1.Conventional: (a) Crude oil derived: (i) Petrol (ii) Diesel

(b) Other sources: (i) Coal

(ii) Wood (includes bio-mass) (iii)Tar Sands (iv)Shale

2. Alternate: (a) Petroleum derived (i) CNG (ii) LPG

(b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl) (ii) Vegetable oils (iii) Producer gas and biogas (iv) Hydrogen

3. Blending

4. Dual fueling

Based on type of Fuel Used

1. Carburetion2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel

(ii) Gasoline(a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder

Based on Mixture Preparation

1. Spark Ignition (a) Conventional (i) Battery

(ii)Magneto

(b) Other methods

2. Compression Ignition

Based on type of Ignition

1. Homogeneous Charge: (Also Pre-mixed charge) Admission of air-fuel mixture at near

atmospheric pressure

2. Stratified Charge: (i) With carburetion (ii) With fuel injection

Admission of mixture at pressure above atmospheric

Based on Charge Stratification

1. Open Chamber: (i) Disc type (ii) Wedge (iii) Hemispherical

(iv) Bowl-in-piston (v) Other design

2. Divided Chamber: (For CI): (i) Swirl chamber

(ii) Pre-chamber

(For SI): (i) CVCC (ii) Other

designs

Based on Combustion Chamber Designs

Combustion Chamber Designs

1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant) Also called Charge Control

Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine

2. Fuel Control: (To vary the mixture strength according to

load)Used in the C.I. Engine

3. CombinationUsed in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.

Based on Method of Load Control

1. Direct Air-cooling

2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)

3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

Based on Methods of Cooling

Cylinder Cylinder head Piston &piston

rings and piston pin

Connecting rod Combustion

Chamber Crank and

crankshaft Crank case Inlet & Exhaust

Valves Valve spring

Components of IC engine

Inlet manifold and exhaust manifold

Cam shaft Cam and cam

follower Water jacket Flywheel Governor Carburettor Spark Plug Fuel pump Fuel nozzle

Cylinder Bore (d) Piston area (A) Stroke (L) Stroke to Bore ratio (L/d) Dead Centre Top Dead Centre(TDC) Bottom Dead Centre(BDC) Displacement of Swept

Volume (Vs) Cubic Capacity or Engine

Capacity Clearance Volume (Vc) Compression Ratio (r)

Nomenclature of IC Engines

Top Dead Center (TDC):• Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest

point away from the crankshaft.• Top because this position is at the top of the engines

(not always), and dead because the piston stops as this point. Because in some engines TDC is not at the top of the engines(e.g: horizontally opposed engines, radial engines,etc,.) Some sources call this position Head End Dead Center (HEDC).

• Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).• When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the

cylinder is a minimum called the clearance volume.

Bottom Dead Center (BDC):• Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest to the

crankshaft.• Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)

because it is not always at the bottom of the engine.Some source call this point Bottom Center (BC).

Stroke :• Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme position to

the other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC. Bore :• It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face diameter;

piston face diameter is same as cylinder diameter( minus small clearance).

Swept volume/Displacement volume :• Volume displaced by the piston as it travels through one

stroke.• Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.• Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire engine

(one cylinder times number of cylinders).

Piston area: The area of a circle of diameter equal to the

cylinder bore is called the piston area. Stroke to bore ratio: Ratio of stroke to cylinder bore is important

parameter in classifying the size of the engine.

If d<L, it is called under-square engine. If d=L, it is called square engine. If d>L, it is called over-square engine(It can

operate at higher speeds).

Clearance volume :• It is the minimum volume of the cylinder available

for the charge (air or air fuel mixture) when the piston reaches at its outermost point (top dead center or outer dead center) during compression stroke of the cycle.

• Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston at TDC.

Compression ratio :• The ratio of total volume to clearance volume of

the cylinder is the compression ratio of the engine.• Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies

form 8 to 12 and for CI engines it varies from 12 to 24

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