i. the ottomans: from frontier warriors to empire builders mid-1200s, mongols defeat seljuks

CHAPTER 26The Muslim Empires

World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 26: The Muslim Empires

Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire BuildersII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsIII. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India



I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks

Ottomans emerge dominant

Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries

1453, take Constantinople

Expansion

Middle East, north Africa, Europe

Dominate Mediterranean

A. A State Geared to WarfareMilitary dominant

Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility

Janissary infantry

Conscripted youth from conquered peoples The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires




B. The Sultans and their Court

Use factions against each other

Vizier

Oversees large bureaucracy

Succession

No clear rules

C. Constantinople Restored and the

Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century

Commercial center

Government control of trade, crafts

Artisan guilds

Turkish prevails

Expansion of the Ottoman Empire




D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline

Strong until late 1600s

Decline

Extended

Infrastructure insufficient

Dependent on conquest

End of conquest brings deficiencies

Regional leaders divert revenue

Sultans less dynamic




E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat

Janissaries

Conservative

Stop military, technological reform

Lepanto, 1571

Defeated by Spain, Venice

Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean

Portuguese outflank Middle East trade

Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean

Victories over Muslim navies

Inflation

Caused by New World bullion

Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade



The Safavid Empire

II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids

Safavid family

Sufi preachers, mystics

Sail al-Din

Leads revival

1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz

Named shah

Chaldiran, 1514

Safavids defeated by Ottomans



II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids

A. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs

Tahmasp I

Becomes shah

Abbas I (1587- 1629) Height of Ottoman Empire

Persians as bureaucrats

B. State and Religion

Adopt Persian after Chaldiran

Also Persian court traditions

Shi'ism modified

Spreads to entire empire

C. Elite Affluence and Artistic SplendorAbbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture

Building projects

Mosques in Isfahan



II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons

CommonalitiesWarrior aristocracies

Move to rural estates after conquestThreat to central power

Imperial workshopsArtisans patronized

International trade encouragedWomen lose freedom

Subordinate to fathers, husbands E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire

Abbas IRemoves heirsWeak grandson inherits

Decline begins

Internecine conflict, outside threats1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis

Nadir Khan Afshar

Shah, 1736



III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in IndiaBabur

Driven from Afghanistan Invades India, 1526TurkicPanipat, 1526

Defeats Muslim Lodi dynastyKhanua, 1527

Defeats Hindu confederation1530, death

Succeeded by HumaynFlees to Persia

Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556

A. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire

AkbarHumayn's 13-year-old son Reconciliation with Hindus

New religion, Din-i-IlahiBlend of Islam and Hinduism

Toleration

The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb



III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

B. Social Reform and Social ChangeWomen

Position improvedWidows encouraged to remarryChild marriages discouragedSati prohibitedSeclusion undermined by women's market days

C. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts

Death of AkbarReforms don't surviveEmpire strong

Cotton textiles to Europe

Especially among laboring and middle classes D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era

Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th centuryContinue tolerationLess energeticSupport arts

Taj Mahal




E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women

Nur Jahan

Wife of Jahangir

Head of powerful faction

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan

Also powerful

Ordinary women

Position declines

Sati spreads among upper classes

Other of Akbar's reforms die out




F. The Beginnings of Imperial DeclineAurangzeb

Succeeds Shah Jahan

Programs

Rule all India

Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint

1707, controls most of IndiaExpensive, distracting

Other developments disregarded

Revolt

Autonomy of local leaders

Hindus exluded from high office

Non-Muslims taxed

Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

i. the ottomans: from frontier warriors to empire builders mid-1200s, mongols defeat seljuks

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