i.c eng. by meetrajsinh m. zala

8/9/2019 I.C Eng. By Meetrajsinh M. Zala

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The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel

(generally, fossil fuel ) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber . Inan internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases,which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine, such as the pistons or turbine blades and by moving it over a distance,generate useful mechanical energy .[1][ 2][3][4]

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion isintermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, alongwith variants, such as the Wankel rotary engine . A second class of internal combustionengines use continuous combustion: gas turbines , jet engines and most rocket engines , each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously

described.[1][2][ 3][4]

The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustionengines , such as steam or Stirling engines , in which the energy is delivered to a workingfluid not consisting of, mixed with or contaminated by combustion products. Workingfluids can be air, hot water, pressurised water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kindof boiler by fossil fuel, wood-burning, nuclear, solar etc.

A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with avariety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel (which isvery frequently petrol, a liquid derived from fossil fuels ), the ICE delivers an excellent

power-to-weight ratio with few safety or other disadvantages. While there have been andstill are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion engines isin mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats,from the smallest to the biggest. Only for hand-held power tools do they share part of themarket with battery powered devices.

An automobile engine partly opened and colored to show components.
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Contents

[hide ]

1 Applications 2 Classification

o 2.1 Principles of operation 3 History 4 Engine configurations

o 4.1 Four stroke configuration4.1.1 Operation4.1.2 Combustion

o 4.2 Two stroke configurationo 4.3 Wankelo 4.4 Gas turbineso 4.5 Jet engine

5 Engine cycleo 5.1 Two-strokeo 5.2 Four-strokeo 5.3 Diesel cycleo 5.4 Six-strokeo 5.5 Brayton cycleo 5.6 Obsolete

6 Fuels and oxidizerso 6.1 Fuelso 6.2 Hydrogeno 6.3 Oxidizers

7 Engine capacity 8 Common components

o 8.1 Combustion chamberso 8.2 Ignition system

8.2.1 Spark 8.2.2 Compression8.2.3 Ignition timing

o 8.3 Fuel systems8.3.1 Carburetor 8.3.2 Fuel injection

8.3.3 Fuel pump8.3.4 Other o 8.4 Oxidiser-Air inlet system

8.4.1 Natural aspirated engines8.4.2 Superchargers and turbochargers8.4.3 Liquids

9 Partso 9.1 Valves
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://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Brayton_cycle%23Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Obsolete%23Obsoletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Fuels_and_oxidizers%23Fuels_and_oxidizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Fuels%23Fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Hydrogen%23Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Oxidizers%23Oxidizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Engine_capacity%23Engine_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Common_components%23Common_componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Combustion_chambers%23Combustion_chambershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Ignition_system%23Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Spark%23Sparkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Compression%23Compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Ignition_timing%23Ignition_timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Fuel_systems%23Fuel_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Carburetor%23Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Fuel_injection%23Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Fuel_pump%23Fuel_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Other%23Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Oxidiser-Air_inlet_system%23Oxidiser-Air_inlet_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Natural_aspirated_engines%23Natural_aspirated_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Superchargers_and_turbochargers%23Superchargers_and_turbochargershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Liquids%23Liquidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Parts%23Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Valves%23Valves


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9.1.1 Piston engine valves9.1.2 Control valves

o 9.2 Exhaust systemso 9.3 Cooling systemso 9.4 Pistono 9.5 Propelling nozzleo 9.6 Crankshafto 9.7 Flywheelso 9.8 Starter systemso 9.9 Heat Shielding Systemso 9.10 Lubrication Systemso 9.11 Control systemso 9.12 Diagnostic systems

10 Measures of engine performanceo 10.1 Energy efficiencyo 10.2 Measures of fuel/propellant efficiency

11 Air and noise pollution 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading

15 External links

[edit ] Applications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Piston_engine_valves%23Piston_engine_valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Control_valves%23Control_valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Exhaust_systems%23Exhaust_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Cooling_systems%23Cooling_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Piston%23Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Propelling_nozzle%23Propelling_nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Crankshaft%23Crankshafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Flywheels%23Flywheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Starter_systems%23Starter_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Heat_Shielding_Systems%23Heat_Shielding_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Lubrication_Systems%23Lubrication_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Control_systems%23Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Diagnostic_systems%23Diagnostic_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Measures_of_engine_performance%23Measures_of_engine_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Energy_efficiency%23Energy_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Measures_of_fuel.2Fpropellant_efficiency%23Measures_of_fuel.2Fpropellant_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Air_and_noise_pollution%23Air_and_noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Further_reading%23Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antique_gasoline_engine.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Piston_engine_valves%23Piston_engine_valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Control_valves%23Control_valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Exhaust_systems%23Exhaust_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Cooling_systems%23Cooling_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Piston%23Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Propelling_nozzle%23Propelling_nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Crankshaft%23Crankshafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Flywheels%23Flywheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Starter_systems%23Starter_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Heat_Shielding_Systems%23Heat_Shielding_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Lubrication_Systems%23Lubrication_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Control_systems%23Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Diagnostic_systems%23Diagnostic_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Measures_of_engine_performance%23Measures_of_engine_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Energy_efficiency%23Energy_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Measures_of_fuel.2Fpropellant_efficiency%23Measures_of_fuel.2Fpropellant_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Air_and_noise_pollution%23Air_and_noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Further_reading%23Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=1


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A 1906 gasoline engine

Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in vehicles and portable machinery. In mobile equipment, internal combustion is advantageous sinceit can provide high power-to-weight ratios together with excellent fuel energy density .Generally using fossil fuel (mainly petroleum ), these engines have appeared in transportin almost all vehicles ( automobiles , trucks , motorcycles , boats , and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives ).

Where very low power-to-weight ratios are not required, internal combustion enginesappear in the form of gas turbines . These applications include jet aircraft , helicopters , large ships and electric generators .

[edit ] Classification

At one time the word, "Engine" (from Latin , via Old French , ingenium , "ability") meantany piece of machinery a sense that persists in expressions such as siege engine . A"motor" (from Latin motor , "mover") is any machine that produces mechanical power . Traditionally, electric motors are not referred to as "Engines"; however, combustionengines are often referred to as "motors." (An electric engine refers to a locomotive operated by electricity.)

Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed.

[edit ] Principles of operation

Reciprocating :

Two-stroke cycle Four-stroke cycle Six-stroke engine Diesel engine

Atkinson cycle

Rotary :

Wankel engine

Continuous combustion:Brayton cycle :

Gas turbine Jet engine (including turbojet , turbofan , ramjet , Rocket etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antique_gasoline_engine.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket


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[edit ] History

Main article: History of the internal combustion engine

[edit ] Engine configurationsInternal combustion engines can be classified by their configuration .

[edit ] Four stroke configuration

Main article: Four stroke engine

[edit ] Operation

Four-stroke cycle (or Otto cycle)1. Intake2. Compression3. Power 4. Exhaust

As their name implies, operation of four stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the engine:

1. Intake o Combustible mixtures are emplaced in the combustion chamber

2. Compression o The mixtures are placed under pressure
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3. Power o The mixture is burnt, almost invariably a deflagration , although a few

systems involve detonation . The hot mixture is expanded, pressing on andmoving parts of the engine and performing useful work.

4. Exhaust o

The cooled combustion products are exhausted into the atmosphere

Many engines overlap these steps in time; jet engines do all steps simultaneously atdifferent parts of the engines.

[edit ] Combustion

All internal combustion engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion : the reaction of a fuel , typically with oxygen from the air (though it is

possible to inject nitrous oxide in order to do more of the same thing and gain a power boost). The combustion process typically results in the production of a great quantity of

heat, as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide and other chemicals at veryhigh temperature; the temperature reached is determined by the chemical make up of thefuel and oxidisers (see stoichiometry ).

The most common modern fuels are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived mostlyfrom fossil fuels ( petroleum ). Fossil fuels include diesel fuel , gasoline and petroleum gas , and the rarer use of propane . Except for the fuel delivery components, most internalcombustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on natural gas or liquefied

petroleum gases without major modifications. Large diesels can run with air mixed withgases and a pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous biofuels , such asethanol and biodiesel (a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield

triglycerides such as soybean oil), can also be used. Some engines with appropriatemodifications can also run on hydrogen gas.

Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI). Before the invention of reliable electrical methods, hot tubeand flame methods were used.

Gasoline Ignition Process

Gasoline engine ignition systems generally rely on a combination of a lead-acid batteryand an induction coil to provide a high-voltage electrical spark to ignite the air-fuel mix

in the engine's cylinders. This battery is recharged during operation using an electricity-generating device such as an alternator or generator driven by the engine. Gasolineengines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it to not more than 12.8 bar (1.28 MPa), then use a spark plug to ignite the mixture when it is compressed by the

piston head in each cylinder.

Diesel Ignition Process
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Diesel engines and HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) engines, relysolely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its compression process for ignition.The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Dieselengines will take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, a small quantity of diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly

ignite. HCCI type engines will take in both air and fuel but continue to rely on an unaidedauto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel andHCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they will run just aswell in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection inautomobiles and light trucks employ glowplugs that pre-heat the combustion chamber

just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added bymanufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also

be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electricalcomponents and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic controlsystem that also control the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce

emissions.

[edit ] Two stroke configuration

Main article: Two-stroke engine

Animated two stroke engine in operation

Engines based on the two-stroke cycle use two strokes (one up, one down) for every power stroke. Since there are no dedicated intake or exhaust strokes, alternative methodsmust be used to scavenge the cylinders. The most common method in spark-ignition two-strokes is to use the downward motion of the piston to pressurize fresh charge in thecrankcase , which is then blown through the cylinder through ports in the cylinder walls.

Spark-ignition two-strokes are small and light for their power output and mechanicallyvery simple; however, they are also generally less efficient and more polluting than their four-stroke counterparts. In terms of power per cubic centimetre, a single-cylinder smallmotor application like a two-stroke engine produces much more power than an equivalentfour-stroke engine due to the enormous advantage of having one power stroke for every360 degrees of crankshaft rotation (compared to 720 degrees in a 4 stroke motor).
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Small displacement, crankcase-scavenged two-stroke engines have been less fuel-efficient than other types of engines when the fuel is mixed with the air prior toscavenging allowing some of it to escape out of the exhaust port. Modern designs (Sarichand Paggio) use air-assisted fuel injection which avoids this loss, and are more efficientthan comparably sized four-stroke engines. Fuel injection is essential for a modern two-

stroke engine in order to meet ever more stringent emission standards.

Research continues into improving many aspects of two-stroke motors including directfuel injection, amongst other things. The initial results have produced motors that aremuch cleaner burning than their traditional counterparts. Two-stroke engines are widelyused in snowmobiles , lawnmowers , string trimmers , chain saws , jet skis , mopeds ,outboard motors , and many motorcycles . Two-stroke engines have the advantage of anincreased specific power ratio (i.e. power to volume ratio ), typically around 1.5 times thatof a typical four-stroke engine.

The largest internal combustion engines in the world are two-stroke diesels, used in some

locomotives and large ships. They use forced induction (similar to super-charging ) toscavenge the cylinders; an example of this type of motor is the Wartsila-Sulzer turbocharged two-stroke diesel as used in large container ships. It is the most efficientand powerful internal combustion engine in the world with over 50% thermal efficiency .[5] [6][ 7][8][9] For comparison, the most efficient small four-stroke motors are around 43%thermal efficiency (SAE 900648); size is an advantage for efficiency due to the increasein the ratio of volume to surface area.

Common cylinder configurations include the straight or inline configuration , the morecompact V configuration , and the wider but smoother flat or boxer configuration . Aircraftengines can also adopt a radial configuration which allows more effective cooling. More

unusual configurations such as the H, U, X, and W have also been used.Multiple crankshaft configurations do not necessarily need a cylinder head at all becausethey can instead have a piston at each end of the cylinder called an opposed piston design. Because here gas in- and outlets are positioned at opposed ends of the cylinder,one can achieve uniflow scavenging, which is, like in the four stroke engine, efficientover a wide range of revolution numbers. Also the thermal efficiency is improved

because of lack of cylinder heads. This design was used in the Junkers Jumo 205 dieselaircraft engine, using at either end of a single bank of cylinders with two crankshafts, andmost remarkably in the Napier Deltic diesel engines. These used three crankshafts toserve three banks of double-ended cylinders arranged in an equilateral triangle with thecrankshafts at the corners. It was also used in single-bank locomotive engines , andcontinues to be used for marine engines, both for propulsion and for auxiliary generators.

[edit ] Wankel

Main article: Wankel engine
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The Wankel cycle. The shaft turns three times for each rotation of the rotor around thelobe and once for each orbital revolution around the eccentric shaft.

The Wankel engine (rotary engine) does not have piston strokes. It operates with thesame separation of phases as the four-stroke engine with the phases taking place inseparate locations in the engine. In thermodynamic terms it follows the Otto engine cycle,so may be thought of as a "four-phase" engine. While it is true that three power strokestypically occur per rotor revolution due to the 3/1 revolution ratio of the rotor to theeccentric shaft, only one power stroke per shaft revolution actually occurs; this engine

provides three power 'strokes' per revolution per rotor giving it a greater power-to-weightratio than piston engines. This type of engine is most notably used in the current MazdaRX-8 , the earlier RX-7 , and other models.

[edit ] Gas turbines

Main article: gas turbine

A gas turbine is a rotary machine similar in principle to a steam turbine and it consists of three main components: a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. The air after

being compressed in the compressor is heated by burning fuel in it. About two-thirds of the heated air combined with the products of combustion is expanded in a turbineresulting in work output which is used to drive the compressor. The rest (about one-third)is available as useful work output.

[edit ] Jet engine

Main article: Jet engine
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Jet engines take a large volume of hot gas from a combustion process (typically a gasturbine, but rocket forms of jet propulsion often use solid or liquid propellants, and ramjet forms also lack the gas turbine) and feed it through a nozzle which accelerates the jet tohigh speed. As the jet accelerates through the nozzle, this creates thrust and in turn doesuseful work.

[edit ] Engine cycle

Idealised P/V diagram for two stroke Otto cycle

[edit ] Two-stroke

Main article: Two-stroke cycle

This system manages to pack one power stroke into every two strokes of the piston (up-down). This is achieved by exhausting and re-charging the cylinder simultaneously.

The steps involved here are:

1. Intake and exhaust occur at bottom dead center. Some form of pressure is needed,either crankcase compression or super-charging.

2. Compression stroke: Fuel-air mix compressed and ignited. In case of Diesel: Air compressed, fuel injected and self ignited

3. Power stroke: piston is pushed downwards by the hot exhaust gases.

[edit ] Four-stroke

Main article: Four-stroke cycle
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Idealised Pressure/volume diagram of the Otto cycle showing combustion heat input Qpand waste exhaust output Qo, the power stroke is the top curved line, the bottom is thecompression stroke

Engines based on the four-stroke ("Otto cycle") have one power stroke for every four strokes (up-down-up-down) and employ spark plug ignition. Combustion occurs rapidly,and during combustion the volume varies little ("constant volume"). [10] They are used incars, larger boats , some motorcycles, and many light aircraft . They are generally quieter,more efficient, and larger than their two-stroke counterparts.

The steps involved here are:

1. Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.2. Compression stroke: Fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited.3. Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.4. Exhaust stroke: Exhaust is driven out. During the 1st, 2nd, and 4th stroke the

piston is relying on power and the momentum generated by the other pistons. Inthat case, a four cylinder engine would be less powerful than a six or eightcylinder engine.

There are a number of variations of these cycles, most notably the Atkinson and Miller cycles. The diesel cycle is somewhat different.

[edit ] Diesel cycle

Main article: Diesel cycle
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P-v Diagram for the Ideal Diesel cycle. The cycle follows the numbers 1-4 in clockwisedirection.

Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with a compression heating ignition system, rather than needing a separate ignitionsystem. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In the diesel cycle, diesel fuel is injecteddirectly into the cylinder so that combustion occurs at constant pressure, as the pistonmoves.

[edit ] Six-stroke

Template:Main parts of Six-stroke engine First invented in 1883, the six-stroke enginehas seen renewed interest over the last 20 or so years.

Four kinds of six-stroke use a regular piston in a regular cylinder (Griffin six-stroke,Bajulaz six-stroke, Velozeta six-stroke and Crower six-stroke ), firing every threecrankshaft revolutions. The systems capture the wasted heat of the four-stroke Otto cyclewith an injection of air or water.

The Beare Head and "piston charger" engines operate as opposed-piston engines , two pistons in a single cylinder, firing every two revolutions rather more like a regular four-stroke.

[edit ] Brayton cycle

Main article: Brayton cycle

Brayton cycle
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A gas turbine is a rotary machine somewhat similar in principle to a steam turbine and itconsists of three main components: a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine.The air after being compressed in the compressor is heated by burning fuel in it, thisheats and expands the air, and this extra energy is tapped by the turbine which in turn

powers the compressor closing the cycle and powering the shaft.

Gas turbine cycle engines employ a continuous combustion system where compression,combustion, and expansion occur simultaneously at different places in the engine giving continuous power. Notably the combustion takes place at constant pressure, rather than with the Otto cycle, constant volume.

[edit ] Obsolete

The very first internal combustion engines did not compress the mixture. [citation needed ] Thefirst part of the piston downstroke drew in a fuel-air mixture, then the inlet valve closedand, in the remainder of the down-stroke, the fuel-air mixture fired. The exhaust valve

opened for the piston upstroke. These attempts at imitating the principle of a steamengine were very inefficient.

[edit ] Fuels and oxidizers

Further information: ICE fuel conversion

Engines are often classified by the fuel (or propellant ) used.

[edit ] Fuels

Nowadays, fuels used include:

Petroleum :o Petroleum spirit ( North American term: gasoline , British term: petrol)o Petroleum diesel .o Autogas (liquified petroleum gas ).o Compressed natural gas .o Jet fuel (aviation fuel )o Residual fuel

Coal :o Most methanol is made from coal.o Gasoline can be made from carbon (coal) using the Fischer-Tropsch

processo Diesel fuel can be made from carbon using the Fischer-Tropsch process

Biofuels and vegoils:o Peanut oil and other vegoils .o Biofuels:

Biobutanol (replaces gasoline).
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Biodiesel (replaces petrodiesel).Bioethanol and Biomethanol (wood alcohol ) and other biofuels (see Flexible-fuel vehicle ).Biogas

Hydrogen (mainly spacecraft rocket engines )

Even fluidized metal powders and explosives have seen some use. Engines that use gasesfor fuel are called gas engines and those that use liquid hydrocarbons are called oilengines, however gasoline engines are also often colloquially referred to as, "gasengines" ("petrol engines" in the UK).

The main limitations on fuels are that it must be easily transportable through the fuelsystem to the combustion chamber , and that the fuel releases sufficient energy in the formof heat upon combustion to make practical use of the engine.

Diesel engines are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than

gasoline engines . They are also more fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used inheavy road vehicles, some automobiles (increasingly so for their increased fuel efficiency over gasoline engines), ships, railway locomotives , and light aircraft . Gasoline enginesare used in most other road vehicles including most cars, motorcycles , and mopeds . Notethat in Europe , sophisticated diesel-engined cars have taken over about 40% of themarket since the 1990s. There are also engines that run on hydrogen , methanol , ethanol , liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and biodiesel . Paraffin and tractor vaporizing oil (TVO)engines are no longer seen.

[edit ] Hydrogen

Hydrogen could eventually replace conventional fossil fuels in traditional internalcombustion engines. Alternatively fuel cell technology may come to deliver its promiseand the use of the internal combustion engines could even be phased out.

Although there are multiple ways of producing free hydrogen, those methods requireconverting combustible molecules into hydrogen or consuming electric energy. Unlessthat electricity is produced from a renewable sourceand is not required for other

purposes hydrogen does not solve any energy crisis . In many situations thedisadvantage of hydrogen, relative to carbon fuels, is its storage . Liquid hydrogen hasextremely low density (14 times lower than water) and requires extensive insulation whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage. Even when liquefied, hydrogen has a

higher specific energy but the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five timeslower than petrol. However the energy density of hydrogen is considerably higher thanthat of electric batteries, making it a serious contender as an energy carrier to replacefossil fuels. The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process (see direct borohydride fuel cell ) createshydrogen as it is needed, but has other issues such as the high price of the sodium

borohydride which is the raw material.

[edit ] Oxidizers
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Since air is plentiful at the surface of the earth, the oxidizer is typically atmosphericoxygen which has the advantage of not being stored within the vehicle, increasing the

power-to-weight and power to volume ratios. There are other materials that are used for special purposes, often to increase power output or to allow operation under water or inspace.

Compressed air has been commonly used in torpedoes [which? ]. Compressed oxygen , as well as some compressed air, was used in the Japanese

Type 93 torpedo . Some submarines [which? ] are designed to carry pure oxygen.Rockets very often use liquid oxygen .[citation needed ]

Nitromethane is added to some racing and model fuels to increase power andcontrol combustion. [citation needed ]

Nitrous oxide has been usedwith extra gasolinein tactical aircraft and inspecially equipped cars to allow short bursts of added power from engines thatotherwise run on gasoline and air. It is also used in the Burt Rutan rocket

spacecraft.[citation needed ]

Hydrogen peroxide power was under development for German World War IIsubmarines and may have been used in some non-nuclear submarines and wasused on some rocket engines (notably Black Arrow and Me-163 rocket plane)

Other chemicals such as chlorine or fluorine have been used experimentally, buthave not been found to be practical. [citation needed ]

One-cylinder gasoline engine (ca. 1910).

[edit ] Engine capacityFor piston engines, an engine's capacity is the engine displacement , in other words thevolume swept by all the pistons of an engine in a single movement. It is generallymeasured in litres (L) or cubic inches (c.i.d. or cu in or in) for larger engines, and cubiccentimetres (abbreviated cc) for smaller engines. Engines with greater capacities are more

powerful and provide greater torque at lower rpm.
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[edit ] Common components

[edit ] Combustion chambers

Main article: Combustion chamber

Internal combustion engines can contain any number of combustion chambers(cylinders), with numbers between one and twelve being common, though as many as 36(Lycoming R-7755 ) have been used. Having more cylinders in an engine yields two

potential benefits: first, the engine can have a larger displacement with smaller individualreciprocating masses, that is, the mass of each piston can be less thus making a smoother-running engine since the engine tends to vibrate as a result of the pistons moving up anddown. Doubling the number of the same size cylinders will double the torque and power.The downside to having more pistons is that the engine will tend to weigh more andgenerate more internal friction as the greater number of pistons rub against the inside of their cylinders. This tends to decrease fuel efficiency and robs the engine of some of its

power. For high-performance gasoline engines using current materials and technology such as the engines found in modern automobiles, there seems to be a point around 10 or 12 cylinders after which the addition of cylinders becomes an overall detriment to

performance and efficiency. Although, exceptions such as the W16 engine fromVolkswagen exist.

Most car engines have four to eight cylinders with some high performance carshaving ten, twelveor even sixteen, and some very small cars and trucks havingtwo or three. In previous years, some quite large cars such as the DKW and Saab92, had two-cylinder or two-stroke engines.

Radial aircraft engines had from three to 28 cylinders; examples include the smallKinner B-5 and the large Pratt & Whitney R-4360 . Larger examples were built asmultiple rows. As each row contains an odd number of cylinders, to give an evenfiring sequence for a four-stroke engine, an even number indicates a two- or four-row engine. The largest of these was the Lycoming R-7755 with 36 cylinders(four rows of nine cylinders), but it did not enter production.

Motorcycles commonly have from one to four cylinders, with a few high performance models having six; although, some 'novelties' exist with 8, 10, or 12.

Snowmobiles Usually have one to four cylinders and can be both 2 stroke or 4stroke, normally in the in-line configuration however there are again somenovelties that exist with V-4 Engines

Small portable appliances such as chainsaws , generators, and domestic lawnmowers most commonly have one cylinder, but two-cylinder chainsaws exist.

Large reversible two cycle marine diesels have a minimum of three to over tencylinders. Freight diesel locomotives usually have around 12 to 20 cylinders dueto space limitations as larger cylinders take more space (volume ) per kwh, due tothe limit on average piston speed of less than 30 ft/sec on engines lasting morethan 40000 hours under full power.

[edit ] Ignition system
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Main article: Ignition system

The ignition system of an internal combustion engines depends on the type of engine andthe fuel used. Petrol engines are typically ignited by a precisely timed spark, and dieselengines by compression heating . Historically, outside flame and hot-tube systems were

used, see hot bulb engine .

[edit ] Spark

Main article: Ignition system

The mixture is ignited by an electrical spark from a spark plug the timing of which isvery precisely controlled. Almost all gasoline engines are of this type. Diesel enginestiming is precisely controlled by the pressure pump and injector.

[edit ] Compression

Ignition occurs as the temperature of the fuel/air mixture is taken over its autoignitiontemperature, due to heat generated by the compression of the air during the compressionstroke. The vast majority of compression ignition engines are diesels in which the fuel ismixed with the air after the air has reached ignition temperature. In this case, the timingcomes from the fuel injection system. Very small model engines for which simplicity andlight weight is more important than fuel costs use easily ignited fuels (a mixture of kerosene, ether, and lubricant) and adjustable compression to control ignition timing for starting and running.

[edit ] Ignition timing

Main article: Ignition timing

For reciprocating engines, the point in the cycle at which the fuel-oxidizer mixture isignited has a direct effect on the efficiency and output of the ICE. The thermodynamics of the idealized Carnot heat engine tells us that an ICE is most efficient if most of the

burning takes place at a high temperature, resulting from compressionnear top deadcenter. The speed of the flame front is directly affected by the compression ratio , fuelmixture temperature, and octane rating or cetane number of the fuel. Leaner mixtures andlower mixture pressures burn more slowly requiring more advanced ignition timing . It isimportant to have combustion spread by a thermal flame front ( deflagration ), not by a

shock wave. Combustion propagation by a shock wave is called detonation and, inengines, is also known as pinging or Engine knocking .

So at least in gasoline-burning engines, ignition timing is largely a compromise betweenan earlier "advanced" sparkwhich gives greater efficiency with high octane fueland alater "retarded" spark that avoids detonation with the fuel used. For this reason, high-

performance diesel automobile proponents, such as Gale Banks , believe that
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_heating_ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_flame_ignitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_flame_ignitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-tube_ignitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-tube_ignitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_bulb_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#timing%23timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflagrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Bankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_heating_ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_flame_ignitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-tube_ignitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_bulb_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#timing%23timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflagrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Banks


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Theres only so far you can go with an air-throttled engine on 91-octane gasoline. In other words,it is the fuel, gasoline, that has become the limiting factor. ... While turbocharging has beenapplied to both gasoline and diesel engines, only limited boost can be added to a gasoline engine

before the fuel octane level again becomes a problem. With a diesel, boost pressure is essentiallyunlimited. It is literally possible to run as much boost as the engine will physically stand before

breaking apart. Consequently, engine designers have come to realize that diesels are capable of substantially more power and torque than any comparably sized gasoline engine .[11]

[edit ] Fuel systems

Animated cut through diagram of a typical fuel injector, a device used to deliver fuel tothe internal combustion engine.

Fuels burn faster and more efficiently when they present a large surface area to theoxygen in air. Liquid fuels must be atomized to create a fuel-air mixture, traditionally thiswas done with a carburetor in petrol engines and with fuel injection in diesel engines.Most modern petrol engines now use fuel injection too - though the technology is quitedifferent. While diesel must be injected at an exact point in that engine cycle, no such

precision is needed in a petrol engine. However, the lack of lubricity in petrol means thatthe injectors themselves must be more sophisticated.

[edit ] Carburetor

Main article: carburetor

Simpler reciprocating engines continue to use a carburetor to supply fuel into thecylinder. Although carburetor technology in automobiles reached a very high degree of sophistication and precision, from the mid-1980s it lost out on cost and flexibility to fuelinjection. Simple forms of carburetor remain in widespread use in small engines such as

lawn mowers and more sophisticated forms are still used in small motorcycles.

[edit ] Fuel injection

Main article: Fuel injection
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Larger gasoline engines used in automobiles have mostly moved to fuel injection systems(see Gasoline Direct Injection ). Diesel engines have always used fuel injection system

because the timing of the injection initiates and controls the combustion.

Autogas (LPG) engines use either fuel injection systems or open- or closed-loop

carburetors.

[edit ] Fuel pump

Main article: Fuel pump

Most internal combustion engines now require a fuel pump. Diesel engines use an all-mechanical precision pump system that delivers a timed injection direct into thecombustion chamber, hence requiring a high delivery pressure to overcome the pressureof the combustion chamber. Petrol fuel injection delivers into the inlet tract atatmospheric pressure (or below) and timing is not involved, these pumps are normally

driven electrically. Gas turbine and rocket engines use electrical systems.

[edit ] Other

Other internal combustion engines like jet engines and rocket engines employ variousmethods of fuel delivery including impinging jets, gas/liquid shear, preburners andothers.

[edit ] Oxidiser-Air inlet system

Some engines such as solid rockets have oxidisers already within the combustion

chamber but in most cases for combustion to occur, a continuous supply of oxidiser must be supplied to the combustion chamber.

[edit ] Natural aspirated engines

When air is used with piston engines it can simply suck it in as the piston increases thevolume of the chamber. However, this gives a maximum of 1 atmosphere of pressuredifference across the inlet valves, and at high engine speeds the resulting airflow canlimit potential output.

[edit ] Superchargers and turbochargers

A supercharger is a " forced induction " system which uses a compressor powered by theshaft of the engine which forces air through the valves of the engine to achieve higher flow. When these systems are employed the maximum absolute pressure at the inlet valveis typically around 2 times atmospheric pressure or more.
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i.c eng. by meetrajsinh m. zala

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