UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANACENTRO DE IDIOMAS XALAPA

CENTRO DE AUTOACCESO

SEGUNDA ASESORÍA GRUPALIBAS 300

JUST RIGHT U 12,14,15, HOW+ADJECTIVES, CAUSE AND

EFFECT CONNECTORS Martha Edna García Ramírez

UNIT 12: Making a difference

Grammar: 1) Future simple for predictions and unplanned decisions.

2) Probability modalsVocabulary: Word families

Function: Offering to help

FUTURE SIMPLE

FOR PREDICTIONS We use Will future to make

predictions about the future (we can shorten will to ‘ll) I think Brazil will win the World Cup. She’ll probably be here in a few minutes.

FUTURE SIMPLE

We use will when we make sudden or unplanned decisions:

I’ll call back in a few minutes.

It’s OK. I’ll wash the dishes.

FUTURE SIMPLE

We can ask questions by changing the order of Will and the subject: Will Brazil win the World Cup?

Will you wash the dishes?

PROBABILITY MODALS

Use the modals will, might, could, may and won’t to talk about how probable the future is:

I’ll see you tomorrow (I am 100% certain) I won’t see you tomorrow (I am 100%

certian I’m not seeing you) I might see you tomorrow (I’m 50% certain) I could /may see you tomorrow (I’m 40%

certain)

WORD FAMILIES

There are words which come from the same family but changes the kind of word it is:

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

- Activist Active

/ Scientist/Science Scientific

Discover Discovery Discovered

Interest (in) Interest Interested

Destroy Destruction Destroyed

- Environment /Environmentalist

Environmental

Plant Plant Planted

Protect protection Protected

Marry Marriaged Married

Move Movement Moved /Moving

inspire inspiration inspired

speak speeches spoken

EXPRESSIONS FOR OFFERING TO HELP

Offering Accepting

Can I…?

Sure

Can you…? That / it would be great!

How about…? Refusing

Would you like to …? Don’t worry, it’s ok

Allow me…

Why don’t…?

USE OF A, AN, THE ARTICLES

We use a to talk about one of something: A bag, She is a woman

We use an if the next word starts with a vowel sound: An expensive restaurant. An enormous mountain.

USE OF A, AN, THE ARTICLES We use the with some country names with

more than one word or that end with the expression of Something: The people’s Republic of China.

We use the when we mention something for the second time: She is the girl I told you about.

We use the when we talk about a special thing (s) that we all know about: The Eiffel Tower is in Paris.

ZERO ARTICLE (= NO ARTICLE)

We don’t use a, an, the articles: For the names of most countries (or

cities): He went to Russia.

With the plural nouns which describe things in general. I love flowers

When we talk about uncountable nouns. I like milk

SUPERLATIVE:Short Adjectives

We use superlative adjectives with the.

For short adjectives: add -est He’s the oldest person in the world.

For short adjectives with vowel + consonant: final letter x2 + -est Acapulco is the hottest beach in Mexico She is the thinnest girls I’ve ever met.

SUPERLATIVE Short Adjectives

Short adjectives which end in –y:y =i + est.

Xalapa is the noisiest city I’ve ever been to.

Her town is the ugliest place I’ve ever seen.

SUPERLATIVE Short Adjectives

ADJECTIVE SUPERLATIVE FORM

Cheap The Cheapest

Deep The deepest

Fast The fastest

Fat The fattest

Funny The funniest

High The highest

Long The longest

Narrow The narrowest

Thin The thinnest

Ugly The ugliest

SUPERLATIVE Long Adjectives:

For long adjectives we use the most + adjective: They’re the most beautiful paintings

I’ve ever seen.

EXCEPTIONS

Some common adjectives have their own special forms:

Good = Best Bad = Worst

UNIT 15: A HEALTHY MIND AND A HEALTHY BODY

Grammar: Zero conditional First conditional First Conditional VS Zero Conditional.

Vocabulary: The head and face Function: Talking about similarities

and differences

FIRST CONDITIONAL

Use if sentences to talk about things that will probably happen if something else happens.

Use the present simple in the if clause, and will for the result clause: If it rains, I’ll get wet.

If my brother wins, I’ll be very happy.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

We can change the order of the clauses: I’ll get wet if it rains.

I’ll be very happy if my brother wins.

FIRST CONDITIONAL Negative Form

Use do not (don’t) or does not (doesn’t) and will not (won’t) to make a negative contidional sentence: If you don’t hurry, we won’t arrive on

time.

If he doesn’t arrive soon, we’ll be late.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

Use if sentences to talk about things that are always true if something else happens.

Use the present simple in the if clause and in the result clause: If ice gets warm, it melts. If something is funny, I always laugh.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

Use do not (don’t)/ does not (doesn’t) or is not (isn’t) / are not (aren’t) to make negative zero conditional sentences: If ice doesn’t warm, it doesn’t melt.

USE OF SO

So is used to show agreement with positive statements.

The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.

So + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)I can speak two languages. So can I.

He should study more. So should I.

Examples:Person A Person B

I am happy. So am I.

You look nice today. So do you.

Stephanie has a new boyfriend. So does Mary.

We went to the concert last night. So did I.

He will win a prize. So will I.

I'm going to Brazil in the summer. So am I.

They have finished their homework. So have I.

My brother had eaten too much. So had I.

USE OF SO and TOO It is similar to using Too at the end of a sentence.

I can speak two languages too. You look nice today. You look nice too. Stephanie has a new boyfriend. Mary has a new one

tooWe went to the concert last night. I went to the

concert too.I would love a coffee right now. I would love a

coffee too. He will win a prize. I will win one too. They have finished their homework. I have finished

too.

USE OF NEITHER

Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.

The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.

Neither + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)

A: I don't understand Spanish.B: Neither do I.

USE OF EITHER It is similar to using Either at the end of a

sentence, although Neither is more commonly used, especially in spoken English:

A: I don't understand Spanish.B: I don't understand Spanish either.

A: I cannot swim.B: I can't swim either.

USE OF NEITHER

Sometimes people respond Me Neither instead of Neither + Auxiliary + Subject though this is very informal spoken English: A: I don't understand Spanish.B: Me neither.

HOW + ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS

How far is New Zealand from Australia? It´s about 2,000 km.

How big is Singapore? It’s 620 square km.

How high is Mount Everest? It’s 8,848 meters high.

How deep is the Grand Canyon? It’s about 1,900 meters deep.

HOW + ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS

How long is the Mississippi River? It’s about 6019 km long.

How hot is New Zealand in the summer? It gets up to about 23°Celsius.

How cold is it in the winter? It goes down to about 10°Celsius.

Cause - Effect : So- Such that

Emphasizing the quality or characteristic of something (cause-effect)

Using a modifying phrase indicating so ... that such ... that so much / such

CAUSE AND EFFECT CONNECTORS

COORDINATING CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATING TRANSITION

Cause for (reason or cause)

so . . . That

(emphasis on cause)such . . . That

(emphasis on cause)

because, since, now that, as, as long as, inasmuch, because of, due to, owing to

For this reason, For all these reasons

Effect So (result) so that (purpose-result)in order that (purpose-result)

Therefore, Consequently, As a consequence, As a result, Thus, Hence

Expressing a cause and effect relationship coordinating –  so :

His computer froze, so he hit it. correlative - so that

He hit it so hard that he damaged the keyboard. subordinating – because

He took it to a repair center because it needed a new keyboard.

transition – For this reason He paid a lot to have it fixed.  As a

consequence, he never hit his computer again.

SO (adj / adv)  THAT SUCH  (adj + noun)  THAT

Emphasis on the adverb or adjective in the CAUSE

clause.

Emphasis on the [adjective + noun] in the CAUSE clause.

CAUSE:  The meteor storm was beautiful.

EFFECT: We watched it all

night.

CAUSE:  It was a beautiful meteor storm.

EFFECT: We watched it all night.

The meteor storm was so beautiful (adjective)

that we watched it all night.

It was such a beautiful meteor storm(adjective +

noun)

that we watched

it all night.

The meteor storm passed so quickly(adverb)

that it went by in

one night. It was such a quick meteor storm(adjective +

noun)

that it went by in one night.

CONTRAST: SO MUCH

Emphasis on quantityWe will learn so much interesting information (so much – adjective + noncount noun)

that it will take years to process it.

We will see so many beautiful stars (so many – adjective + count noun)

that it will be hard to count them.

CONTRAST: SUCH

Emphasis on quality

We will learn such interesting information (such – adjective + noncount noun)

that we will want to read more.

We'll see such beautiful stars (such – adjective + count noun)

that we'll be amazed.

THIS IS

OF THE GROUP COUNSELING AND YOUR ENGLISH COURSE.

SEE YOU ON YOUR EXAM DAY!