ib sl spanish summer reading packet

5/20/2018 IB SL Spanish Summer Reading Packet

1/31

1

IB SL Spanish Summer Packet

Reciprocal verbs and pronouns

OverviewYou can use reciprocal verbs to indicate that two or more people are equally performing an action oneach other. The most common translation is that two or more people do something to or with "eachother."

Antonio y yo nos besamos. (Antonio and I kiss each other.) Os conocis? (Do you all know each other?) Juan y Mara se casaron. (Juan and Maria got married (to each other).) Los estudiantes se ayudan. (The students help each other.)

Reciprocal PronounsReciprocal verbs are a combination of a verb and a reciprocal pronoun. Since reciprocal actions arealways two or more people performing an action on or to each other, there are only 3 reciprocal pronounsand they are all plural.

Plural1st personnos(to, for, from, or off ourselves)

2nd personos(to, for, from, or off yourselves)

3rd personse(to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)

Note that reciprocal pronouns have the exact same forms asreflexive pronouns.To differentiate areflexive action from a reciprocal action, the use of expressions such as uno al otro, uno a otro,

mutuamente, recprocamente, entre s, etc. can be added to a phrase to show the subjects areperforming the action on each other rather than to themselves.A s mismosis used for reflexiveexpressions.

Se aman a s mismos. (They love themselves.) Se aman uno al otro. (They love each other.) No nos vemosa nosotros mismos. (We cant see ourselves.) No nos vemos uno a otro. (We cant see each other.)

Reciprocal Verbs

While there is no definite list of reciprocal verbs, below you will find a chart of some common verbs thatcan act on more than one subjects.

abrazarse (to hug eachother)

conocerse (to know each other) mirarse (to see each other)

ayudarse (to help each

other)

despedirse (to say good-bye to each

other)

pelearse (to fight with each

other)besarse (to kiss each other)divorciarse (to divorce each other) reunirse (to get together)

casarse (to marry each estrellarse (to crash into each other) turnarse (to take turns)
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/85http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/85http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/85http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/85


2/31

2

other)

Passive se

Overview

The pronoun seis used in passive sentences where the object to which the noun refers is also the subjectof the verb. Passive sentences are used to make general statements or requests and are common in"want ads" and instructions in recipes and DIY projects.

Se buscacasa con tres cuartos. (A house with three bedrooms is looked for/wanted.) Se venden vestidos bonitos all. (Pretty dresses are sold there.) Se servirnbebidas en el jardn. (Drinks will be served in the garden.)

Passive Se

The passive seis formed by combining se with the third person singular or plural of a verb, since the

subject/object is always an inanimate object.se + 3rd person (singular/plural)

Examples

Se vendecasa con 3 dormitorios y 2 baos.(A house with 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms is forsale.)

Se cortanlas papas y las cebollas en pedazos. (The potatoes and onions are cut into pieces.) Se mezclanlos ingredientes por 5 minutos. (The ingredients are mixed for 5 minutes.)

Singular or Plural?If the object is singular, the verb is singular; if the object is plural, the verb is plural.

Placement

While it is most common to placed the passive se at the beginning of a phrase, it is also acceptable toplace it in the middle of a phrase.

A qu hora se abrenlas tiendas?(What time are the shops opened?) Las casas se pintande azul. (The houses are painted blue.)

Impersonal seOverview

Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb is unspecified or unknown (but is human).They are mostly used to make general statements and to express rules, but also are very useful forasking how to spell a word or what a word means.


3/31

3

Se debetrabajar mucho para tener xito. (One should work hard to gain success.) Se habla espaol en Costa Rica. (They speak Spanish in Costa Rica.) Cmo se escribechocolate?(How do you spell chocolate?) Cmo se dicebeach en espaol?(How do you say beach in Spanish?)

Notice that while the English translation contains one, they, or you, there is no subject specified inSpanish.

Impersonal Se Formation

To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a directobject.

se + 3rd person singularExamples

Se necesitaque la gente proteja la Tierra. (It's necessary that people protect the Earth.)

Se hablaespaol aqu. (Spanish is spoken here.) Se diceque va a llover maana. (It's said it is going to rain tomorrow.) Se prohibefumar. (Smoking is prohibited.)

Impersonal se vs. passive se

Overview

Impersonal and passive constructions seem very similar and can be quite confusing until you see themused together. They have quite different uses which can be seen below.

Impersonal SeImpersonal expressions dont really have any specific person in mind when they make general statements

or questions about what they, one, or you, do, but rather people in general. That is what makes it

impersonal. There is no subject nor is there an outside agent acting on an object. You will use impersonalexpressions to find out how things are done according to custom, rule, or general consensus. They arehelpful for asking for directions, how to say things properly, what the rules are in a specific place, makinggeneral statements, and so on.

Se hablaespaol en Uruguay. (They speak Spanish in Uruguay.) Cmo se vaal teatro? (How does one get to the theater?) Se escribe pastel p-a-s-t-e-l. (You spell pastelp-a-s-t-e-l.) Cmo se dicetable en espaol?(How do you say table in Spanish?) Se diceque va a llover. (They say it is going to rain.)

* The construction is always se + 3rd person singular verb.

Passive Se


4/31

4

Generally, we use the passive voice to indicate what happened to the object without saying who or whatcarried out the action. The object is acted upon by an outside agent, which is not to be specified. You willonly use transitive verbs (verbs that require a direct object) in passive se constructions and you will alsomostly use non-living nouns and pronouns as the object. It is not common to refer to people usingthe passive se.

Se comila torta. (The cake was eaten.) Se escribeel libro en espaol. (The book is written in Spanish.) Se habla espaol aqu. (Spanish is spoken here.) Se alquilan kayaks aqu. (Kayaks are rented here.) Se vendencarros usados hoy. (Used cars are being sold today.)

* The construction is se + 3rd person singular OR plural transitive verb. Use a singular verb for singularobjects and plural verb for plural objects.

Nosotros commands

Overview

The nosotros command is used when the speaker suggests an action to be performed by a group ofpeople he or she belongs to. There are two ways to form nosotros commands in Spanish: the subjunctiveform and the ir + a + infinitive form.

Trabajemosjuntos. (Lets work together.) Comamosaqu. (Lets eat here.) Vamosa ir a la playa. (Lets go to the beach.) Vamosa divertirnos! (Lets have some fun!)

The Subjunctive Nosotros Command Form

The subjunctive form for the nosotros command is most commonly used form in informal speech among

friends. To form the subjunctive nosotros command, simply state the verb in the nosotros form ofthepresent subjunctive.

Tomemosun taxi. (Let's take a taxi.) Comamosaqu. (Let's eat here.) Leamoslos peridicos. (Lets read the newspapers.)

Exceptions

You will use the present indicative instead of the present subjunctive for the verb ir in the affirmative.

Vamosal restaurante. (Lets go to the restaurant.) Vamosa nadar. (Lets go swim.) Vmonos de aqu. (Lets get out of here.) Vmonos de la casa en cinco minutos. (Lets leave the house in five minutes.)


5/31

5

When attaching a pronoun to the end of a nosotros command, drop the final -s of the verb beforeattaching the pronoun and add an orthographic accent to the second to last syllable of the verb. - SeePronoun Placement below.Negative Nosotros Commands

For negative nosotros commands, there is only one form: the present subjunctive. Simply add a no, orother negative word, in front of the verb to make the command negative.

No nademos. (Lets not swim.) No salgamos. (Lets not leave.) Nunca vayamos all. (Lets never go there.)

Pronoun Placement

When attaching direct and indrect object pronouns or reflexive pronouns to the end of affirmative nosotroscommands, drop the final -s of the verb before attaching the pronoun and add an orthographic accent tothe second to last syllable of the original verb.

Sentemos + nos = Sentmonosaqu. (Let's sit here.) Hagamos + se + la = Hagmosela. (Let's make it for her.) Vamos + nos = Vmonos!(Lets go!)

Pronoun Placement

The pronoun(s) is/are attached to the end of affirmative commands. And since the main verb of thecommand is also an infinitive, it will always be attached.

Vamos a sentarnosaqu. (Lets sit here.) Vamos a dormirnos. (Lets go to sleep.)

Reflexive, object, and indirect object pronouns follow negative words but precede the verb.

No lo comamos. (Lets not eat it.) No se lo demos. (Lets not give it to them.)

Present Perfect SubjunctiveThe present perfect subjunctive (el pretrito perfecto de subjuntivo) functions the same as thepresentperfect indicative,except that it follows all the rules for thesubjunctive.It is used to describe an actionthat happened in the past and continues or repeats into the present or an action that "has" happened inthe recent past. It can also describe an action that "will have" happened by a certain point as the presentperfect subjunctive has replaced thefuture perfect subjunctive.

Present Perfect Subjunctive Forms
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35


6/31

6

The present perfect subjunctive is a combination of thepast participleand the present subjunctive of theverbhaber.

Present Perfect Subjunctive Formulapresent subjunctive haber + past participle

Present Perfect Subjunctive UsesActions that happened in the past and continue or repeat into the present

Mi profesor duda que yo haya ledoel libro. (My professor doubts that I have read the book.) Me asusto de que usted me haya llamado. (I am shocked that you called me.) Es bueno que hayamos hablado. (It is good that we talked.)

Actions that have happened in the recent past

Me asusto de que ellas no hayan bailadobien. (I am shocked that they have not danced well.) Lamentamos que ella no haya podidovenir a la fiesta. (We regret that she was unable to

come to the party.)

Actions that will have been completed

Quiero que hayis escrito5 pginas para el lunes. (I want you to have written 5 pages byMonday.)

Es posible que ustedes hayan vueltopara marzo. (It is possible that you will have returned byMarch.)

Wishes & wants in the subjunctive

Overview

The acronymWEIRDOhelps many students rememberwhen to use the Subjunctiveinstead of theIndicative. This article discusses the first letter: W for Wishes and Wants.

Wishes

Wishing, wanting, demanding, desiring, expecting, ordering, and preferring all fall into this category. Alsomentioning the nonexistence or indefiniteness of something that is desired falls into this category.Because the noun clause or dependent clause represents what we want from someone else, the actionsare possible but may never occur, thus they are in the subjunctive mood and not the indicative.

Esperoque l me compre unas flores. (I hope that he buys me flowers.) Esperamosque cocines bien. (We hope that you cook well.) No hay nadieque quiera sacar la basura. (There is no one that wants to take out the trash.) No tengo un hombre que me compre flores. (I dont have a man to buy me flowers.)
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35


7/31

7

The following verbs are commonly used to express a wish or a want and, when used as the verb in themain clause of a sentence, will indicate that the following verb in the dependent clause will be in thesubjunctive. (When no subject change occurs, the verb that follows is generally placed in the infinitive.)

agradecerto be grateful Insister to insist no tenernot to have

buscar to look for mandar to order pedir to request

desear to wish necesitar to need preferir to prefer

esperar to hope/to expectno encontrarnot to find querer to want

exigir to demand no haber there is/are not

Emotions with the subjunctive

Overview

The acronymWEIRDOhelps many students rememberwhen to use the Subjunctiveinstead of theIndicative. This article discusses the second letter: E - Emotions.

Emotions

Being annoyed, angry, happy, regretful, sad, scared, or surprised all fall into this category. Any personalreaction to a situation is emotional. The focus is not on a factual observation of a situation but how itmakes the subject feel. Since how a person feels is always subjective, you use the subjunctive.

Me alegrode que sonras. (It makes me happy that you smile.) Les molestaque l escuche la msica fuerte? (Does it bother you that he listens to loud

music?)

Sientomucho que no puedan venir a la fiesta. (Im sorry that they cant come to the party.)

Useful Verbs of Emotion

alegrarse de * to be glad gustar to like quejarseto

complain

encantar to be delighted lamentar to regret sentir to feel

enojar to be angry maravillar to astonish sorprenderto surprise

estar contento, enojado,

triste, etc.

to be glad, angry, sad,

etc.

molestar to annoy temer to fear

tener miedo de/a que to be afraid thatextraarse

que

to be amazed

that

*This verb occasionally carries the subjunctive in its subordinate clause (more frequently in America thanin Spain). When this occurs the focus changes slightly from that of affectation to that of assertion (i.e. theuse of the indicative reveals the speakers intention to highlight the informational content of thesubordinate).
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68


8/31

8

Recommendations & requests with the subjunctive

Overview

The acronymWEIRDOhelps many students rememberwhen to use the Subjunctiveinstead of the

Indicative. This article discusses the fourth letter: R - Recommendations.

Recommendations

When a person recommends, suggests, wants, or asks another person to do (or not do) something, thesubjunctive is used since whether the person will do what is recommended is uncertain andpossibly may not happen. In this case, the que separates the recommender from the recommendation.

Mi doctor recomiendaque beba ms agua. (My doctor recommends for me to drink morewater.)

Suplicoque mi hija tenga ms cuidado. (I beg my daughter to be more careful.) Sugierenque leas este libro. (They suggest for you to read this book.)

Dicenque veamos esa pelcula. (They say for us to watch that movie.)

Useful Verbs of Recommendation

aconsejarto advise proponer to suggest sugerir to suggest

decir to say recomendarto recommend suplicarto beg

ordenar to order rogar to beg dejar to let, allow

exigir to demandhacer to make/to forceinsistir to insist

mandar to order prohibir to forbid

Uncompleted or prospective actions with the

subjunctive

Overview

The subjunctive mood is used to express desires, doubts, the unknown, the abstract, and emotions, theopposite of the indicative mood which is used to express actions, events, and states that are believed tobe true and concrete. Uncompleted actions, while not part of ourWEIRDOacronym, is an importantgroup of circumstances that require the use of the subjunctive.

Limpiar el cuarto despus de que salgan. (I will clean the room after they leave.) Me hablar tan pronto como llegue. (He will speak with me as soon as I arrive.) No iremos a la playa a menos que vayantambin. (We wont go to the beach unless they go

as well.)

These sentences describe what a person will do IF another action is completed. These prospectiveactions are speculative in nature and there is no real assertion made as to whether or not they will occur.
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68


9/31

9

When one action is conditional upon another action being completed, you will use the subjunctive toconvey that uncertainty. Many phrases with conditional circumstances have a connecting phrase orconjunctive expressions which introduce time limitations, conditions, concessions, or results.

Time Limitations

These conjunctions or conjunctive expressions give the condition that something be done at a certaintime.

antes (de) que before hasta que until

cuando when luego que as soon as

despus (de) queafter siempre que whenever

en cuanto as soon astan pronto comoas soon as

mientras while

Llmame antes de que vengan.(Call me before they come.) Estemos aqu hasta que lleguenuestro amigo. (Lets stay here until our friend arrives.) Cuando veaa sus padres dar los saludos. (When I see your parents, I will tell them hello.)

Conditions

These expressions introduce the idea of unless something else happens, the other will not either.

dado que given that, since a no ser que unless, lest

en caso (de) que in case (that), if que whether

a menos que unless, lest sea que whether, if

con/a condicin de queon condition thatsiempre y cuando queprovided that, as long as

con tal (de) que provided that sin que without

con tanto que provided that

Debemos esperarnos aqu dado que regrese. (We should wait here since she might return.) No voy, a no ser que no vayasconmigo.(I am not going unless you go with me.) Me ir, sea que se decidana salir o no. (I will leave whether they decide to go or not.)

Concessions

These expressions introduce the idea of an action despite something else.

aunque * although, even if, thoughaun cuandoeven if, even when

a pesar de que *in spite of porque however


10/31

10

Aunque seaun hombre difcil, sabe los negocios. (Although he might be a difficult man, heknows business.)

Aun cuando no tenganada, no debe perder la esperanza. (Even if you have nothing, youshouldnt lose hope.)

Por delicioso que sea, no quiero comerlo. (However delicious it may be, I dont want to eat it.)

* These phrases do not always take the subjunctive. If the conditional statement is consideredhypothetical, you will use the subjunctive and if it is factual, you will use the indicative.

Aunque esun hombre difcil, sabe los negocios. (Although he is a difficult man, he knowsbusiness.)

Results

These expressions introduce the idea of a purpose for another action.

a fin de que

de manera quede modo que

para que

que

in order (that), so that, so as

Vine para que tengasuficiente gente para el juego. (I came so that you would have enoughpeople for the game.)

Voy a cerrar las ventanas a fin de que no entrenmoscas. (I am going to close the windows sothat flies wont come in.)

Estudiar mucho de manera que entiendamejor el espaol. (I will study a lot so I canunderstand Spanish better.)

Imperfect SubjunctiveThe imperfect subjunctive is used more often than you might think. Introduced with a preterite, imperfect,conditional, or past perfectWEIRDOverb in the independent clause, the imperfect subjunctive oftenrefers to a previous experience but can also refer to unlikely events or possibilities.

Si tuvierams dinero, viajara por todo el mundo. (If I had more money, I would travel aroundthe whole world.)

Si yo fuerat, no lo hara. (If I were you, I wouldnt do it.)

Imperfect Subjunctive Forms

Finding the Imperfect Subjunctive Stem

To conjugate a verb in the imperfect subjunctive, you must first remember the 3rd person plural of thepreterit. Instead of using the infinitive for a stem, the imperfect subjunctive uses the 3rd person plural ofthe preterite (without the -ron).

imperfect subjunctive stem = 3rd person plural preterit
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/68


11/31

11

(without the -ron)Imperfect Subjunctive Stem Examples

infinitive3rd person

preterite

imperfect subjunctive

steminfinitive

3rd person

preterite

imperfect subjunctive

stem

Caber cupieron cupie- pedir pidieron pidie-

Dar dieron die- poder pudieron pudie-

decir dijeron dije- poner pusieron pusie-

dormir durmieron durmie- preferir prefirieron prefirie-

estar estuvieron estuvie- querer quisieron quisie-

haber hubieron hubie- saber supieron supie-

hacer hicieron hicie- sentir sintieron sintie-

Ir fueron fue- ser fueron fue-

Leer leyeron leye- traducir tradujeron traduje-

tener tuvieron tuvie- traer trajeron traje-

Imperfect Subjunctive Endings

While all conjugations (AR, ER, -IR) have the same endings in the imperfect subjunctive, there are twooptions for endings for the imperfect subjunctive. The first option is used widely in speech in Spain, LatinAmerica, and South America. The second option is used more in written language and in Spain.

Imperfect Subjunctive Endings: 2 Options!

1st option (more common) 2nd option (much less common)

Yo -ra yo -se

T -ras t -ses

usted, l, ella -ra usted, l, ella -se

nosotros -ramos nosotros -semos

vosotros -rais vosotros -seis

ustedes, ellos, ellas -ran ustedes, ellos, ellas -sen

Tricky NosotrosAll nosotros verb forms will carry a tilde on the vowel before the ending.

hablramos - hablsemos escribiramos - escribisemos

Conjugation Examples


12/31

12

hablar (habla-) hacer (hicie-) traducir (traduje-)

1st option 2nd option1st option2nd option1st option 2nd option

Yo hablara hablase hiciera hiciese tradujera tradujese

T hablaras hablases hicieras hicieses tradujeras tradujeses

usted, l, ella hablara hablase hiciera hiciese tradujera tradujese

nosotros hablramoshablsemoshiciramoshicisemostradujramostradujsemos

vosotros hablarais hablaseis hicierais hicieseis tradujerais tradujeseis

ustedes, ellos, ellashablaran hablasen hicieran hiciesen tradujeran tradujesen

Irregular Imperfect Subjunctive

All verbs that are irregular in the 3rd person preterit maintain the same irregularity in the imperfectsubjunctive (i.e. tener ->tuviera, tuviese).

Imperfect Subjunctive Uses

1. The Independent Clause is in the Past

If theWEIRDOverb (independent clause) is in the preterite or the imperfect, then the subjunctive verbthat follows will also be imperfect.

Quise que vinieras/viniesesa mi fiesta. (I wanted you to come to my party.) Tena miedo de que no lloviera/lloviese. (I was scared it wouldn't rain.)

2. The Independent Clause Refers to a Previous Occurrence

This is used to express current emotions, doubts, etc. about something that happened in the past.

Es bueno que (l) se casara/casase. (It's good that he got married.) No me parece que el viaje fuera/fueselargo. (It doesn't seem to me that the journey was

long.)

3. To Indicate Unlikely Events

Use Ojal or ojal que to express the idea of hoping for something that is unlikely to happenor is impossible.

Ojal que nevara/nevaseen Panam. (I wish to God it were snowing in Panama.) Ojal mi hermanose casara/casase. (I wish my brother were getting married.)

4. If Clauses

When introduced with si(if) the imperfect subjunctive can support an independent clause whichintroduces a dependent conditionalclause. These are usually situations that are not very likely.


13/31

13

Si yo fuera/fuesereina, viajara por todo el mundo. (If I were queen, I would travel all over theworld.)

Pintara ms seguido si tuviera/tuviesems tiempo. (I would paint more often if I had moretime.)

5. Formal Request

Using only the verbs deber, querer, orpoder, you can use the imperfect subjunctive to make a very politesuggestion or formal request.

Quisierados semanas de vacacin. (I would like two weeks of vacation.) Pudiera ayudarnos? (Could you help us?)

Conditional regular and irregular forms and uses

Overview

The conditional (el condicional) tense in Spanish is used to express what "would" happen in the future. Itis more of a possibility, or hypothetical situation, than the future tense. The formation is very similar to thatof thesimple future tensein that one set of endings is added to the infinitive to create a new tense andthe irregular stems are the same as those in the future tense.

Comprara esa camisa. (I would buy that shirt.) Sacara la basura por ti. (He would take out the trash for you.) Si fuera rico, me gustara viajar por todo el mundo. (If I were rich, I would travel all over the

world.)

Regular Conditional FormsTo form the conditional tense, simply add the correct ending to the infinitive of the verb. All verbconjugations (-AR, -ER, and -ER) have the same endings for the conditional tense:

Conditional Endings:a, as, a, amos, ais, an

Conjugation Examples

viajar conocer escribir

yo viajara conocera escribira

t viajaras conoceras escribiras

usted, l, ella viajara conocera escribira

nosotros viajaramosconoceramosescribiramos

vosotros viajarais conocerais escribirais

ustedes, ellos, ellasviajaran conoceran escribiran
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/94http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/94http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/94http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/94http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/94http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/94


14/31

14

Note that the endings for the conditional tense are the same as those for the -er and -ir forms of theimperfect tense. Remember the conditional adds the endings to the infinitive and the imperfect adds themto the stem.

Conditional - Escribiraunas cartas. (I would write some letters.)

Imperfect - Escribaunas cartas. (I wrote some letters.)

Irregular Conditional Forms

The conditional has relatively few irregular verbs which fall into 3 distinct categories: 1. those that replacethe infinitive ending vowel with a d, 2. those that simple remove the infinitive ending vowel, and 3. thosethat are plain irregular.

1. Replace infinitive ending vowel with d

Only -ER and -IR verbs fall into this category. To form the stem, simply replace theeor ifrom the infinitiveending with the a d, then add the conditional endings.

Conjugation Example:

tener (to have)

tendra tendramos

tendrastendrais

tendra tendran

Other Verbs like Tener

InfinitiveConditional Stem

poner pondr-

valer valdr-

salir saldr-

venir vendr-

Ud. tendrauna casa nueva.(You would have a new house.) Valdramil dolares. (It would be worth $1,000.)

2. Remove the infinitive vowel

Only -ER verbs fall into this category. To form the stem, remove the vowel from the infinitive ending, thenadd the conditional endings.

Conjugation Example:

poder (to be able to)


15/31

15

podra podramos

podras podrais

podra podran

Other Verbs like PoderInfinitiveConditional Stem

caber cabr-

haber habr-

querer querr-

Saber sabr-

Podraspasar el agua? (Would you pass the water?)

Querraaprender japons.(I would like to learn Japanese.)

3. Irregular stems

Some verbs just have irregular stems that must be memorized. Fortunately, there are only two.

Irregular Conjugations

decir (dir-) to tell hacer (har-) to make/to do

Dira diramos hara haramos

diras dirais haras harais

Dira diran hara haran

Diraisel cuento de tu aventura en el caribe.(You would tell your story of your adventure inthe Carribbean.)

Harasel pastel. (You would make the cake.)

Conditional perfect forms and uses

Overview

The conditional perfect (el condicional anterior) is a combination of thepast participleandthe conditional of the verbhaber.The conditional perfect describes an action in the past that "wouldhave" happened but did not due to some other event. It can also be used to express probability of anaction that has already been completed. There are three other perfect tenses in the indicative:presentperfect,past perfect,pretrit perfect,andfuture perfect.

Conditional Perfect Forms
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33


16/31

16

It is formed by combining haber (conjugated to the conditional) with the past participle. Noticethat tener is not used even though it means "to have."

Conditional Perfect Formula:conditional haber+past participle

Irregular Conditional Haber:

Haber is irregular in the conditional. It loses theein the infinitive ending before adding the future endings.(habra, habras, etc.)

Conditional Perfect Uses

Actions that would have happened but did not due to another event or circumstance

Yo habra compradolos regalos pero no tena tiempo. (I would have bought the gifts, but Ididnt have time.)

l habra ledoel libro pero el telfono so. (He would have finished the book, but thetelephone rang.)

Nosotros habramos cenadoen ese restaurante si hubiera sabido. (We would have eaten at

that restaurant if I had known.)

Probability of an action that has already been completed

Habra comido antes de salir. (He had probably already eaten before leaving.) Habran sidolas ocho cuando llegamos. (It must have been eight oclock when we arrived.)

Subjunctive vs. IndicativeThe subjunctive is one of the three moods in Spanish, the other two being the indicative(actions, events,

facts) and theimperative(commands). Moods reflect how the speaker feels about an action while a tenserefers to when an action takes place. The subjunctive mood is used to express desires, doubts, theunknown, the abstract, and emotions, which is the opposite of the indicative mood which is used toexpress actions, events, and states that are believed to be true and concrete. Most of the tenses youhave learned so far have been in the indicative mood; however, the subjunctive mood includes many ofthe same verb tenses, but not all, in three different time periods:

Tense Mood

Subjunctive Indicative

Past imperfect imperfect

past perfect past perfect

preterit

Present present present

present perfect present perfect

Future simple future simple future
http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/112http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/112http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/113http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/113http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/113http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/112http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haber


17/31

17

uture perfect uture perfect

informal future

Conditional*there are no conditional subjunctive tensesconditional

conditional perfect

General Rules for Indicative vs. Subjunctive

- In general, the Indicative mood is objective and certain.

It is used to talk about actions, events, or states that are believed to be facts or true. It is very typical in speech for making factual statements or describing obvious qualities of a

person or situation.

- In general, the subjunctive mood is subjective and possible (but not certain).

It is used to talk about doubts, wishes, the abstract, emotions, and other unknown and non-

factual situations. It is commonly used in making recommendations, giving commands, and talking about how

things make you feel. It is also used to express opinions about another action.

Indicative Reason Subjunctive Reason

Victoria estudiaespaol.

(Victoria studies Spanish.)

This states an

objective fact that

Victoria studies

Spanish.

Dudo queVictoriaestudie espaol.

(I doubt that Victoriastudies Spanish.)

The introduction of doubt

makes it impossible to present

the statement that Victoria

studies Spanish as an objectivefact.

Es cierto queVictoriaestudia espaol.

(It is certain that Victoria

studies Spanish.)

From the viewpoint

of the speaker, the

statement that

Victoria studies

Spanish is an

objective fact.

Es posible queVictoriaestudie espaol.

(It is possible that Victoria

studies Spanish.)

From the viewpoint of the

speaker, the idea that

"Victoria studies Spanish" is

not an objective fact, but a

hypothetical situation which

may or may not be true.

No dudo queVictoriaestudia espaol.

(I dont doubt that Victoria

studies Spanish.)

The lack of doubt on

the part of the

speaker allows him

to present this

statement as an

objective fact.

Es bueno queVictoriaestudie espaol.

(It is good that Victoria

studies Spanish.)

Es bueno que expresses the

speakers subjective opinion

about Victoria studying

Spanish.

Words or Phrases that Indicate the Subjunctive or Indicative


18/31

18

Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will findeither uncertainty or certainty in the verb in the main clause of a sentence. It is very helpful if you canrecognize the verbs and phrases in the main clause that indicate the subjunctive and tell them apart fromsimilar clauses that warrant the indicative.

Luckily, many of the verbs and phrases that require the subjunctive fit into the

acronym WEIRDO:Wishes,Emotions,Impersonal expressions,Recommendations,Doubt/Denial,andOjal.Each of these concepts has its own article for more details.

Concept Related Verbs & Phrases

Wishes desear, esperar, exigir, insistir, preferir, querer, pedir, necesitar, etc.

Emotions alegrarse, enojar, sentir, encantar, lamentar, sorprender, etc.

Impersonal

expressionses extrao que, es importante que, es fantstico que, etc.

Recommendations recomendar, sugerir, aconsejar, ordenar, mandar, insistir, etc.

Doubt and Denialdudar, no creer, no estar seguro, no parecer, no comprender, no pensar, no es

cierto que, etc.

Ojal n/a

And just to be fair to the indicative, we have an acronym for that too: SPOCK: Speech andcommunication, Perceptions,Occurrences and events, Certainty, and Knowledge and understanding.

Concept Related Verbs

Speech and

communication

Decir, describir, gritar, indicar, mencionar, repetir, revelar, sealar, asegurar,

comentar, afirmar, aludir a, etc.

Perceptions Notar, observar, or, percibir, encontrarse, ver, etc.

Occurrences and events Ocurrir, suceder, pasar, acontecer, etc.

Certaintyes claro que, es seguro que, es cierto que, es obvio que, no es posible que, es

evidente que, etc.

Knowledge and

understandingCreer, saber, averiguar, leer, enterarse de, aprender, etc.

Parts of a Subjunctive Phrase

There are three main parts to a subjunctive sentence:

1. Two Different Subjects

There will be one subject in the main/independent clause, and one in the noun/dependent clause.

Quieroque limpiesel bao. (Iwant youto clean the bathroom.)

2. Two Verbs: One WEIRDO and One Subjunctive
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/69http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/69http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/69http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/69http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/70http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/70http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/70http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/70http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/71http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/71http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/71http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/71http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/72http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/72http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/72http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/72http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/73http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/73http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/73http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/73http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/74http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/74http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/74http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/74http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/74http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/74http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/73http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/73http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/72http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/72http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/71http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/71http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/70http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/70http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/69http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/69


19/31

19

There will be one indicative verb in the main/independent clause which will indicate the need for theSubjunctive (a WEIRDO verb - see above) and a second verb in the noun/dependent clause which will bein the Subjunctive.

Quieroque t limpiesel bao. (I want you to cleanthe bathroom.)

However, if you find a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause and the verb in the mainclause introduces the idea of certainty or objectivity, you will use the indicative. Only verbs in the mainclause that indicate a concept that is uncertain and subjective will require the subjunctive.

Es ciertoque limpias el bao. (It is true that you are cleaning the bathroom.)

3. A Relative Pronoun (Que, Quien, Como)

This pronoun links the two clauses and can translate to mean that, but is often not translated at all into

English.

Quiero quelimpies el bao. (I want (that) you clean the bathroom./I want you to clean the

bathroom.)

Present Progressive FormsThe present progressive tense combines the present indicative of the verb estar(to be) with the presentparticiple of another verb to indicate an action in progress. The present progressive tells what a person "isdoing" right now.

Estoy hablandocon mi madre. (I am speaking with my mother (right now).) Los nios estn jugandoen el patio. (The children are playing in the yard (right now).)

Ests yendo a la tienda ahora? (Are you going to the store now?)

The present participle never changes according to the tense. The progressive tense can be used in anytime reference simply by changing the tense of estar, creating the present progressive, preteriteprogressive, the imperfect progressive, the future progressive, etc. This article explains how to form andwhen to use the present progressive tense.

Present Progressive Forms

The present progressive is a verb phrase consisting of both estar (the "is" part which indicates the tense)and the present participle (the "-ing" part which indicates what the action is). To form the presentprogressive, conjugate estar to the present indicative tense and add the present participle form of the

verb that the person is actually doing.

Present Progressive Formula:estar+present participle(verb stem + -ando for -ar verbs/-iendo for -er and-ir verbs)

Estoy hablandoI am speaking Estamos hablandoWe are speaking

Ests hablandoYou are speaking Estis hablando You (all) are speaking
http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estar


20/31

20

Est hablandoYou (formal) are speaking

He/she is speakingEstn hablando

You (all, formal) are speaking

They are speaking

Present Progressive Uses

Single Current Actions

Simply, what a person is doing right now, and action they are currently participating in.

Est escribiendoun ensayo para su clase de espaol. (He is writing an essay for his Spanishclass.)

Estamos cocinandola cena. (We are cooking dinner (right now).) Estn durmiendoen el dormitorio pequeo. (They are sleeping in the small bedroom (right

now).)

In English and Spanish, this is usually expressed using thepresent progressive,but it is possible to usethe present tense in Spanish as well.

Qu haces? (What are you doing?) Limpiola cocina. (I'm cleaning the kitchen.) Cmo ests? (How are you doing?) Estoybien, gracias. (Im doing well, thank you.)

Imperfect progressive

Overview

The imperfect progressive tense is a combination of the imperfect indicative of the verbestar(to be) andthepresent participleto indicate an action that was in progress in the past that was interrupted by anotherevent. The present progressive is similar to the imperfect and can tell what a person was doing, but withan emphasis on the fact that the action was interrupted.

Estaba hablandocon mi madre cuando llamaste. (I was talking to my mother when youcalled.)

Estaba trabajando a las ocho. (He was working at eight oclock.) Nos vio cuando estbamos caminando en el parque. (He saw us when we were walking in

the park.)

The present participle never changes according to the tense. The progressive tense can be used in any

time reference simply by changing the tense of estar, creating the present progressive, preteritprogressive, the imperfect progressive, the future progressive, etc. This article explains how to form andwhen to use the imperfect progressive tense.

Imperfect Progressive Forms

The imperfect progressive is a verb phrase consisting of both estar (the was part which indicates thetense) and the present participle (the "-ing" part which indicates what the action is). To form the imperfect
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/77http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/77http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/77http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/77


21/31

21

progressive, conjugate estar to the imperfect indicative tense and add the present participle form of theverb that the person is actually doing.

Imperfect Progressive Formula:estar+present participle

Estaba hablandoI was speaking

Estbamos

hablando We were speakingEstabas

hablandoYou were speaking Estabis hablando You (all) were speaking

Estaba hablando

You (formal) werespeaking

He/she was speakingEstaban hablando

You (all, formal) werespeaking

They were speaking

Affirmative informal (t) commands

T commands are the singular form of informal commands. To tell a friend, family member,

classmate, child, or pet to do something, use the affirmative t command. To tell one of those same

people not to do something, use the negative t command. This article covers the affirmativeinformal command (informal imperative) in all its forms.

Compra(t) los libros. (Buy the books.)- affirmative No camines(t) en el csped. (Dont walk on the grass.)- negative

Affirmative Informal T Command Forms

For the familiar affirmative commands, you will simply use the 3rd person singular form of the presentindicative.

-AR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -a to the stem

(Comprar) Comprala camisa. (Buy the shirt.)

-ER verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem

(Aprender) Aprendeespaol! (Learn Spanish!)

-IR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem

(Escribir) Escribeel ensayo! (Write the essay!)

For verbs with stem changes or spelling changes in the present tense, the stem or spelling change stillapplies.

(Cerrar) Cierrala puerta. (Close the door.) (Mover) Mueveesas sillas. (Move those chairs.) (Incluir) Incluye tu informacin aqu. (Include your information here.)
http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estarhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/31http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/estar


22/31

22

Irregular Affirmative Informal T Commands

All irregular 3rd person singular present indicative verbs keep that same irregularity in the affirmativeinformal command except the following 8 verbs which have a special irregular form in the affirmativecommand.

decir di salir sal

hacerhazser s

ir ve tenerten

ponerponvenirven

Pronoun Placement with Commands

Pronoun placement: the pronoun is attached to the end of affirmative commands and the verb carries atilde to maintain its original stress.

Tremelo.(Bring it to me.) Dgasela. (Tell it to her.) Cmpraselo.(Buy it for him.) Ponte los zapatos.(Put on your shoes.)

Punctuation to the Rescue!

Because the informal t command (imperative) is the same conjugation form as the 3rd person singular, itis helpful to include exclamation points to indicate urgency or the name of the person you arecommanding followed by a comma. Without the comma, your sentence is just the 3rd person singular

present indicative. Compare the following sentences written with different punctuation: Comprala camisa. (She buys the shirt.) - present indicative

Comprala camisa! (Buy the shirt!) - informal imperative

Alicia comprala camisa. (Alicia buys the shirt.) - present indicative

Alicia,comprala camisa. (Alicia, buy the shirt.) - informal imperative

Negative T CommandsNegative informal commands (negative informal imperative forms) are very different from affirmativeinformal commands. They are actually more similar to the formal commands in that they use the t formof the present subjunctive of each verb.

No compresla camisa. (Do not buy the shirt.) No aprendasespaol. (Do not learn Spanish!) No escribasel ensayo! (Do not write the essay!)

Always make sure you have a noor another negative word in front of the verb. This is what makes itnegative.


23/31

23

Another way to form the negative informal command if you already know your formal commands, is to addan -s to the end of the negative formal command.

infinitivenegative formal commandnegative informal command

comprarno compre no compres

aprenderno aprenda no aprendas

escribir no escriba no escribas

Irregular Negative Informal Commands

There are no irregular negative informal commands. If a verb is irregular in thepresent subjunctive,itmaintains the same irregular form in the negative informal command as well.

Pronoun Placement

Pronoun placement: the pronoun precedes (goes before) the verb in negative commands and after thenegative word.

No televantes antes de comer tu calabaza. (Dont get up before you eat your squash.) Nunca lescompres dulces a los nios. (Never buy candy for the children.) Nunca se loscompres. (Never buy it for them.)

Formal Affirmative and Negative CommandsFormal commands are used when addressing people in a formal manner. Use formal commands whenaddressing people you do not know well, people older than you, or people that you generally showrespect (boss, teacher, priest, etc.) For all countries other than Spain, also use these commands to

address any group of people.

Singular (usted)

Paguela cuenta, por favor. (Pay the bill, please.) Seaamable. (Be nice.) Abrala ventana.(Open the window.)

Plural (ustedes)

Damas y caballeros, pasenpor aqu. (Ladies and gentlemen, go this way.)

Venganms temprano maana.(Come earlier tomorrow.) Estudiantes, abransus libros.(Students, open your books.)

Affirmative Formal Command Forms

All Ud. (usted) and Uds. (ustedes) commands are the same as the Ud. and Uds. presentsubjunctiveforms.
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76


24/31

24

infinitiveusted present

subjunctive

usted formal

command

ustedes present

subjunctive

ustedes formal

command

hablar hable hable hablen hablen

comer coma coma coman coman

vivir viva viva vivan vivan

Irregular present subjunctive forms can be found in the article on thepresent subjunctive.Pronoun Placement in Affirmative Formal Commands

Pronoun placement: the pronoun(s) is/are attached to the end of affirmative commands. To preserve theoriginal stress of the verb in case it has more than one syllable, a written accent is added.

Trigamelo.(Bring it to me.) Cmalo.(Eat it.)

Negative Formal Commands

Negative formal commands couldnt be easier. All you have to do is add a negative word such as no in

front of the affirmative formal command/usted present subjunctive form.

No saquensus libros. (Do not take out your books.) No pongasu bolsa aqu.(Do not put your purse here.) No venganmaana. (Do not come tomorrow.)

Pronoun Placement in Negative Formal Commands

Pronoun placement: the pronoun precedes the verb in negative commands and follows the negativeword.

No selevante antes de leer el artculo. (Dont get up before you read the article.) Nunca lescompre dulces a los nios. (Never buy candy for the children.) Nunca se loscompre. (Never buy it for them.)

Past Perfect Subjunctive FormsAlso known as the pluperfect subjunctive (el pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo), indicates a completedaction that "had" happened before another action in the past in all cases the subjunctivewould be used. Itis also used with the conditional perfect independent clauses to indicate hypothetical situations (what "willhave happened") to replace the little usedfuture perfect subjunctive.It is very similar to the past perfect ofthe indicative in that it is a combination of thepast participleand the verbhaber,but this time, haber is intheimperfect subjunctiveinstead of theimperfect indicative.

Past Perfect Subjunctive Forms

To form the past perfect subjunctive, combine the imperfect subjunctive of the verb haber with the pastparticiple. Remember that the imperfect subjunctive can have two different forms (hubiera/hubiese).
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/106http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/106http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/106http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/98http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/98http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/98http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/59http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/59http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/59http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/59http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/98http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/106http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/76


25/31

25

Past Perfect Subjunctive Formula:

imperfect subjunctive of haber+past participle

Past Perfect Subjunctive Uses

The past pefect subjunctive is commonly used in three different ways:1. Completed actions that had happened before another past action

Pablo dud que yo hubiera/hubiese idoa Per. (Pablo doubted that I had been to Peru.) Mi madre no crey que hubieras/hubieses limpiadoel cuarto. (My mother did not believe that

you had cleaned the room.) El juez no pens que el testigo hubiera/hubiese mentido. (The judge didnt think the witness

had lied.)

2. Conditional constructions

Si hubiera/hubiese sabido,habra venido. (If I had known, I would have come.) Lohubiera/hubiese compradosi tuviera el dinero? (Would you have bought it if you had

had the money?)

3. Hypothetical situations that could have happened, but didnt.

Ojal que hubiera/hubiese sabido. (I wish I had known.) Ojal que hubiramos/hubisemos podidovenir. (If only we had been able to come.)

Note that while both conjugation options are included the first is more common, using the-ra, -ras, -ra,etc. endings.

Conditional perfect forms and uses

Overview

The conditional perfect (el condicional anterior) is a combination of thepast participleandthe conditional of the verbhaber.The conditional perfect describes an action in the past that "wouldhave" happened but did not due to some other event. It can also be used to express probability of anaction that has already been completed. There are three other perfect tenses in the indicative:presentperfect,past perfect,pretrit perfect,andfuture perfect.

Conditional Perfect Forms

It is formed by combining haber (conjugated to the conditional) with the past participle. Noticethat tener is not used even though it means "to have."

Conditional Perfect Formula:conditional haber+past participle
http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/103http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haber


26/31

26

Irregular Conditional Haber:

Haber is irregular in the conditional. It loses theein the infinitive ending before adding the future endings.(habra, habras, etc.)

Conditional Perfect Uses

Actions that would have happened but did not due to another event or circumstance

Yo habra compradolos regalos pero no tena tiempo. (I would have bought the gifts, but Ididnt have time.)

l habra ledoel libro pero el telfono so. (He would have finished the book, but thetelephone rang.)

Nosotros habramos cenadoen ese restaurante si hubiera sabido. (We would have eaten atthat restaurant if I had known.)

Probability of an action that has already been completed

Habra comido antes de salir. (He had probably already eaten before leaving.) Habran sidolas ocho cuando llegamos. (It must have been eight oclock when we arrived.)

Future perfect

Overview

The future perfect tense (el futuro compuesto) is a combination of thepast participleand the simple futureof the verbhaber.The future perfect is used to express an action that "will have been" completed at acertain point in the future. There are three other perfect tenses in the indicative:present perfect,past

perfect,preterit perfect,andconditional perfect.

Future Perfect Forms

The future perfect describes what a person "will have" been doing at some point in the future, somethingthat hasnt happened yet but is expected to before another action. It can also indicate probability (what

"might have" or "probably have" happened). It is formed by combining haber (conjugated in the simplefuture) with the past participle. Note that tener is not used even though it means "to have."

Future Perfect Formula:simple future haber+past participle

*Note that haber is irregular in the simple future. It loses the e in the infinitive ending before adding the

future endings. (habr, habrs, etc.)

Future Perfect Uses

Actions that will have been completed in the future before another action

Habr terminadomi trabajo para diciembre. (I will have finished my work by December.) Ya habrs pedidocuando yo llegue.* (You will have already ordered when I arrive.)
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/104http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/104http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/104http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/104http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/101http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/100http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/35http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/33


27/31

27

Usted habr estudiadoespaol por tres aos para este mayo. (You will have studied threeyears of Spanish by this May.)

* Subjunctive Alert: See the reference on thesubjunctiveto see why this verb is subjunctive.

Actions that indicate likelihood or supposition

l habr idoa otro caf. (He might have gone to another cafe.) Ellos habrn tenidohambre para la noche. (They may have been hungry by the evening.) Habr salidode Atlanta. (She must have left Atlanta.)

Future perfect subjunctive forms and uses

Overview

Like the future subjunctive, the future perfect subjunctive (el futuro compuesto del subjuntivo) is rarelyused in modern day Spanish. But as you may see in literature and legal documents, it is definitely a useful

tense to be able to recognize. It is used to indicate actions that "will have" happened in the future at acertain point. Nowadays, the future perfect subjunctive is replaced by thepast perfect subjunctivein mostcases and thepresent perfect subjunctivein others.

Future Perfect Subjunctive

The future perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the future subjunctive form of the verb haber withthe past participle.

Future Perfect Subjunctive Formula:future subjunctive of haber+past participle

Because the future perfect subjunctive is so rarely used, each example is followed by an example of

sentence using the past perfect subjunctive as it is used in modern Spanish.

Cuando tenga 50 aos, hubiere viajadopor todo el mundo. (When I am 50, I will have traveled the entireworld.)

Cuando tenga 50 aos, hubiera viajado por todo el mundo.

Habras venido si hubieres tenidoun coche. (You would have come if you had a car?)

Habras venido si hubieras tenido un coche.

l no sabe si hubiere ganadola eleccin hasta el lunes. (He doesnt know if he will have won theelection until Monday.)

l no sabe si hubiera ganado la eleccin hasta el lunes.

No creemos que nosotros hubiremos compradouna casa. (We dont believe that we will have boughta new house.)

No creemos que nosotros hubiramos comprado una casa.
http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/105http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/105http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/105http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/102http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/102http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/102http://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/answers/100044/past-participles#.UnvdrpTF1EOhttp://www.spanishdict.com/answers/100044/past-participles#.UnvdrpTF1EOhttp://www.spanishdict.com/answers/100044/past-participles#.UnvdrpTF1EOhttp://www.spanishdict.com/answers/100044/past-participles#.UnvdrpTF1EOhttp://www.spanishdict.com/conjugate/haberhttp://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/102http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/105http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/show/68


28/31

28

Quiero que vosotros hubiereis limpiadotoda la casa para las seis. (I want you to have cleaned thewhole house by 6 oclock.)

Quiero que vosotros hubierais limpiado toda la casa para las seis.

Es posible que ellos hubieren cantadopor 4 horas. (It is possbile that they will have sung for 4 hours.)

Es posible que ellos hubieran cantado por 4 horas.

Relative pronouns (que, quien, el que, el cual)

Overview

Relative expressions are something you are probably very familiar with and just never thought about thegrammar behind them. Relative pronouns in English (that, which, who, and whom)are commonly used torefer back to an expression or clause that preceded it. The noun, pronoun, or phrase to which the relative

pronoun refers is called an antecedent. In English, the relative pronoun is sometimes omitted (The book(that) you borrowed is mine), but it is always required in Spanish (El libro que prestaste es mo.)Relativepronouns are used to connect two short sentences.

Juan prest un libro. El libro es mo. -> Juan prest un libro que es mo.

La casa tiene un techo rojo. La casa est all. -> La casa que tiene un techo rojo est all.

Que and Quien

The first two relative pronouns that are the simplest and most common to use are queand quien. You will

notice these pronouns are spelled the same as the interrogative words quand quin, but without thetildes. While quecan refer to a person, place, or thing and mean that, which, who,OR whom, quien canonly refer to a person and means who, or whom when following a preposition.) Quienmust also match itsantecedent in number; if the antecedent to which it refers is singular, you use quien, and if it is plural, youwill use quienes.

que: that, which, who, whom quien/quienes: who (whom after a preposition)

In general, relative pronouns are used according to their length and the distance between them and theirantecedent. The farther the relative pronoun is from the antecedent, the longer the relative pronoun is

(the more letters it has).Que

Que, being the shortest relative pronoun, is used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after theantecedent. Nothing separates the relative pronoun from the antecedent, not even a comma. Queis usedfor people, places, and things and can mean that, which, who, or whom.

La mujer quevive all es mi ta. (The woman that/who lives there is my aunt.)


29/31

29

El hombre queves es muy guapo. (The man (whom) you see is very handsome.) El caf quete gusta est all. (The caf (that/which) you like is over there.) El libro queprestaste es mo. (The book (that) you borrowed is mine.)

Que can also be used with a very short separation from the antecedent, such as a comma or a short (one

syllable) preposition. However, if the relative pronoun follows a preposition and refers to a person, youmust use quien. After a preposition, que is only used to refer to places or things.

sta es la casa en quecrec. (This is the house in which I grew up.) Has ido al caf del quehablaba? (Have you been to the caf (that) I was talking about?) No es la mujer con quienhabl. (She isnt the woman (whom) I talked to.)

Queis not used after the prepositionssin, por, orparabecause the combinations could be confused withthe adverbial conjunctions sin que, porque, andpara que.Quien

Quien(and its plural form quienes) is used when the antecedent refers to a person and there is also a

short distance between the antecedent and relative pronoun, usually a comma or a one or two syllablepreposition.

Dnde estn los nios a quienesles cont el cuento? (Where are the children to whom I toldthe story?)

Mi ta, quienes doctora, me va a visitar hoy. (My aunt, who is a doctor, is going to visit metoday.)

Alguien ha visto a Mara, de quienest enamorado Samuel? (Has anyone seen Maria,whom Samuel is in love with?)

Quienis not used when the relative pronoun immediate follows the antecedent, even if it refers to a

person. Queis used instead.El que and El cual

El que andel cual(and their other forms) are not very common in speech, but are very useful to knowsince they each have four forms. This separation of gender and number is helpful when you need todistinguish between multiple possible antecedents.

El que

El que and its other forms (la que, los que, las que) must agree in gender and number with the noun itmodifies. El queis generally used when there is more distance between the antecedent and the relativepronoun such as a comma or a one word preposition. It can be used with the prepositions sin,por,andparainstead of just que to help avoid confusion with sin que, porque, andpara que.

Necesito los libros sin los queno puedo escribir el ensayo. (I need the books without which Icant write the essay.)

Los pltanos, los queson maduros, son deliciosos. (The plantains, which are ripe, aredelicious.)

Recuerdas las playas de las quehablamos ayer?(Do you remember the beaches aboutwhich we were talking about yesterday?)


30/31

30

You can also use el que(and its other forms) as you would the neuter relative pronoun, but when you arereferring to something more specific.

Las que dan a luz dan esperanza al mundo. (Those that have children give hope to the world.) No me gusta esta comida. La que comimos ayer fue mejor. (I dont like this food. That which

we ate yesterday was better.)

El cual

El cual and its accompanying forms (la cual, los cuales, las cuales)also must match in gender andnumber to its antecedent. It is used when there is the most distance between the antecedent and therelative pronoun such as when a compound preposition is used.

Mi hermano est poniendo la mesa, por encima de la cualhay un florero. (My brother issetting the table, on top of which is a vase of flowers.)

Cerr la puerta, detrs de la cualla fiesta continuaba. (I shut the door, behind which the partycontinued.)

Caminamos por el parque cerca del cualest un caf muy bueno.(We walked through the

park near which there is a good caf.)

Neuter relative pronouns (lo que, lo cual)

Overview

The neuter relative pronouns lo cual and lo que refer to an abstract situation or concept that is notspecifically masculine or feminine. While they are very similar, lo cual can only be used under specificcircumstances.

El nio grit en voz alta, lo cual me molest mucho. (The child screamed in a loud voice,

which upset me very much.) Lo quedijo no tiene sentido. (What he said doesnt make sense.)

Lo Cual (which, what)

Lo cualcan only be used to refer to something that has already been mentioned in the same sentence,but doesn't have a gender or number, so the neuter pronoun is preferred.

l siempre se jacta, lo cualme molesta mucho. (He always brags, which really annoys me.) Hay un libro nuevo por Isabel Allende, lo cualme encanta. (There is a new book by Isabel

Allende, which I like.)

Lo Que (which, what)

Lo quecan be used any time lo cualis used except that it can also be used to refer to something that hasnot been brought up before in the same sentence. It can also be used at the beginning of a sentence.


31/31

31

No puedo contarte lo que escuch en la escuela hoy. (I cant tell you what I heard at schooltoday.)

Lo quedijo el presidente es importante. (What the president said is important.)

It is also preferrable to use lo que instead of lo cual when used in conjunction with other non-specific

pronouns such as eso, esto, todo, etc.

ib sl spanish summer reading packet

Documents