ian robson uk atc · uk atc ian robson uk atc. continuum. submillimetre means high - how high can...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Submillimetre Astronomy from UKIRT
Submillimetre Astronomy from UKIRT
Ian RobsonUK ATC
Ian RobsonUK ATC
ContinuumContinuum
![Page 2: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high Submillimetre means high -- how high can we get ? how high can we get ? letlet’’s go to Hawaii ! (s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76)
![Page 3: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
We need a submillimetre photometer!We need a submillimetre photometer!We need a submillimetre photometer!
Lots of lessons learned about optics, control of stray light, filtering, chopping
![Page 7: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Testing on the Flux Collector at Tenerife: 1978Testing on the Flux Collector at Tenerife: 1978Testing on the Flux Collector at Tenerife: 1978
Is it breathing?
![Page 8: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The UKIRT Era: 1978-88The UKIRT Era: 1978The UKIRT Era: 1978--8888
Original idea was a folded primefor the submillimetre
One of my first contributions was to cancel this – to the delight of the project
![Page 9: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Everything wasn’t rosy!Everything wasnEverything wasn’’t rosy!t rosy!
![Page 11: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Progress was slowProgress was slow
Poor telescope tracking in southPoor data analysis software – do it yourselfPoor overall sensitivityOnly calibration source was MarsProgress was limited to the brightest submillimetre objects, usually at 800 microns and understanding the ‘observing system’ (filters, atmospheric attenuation)
![Page 13: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
State of Play - 1980State of Play - 1980
High background powerHigh background power--loading from the loading from the atmosphereatmosphereHigh skyHigh sky--noise from the atmospherenoise from the atmospherePoor control over effective wavelengthPoor control over effective wavelengthPoor control over filter Poor control over filter ‘‘leaksleaks’’Detector NEP of 5x10Detector NEP of 5x10--1414 W Hz W Hz --0.50.5
110 Hz chopping110 Hz choppingNEFD ~ 200 NEFD ~ 200 JyJy HzHz--0.50.5
![Page 15: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Steady Improvements – 1980-81Steady Improvements – 1980-81Detector sensitivity Detector sensitivity –– improved by improved by using Heusing He3 3 at 0.35K rather than at 0.35K rather than pumped Hepumped He44 at 1.2Kat 1.2KFilter improvements Filter improvements –– separate out separate out the 450 and 350 micron windowsthe 450 and 350 micron windows
![Page 16: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The breakthrough – f/35 operations: 1981- 85The breakthrough The breakthrough –– ff/35 operations: 1981/35 operations: 1981-- 8585
The enormous advantages of a chopping secondaryStable baselines – huge improvement in detectivityA telescope with a guiding TV and adequate pointing and trackingFeed the detector direct at Cass – just like the IR
![Page 19: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
He3 temperatures and increased sensitivity
And – the Oregon ‘Photometer’And And –– the Oregon the Oregon ‘‘PhotometerPhotometer’’
![Page 20: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The quasar mysteryThe quasar mystery
Reported detection of a number of optically selected quasars at 1mm – around 1 JyA new physical mechanism ???
![Page 21: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The quasar mysteryThe quasar mystery
Reported detection of a number of optically selected quasars at 1mm – around 1 JyNew physical mechanism ???
We selected sample to observe with UKIRTInteresting data – software bugsNo detections – in fact detecting optically selected quasars would be a lengthy process and would not be achieved for another decade
![Page 22: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Steady Development and new facesSteady Development and new facesSteady Development and new faces
![Page 24: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The time of IRASThe time of IRAS
Awarded many months of morning twilight time to undertake IRAS follow-up in the submmProgramme soon terminated – used normal observing slots insteadGood success
![Page 25: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The dusty Universe – was there thermal emission from radio-loud AGNs ? The dusty Universe – was there thermal emission from radio-loud AGNs ?
Thermal emission similar to NGC1068L ~7×1010 Lo and M ~ 109 MoProblem of galaxy depletion in 108 yLack of OB stars suggests star formation driven bycooling flow from the Perseus cluster Subtraction of the variable
synchrotron component
![Page 26: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Super-Starburst galaxies - ULIRGsSuper-Starburst galaxies - ULIRGs
IRAS discovery20, 350, 760 micron observations in May 1984Cuts across the source at 20 microns indicates all emission within the 4-arcsec beam – and consistent with IRAS 25 micron fluxTD = 61K; L ~ 1012 Lo (~100×M82)
![Page 27: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Multiwavelength ObservationsMultiwavelength Observations
UKIRT was essentially unique covering UKIRT was essentially unique covering the nearthe near--IR (JHK); midIR (JHK); mid--IR (LMNQ) and IR (LMNQ) and submillimetre on one facility (and ignoring submillimetre on one facility (and ignoring VisphotVisphot))This made it extremely powerful for This made it extremely powerful for undertaking multiundertaking multi--wavelength wavelength observations, closelyobservations, closely--spaced in timespaced in timeBut, the IRTF had a better midBut, the IRTF had a better mid--IR IR photometer photometer –– lots of effort spent on UKIRT lots of effort spent on UKIRT midmid--IR photometers. IR photometers.
![Page 28: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
So, collaborate with IRTF
Undertake Undertake submmsubmm and nearand near--IR IR observations with UKIRT and the midobservations with UKIRT and the mid--IR IR with the IRTF.with the IRTF.Needed some helpful schedulingNeeded some helpful schedulingInteresting resultsInteresting results
![Page 29: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Continued improvements infilters isolating the transmission windows and in improvements to the NEFD
Extensive experiments with two- and three-position choppingTo understand most optimum observing technique
![Page 30: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Afternoon-twilight with 2mm ppwv‘Mapped’ at 350 μm – extendedData suggest the ISM is an ensembleof massive molecular clouds – unlikethe preferred model for M82 of largenumber of very small clumps
![Page 31: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Remote observing and eavesdroppingRemote observing and eavesdropping
Dedicated line from the ROEDedicated remote observing roomLots of lessons learned for the future:
Voice communication vitalReliability of comms vitalRemote observing is a sociological experiment as well as a scientific experiment
Extensive pre-planning essentialSoftware tools vital
![Page 37: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
UKT14 on UKIRT: Jan 1986-Feb 1988UKT14 on UKIRT: Jan 1986UKT14 on UKIRT: Jan 1986--Feb 1988Feb 1988
![Page 39: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Almost the very last submm observation from UKIRT
![Page 41: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The JCMT is on the way! The JCMT is on the way!
![Page 42: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A new era – 1988 - 97A new era – 1988 - 97
![Page 43: Ian Robson UK ATC · UK ATC Ian Robson UK ATC. Continuum. Submillimetre means high - how high can we get ? let’s go to Hawaii ! (1975, 76) Submillimetre means high ... ¾Voice communication](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051913/600400e0503df5254f71940b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sensitivity improvementsSensitivity improvementsSensitivity improvements
NEFDs 800NEFDs 800μμm 400m 400μμmmUKIRT, He4 UKIRT, He4 200 Jy200 Jy 500 Jy500 Jy(1978)(1978)
UKIRT He3UKIRT He3 10 Jy 25 Jy10 Jy 25 Jy(1983)(1983)
UKIRTUKIRT--UKT14UKT14 6 6 JyJy 15 15 JyJy(1987)(1987)
JCMTJCMT-- UKT14 UKT14 500 mJy 4 Jy500 mJy 4 Jy(1989)(1989)
SCUBASCUBA 80 mJy80 mJy 450 mJy450 mJy(1997) (1997) 37 pixels 91 pixels37 pixels 91 pixels
850/750850/750μμm 450/350m 450/350μμmm