I. Sudan: A Divided CountryI. Sudan: A Divided Country

Former Brit. Colony Former Brit. Colony – 1956: Brits. gave power to Northern Arab elite 1956: Brits. gave power to Northern Arab elite

>500 ethnic groups w/ >100 languages>500 ethnic groups w/ >100 languages Governed by military regimesGoverned by military regimes Sudanese split: Sudanese split:

– North = MuslimNorth = Muslim– South = Christian & AnimistSouth = Christian & Animist

1979: oil was 1979: oil was

discovered (south) discovered (south)

1983-2005: Civil War1983-2005: Civil War– MuslimMuslim North vs. North vs. ChristianChristian South South

Fought b/c: 1) cultural differences 2) oil money Fought b/c: 1) cultural differences 2) oil money

– WAS the longest running civil war in Af.WAS the longest running civil war in Af.

1986: Omar al-Bashir became Pres. 1986: Omar al-Bashir became Pres.

Beginning of 21Beginning of 21stst cent.: 2 million dead (civil war cent.: 2 million dead (civil war & famine)& famine)– Longest running war in Af. (1983-2005) Longest running war in Af. (1983-2005)

2004: Oil wealth is shared2004: Oil wealth is shared 2005: Comprehensive Peace Agreement2005: Comprehensive Peace Agreement

– Led to independence of South SudanLed to independence of South Sudan– Granted south autonomy (6 yrs.)Granted south autonomy (6 yrs.)– Referendum for independence (passed Jan. 2011) Referendum for independence (passed Jan. 2011) – Split oil $?Split oil $?

Sudanese Oil:Sudanese Oil:– Where does all the $$$$ go?Where does all the $$$$ go?– Khartoum—modern city (others?)Khartoum—modern city (others?)

July 9, 2011:July 9, 2011:– South Sudan was South Sudan was

bornborn– 54th member of 54th member of

African UnionAfrican Union– World’s newest World’s newest

country! country! Fighting continues Fighting continues

along border over along border over oil-rich landsoil-rich lands

II. Crisis in DarfurII. Crisis in Darfur

2003: Crisis began 2003: Crisis began Rebel Groups (non-Arab black Af. Muslims)Rebel Groups (non-Arab black Af. Muslims)

– Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/M)Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/M)– Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)– Want govt. to share oil $ (MEND in Nigeria) Want govt. to share oil $ (MEND in Nigeria)

““To kill a few fish, you must drain the entire sea”To kill a few fish, you must drain the entire sea”

Pres. Omar al-Bashir & the Pres. Omar al-Bashir & the JanjaweedJanjaweed – Arab black Af. Muslims Arab black Af. Muslims – Janjaweed Janjaweed (nomadic Arab black Af. Muslim pastoralists in (nomadic Arab black Af. Muslim pastoralists in

competition w/Darfurian farmers for land)competition w/Darfurian farmers for land) Desertification Desertification

– Target Darfurian (non-Arab black Af. Muslim farmers)Target Darfurian (non-Arab black Af. Muslim farmers) GENOCIDE & ETHNIC CLEANSING against the non-Arab GENOCIDE & ETHNIC CLEANSING against the non-Arab

black Af. Muslims!!black Af. Muslims!! Genocide:Genocide: the deliberate, systematic killing of a the deliberate, systematic killing of a

group of people b/c of their race, religion, or ethnicity group of people b/c of their race, religion, or ethnicity – Nothing to do w/Christians in South!Nothing to do w/Christians in South!

Scorched earth campaignScorched earth campaign– >400,000 dead>400,000 dead– 2.5 million refugees or Internally Displaced 2.5 million refugees or Internally Displaced

Persons (IDP) – Chad Persons (IDP) – Chad Dependent on UN aidDependent on UN aid

– 1 million still live in villages1 million still live in villagesAfrican Union (AU): peacekeeping forceAfrican Union (AU): peacekeeping force

Humanitarian Effort?Humanitarian Effort?

Humanitarian workers are targetedHumanitarian workers are targeted U.S. Efforts?U.S. Efforts?

– ““Genocide”Genocide”– 2007: U.S. imposed economic sanctions 2007: U.S. imposed economic sanctions

on Sudanon Sudan– China is undermining Western attemptsChina is undermining Western attempts

2/3 of oil = China2/3 of oil = China

al-Bashir tries to keep it quietal-Bashir tries to keep it quiet

Arrest Warrant Issued for al-BashirArrest Warrant Issued for al-Bashir

March 4, 2009:March 4, 2009:– International Criminal Court in The HagueInternational Criminal Court in The Hague– Indicted al-Bashir on crimes against humanityIndicted al-Bashir on crimes against humanity

First sitting head of state to be issued First sitting head of state to be issued arrest warrantarrest warrant

Sudan rejects chargesSudan rejects charges Does not travel to WestDoes not travel to West Video