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World of Chemistry Saunders Golden Sunburst Series

SAUNDERS COLLEGE PUBLISHING Harcourt Brace College Publishers Fort Worth Philadelphia San Diego New York Orlando Austin San Antonio Toronto Montreal London Sydney Tokyo

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Impact of Science and Technology on Society

What Is Chemistry?

What Is the Difference Between Science and Technology?

How Is Science Done?

How Do Scientists Communicate?

Technology and the Industrial Revolution

The Risks of Technology

Scientific Controversy

What Is Your Attitüde Toward Chemistry?

Self-Test 1

Questions

The World of Chemistry: Serendipity

2

4

5

9

10

12

15

16

16

17

Asbestos sample as seen under a polarizing light mi-croscope. This sample con-tains 60% chrysotile asbestos. (Courtesy of Particle Data Laboratories)

Chapter 2

The Language of Chemistry 19

Mixtures and Pure Substances 21

Separation of Mixtures into Pure Substances 25

Elements and Compounds 27

Self-Test 2A 29

Symbols, Formulas, and Equations 29

Rates of Chemical Reactions 32

Chemical Equilibrium 34

Measurement 36

Weight Relationships in Chemical Reactions 37

Quantitative Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 39

Why Study Pure Substances and Their Changes? Comfort, Profit, and

Curiosity 40

Self-Test 2B 41

Questions 42

Contents

Chapter 3

The Chemical View of Matter

Structure of the Atom

Self-Test 3A

Periodic Table

Chemical Bonds

Self-Test 3B

Self-Test 3C

Questions

The World of Chemistry: The Scanning Tunneling Microscope

45

46

53

53

60

63

68

68

The World of Chemistry: The Periodic Chart

52

56

Chapter 4

Chemical Reactions: Acids and Bases, Oxidation-

Reduction 71

Liquid Solutions

Acids and Bases

The pH Scale

Indigestion: Why Reach for an Antacid?

Self-Test 4A

Oxidation -Reduction Reactions

Electrolysis

Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Batteries

Fuel Cells

Electric Automobiles

Corrosion — Unwanted Oxidation - Reduction

Self-Test 4B

Questions

72

76

78

79

80

82

85

87

88

91

92

93

96

96

Contents XIII

The World of Chemistry: Stomach Acidity

The World of Chemistry: A Better Aluminum Foil

The World of Chemistry: The Pacemaker Story

81

86

89

Chapter 5

What Every Consumer Should Know About Energy 99

Fundamental Principles of Energy

Fossil Fuels

Self-Test 5A

Electricity: The Major Secondary Source of Energy

Novel, Nonmainstream Sources of Energy

Nuclear Energy

Solar Energy

Energy Planning for the Future

Self-Test 5B

Questions

101

106

112

112

114

116

124

128

128

129

Chapter 6

An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Why Are There So Many Organic Compounds?

Hydrocarbons

Self-Test 6A

The Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Functional Groups

Self-Test 6B

Questions

131

Chapter 7

Organic Chemicals: Materials for Society 149

Refining Petroleum 150

Self-Test 7A 156

Organic Synthesis 156

Alkyl Halides 157

Alcohols _ 158

Aldehydes and Ketones 164

Carboxylic Acids 165

Esters 166

Amines and Amides 167

Will Coal Become the Major Source of Chemicals? 168

Design of Organic Synthesis Reactions 171

Self-Test 7B 172

Questions 173

The World of Chemistry: A Catalyst in Action 170

Chapter 8

Giant Molecules—The Synthetic Polymers 175

What Are Giant Molecules? 177

Addition Polymers 179

Self-Test 8A 187

Condensation Polymers 187

Silicones 193

Recycling Plastics 195

Self-Test 8B 198

Questions 198

The World of Chemistry: Discovery of a Catalyst for Polyacrylonitrile Production 181

The World of Chemistry: Inventor of the Polyethylene Terephthalate) Bottle 188

Contents xv

Chapter 9

Chemistry of Life 201

Natural Polymers 202

Handedness 202

Carbohydrates 205

Lipids 209

Self-Test9A 213

Proteins 213

Enzymes 219

Self-Test 9B 220

Energy and Biochemical Systems 220

Nucleic Acids 223

Biogenetic Engineering 230

Human Genome Project 231

Self-Test 9C 232

Questions 232

| The World of Chemistry: Molecular Architecture 205

The World of Chemistry: Unraveling the Protein Structure 218

The World of Chemistry: Hereditary Diseases and the | Genetic Code 230

Chapter10

Toxic Substances 235

Dose 236

Corrosive Poisons 237

Metabolie Poisons 239

Heavy Metals 242

Self-Test 10A 247

Neurotoxins 248

Chemical Weifare Agents 252

Self-Test 10B 253

Teratogens 253

Mutagens 255

Carcinogens 257

Dietary Carcinogens 260

Self-Test 10C 262

Questions 262

The World of Chemistry: Toxic Substances 261

Chapter11

Water—Plenty of It, But of What Quality? 265

Water — The Most Abundant Compound 267

Sources of Water 268

What Is Clean Water?—What Is Polluted Water? 269

Self-Test 11A 271

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 271

U Impact of Hazardous Wastes on Water Quality 273

Household Wastes as Hazardous Wastes 277

Self-Test 11B 279

Water Purification: Classical and Modern Processes 279

Chlorination 281

Fresh Water from the Sea 282

Self-Test 11C 285

Questions 285

Chapter12

Clean Air—Should It Be Taken for Granted? 287

The Clear Air Act of 1990 290

Air Pollutants — Particle Size Makes a Difference 291

Smog 292

Nitrogen Oxides 295

/,

Ozone and its Role in Air Pollution 296

Hydrocarbons and Air Pollution 298

Self-Test 12A 299

Sulfur Dioxide—A Major Primary Pollutant 300

Acid Rain 303

Carbon Monoxide 307

Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer 307

Self-Test 12B 312

Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect 313

Industrial Air Pollution 316

Indoor Air Pollution 317

Self-Test 12C 321

Questions 321

Chapter13

Agricultural Chemistry 323

Natural Soils Supply Nutrients to Plants 325

Water in Soil: Too Much, Too Little, or Just Right 326

Humus 327

Nutrients 328

Self-Test 13A 332

Fertilizers Supplement Natural Soils 332

Protecting Plants in Order to Produce More Food 336

Genetic Engineering for Pest and Disease Control 341

Self-Test 13B 343

Questions 344

The World of Chemistry: Agriculture 333

The World of Chemistry: Pheromones 341

Chapter14

Nutrition: The Basis of Healthy Living 347

General Nutritional Needs 348

Individual Nutrients—Why We Need Them in a Balanced Amount 351

Self-Test14A 356

Food Additives 362

Self-Test14B 373

Questions 374

The World of Chemistry: Food Spoilage 365

Chapter15

Chemistry and Mediane 377

Medicines 378

Leading Causes of Death 379

Heart Disease 379

Anticancer Drugs 385

Self-Test 15A 389

Antibacterial Drugs 389

Allergies and Antihistamines 393

Hormones 394

Self-Test 15B 397

Brain Chemistry 398

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 410

Self-Test 15C 412

Questions 413

The World of Chemistry: Folk Medicine 393

Contents xix

Chapter16

Consumer Chemistry — Our Monev for Chemical Mixtures 415

Cosmetics 416

Hair Products 419

Self-Test 16A 425

Skin Products 425

Protection from the Sun 428

Deodorants 429

Self-Test 16B 430

Cleansing Agents 430

Self-Test 16C 438

Questions 438

Appendix A

The International System of Units (Sl) A-1

Appendix B

Caicuiations with Chemical Equations A-7

Answers to Self-Test Questions A-13

Index/Glossary 1-1